Chapter LXXIX: Front Matter (79)

Benin
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Bermuda
black 58%, white 36%, other 6%

Bhutan
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas--one of
several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%

Bolivia
Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)
30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other
0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid
confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Botswana
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%

Brazil
white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish)
55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese,
Arab, Amerindian) 1%

British Virgin Islands
black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed

Brunei
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%

Bulgaria
Bulgarian 83.6%, Turk 9.5%, Roma 4.6%, other 2.3%
(including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (1998)

Burkina Faso
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani

Burma
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian
2%, Mon 2%, other 5%

Burundi
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Cambodia
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Cameroon
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%

Canada
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%

Cape Verde
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Cayman Islands
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%

Central African Republic
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%

Chad
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane
(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are
Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,
Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000
French citizens live in Chad

Chile
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%

China
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Christmas Island
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%
note: no indigenous population (2001)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Europeans, Cocos Malays

Colombia
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%

Comoros
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population

Congo, Republic of the
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,
Europeans and other 3%
note: Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997
civil war; may be half that in 1998, following the widespread
destruction of foreign businesses in 1997

Cook Islands
Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European
7.7%, Polynesian and non-European 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%

Costa Rica
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,
Chinese 1%, other 1%

Cote d'Ivoire
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000
Lebanese and 20,000 French) (1998)

Croatia
Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, Bosniak 0.5%, Hungarian 0.4%,
Slovene 0.3%, Czech 0.2%, Roma 0.2%, Albanian 0.1%, Montenegrin
0.1%, others 4.1% (2001)

Cuba
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Cyprus
Greek 85.2%, Turkish 11.6%, other 3.2% (2000)

Czech Republic
Czech 81.2%, Moravian 13.2%, Slovak 3.1%, Polish
0.6%, German 0.5%, Silesian 0.4%, Roma 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other
0.5% (1991)

Denmark
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,
Somali

Djibouti
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
5%

Dominica
black, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, Carib
Amerindian

Dominican Republic
white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%

East Timor
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese
minority

Ecuador
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3%

Egypt
Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,
Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and
French) 1%

El Salvador
mestizo 90%, Amerindian 1%, white 9%

Equatorial Guinea
Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni
(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish

Eritrea
ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho
(Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%

Estonia
Estonian 65.3%, Russian 28.1%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Belarusian
1.5%, Finn 1%, other 1.6% (1998)

Ethiopia
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,
Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
British

Faroe Islands
Scandinavian

Fiji
Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian
admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)

Finland
Finn 93%, Swede 6%, Sami 0.11%, Roma 0.12%, Tatar 0.02%

France
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,
Indochinese, Basque minorities

French Guiana
black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese,
Amerindian 12%, other 10%

French Polynesia
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,
metropolitan French 4%

Gabon
Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang,
Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba), other Africans and Europeans 154,000,
including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality

Gambia, The
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola
10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%

Gaza Strip
Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%

Georgia
Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%,
Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%

Germany
German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of
Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Russian, Greek, Polish, Spanish)

Ghana
black African 98.5% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba
16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5%
(1998)

Gibraltar
Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese

Greece
Greek 98%, other 2%
note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece

Greenland
Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish
and others 12% (January 2000)

Grenada
black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East
Indian 5% , and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian

Guadeloupe
black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,
Chinese less than 5%

Guam
Chamorro 37%, Filipino 26%, white 10%, Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, and other 27%

Guatemala
Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish or assimilated
Amerindian - in local Spanish called Ladino), approximately 55%,
Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, approximately 43%, whites
and others 2%

Guernsey
UK and Norman-French descent

Guinea
Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%

Guinea-Bissau
African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%,
Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%

Guyana
East Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,
and mixed 7%

Haiti
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%

Holy See (Vatican City)
Italians, Swiss, other

Honduras
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,
black 2%, white 1%

Hong Kong
Chinese 95%, other 5%

Hungary
Hungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%,
Romanian 0.7%

Iceland
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,
population of foreign origin 6%

India
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Indonesia
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays
7.5%, other 26%

Iran
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,
Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Iraq
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%

Ireland
Celtic, English

Israel
Jewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,
Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)
(1996 est.)

