Chapter XXXV: A View of the Internal Organs: Leonardo da Vinci (from

a drawing in the Library, Windsor Castle) 96

XXXVI. Two Persons dissecting, traditionally said to represent
Michelangelo and Antonio della Torre (from a drawing
in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, attributed to
Bartolomeo Manfredi (1574?-1602)) 97

XXXVII. Portrait of Giovanni Bentivoglio II, from his tomb in
the Church of S. Giacomo Maggiore at Bologna 102

XXXVIII. (_a_) Roger Bacon’s Diagram of the Eye: thirteenth century
(British Museum MS. Roy. 7 F. VIII, fo. 50 _v_).
(_b_) Leonardo da Vinci’s Diagram of the Heart: early
sixteenth century (from a drawing in Windsor Castle) 103

XXXIX. Miracles at the Tomb of Edward the Confessor, from
Norman-French thirteenth-century MS. (University
Library, Cambridge, MS. Ee. iii. 59) 166

XL. Queen Mary Tudor blessing Cramp-Rings (from Queen
Mary’s Illuminated MS. Manual, in the Library of the
Roman Catholic Cathedral at Westminster) 178

XLI. Facsimile of the _Tractatus de Causis et Indiciis Morborum_,
attributed to Maimonides (Bodleian MS., Marsh 379) 225

ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT

SCIENTIFIC VIEWS AND VISIONS OF SAINT HILDEGARD

FIGURE PAGE

1. The Hildegard Country 3

2. Hildegard’s First Scheme of the Universe (slightly simplified
from the Wiesbaden Codex B, fo. 14 _r_) 9

3. Hildegard’s Second Scheme of the Universe (reconstructed from
her measurements) 29

4. Dante’s Scheme of the Universe (slightly modified from
Michelangelo Caetani, duca di Sermoneta, _La materia della
Divina Commedia di Dante Allighieri dichiarata in VI tavole_) 31

5. Diagram of the Zones (from Herrade de Landsberg, _Hortus
deliciarum_) 40

6, 7. Melothesiae (from R. Fludd, _Historia utriusque cosmi_, 1619) 41

8. The Microcosm (from R. Fludd, _Philosophia sacra seu astrologia
cosmica_, 1628) 42

9. Diagram illustrating the relationship of the Planets to the Brain
(from Herrade de Landsberg, _Hortus deliciarum_) 48

A STUDY IN EARLY RENAISSANCE ANATOMY

1. The first printed picture of Dissection (from the French
translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus, 1482) 80

2. Dissection Scene in the open air (Title-page of Mellerstadt’s
edition of the _Anatomy_ of Mondino, 1493) 82

3. Dissection Scene (from the 1495 edition of ‘Ketham’) 83

4. The first picture of Dissection in an English-printed book
(from the English translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus,
printed by Wynkyn de Worde, 1495) 85

5. A Lecture on Anatomy (from the 1535 edition of Berengar of
Carpi’s Commentary on Mondino) 85

6. Diagrams of the Internal Organs (after Bodleian MS. Ashmole
399, of about 1298) 88

7. A Female Figure laid open to show the Womb and other Organs
(from the 1493 edition of ‘Ketham’) 91

8. The Abdominal Muscles (from Berengar of Carpi’s Commentary
on Mondino, 1521) 96

9. The first printed Map of England (from the 1472(?) Bologna
_Ptolemy_, edited by Manfredi and others) 100

10. Facsimile of the last page of Manfredi’s _Prognosticon ad
annum 1479_ 102

11. Diagram showing the ten Layers of the Head, the Cerebral
Ventricles and Cranial Nerves, and the Relation of the
Nerves to the Senses (from M. Hundt, _Antropologium_, 1501) 112

12. The Layers of the Head (from the _Anatomia_ of Johannes
Dryander, 1537) 112

13. Diagram showing the Ventricles of the Brain (from _Illustrissimi
philosophi et theologi domini Alberti magni compendiosum
insigne ac perutile opus Philosophiae naturalis_, 1496) 114

14. Diagram of the Senses, the Humours, the Cerebral Ventricles,
and the Intellectual Faculties. To illustrate Roger Bacon,
_De Scientia Perspectiva_, (British Museum MS. Sloane 2156,
fo. 11 _r_) 116

15. Diagram illustrating the general ideas on Anatomy current at
the Renaissance (from K. Peyligk. _Philosophiae naturalis
compendium_, 1489) 116

16. Diagrams of the Cerebral Ventricles viewed from above and
from the side (from K. Peyligk, _Philosophiae naturalis
compendium_, 1489) 117

17. The Localization of Cerebral Functions (from the 1493 edition
of ‘Ketham’) 117

18. Diagram of the Ventricles and the Senses, with their relation
to the intellectual processes, according to the doctrine of
the Renaissance anatomists (from G. Reisch, _Margarita
philosophiae_, 1503) 117

19. The Anatomy of the Eye (from G. Reisch, _Margarita
philosophiae_, 1503) 120

20. The Anatomy of the Eye (from Vesalius, _De humani corporis
fabrica_, 1543) 121

21. The Heart (from the Roncioni MS., Pisa 99) 127

22. Diagram showing the two Lateral Ventricles and the ‘Central’
Ventricle, (from Johannes Adelphus, _Mundini de omnibus
humani corporis interioribus menbris Anathomia_, 1513) 128

23. The Heart (from Hans von Gersdorff, _Feldt- und Stattbüch
bewerter Wundartznei_, 1556) 129

DR. JOHN WEYER AND THE WITCH MANIA

Portrait of Dr. John Weyer at the age of 60, 1576 189

THE SCIENTIFIC VIEWS AND VISIONS OF SAINT HILDEGARD (1098-1180)

By Charles Singer

PAGE

I. Introduction 1
II. Life and Works 2
III. Bibliographical Note 6
IV. The Spurious Scientific Works of Hildegard 12
V. Sources of Hildegard’s Scientific Knowledge 15
VI. The Structure of the Material Universe 22
VII. Macrocosm and Microcosm 30
VIII. Anatomy and Physiology 43
IX. Birth and Death and the Nature of the Soul 49
X. The Visions and their Pathological Basis 51