Italy
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
Greek-Italians in the south)

Jamaica
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,
mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%

Japan
Japanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,
Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914) (2000)

Jersey
UK and Norman-French descent

Jordan
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Kazakhstan
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek
2.5%, German 2.4%, Uighur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999 census)

Kenya
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii
6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and
Arab) 1%

Kiribati
predominantly Micronesian with some Polynesian

Korea, North
racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese
community and a few ethnic Japanese

Korea, South
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,
other 7%

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz 52.4%, Russian 18%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%,
German 2.4%, other 11.8%

Laos
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong ("Meo") and the Yao (Mien) 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%

Latvia
Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian
2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2%

Lebanon
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

Lesotho
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Liberia
indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio,
Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,
Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%
(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)

Libya
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians

Liechtenstein
Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%

Lithuania
Lithuanian 80.6%, Russian 8.7%, Polish 7%, Belarusian
1.6%, other 2.1%

Luxembourg
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,
Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kososvo) and European
(guest and resident workers)

Macau
Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry),
Portuguese, other

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonian 64.2%,
Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.8%, Roma 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.3% (1994)

Madagascar
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers
(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -
Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,
Creole, Comoran

Malawi
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European

Malaysia
Malay and other indigenous 58%, Chinese 24%, Indian 8%,
others 10% (2000)

Maldives
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Mali
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Malta
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,
with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)

Man, Isle of
Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton

Marshall Islands
Micronesian

Martinique
African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,
East Indian, Chinese less than 5%

Mauritania
mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%

Mauritius
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Micronesia, Federated States of
nine ethnic Micronesian and
Polynesian groups

Moldova
Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,
Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region

Monaco
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Mongolia
Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakh
is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chinese
and Russian) 3.4% (1998)

Montserrat
black, white

Morocco
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique
indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe,
Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans
0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Namibia
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara
7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Nauru
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European
8%

Nepal
Brahman, Chetri, Newar, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, Limbu,
Sherpa, Tharu, and others (1995)

Netherlands
Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-western origin
mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese and Indonesians)
(1999 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East
Asian

New Caledonia
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%

New Zealand
New Zealand European 74.5%, Maori 9.7%, other European
4.6%, Pacific Islander 3.8%, Asian and others 7.4%

Nicaragua
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black
9%, Amerindian 5%

Niger
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri
(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200
French expatriates

Nigeria
Nigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, is
composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most
populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba
21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Niue
Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)

Norfolk Island
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New
Zealander, Polynesians

Northern Mariana Islands
Chamorro, Carolinians and other
Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean

Norway
Norwegian, Sami 20,000

Oman
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African

Pakistan
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)

Palau
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)
70%, Asian (mainly Filipinos, followed by Chinese, Taiwanese, and
Vietnamese) 28%, white 2% (2000 est.)

Panama
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and
mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Papua New Guinea
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian

Paraguay
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%

Peru
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Philippines
Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%,
other 3%

Pitcairn Islands
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian wives

Poland
Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belarusian 0.5%
(1990 est.)

Portugal
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less
than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal

Puerto Rico
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,
Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%

Qatar
Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Reunion
French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian

Romania
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,
German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002)

Russia
Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%,
Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% (1989)

Rwanda
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Saint Helena
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Saint Kitts and Nevis
predominantly black; some British, Portuguese,
and Lebanese

Saint Lucia
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian
6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%

Samoa
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%

San Marino
Sammarinese, Italian

Sao Tome and Principe
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan
slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract
laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children
of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Saudi Arabia
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Senegal
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka
3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Serbia and Montenegro
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%,
Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)

Seychelles
mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab

Sierra Leone
20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves
who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),
refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of
Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Singapore
Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%

Slovakia
Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Roma 1.6% (the 1992 census
figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which is about
500,000), Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian
0.6%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)

Slovenia
Slovene 88%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Bosniak 1%, Yugoslav 0.6%,
Hungarian 0.4%, other 5% (1991)

Solomon Islands
Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%,
European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4%

Somalia
Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs
30,000)

South Africa
black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%

Spain
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Sri Lanka
Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and
Vedda 1%

Sudan
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Suriname
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their
ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the
19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Svalbard
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)

Swaziland
African 97%, European 3%

Sweden
indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,
Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Switzerland
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
6%

Syria
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Taiwan
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,
aborigine 2%

Tajikistan
Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because
of emigration), other 6.6%

Tanzania
mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu
consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian,
European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and
native African

Thailand
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Togo
native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,
Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Tokelau
Polynesian

Tonga
Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Trinidad and Tobago
black 39.5%, East Indian (a local term -
primarily immigrants from northern India) 40.3%, mixed 18.4%, white
0.6%, Chinese and other 1.2%

Tunisia
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)

Turkmenistan
Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%, other
5.1% (1995)

Turks and Caicos Islands
black 90%, mixed, European, or north
American 10%

Tuvalu
Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%

Uganda
Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi
6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro
3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,
Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%

Ukraine
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan
0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian
0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

United Kingdom
English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%,
Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%

United States
white 77.1%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and
Alaska native 1.5%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.3%,
other 4% (2000)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US
Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American
descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)

Uruguay
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practically
nonexistent

Uzbekistan
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak
2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Vanuatu
indigenous Melanesian 98%, French, Vietnamese, Chinese,
other Pacific Islanders

Venezuela
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,
indigenous people

Vietnam
Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham,
mountain groups

Virgin Islands
black 78%, white 10%, other 12%
note: West Indian 81% (49% born in the Virgin Islands and 32% born
elsewhere in the West Indies), US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 4%,
other 2%

Wallis and Futuna
Polynesian

West Bank
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%

Western Sahara
Arab, Berber

Yemen
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans

Zambia
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Zimbabwe
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and
Asian 1%, white less than 1%

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2076 Exchange rates

Afghanistan
afghanis per US dollar - 3,000 (October-December 2002),
3,000 (2001), 3,000 (2000), 3,000 (1999), 3,000 (1998), note: before
2002 the market rate varied widely from the official rate; in 2002
the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized

Albania
leke per US dollar - NA (2002), 143.49 (2001), 143.71
(2000), 137.69 (1999), 150.63 (1998)

Algeria
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 79.68 (2002), 77.22 (2001),
75.26 (2000), 66.57 (1999), 58.74 (1998)

American Samoa
the US dollar is used

Andorra
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999)

Angola
kwanza per US dollar - 43.53 (2002), 22.06 (2001), 10.04
(2000), 2.79 (1999), 0.39 (1998); note - in December 1999 the kwanza
was revalued with six zeroes dropped off the old value

Anguilla
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)

Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998) (fixed rate
since 1976)

Argentina
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 3.06 (2002), 1 (2001), 1
(2000), 1 (1999), 1 (1998)

Armenia
drams per US dollar - NA (2002), 555.08 (2001), 539.53
(2000), 535.06 (1999), 504.92 (1998)

Aruba
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2002), 1.79
(2001), 1.79 (2000), 1.79 (1999), 1.79 (1998)

Australia
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.84 (2002), 1.93
(2001), 1.72 (2000), 1.55 (1999), 1.59 (1998)

Austria
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999), 12.38 (1998)

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,860.82 (2002),
4,656.58 (2001), 4,474.15 (2000), 4,120.17 (1999), 3,869 (1998)

Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2002), 1 (2001), 1
(2000), 1 (1999), 1 (1998)

Bahrain
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.38 (2002), 0.38 (2001),
0.38 (2000), 0.38 (1999), 0.38 (1998)

Bangladesh
taka per US dollar - 57.89 (2002), 55.81 (2001), 52.14
(2000), 49.09 (1999), 46.91 (1998)

Barbados
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2002), 2 (2001), 2
(2000), 2 (1999), 2 (1998)

Belarus
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - NA (2002), 1,390 (2001),
876.75 (2000), 248.8 (1999), 46.13 (1998)

Belgium
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999), 36.3 (1998)

Belize
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2002), 2 (2001), 2
(2000), 2 (1999), 2 (1998)

Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)

Bermuda
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Bhutan
ngultrum per US dollar - 48.61 (2002), 47.19 (2001), 44.94
(2000), 43.06 (1999), 41.26 (1998)

Bolivia
bolivianos per US dollar - 7.17 (2002), 6.61 (2001), 6.18
(2000), 5.81 (1999), 5.51 (1998)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka per US dollar - NA (2002), 2.19 (2001),
2.12 (2000), 1.84 (1999), 1.76 (1998)

Botswana
pulas per US dollar - 6.33 (2002), 5.84 (2001), 5.1 (2000),
4.62 (1999), 4.23 (1998)

Brazil
reals per US dollar - 2.92 (2002), 2.36 (2001), 1.83 (2000),
1.81 (1999), 1.16 (1998)
note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate
was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the
official rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar

British Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Brunei
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001),
1.72 (2000), 1.69 (1999), 1.67 (1998)

Bulgaria
leva per US dollar - 2.08 (2002), 2.18 (2001), 2.12 (2000),
1.84 (1999), 1.76 (1998)
note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July
1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev

Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999),
589.95 (1998)

Burma
kyats per US dollar - 6.64 (2002), 6.75 (2001), 6.52 (2000),
6.29 (1999), 6.34 (1998)

Burundi
Burundi francs per US dollar - NA (2002), 830.35 (2001),
720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 447.77 (1998)

Cambodia
riels per US dollar - 3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001),
3,840.75 (2000), 3,807.83 (1999), 3,744.42 (1998)

Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)

Canada
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.57 (2002), 1.55 (2001),
1.49 (2000), 1.49 (1999), 1.48 (1998)

Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - NA (2002),
123.21 (2001), 115.88 (2000), 102.7 (1999), 98.16 (1998)

Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October
2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000),
615.7 (1999), 589.95 (1998)

Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)

Chile
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 688.95 (2002), 634.94 (2001),
535.47 (2000), 508.78 (1999), 460.29 (1998)

China
yuan per US dollar - 8.28 (2002), 8.28 (2001), 8.28 (2000),
8.28 (1999), 8.28 (1998)

Christmas Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.9354 (2002),
1.9320 (2001), 1.7173(2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.9354
(2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998),
1.3439 (1997)

Colombia
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,504.24 (2002), 2,299.63
(2001), 2,087.9 (2000), 1,756.23 (1999), 1,426.04 (1998)

Comoros
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 522.74 (2002), 549.78
(2001), 533.98 (2000), 461.78 (1999), 442.46 (1998)
note: prior to January 1999, the official rate was pegged to the
French franc at 75 Comoran francs per French franc; since 1 January
1999, the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677
Comoran francs per euro

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese francs per US dollar -
346.49 (2002), 206.62 (2001), 21.82 (2000), 4.02 (1999), 1.61 (1998)

Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 697 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7
(1999), 589.95 (1998)

Cook Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.3535 (January
2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998),
1.5083 (1997)

Costa Rica
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 359.82 (2002), 328.87
(2001), 308.19 (2000), 285.69 (1999), 257.23 (1998)

Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999),
589.95 (1998)

Croatia
kuna per US dollar - 7.87 (2002), 8.34 (2001), 8.28 (2000),
7.11 (1999), 6.36 (1998)

Cuba
Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official
rate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar);
convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 1.00 US dollar
per 27 pesos by the Government of Cuba (2002)

Cyprus
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.61 (2002), 0.64 (2001), 0.62
(2000), 0.54 (1999), 0.52 (1998), Turkish lira per US dollar NA
(2002), 1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724
(1998)

Czech Republic
koruny per US dollar - 32.74 (2002), 38.04 (2001),
38.6 (2000), 34.57 (1999), 32.28 (1998)

Denmark
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.89 (2002), 8.32 (2001), 8.08
(2000), 6.98 (1999), 6.7 (1998)

Djibouti
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2002), 177.72
(2001), 177.72 (2000), 177.72 (1999), 177.72 (1998)

Dominica
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7
(2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)

Dominican Republic
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 18.61 (2002),
16.95 (2001), 16.42 (2000), 16.03 (1999), 15.27 (1998)

East Timor
see US dollar

Ecuador
sucres per US dollar - 25,000 (2002), 25,000 (2001),
24,988.4 (2000), 11,786.8 (1999), 5,446.57 (1998)

Egypt
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - 4.5 (2002), 3.97 (2001), 3.47
(2000), 3.4 (1999), 3.39 (1998)

El Salvador
8.75 the US dollar is the legal tender

Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7
(1999), 589.95 (1998)

Eritrea
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 9.5 (January 2000), 7.6 (January
1999), 7.2 (March 1998 est.)

Estonia
krooni per US dollar - 16.61 (2002), 17.56 (2001), 16.97
(2000), 14.68 (1999), 14.07 (1998)

Ethiopia
birr per US dollar - NA (2002), 8.46 (2001), 8.22 (2000),
7.94 (1999), 7.12 (1998)
note: since 24 October 2001 exchange rates are determined on a daily
basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pounds per US dollar -
0.67 (2002), 0.69 (2001), 0.66 (2000), 0.62 (1999), 0.6 (1998); note
- the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound

Faroe Islands
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.89 (2002), 8.32
(2001), 8.08 (2000), 6.98 (1999), 6.7 (1998)

Fiji
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 2.19 (2002), 2.28 (2001), 2.13
(2000), 1.97 (1999), 1.99 (1998)

Finland
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999)

France
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999)

French Guiana
Euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09
(2000), 0.94 (1999)

French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 126.41 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999),
107.25 (1998)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)

Gambia, The
dalasi per US dollar - NA (2002), 15.69 (2001), 12.79
(2000), 11.4 (1999), 10.64 (1998)

Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057
(2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997)

Georgia
lari per US dollar - 2.2 (2002), 2.07 (2001), 1.98 (2000),
2.02 (1999), 1.39 (1998)

Germany
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999), 1.76 (1998)

Ghana
cedis per US dollar - NA (2002), 7,170.76 (2001), 5,455.06
(2000), 2,669.3 (1999), 2,314.15 (1998)

Gibraltar
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - the
Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 365.4 (2000),
305.65 (1999), 295.53 (1998)
note: in January 2001, the drachma became a participating currency
within the Eurosystem, and the euro market rate became applicable to
all transactions

Greenland
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.8947 (2002), 8.323 (2001),
8.083 (2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998)

Grenada
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7
(2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)

Guadeloupe
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),
1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995
(1998)

Guam
the US dollar is used

Guatemala
quetzales per US dollar - 7.82 (2002), 7.86 (2001), 7.76
(2000), 7.39 (1999), 6.39 (1998)

Guernsey
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - the
Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Guinea
Guinean francs per US dollar - NA (2002), 1,950.56 (2001),
1,746.87 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999), 1,236.83 (1998)

Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999),
589.95 (1998)
note: as of 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted the XOF franc as the
national currency; since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc is pegged to
the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Guyana
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - NA (2002), 187.32 (2001),
182.43 (2000), 178 (1999), 150.52 (1998)

Haiti
gourdes per US dollar - 29.25 (2002), 24.43 (2001), 21.17
(2000), 16.94 (1999), 16.77 (1998)

Holy See (Vatican City)
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.1324 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Honduras
lempiras per US dollar - 16.43 (2002), 15.47 (2001), 14.84
(2000), 14.21 (1999), 13.39 (1998)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.8 (2002), 7.8 (2001),
7.79 (2000), 7.76 (1999), 7.75 (1998)

Hungary
forints per US dollar - 257.89 (2002), 286.49 (2001), 282.18
(2000), 237.15 (1999), 214.4 (1998)

Iceland
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 91.66 (2002), 97.42 (2001),
78.62 (2000), 72.34 (1999), 70.96 (1998)

India
Indian rupees per US dollar - 48.61 (2002), 47.19 (2001),
44.94 (2000), 43.06 (1999), 41.26 (1998)

Indonesia
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,311.19 (2002),
10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998)

Iran
rials per US dollar 6,906.96 (2002), 1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43
(2000), 1,752.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998)
note: from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system; one
of these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which most
essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar;
in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one
rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar

Iraq
Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 0.31 (2002), 0.31 (2001), 0.31
(2000), 0.31 (1999), 0.31 (1998), note: fixed official rate since
1982; market rate subject to wide fluctuations

Ireland
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999), 0.7 (1998)

Israel
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.74 (2002), 4.21 (2001),
4.08 (2000), 4.14 (1999), 3.8 (1998)

Italy
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999)

Jamaica
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 48.42 (2002), 46 (2001),
42.7 (2000), 39.04 (1999), 36.55 (1998)

Japan
yen per US dollar - 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77
(2000), 113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998)

Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944 (2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); the Jersey pound is at
par with the British pound

Jordan
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.71 (2002), 0.71 (2001),
0.71 (2000), 0.71 (1999), 0.71 (1998)

Kazakhstan
tenge per US dollar - 153.28 (2002), 146.74 (2001),
142.13 (2000), 119.52 (1999), 78.3 (1998)

Kenya
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 78.75 (2002), 78.56 (2001),
76.18 (2000), 70.33 (1999), 60.37 (1998)

Kiribati
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.84 (2002), 1.93
(2001), 1.72 (2000), 1.55 (1999), 1.59 (1998)

Korea, North
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 150
(December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001), 2.15 (May 1994), 2.13 (May
1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990); market: North
Korean won per US dollar - 300-600 (December 2002), 200 (December
2001)

Korea, South
South Korean won per US dollar - 1,251.09 (2002),
1,290.99 (2001), 1,130.96 (2000), 1,188.82 (1999), 1,401.44 (1998)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.3 (2002), 0.31 (2001), 0.31
(2000), 0.3 (1999), 0.3 (1998)

Kyrgyzstan
soms per US dollar - 46.94 (2002), 48.38 (2001), 47.7
(2000), 39.01 (1999), 20.84 (1998)

Laos
kips per US dollar - 7,562 (2002), 8,954.58 (2001), 7,887.64
(2000), 7,102.02 (1999), 3,298.33 (1998)

Latvia
lati per US dollar - 0.62 (2002), 0.63 (2001), 0.61 (2000),
0.59 (1999), 0.59 (1998)

Lebanon
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2002), 1,507.5
(2001), 1,507.5 (2000), 1,507.84 (1999), 1,516.13 (1998)

Lesotho
maloti per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001), 6.94
(2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)

Liberia
Liberian dollars per US dollar - NA (2002), 48.58 (2001),
40.95 (2000), 41.9 (1999), 41.51 (1998)
note: until December 1997, rates were based on a fixed relationship
with the US dollar; beginning in January 1998, rates are market
determined

Libya
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.2 (2003), 0.6 (2002), 0.51
(2001), 0.5 (2000), 0.39 (1999)

Liechtenstein
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.5586 (2002), 1.6876
(2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998)

Lithuania
litai per US dollar - 3.68 (2002), 4 (2001), 4 (2000), 4
(1999), 4 (1998)

Luxembourg
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09
(2000), 0.94 (1999)

Macau
patacas per US dollar - 8.03 (2002), 8.03 (2001), 8.03 (2000),
7.99 (1999), 7.98 (1998)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonian denars per US
dollar - 64.35 (2002), 68.04 (2001), 65.9 (2000), 56.9 (1999), 54.46
(1998)

Madagascar
Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,831.96 (2002), 6,588.49
(2001), 6,767.48 (2000), 6,283.77 (1999), 5,441.4 (1998)

Malawi
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 76.69 (2002), 72.2 (2001),
59.54 (2000), 44.09 (1999), 31.07 (1998)

Malaysia
ringgits per US dollar - 3.8 (2002), 3.8 (2001), 3.8
(2000), 3.8 (1999), 3.92 (1998)

Maldives
rufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2002), 12.24 (2001), 11.77
(2000), 11.77 (1999), 11.77 (1998)

Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)

Malta
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.43 (2002), 0.45 (2001), 0.44
(2000), 0.4 (1999), 0.39 (1998)

Man, Isle of
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); the Manx pound
is at par with the British pound

Marshall Islands
the US dollar is the legal tender

Martinique
euros per US dollar - 1.06 euros per US dollar - 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs
per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998)

Mauritania
ouguiyas per US dollar - ouguiyas per US dollar - 254.350
(December 2001), 238.923 (2000), 209.514 (1999), 188.476 (1998),
151.853 (1997), 137.222 (1996)

Mauritius
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 29.96 (2002), 29.13
(2001), 26.25 (2000), 25.19 (1999), 23.99 (1998)

Mayotte
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),
1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995
(1998), 5.8367 (1997)

Mexico
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 9.66 (2002), 9.34 (2001), 9.46
(2000), 9.56 (1999), 9.14 (1998)

Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used 1

Moldova
lei per US dollar - NA (2002), 12.87 (2001), 12.43 (2000),
10.52 (1999), 5.37 (1998)

Monaco
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),
1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995
(1998)

Mongolia
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,134 (2002), 1,097.7
(2001), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,021.87 (1999), 840.83 (1998)

Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)

Morocco
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 11.02 (2002), 11.3 (2001),
10.63 (2000), 9.8 (1999), 9.6 (1998)

Mozambique
meticais per US dollar - 23,678 (2002), 20,703.6 (2001),
15,447.1 (2000), 13,028.6 (1999), 12,110.2 (1998)
note: effective October 2000, the exchange rate is determined as the
weighted average of buying and selling exchange rates of all
transactions of commercial banks and stock exchanges with the public

Namibia
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001),
6.94 (2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)

Nauru
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.2641 (2002) 1.9320
(2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)

Nepal
Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 77.88 (2002), 74.95 (2001),
71.09 (2000), 68.24 (1999), 65.98 (1998)

Netherlands
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09
(2000), 0.94 (1999)

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -
1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000), 1.79 (1999), 1.79 (1998)

New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 135.04 (January 2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93
(1999), 107.25 (1998)

New Zealand
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.16 (2002), 2.38
(2001), 2.2 (2000), 1.89 (1999), 1.87 (1998)

Nicaragua
gold cordobas per US dollar - 14.25 (2002), 13.37 (2001),
12.68 (2000), 11.81 (1999), 10.58 (1998)

Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)

Nigeria
nairas per US dollar - NA (2002), 111.23 (2001), 101.7
(2000), 92.34 (1999), 21.89 (1998)

Niue
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.162 (2002), 2.3776
(2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998)

Norfolk Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.8406 (2002),
1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)

Northern Mariana Islands
the US dollar is used

Norway
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.98 (2002), 8.99 (2001),
8.8 (2000), 7.8 (1999), 7.55 (1998)

Oman
Omani rials per US dollar - 0.38 (2002), 0.38 (2001), 0.38
(2000), 0.38 (1999), 0.38 (1998)

Pakistan
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 59.72 (2002), 61.93
(2001), 53.65 (2000), 49.12 (1999), 44.94 (1998)

Palau
the US dollar is used

Panama
balboas per US dollar - 1 (2002), 1 (2001), 1 (2000), 1
(1999), 1 (1998)

Papua New Guinea
kina per US dollar - 3.8 (2002), 3.39 (2001), 2.78
(2000), 2.57 (1999), 2.07 (1998)

Paraguay
guarani per US dollar - 5,720.44 (2002), 4,105.92 (2001),
3,486.35 (2000), 3,119.07 (1999), 2,726.49 (1998)

Peru
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.52 (2002), 3.51 (2001), 3.49
(2000), 3.38 (1999), 2.93 (1998)

Philippines
Philippine pesos per US dollar - 51.67 (2002), 50.99
(2001), 44.19 (2000), 39.09 (1999), 40.89 (1998)

Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.162 (2002),
2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083
(1997)

Poland
zlotych per US dollar - 3.99 (2002), 4.09 (2001), 4.35
(2000), 3.97 (1999), 3.48 (1998)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty

Portugal
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09
(2000), 0.94 (1999)

Puerto Rico
the US dollar is used

Qatar
Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2002), 3.64 (2001), 3.64
(2000), 3.64 (1999), 3.64 (1998)

Reunion
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),
1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995
(1998)

Romania
lei per US dollar - 33,055.4 (2002), 29,060.8 (2001),
21,708.7 (2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.58 (1998)

Russia
Russian rubles per US dollar - 31.27 (2002), 29.17 (2001),
28.13 (2000), 24.62 (1999), 9.71 (1998)
note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1
January 1998 rubles

Rwanda
Rwandan francs per US dollar - 475.37 (2002), 442.99 (2001),
389.7 (2000), 333.94 (1999), 312.31 (1998)

Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002),
0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998),

Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)

Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7
(2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2001),
1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollars per US
dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)

Samoa
tala per US dollar - 3.37 (2002), 3.48 (2001), 3.29 (2000),
3.01 (1999), 2.95 (1998)

San Marino
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09
(2000), 0.94 (1999)

Sao Tome and Principe
dobras per US dollar - NA (2002), 8,842.11
(2001), 7,978.17 (2000), 7,118.96 (1999), 6,883.24 (1998)

Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.75 (2002), 3.75 (2001),
3.75 (2000), 3.75 (1999), 3.75 (1998)

Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)

Serbia and Montenegro
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official
rate: 65 (2002), 10.0 (December 1998); black market rate: 14.5
(December 1998)

Seychelles
Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.48 (2002), 5.86
(2001), 5.71 (2000), 5.34 (1999), 5.26 (1998)

Sierra Leone
leones per US dollar - 2,099.03 (2002), 1,986.15
(2001), 2,092.12 (2000), 1,804.19 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998)

Singapore
Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.79 (2002), 1.79
(2001), 1.72 (2000), 1.69 (1999), 1.67 (1998)

Slovakia
koruny per US dollar - 45.33 (2002), 48.35 (2001), 46.04
(2000), 41.36 (1999), 35.23 (1998)

Slovenia
tolars per US dollar - 240.25 (2002), 242.75 (2001), 222.66
(2000), 181.77 (1999), 166.13 (1998)

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - NA (2002),
NA (2001), 5.09 (2000), 4.84 (1999), 4.82 (1998)

Somalia
Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),
2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January
1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995)
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling

South Africa
rand per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001), 6.94
(2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)

Spain
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999)

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 95.66 (2002), 89.38
(2001), 77.01 (2000), 70.64 (1999), 64.45 (1998)

Sudan
Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 263.31 (2002), 258.7 (2001),
257.12 (2000), 252.55 (1999), 200.8 (1998)

Suriname
Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,346.75 (2002),
2,178.5 (2001), 1,322.47 (2000), 859.44 (1999), 401 (1998)
note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct
rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but
subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; the
government currently allows trading within a band of SRG 500 around
the official rate

Svalbard
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.9838 (2002), 8.9917
(2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998)

Swaziland
emalangeni per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001), 6.94
(2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)

Sweden
Swedish kronor per US dollar - 9.74 (2002), 10.33 (2001),
9.16 (2000), 8.26 (1999), 7.95 (1998)

Switzerland
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.56 (2002), 1.69 (2001),
1.69 (2000), 1.5 (1999), 1.45 (1998)

Syria
Syrian pounds per US dollar - (Official rate): 11.23 (2002),
11.23 (2001), 11.23 (2000), 11.23 (1999), 11.23 (1998), (Free market
rate): 49.65 (2001), 49.4 (2000), 51.7 (1999), 52 (1998)

Taiwan
34.88 (2002), 34.74 (2001), 33.09 (2000), 31.6 (1999)

Tajikistan
Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.37
(2001), 2.08 (2000), 1.24 (1999), 0.78 (1998)
note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,
with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles

Tanzania
Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - NA (2002), 876.41
(2001), 800.41 (2000), 744.76 (1999), 664.67 (1998)

Thailand
baht per US dollar - 42.96 (2002), 44.43 (2001), 40.11
(2000), 37.81 (1999), 41.36 (1998)

Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)

Tokelau
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.154 (2002), 2.3776
(2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997)

Tonga
pa'anga per US dollar NA (2002), 2.12 (2001), 1.76 (2000), 1.6
(1999), 1.49 (1998)

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar - 6.24
(2002), 6.23 (2001), 6.3 (2000), 6.3 (1999), 6.3 (1998)

Tunisia
Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.42 (2002), 1.44 (2001),
1.37 (2000), 1.19 (1999), 1.14 (1998)

Turkey
NA (2002), 1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999),
260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997)

Turkmenistan
Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (2002), 5,200
(2001), 5,200 (2000), 5,200 (1999), 4,890.17 (1998); note - the
official exchange rate has not varied for the last four years; the
unofficial rate has fluctuated slightly, hovering around 21,000
manats to the dollar

Turks and Caicos Islands
the US dollar is used

Tuvalu
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.8406
(2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)

Uganda
Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,797.55 (2002), 1,755.66
(2001), 1,644.48 (2000), 1,454.83 (1999), 1,240.31 (1998)

Ukraine
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.33 (2002), 5.37 (2001), 5.44
(2000), 4.13 (1999), 2.45 (1998)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.67 (2002),
3.67 (2001), 3.67 (2000), 3.67 (1999), 3.67 (1998)

United Kingdom
British pounds per US dollar - 0.67 (2002), 0.69
(2001), 0.66 (2000), 0.62 (1999), 0.6 (1998)

United States
British pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), Canadian
dollars per US dollar - 1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000),
1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), Japanese yen per US dollar - 125.39
(2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000), 113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998),
euros per US dollar - 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.08540 (2000),
0.93863 (1999)
note: financial institutions in France, Italy, and Germany and eight
other European countries started using the euro on 1 January 1999
with the euro replacing the local currency in consenting countries
for all transactions in 2002

Uruguay
Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 21.26 (2002), 13.32 (2001),
12.1 (2000), 11.34 (1999), 10.47 (1998)

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 970 (2002), 325 (2001),
236.61 (2000), 124.63 (1999), 94.49 (1998)

Vanuatu
vatu per US dollar - 139.2 (2002), 145.31 (2001), 137.64
(2000), 129.08 (1999), 127.52 (1998)

Venezuela
bolivares per US dollar - 1,160.44 (2002), 723.67 (2001),
679.96 (2000), 605.72 (1999), 547.56 (1998)

Vietnam
dong per US dollar - 15,325.8 (2002), 14,725.2 (2001),
14,167.7 (2000), 13,943.2 (1999), 13,268 (1998)

Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 126.41 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.43 (2000), 111.93
(1999), 107.25 (1998)

West Bank
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057
(2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997);
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090 (from 1996)

Western Sahara
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 11.584 (2002),
11.303 (2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527
(1997)

Yemen
Yemeni rials per US dollar - NA (2002), 168.67 (2001), 161.72
(2000), 155.72 (1999), 135.88 (1998)

Zambia
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - NA (2002), 3,610.93 (2001),
3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999), 1,862.07 (1998)

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 55 (2002), 55.05 (2001),
44.42 (2000), 38.3 (1999), 23.68 (1998)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

======================================================================

@2077 Executive branch

Afghanistan
note: following the Taliban's refusal to hand over Usama
bin LADIN to the US for his suspected involvement in the 11
September 2001 terrorist attacks in the US, a US-led international
coalition was formed; after several weeks of aerial bombardment by
coalition forces and military action on the ground, including Afghan
opposition forces, the Taliban was ousted from power on 17 November
2001; in December 2001, a number of prominent Afghans met under UN
auspices in Bonn, Germany, to decide on a plan for governing the
country; as a result, the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) - made up
of 30 members, headed by a chairman - was inaugurated on 22 December
2001 with a six-month mandate to be followed by a two-year
Transitional Authority (TA), after which elections are to be held;
the structure of the follow-on TA was announced on 10 June 2002,
when the Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) convened establishing the
Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA), which has 18
months to hold a Loya Jirga to adopt a constitution and 24 months to
hold nationwide elections
chief of state: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since 10 June
2002); note - presently the president and head of government
head of government: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since 10
June 2002); note - presently the president and head of government
cabinet: the 30-member TISA
elections: nationwide elections are to be held by June 2004,
according to the Bonn Agreement

Albania
chief of state: President of the Republic Alfred MOISIU
(since 24 July 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Fatos NANO (since 31 July 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
approved by the president
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 June 2002 (next to be held NA
June 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Alfred MOISIU elected president; People's Assembly
vote by number - total votes 116, for 97, against 19

Algeria
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 9 May 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 April 1999 (next to be held NA April 2004);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA elected president; percent of
vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA over 70%; note - his six opposing
candidates withdrew on the eve of the election citing electoral fraud

American Samoa
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since
20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)
following the death of Governor Tauese P. SUNIA on 26 March 2003;
TULAFONO had been the Lieutenant Governor
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)
election results: Tauese P. SUNIA reelected governor; percent of
vote - Tauese P. SUNIA (Democrat) 50.7%, Lealaifuaneva Peter REID
(independent) 47.8%
note: Togiola TULAFONO became acting governor 26 March 2003 upon the
death of Governor Tauese P. SUNIA

Andorra
chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May
1995), represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002); Spanish
Coprince Episcopal Monsignor Joan Enric VIVES SICILIA (since 12 May
2003), represented by Nemesi MARQUES OSTE (since NA)
head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE MOLNE
(since 21 December 1994)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held 4 March 2001 (next to be held NA 2005)
election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - NA%

Angola
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS was
appointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002, but this is not a
position of real power
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a NA-year term;
President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition
under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first
multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)
election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a
run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed

Anguilla
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Peter JOHNSTONE (since NA February 2000)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor