Chapter LXXXV: Front Matter (85)

Belarus
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and
via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; lax
money-laundering and banking regulations

Belgium
growing producer of synthetic drugs; transit point for
US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South American
cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin,
hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; money laundering
related to trafficking of drugs, automobiles, alcohol, and tobacco

Belize
major transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit
producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; some
money-laundering activity related to offshore sector

Benin
transshipment point for narcotics associated with Nigerian
trafficking organizations and most commonly destined for Western
Europe and the US; vulnerable to money laundering due to a poorly
regulated financial infrastructure

Bolivia
world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and
Peru) with an estimated 24,400 hectares under cultivation in June
2002, a 23% increase from June 2001; intermediate coca products and
cocaine exported to or through Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and
Chile to the US and other international drug markets; eradication
and alternative crop programs under the SANCHEZ DE LOZADA
administration have been unable to keep pace with farmers' attempts
to increase cultivation after significant reductions in 1998 and
1999; money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade,
especially along the borders with Brazil and Paraguay

Bosnia and Herzegovina
minor transit point for marijuana and opiate
trafficking routes to Western Europe; organized crime launders
money, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure
limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

Brazil
illicit producer of cannabis; minor coca cultivation in the
Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a
large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important
transshipment country for Colombian and Peruvian cocaine headed for
the US and Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for
narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in
drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for
Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics
proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through the financial
system; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area

British Virgin Islands
transshipment point for South American
narcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financial
center

Brunei
drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled
substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory
death penalty

Bulgaria
major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian
heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the
European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; some money
laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions

Burma
world's second largest producer of illicit opium (potential
production in 2002 - 630 metric tons, down 27% due to drought and,
to a lesser extent, eradication; cultivation in 2002 - 77,000
hectares, a 27% decline from 2001); surrender of drug warlord KHUN
SA's Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Rangoon as a major
counternarcotics success, but lack of government will and ability to
take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment
against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug
effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional
consumption

Cambodia
narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in
the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium,
heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for
the international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to its
cash-based economy and porous borders

Canada
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market;
use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large
quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; transit point for
heroin and cocaine entering the US market; vulnerable to narcotics
money laundering because of its mature financial services sector

Cape Verde
used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs moving
from Latin America and Asia destined for Western Europe; the lack of
a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

Cayman Islands
offshore financial center; vulnerable to drug
transshipment to the US and Europe

Chile
a growing transshipment country for cocaine destined for the
US and Europe; economic prosperity and increasing trade have made
Chile more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drug
profits, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone; imported
precursors passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is
rising

China
major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden
Triangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country for
chemical precursors and methamphetamine

Colombia
illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis;
world's leading coca cultivator (cultivation of coca in 2002 was
144,450 hectares, a 15% decline since 2001); potential production of
opium between 2001 and 2002 declined by 25% to 91 metric tons;
potential production of heroin declined to 11.3 metric tons; the
world's largest processor of coca derivatives into cocaine; supplier
of about 90% of the cocaine to the US market and the great majority
of cocaine to other international drug markets; important supplier
of heroin to the US market; active aerial eradication program; a
significant portion of non-US narcotics proceeds are either
laundered or invested in Colombia through the black market peso
exchange

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
illicit producer of cannabis,
mostly for domestic consumption; while rampant corruption and
inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money
laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the
country's utility as a money-laundering center

Costa Rica
transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South
America; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots;
domestic cocaine consumption is rising, particularly crack cocaine

Cote d'Ivoire
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local
consumption; transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian
heroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin American
cocaine destined for Europe and South Africa; while rampant
corruption and inadequate supervision leave the banking system
vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a developed financial
system limits the country's utility as a major money-laundering
center

Croatia
transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian
heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for
maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe

Cuba
territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone
for cocaine and heroin bound for the US and Europe; established the
death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999

Cyprus
minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and
container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;
some cocaine transits as well; anti-money-laundering laws
strengthened but few convictions

Czech Republic
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and
minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;
producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets;
susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking,
organized crime

Dominica
transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and
Europe; minor cannabis producer; anti-money-laundering enforcement
is weak, making the country particularly vulnerable to money
laundering

Dominican Republic
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for
ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada;
substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics
traffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financial
transactions

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
significant transit country for cocaine originating in
Colombia and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used in
production of illicit narcotics; dollarization may raise the volume
of money-laundering activity, especially along the border with
Colombia; increased activity on the northern frontier by trafficking
groups and Colombian insurgents

Egypt
transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin
and opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; transit stop for
Nigerian couriers; concern as money-laundering site due to lax
banking regulations

El Salvador
transshipment point for cocaine; small amounts of
marijuana produced for local consumption; domestic cocaine abuse on
the rise

Estonia
transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Southwest
Asia and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from Latin America to
Western Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from Western
Europe to Scandinavia; increasing domestic drug abuse problem;
possible precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking

Ethiopia
transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and
Southeast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well as
cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat
(khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti
and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

France
transshipment point for and consumer of South American
cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics

French Guiana
small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption;
minor transshipment point to Europe

Georgia
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via
Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia

Germany
source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine
processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian
heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs

Ghana
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a
lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the
US; widespread crime and corruption have made money laundering a
problem, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure
limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

Greece
a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and
heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and
precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine
transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug
trafficking and organized crime

Grenada
small-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment point
for marijuana and cocaine to US

Guatemala
major transit country for cocaine and heroin; minor
producer of illicit opium poppy and cannabis for mostly domestic
consumption; proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major staging
area for drugs (cocaine and heroin shipments); money laundering is a
serious problem; corruption is a major problem

Guyana
transshipment point for narcotics from South America -
primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis

Haiti
major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to
the US and Europe; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian
narcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financial
transactions; pervasive corruption

Honduras
transshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicit
producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally
for local consumption; corruption is a major problem; some
money-laundering activity

Hong Kong
Makes strenuous law enforcement efforts, but faces serious
challenges in controlling transit of heroin and methamphetamine to
regional and world markets; modern banking system provides a conduit
for money laundering; rising indigenous use of synthetic drugs,
especially among young people

Hungary
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis
and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited
producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and
methamphetamine; improving, but remains vulnerable to money
laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking

India
world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical
trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit
international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics
produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;
vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system

Indonesia
illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle
heroin

Iran
despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a key
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domestic
narcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and Iranian press
reports estimate at least 2 million drug users in the country

Ireland
transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from North
Africa to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced synthetic
drugs; minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined for
Western Europe

Israel
increasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse; drugs
arrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from Jordan

Italy
important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine
and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money
laundering by organized crime and from smuggling

Jamaica
major transshipment point for cocaine from South America to
North America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis;
government has an active manual cannabis eradication program;
corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering
activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit
financial transactions

Kazakhstan
significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS
markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra
(for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit
crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia
and the rest of Europe

Kenya
widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transit
country for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North
America; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa;
significant potential for money-laundering activity given the
country's status as a regional financial center, massive corruption,
and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities

Kyrgyzstan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy
for CIS markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops;
transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the
rest of Europe

Laos
world's third-largest illicit opium producer (estimated
cultivation in 2002 - 23,200 hectares, a 5% increase over 2001;
estimated potential production in 2002 - 180 metric tons, a 10%
decrease from 2001); potential heroin producer; transshipment point
for heroin and methamphetamine produced in Burma; illicit producer
of cannabis; growing methamphetamine abuse problem

Latvia
transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Central and
Southwest Asia to Western Europe and Scandinavia and Latin American
cocaine and some synthetics from Western Europe to CIS; money
laundering remains a concern despite changes to banking legislation

Lebanon
cannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectares
in 2002; opium poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of Latin
American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on way
to US and European markets

Liberia
transshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin
and South American cocaine for the European and US markets;
corruption, criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond trade
provide significant potential for money laundering, but the lack of
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
major money-laundering center

Liechtenstein
multilateral organizations engaged in issuing
international guidelines for financial sector oversight found gaps
in Liechtenstein's financial services controls that made it
vulnerable to money laundering, but Liechtenstein has become less
attractive as a haven for illicit funds, based on implementation in
2001 of new anti-money-laundering legislation and improved mutual
legal assistance cooperation with other countries

Lithuania
transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs
from Southwest Asia, Latin America, and Western Europe to Western
Europe and Scandinavia; limited production of methamphetamine and
ecstasy; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to banking
legislation

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
major transshipment point
for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for
South American cocaine destined for Europe; while money laundering
is a problem on a local level due to organized crime activities, the
lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the
country's utility as a money-laundering center

Madagascar
illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild
varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point
for heroin

Malaysia
transit point for some illicit drugs; drug trafficking
prosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties

Malta
minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to
Western Europe

Martinique
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
the US and Europe

Mauritius
minor consumer and transshipment point for heroin from
South Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally;
significant offshore financial industry creates potential for money
laundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and the
government appears generally to be committed to regulating its
banking industry

Mexico
illicit cultivation of opium poppy (cultivation in 2001 -
4,400 hectares; potential heroin production - 7 metric tons) and of
cannabis (in 2001 - 4,100 hectares); government eradication efforts
have been key in keeping illicit crop levels low; major supplier of
heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine
to the US market; continues as the primary transshipment country for
US-bound cocaine from South America; major drug syndicates control
majority of drug trafficking throughout the country; growing
producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant money-laundering
center

Moldova
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from
Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and
possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity

Montserrat
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe

Morocco
illicit producer of hashish; trafficking increasing for both
domestic and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly
directed to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from South
America destined for Western Europe

Mozambique
Southern African transit point for South Asian hashish,
South Asian heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for
the European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for
local consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa);
corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking system
vulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developed
financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

Nauru
broad-based money-laundering center

Nepal
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and
international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast
Asia to the West

Netherlands
major European producer of illicit amphetamine and other
synthetic drugs; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish
entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy; large financial
sector vulnerable to money laundering

Netherlands Antilles
transshipment point for South American drugs
bound for the US and Europe; money-laundering center

Nicaragua
transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and
transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing

Nigeria
a transit point for heroin and cocaine intended for
European, East Asian, and North American markets; safehaven for
Nigerian narcotraffickers operating worldwide; major
money-laundering center; massive corruption and criminal activity,
along with unwillingness of the government to address the
deficiencies in its anti-money-laundering regime make money
laundering a major problem

Pakistan
opium poppy cultivation practically eliminated; key transit
point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western markets; Afghan
narcotics continue to transit Federally Administered Tribal Areas,
Balochistan Province, and Karachi; financial crimes related to drug
trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems

Panama
major cocaine transshipment point and primary money
laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering activity
is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore financial
center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring of
financial transactions is improving; official corruption remains a
major problem

Paraguay
major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which is
consumed in South America; transshipment country for Andean cocaine
headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets, Europe, and US;
corruption and some money-laundering activity, especially in the
Tri-Border Area

Peru
until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emerging
opium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru increased by 8% to
36,600 hectares between 2001 and the end of 2002; much of the
cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into
cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to
the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and
finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for
use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa

Philippines
exports locally-produced marijuana and hashish to East
Asia, the US, and other Western markets; serves as a transit point
for heroin and crystal methamphetamine

Poland
major illicit producer of amphetamine for the international
market; minor transshipment point for Asian and Latin American
illicit drugs to Western Europe

Portugal
gateway country for Latin American cocaine and Southwest
Asian heroin entering the European market; transshipment point for
hashish from North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian
heroin

Romania
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American
cocaine bound for Western Europe

Russia
limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and
producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption;
government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as
transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American
cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent
Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source
of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are
key concerns; heroin increasingly popular in domestic market

Saint Kitts and Nevis
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; some money-laundering activity

Saint Lucia
transit point for South American drugs destined for the
US and Europe

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
transshipment point for South
American drugs destined for the US and Europe; small-scale cannabis
cultivation

Saudi Arabia
death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption
of heroin, cocaine, and hashish

Senegal
transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin
moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis

Serbia and Montenegro
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to
money laundering

Singapore
as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore
is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, to be used as a
transit point for Golden Triangle heroin and as a venue for money
laundering

Slovakia
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for
Western Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for regional market

Slovenia
minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin
bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals

South Africa
transshipment center for heroin, hashish, marijuana,
and possibly cocaine; cocaine consumption on the rise; world's
largest market for illicit methaqualone, usually imported illegally
from India through various east African countries; illicit
cultivation of marijuana; attractive venue for money launderers
given the increasing level of organized criminal and narcotics
activity in the region

Spain
key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine and
North African hashish entering the European market; destination and
minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin

Suriname
growing transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for Europe and Brazil; transshipment point for
arms-for-drugs dealing

Switzerland
because of more stringent government regulations, used
significantly less as a money-laundering center; transit country for
and consumer of South American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin

Syria
a transit point for opiates and hashish bound for regional and
Western markets

Taiwan
regional transit point for heroin and methamphetamine; major
problem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin

Tajikistan
major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for
Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited
illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption;
Tajikistan seizes roughly 80 percent of all drugs captured in
Central Asia and stands third world-wide in seizures of opiates
(heroin and raw opium)

Tanzania
growing role in transshipment of Southwest and Southeast
Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for South African,
European, and US markets and of South Asian methaqualone bound for
Southern Africa; money laundering remains a problem

Thailand
a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; illicit
transit point for heroin en route to the international drug market
from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area of
cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring
countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication
efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role in
amphetamine production for regional consumption; increasing
indigenous abuse of methamphetamine

Togo
transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money
laundering not a significant problem

Trinidad and Tobago
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis

Turkey
key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western
Europe and - to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land, and sea
routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking
organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert
imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey
as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over
areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw
concentrate

Turkmenistan
transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian
and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit
cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; small-scale
government-run eradication of illicit crops; transit point for
heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan

Turks and Caicos Islands
transshipment point for South American
narcotics destined for the US and Europe

Ukraine
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the
West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment
point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin
America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; drug-related money
laundering a minor, but growing, problem; lax anti-money-laundering
regime

United Arab Emirates
the UAE is a drug transshipment point for
traffickers given its proximity to southwest Asian drug producing
countries; the UAE's position as a major financial center makes it
vulnerable to money laundering; anti-money-laundering legislation
was signed into law by the president on 25 January 2002

United Kingdom
gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering
the European market; major consumer of synthetic drugs, producer of
limited amounts of synthetic drugs and synthetic precursor
chemicals; major consumer of Southwest Asian heroin;
money-laundering center

United States
consumer of cocaine shipped from Colombia through
Mexico and the Caribbean; consumer of heroin, marijuana, and
increasingly methamphetamine from Mexico; consumer of high-quality
Southeast Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana,
depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine;
money-laundering center

Uzbekistan
transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian
and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit
cultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy for
domestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out by
government crop eradication program; transit point for heroin
precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan

Venezuela
small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the
processing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large
quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country
from Colombia bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-related
money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia
and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily
targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by
Colombian insurgents on border

Vietnam
minor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit point
for Southeast Asian heroin; domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamine
addiction problems

World
cocaine: worldwide, coca is grown on an estimated 205,450
hectares - almost exclusively in South America with 70% in Colombia;
potential cocaine production during 2002 is estimated at 938 metric
tons (or 1,200 metric tons of export quality cocaine at an average
of 78% purity); coca eradication programs continue in Bolivia,
Colombia, and Peru, and 292 metric tons of export quality cocaine
are documented to have been seized in 2002; consumption of export
quality cocaine is estimated to have been 875 metric tons
opiates: cultivation of opium poppy occurred on an estimated 141,213
hectares in 2002 and potentially produced 2,183 metric tons of opium
- which conceivably could be converted to the equivalent of 238
metric tons of pure heroin; opium eradication programs have been
undertaken in Afghanistan, Burma, Colombia, Mexico, Pakistan,
Thailand, and Vietnam, and the annual average for opiates seized
worldwide over the past five years (1998-2002) has been 45 metric
tons of pure heroin equivalent; estimates for average annual
consumption over this time period are 315 metric tons pure heroin
equivalent

Zambia
transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone,
small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa and
possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled
with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it
an unattractive venue for money launderers

Zimbabwe
transit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin,
mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the South African and
European markets

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2087 Imports

Afghanistan
$1.3 billion (2001 est.)

Albania
$1.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Algeria
$10.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

American Samoa
$452 million (1999)

Andorra
$1.077 billion (1998)

Angola
$4.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Anguilla
$80.9 million (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda
$357 million (2000 est.)

Argentina
$9 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Armenia
$991 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Aruba
$2.21 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Australia
$68 billion (2002 est.)

Austria
$74 billion c.i.f. (2001)

Azerbaijan
$1.8 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Bahamas, The
$1.86 billion (2002 est.)

Bahrain
$4.2 billion (2002)

Bangladesh
$8.5 billion (2002)

Barbados
$987 million (2002)

Belarus
$8.8 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Belgium
$152 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Belize
$430 million c.i.f. (2002 est.)

Benin
$479 million c.i.f. (2002)

Bermuda
$719 million (2000)

Bhutan
$196 million c.i.f. (2000 est.)

Bolivia
$1.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Botswana
$1.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Brazil
$46.2 billion f.o.b. (2002)

British Virgin Islands
$187 million (2002 est.)

Brunei
$1.4 billion c.i.f. (2000 est.)

Bulgaria
$6.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Burkina Faso
$525 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Burma
$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Burundi
$135 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cambodia
$1.73 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Cameroon
$1.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Canada
$229 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cape Verde
$220 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cayman Islands
$457.4 million (1999)

Central African Republic
$102 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Chad
$570 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Chile
$15.6 billion f.o.b. (2002)

China
$295.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Christmas Island
$NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
$NA

Colombia
$12.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Comoros
$39.8 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$890 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$730 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cook Islands
$50.7 million (2000)

Costa Rica
$6.4 billion (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Croatia
$10.7 billion c.i.f. (2002)

Cuba
$4.8 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: $3.9 billion f.o.b.; Turkish Cypriot
area: $301 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Czech Republic
$43.2 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Denmark
$47.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Djibouti
$255 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Dominica
$135 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Dominican Republic
$8.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

East Timor
$237 million (2001 est.)

Ecuador
$6 billion (2002 est.)

Egypt
$15.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

El Salvador
$4.9 billion (2002)

Equatorial Guinea
$562 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Eritrea
$500 million c.i.f. (2001)

Estonia
$4.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Ethiopia
$1.63 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$24.7 million (1995)

Faroe Islands
$469 million c.i.f. (1999)

Fiji
$642 million c.i.f. (2001)

Finland
$31.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

France
$303.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

French Guiana
$625 million c.i.f.

French Polynesia
$1.2 billion f.o.b. (2000)

Gabon
$1.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Gambia, The
$225 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Gaza Strip
$1.9 billion c.i.f., includes West Bank

Georgia
$750 million (2002 est.)

Germany
$487.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Ghana
$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Gibraltar
$492 million c.i.f. (1997)

Greece
$31.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Greenland
$403 million c.i.f. (2001)

Grenada
$270 million (2000 est.)

Guadeloupe
$1.7 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Guam
$203 million f.o.b. (1999 est.)

Guatemala
$5.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guernsey
$NA

Guinea
$670 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$59 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guyana
$575 million c.i.f. (2002)

Haiti
$1.14 billion c.i.f. (2002)

Honduras
$2.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Hong Kong
$208.1 billion (2002 est.)

Hungary
$33.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Iceland
$2.1 billion (2002)

India
$53.8 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Indonesia
$32.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Iran
$21.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Iraq
$7.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Ireland
$48.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Israel
$30.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Italy
$238.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Jamaica
$3.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Japan
$292.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Jersey
$NA

Jordan
$4.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kazakhstan
$9.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kenya
$3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kiribati
$44 million c.i.f. (1999)

Korea, North
$1.314 billion c.i.f. (2001 est.)

Korea, South
$148.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kuwait
$7.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$587 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Laos
$555 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Latvia
$3.9 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Lebanon
$6 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Lesotho
$738 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Liberia
$165 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Libya
$6.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Liechtenstein
$917.3 million (1996)

Lithuania
$6.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Luxembourg
$13.25 billion c.i.f. (2002)

Macau
$2.53 billion c.i.f. (2002)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
$1.9 billion f.o.b. (2002
est.)

Madagascar
$985 million f.o.b. (2002)

Malawi
$505 million f.o.b. (2001)

Malaysia
$76.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Maldives
$395 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Mali
$630 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Malta
$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Man, Isle of
$NA

Marshall Islands
$54 million f.o.b. (2000)

Martinique
$2 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Mauritania
$360 million f.o.b. (2000)

Mauritius
$1.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Mayotte
$141.3 million f.o.b. (1997)

Mexico
$168.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$149 million f.o.b. (FY 99/00 est.)

Moldova
$980 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Monaco
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market
system through customs union with France

Mongolia
$659 million c.i.f. (2002 est.)

Montserrat
$17 million (2001)

Morocco
$10.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Mozambique
$1.18 billion c.i.f. (2002 est.)

Namibia
$1.38 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Nauru
$33 million c.i.f. (1995)

Nepal
$1.6 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Netherlands
$201.1 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
$1.43 billion f.o.b. (2002)

New Caledonia
$1 billion f.o.b. (2000)

New Zealand
$12.5 billion (2001 est.)

Nicaragua
$1.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Niger
$368 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Nigeria
$13.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Niue
$2.38 million (1999)

Norfolk Island
$17.9 million c.i.f. (FY 91/92)

Northern Mariana Islands
$NA

Norway
$37.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Oman
$5.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Pakistan
$11.1 billion f.o.b. (FY02/03 est.)

Palau
$99 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Panama
$6.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$1.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Paraguay
$2.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Peru
$7.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Philippines
$33.5 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Pitcairn Islands
$NA

Poland
$43.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Portugal
$39 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Puerto Rico
$29.1 billion c.i.f. (2001)

Qatar
$3.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Reunion
$2.5 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Romania
$16.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Russia
$60.7 billion (2002 est.)

Rwanda
$253 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Saint Helena
$14.434 million c.i.f. (1995)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$152 million (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia
$319.4 million (2000 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$55 million f.o.b. (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$185.6 million (2000 est.)

Samoa
$130.1 million f.o.b. (2001)

San Marino
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy

Sao Tome and Principe
$24.8 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$39.5 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Senegal
$1.46 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
$6.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Seychelles
$380 million f.o.b. (2002)

Sierra Leone
$190 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Singapore
$113 billion (2002 est.)

Slovakia
$15.4 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Slovenia
$11.1 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Solomon Islands
$82 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Somalia
$343 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

South Africa
$26.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Spain
$156.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Sri Lanka
$5.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Sudan
$1.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Suriname
$300 million f.o.b. (2002)

Svalbard
$NA

Swaziland
$938 million f.o.b. (2002)

Sweden
$68.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Switzerland
$94.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Syria
$4.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Taiwan
$113 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Tajikistan
$830 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Tanzania
$1.67 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Thailand
$58.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Togo
$561 million f.o.b. (2002)

Tokelau
$323,000 c.i.f. (1983)

Tonga
$70 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$3.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Tunisia
$8.7 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Turkey
$50.8 billion c.i.f. (2002 est.)

Turkmenistan
$2.25 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$175.6 million (2000)

Tuvalu
$7.2 million c.i.f. (1998)

Uganda
$1.14 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Ukraine
$18 billion (2002 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$30.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

United Kingdom
$330.1 billion f.o.b. (2002)

United States
$1.165 trillion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Uruguay
$1.87 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Uzbekistan
$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Vanuatu
$93 million c.i.f. (2001)

Venezuela
$18.8 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Vietnam
$16.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Virgin Islands
$NA

Wallis and Futuna
$300,000 f.o.b. (1999)

West Bank
$1.9 billion c.i.f., includes Gaza Strip

Western Sahara
$NA

World
$6.6 trillion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Yemen
$2.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Zambia
$1.123 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Zimbabwe
$1.739 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

======================================================================

@2088 Independence

Afghanistan
19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign
affairs)

Albania
28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire)

Algeria
5 July 1962 (from France)

American Samoa
none (territory of the US)

Andorra
1278 (was formed under the joint suzerainty of the French
count of Foix and the Spanish bishop of Urgel)

Angola
11 November 1975 (from Portugal)

Anguilla
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981 (from UK)

Argentina
9 July 1816 (from Spain)

Armenia
21 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Aruba
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Australia
1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)

Austria
1156 (from Bavaria)

Azerbaijan
30 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Bahamas, The
10 July 1973 (from UK)

Bahrain
15 August 1971 (from UK)

Bangladesh
16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March
1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December
1971 is known as Victory Day and commemorates the official creation
of the state of Bangladesh

Barbados
30 November 1966 (from UK)

Belarus
25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Belgium
4 October 1830 a provisional government declared
independence from the Netherlands; 21 July 1831 the ascension of
King Leopold I to the throne

Belize
21 September 1981 (from UK)

Benin
1 August 1960 (from France)

Bermuda
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Bhutan
8 August 1949 (from India)

Bolivia
6 August 1825 (from Spain)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia; referendum for
independence was completed 1 March 1992; independence was declared 3
March 1992)

Botswana
30 September 1966 (from UK)

Brazil
7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

British Virgin Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Brunei
1 January 1984 (from UK)

Bulgaria
3 March 1878 (from Ottoman Empire)

Burkina Faso
5 August 1960 (from France)

Burma
4 January 1948 (from UK)

Burundi
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
administration)

Cambodia
9 November 1953 (from France)

Cameroon
1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

Canada
1 July 1867 (from UK)

Cape Verde
5 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Cayman Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Central African Republic
13 August 1960 (from France)

Chad
11 August 1960 (from France)

Chile
18 September 1810 (from Spain)

China
221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC;
Qing or Ch'ing Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912;
People's Republic established 1 October 1949)

Christmas Island
none (territory of Australia)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Colombia
20 July 1810 (from Spain)

Comoros
6 July 1975 (from France)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
30 June 1960 (from Belgium)

Congo, Republic of the
15 August 1960 (from France)

Cook Islands
none (became self-governing in free association with
New Zealand on 4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move
to full independence by unilateral action)

Costa Rica
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Cote d'Ivoire
7 August (1960) (from France)

Croatia
25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Cuba
20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the
US from 1898 to 1902)

Cyprus
16 August 1960 (from UK); note - Turkish Cypriot area
proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975

Czech Republic
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech
Republic and Slovakia)

Denmark
first organized as a unified state in 10th century; in 1849
became a constitutional monarchy

Djibouti
27 June 1977 (from France)

Dominica
3 November 1978 (from UK)

Dominican Republic
27 February 1844 (from Haiti)

East Timor
28 November 1975 (date of proclamation of independence
from Portugal); note - 20 May 2002 is the official date of
international recognition of East Timor's independence from Indonesia

Ecuador
24 May 1822 (from Spain)

Egypt
28 February 1922 (from UK)

El Salvador
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Equatorial Guinea
12 October 1968 (from Spain)

Eritrea
24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)

Estonia
regained on 20 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Ethiopia
oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest
in the world - at least 2,000 years

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none (overseas territory of the
UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Faroe Islands
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing
overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Fiji
10 October 1970 (from UK)

Finland
6 December 1917 (from Russia)

France
486 (unified by Clovis)

French Guiana
none (overseas department of France)

French Polynesia
none (overseas territory of France)

Gabon
17 August 1960 (from France)

Gambia, The
18 February 1965 (from UK)

Georgia
9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Germany
18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into
four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945
following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West
Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and
French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany)
proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone;
unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October
1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights 15 March 1991

Ghana
6 March 1957 (from UK)

Gibraltar
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Greece
1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)

Greenland
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing
overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979)
note: foreign affairs is the responsibility of Denmark, but
Greenland actively participates in international agreements relating
to Greenland

Grenada
7 February 1974 (from UK)

Guadeloupe
none (overseas department of France)

Guam
none (territory of the US)

Guatemala
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Guernsey
none (British crown dependency)

Guinea
2 October 1958 (from France)

Guinea-Bissau
24 September 1973 (unilaterally declared by
Guinea-Bissau); 10 September 1974 (recognized by Portugal)

Guyana
26 May 1966 (from UK)

Haiti
1 January 1804 (from France)

Holy See (Vatican City)
11 February 1929 (from Italy)
note: on 11 February 1929, three treaties were signed with Italy
which, among other things, recognized the full sovereignty of the
Vatican and established its territorial extent; however, the origin
of the Papal States, which over the years have varied considerably
in extent, may be traced back to the 8th century

Honduras
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Hong Kong
none (special administrative region of China)

Hungary
1001 (unification by King Stephen I)

Iceland
1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish
Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)

India
15 August 1947 (from UK)

Indonesia
17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December
1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

Iran
1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)

Iraq
3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration)

Ireland
6 December 1921 (from UK by treaty)

Israel
14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration)

Italy
17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not
finally unified until 1870)

Jamaica
6 August 1962 (from UK)

Japan
660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu)

Jersey
none (British crown dependency)

Jordan
25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration)

Kazakhstan
16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Kenya
12 December 1963 (from UK)

Kiribati
12 July 1979 (from UK)

Korea, North
15 August 1945 (from Japan)

Korea, South
15 August 1945 (from Japan)

Kuwait
19 June 1961 (from UK)

Kyrgyzstan
31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Laos
19 July 1949 (from France)

Latvia
21 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Lebanon
22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under
French administration)

Lesotho
4 October 1966 (from UK)

Liberia
26 July 1847

Libya
24 December 1951 (from Italy)

Liechtenstein
23 January 1719 Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein
established; 12 July 1806 established independence from the Holy
Roman Empire

Lithuania
11 March 1990 (independence declared from Soviet Union); 6
September 1991 (Soviet Union recognizes Lithuania's independence)

Luxembourg
1839 (from the Netherlands)

Macau
none (special administrative region of China)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
8 September 1991
referendum by registered voters endorsing independence (from
Yugoslavia)

Madagascar
26 June 1960 (from France)

Malawi
6 July 1964 (from UK)

Malaysia
31 August 1957 (from UK)

Maldives
26 July 1965 (from UK)

Mali
22 September 1960 (from France)

Malta
21 September 1964 (from UK)

Man, Isle of
none (British crown dependency)

Marshall Islands
21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN
trusteeship)

Martinique
none (overseas department of France)

Mauritania
28 November 1960 (from France)

Mauritius
12 March 1968 (from UK)

Mayotte
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Mexico
16 September 1810 (from Spain)

Micronesia, Federated States of
3 November 1986 (from the
US-administered UN Trusteeship)

Moldova
27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Monaco
1419 (beginning of the rule by the House of Grimaldi)

Mongolia
11 July 1921 (from China)

Montserrat
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Morocco
2 March 1956 (from France)

Mozambique
25 June 1975 (from Portugal)

Namibia
21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

Nauru
31 January 1968 (from the Australia-, NZ-, and UK-administered
UN trusteeship)

Nepal
1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah)

Netherlands
1579 (from Spain); note - the northern provinces of the
Low Country concluded the Union of Utrecht, but it was 1648 before
Spain finally recognized their independence

Netherlands Antilles
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

New Caledonia
none (overseas territory of France); note - a
referendum on independence was held in 1998 but did not pass; a new
referendum is scheduled for 2014

New Zealand
26 September 1907 (from UK)

Nicaragua
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Niger
3 August 1960 (from France)

Nigeria
1 October 1960 (from UK)

Niue
on 19 October 1974, Niue became a self-governing parliamentary
government in free association with New Zealand

Norfolk Island
none (territory of Australia)

Northern Mariana Islands
none (commonwealth in political union with
the US)

Norway
7 June 1905 Norway declared the union with Sweden dissolved;
26 October 1905 Sweden agreed to the repeal of the union

Oman
1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)

Pakistan
14 August 1947 (from UK)

Palau
1 October 1994 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship)

Panama
3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain
28 November 1821)

Papua New Guinea
16 September 1975 (from the Australian-administered
UN trusteeship)

Paraguay
14 May 1811 (from Spain)

Peru
28 July 1821 (from Spain)

Philippines
12 June 1898 (from Spain)

Pitcairn Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Poland
11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)

Portugal
1143 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910)

Puerto Rico
none (commonwealth associated with the US)

Qatar
3 September 1971 (from UK)

Reunion
none (overseas department of France)

Romania
9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from Turkey;
independence recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin;
kingdom proclaimed 26 March 1881; republic proclaimed 30 December
1947)

Russia
24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Rwanda
1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

Saint Helena
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
19 September 1983 (from UK)

Saint Lucia
22 February 1979 (from UK)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none (territorial collectivity of France;
has been under French control since 1763)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 October 1979 (from UK)

Samoa
1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship)

San Marino
3 September 301

Sao Tome and Principe
12 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Saudi Arabia
23 September 1932 (Unification of the Kingdom)

Senegal
4 April 1960 (from France); complete independence was
achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960

Serbia and Montenegro
27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
or FRY formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)

Seychelles
29 June 1976 (from UK)

Sierra Leone
27 April 1961 (from UK)

Singapore
9 August 1965 (from Malaysian Federation)

Slovakia
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech
Republic and Slovakia)

Slovenia
25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Solomon Islands
7 July 1978 (from UK)

Somalia
1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which
became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian
Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered
UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic)

South Africa
31 May 1910 (from UK); note - South Africa became a
republic in 1961 following an October 1960 referendum

Spain
the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of
independent kingdoms prior to the Moslem occupation that began in
the early 8th Century A. D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the
small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost
immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this
event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is
traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain

Sri Lanka
4 February 1948 (from UK)

Sudan
1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)

Suriname
25 November 1975 (from Netherlands)

Svalbard
none (territory of Norway)

Swaziland
6 September 1968 (from UK)

Sweden
6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)

Switzerland
1 August 1291 (Founding of the Swiss Confederation)

Syria
17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French
administration)

Tajikistan
9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Tanzania
26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December
1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became
independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with
Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and
Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964

Thailand
1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)

Togo
27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

Tokelau
none (territory of New Zealand)

Tonga
4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)

Trinidad and Tobago
31 August 1962 (from UK)

Tunisia
20 March 1956 (from France)

Turkey
29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)

Turkmenistan
27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Turks and Caicos Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Tuvalu
1 October 1978 (from UK)

Uganda
9 October 1962 (from UK)

Ukraine
24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

United Arab Emirates
2 December 1971 (from UK)

United Kingdom
England has existed as a unified entity since the
10th century; the union between England and Wales, begun in 1284
with the Statute of Rhuddlan, was not formalized until 1536 with an
Act of Union; in another Act of Union in 1707, England and Scotland
agreed to permanently join as Great Britain; the legislative union
of Great Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801, with the
adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland; the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 formalized a partition of
Ireland; six northern Irish counties remained part of the United
Kingdom as Northern Ireland and the current name of the country, the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted in
1927

United States
4 July 1776 (from Great Britain)

Uruguay
25 August 1825 (from Brazil)

Uzbekistan
1 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Vanuatu
30 July 1980 (from France and UK)

Venezuela
5 July 1811 (from Spain)

Vietnam
2 September 1945 (from France)

Wallis and Futuna
none (overseas territory of France)

Yemen
22 May 1990, Republic of Yemen was established with the merger
of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the
Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen
(Aden) or South Yemen]; previously North Yemen had become
independent on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South
Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)

Zambia
24 October 1964 (from UK)

Zimbabwe
18 April 1980 (from UK)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

======================================================================

@2089 Industrial production growth rate (%)

Afghanistan
NA%

Albania
9% (2000 est.)

Algeria
6% (2001 est.)

American Samoa
NA%

Andorra
NA%

Angola
1%

Anguilla
3.1% (1997 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
6% (1997 est.)

Argentina
1% (2000 est.)

Armenia
15% (2002 est.)

Aruba
NA

Australia
4.3% (2002 est.)

Austria
3.8% (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
6% (2002 est.)

Bahamas, The
NA%

Bahrain
2% (2000 est.)

Bangladesh
1.8% (2002 est.)

Barbados
-3.2% (2000 est.)

Belarus
2.5% (2002 est.)

Belgium
4.5% (2000 est.)

Belize
4.6% (1999)

Benin
8.3% (2001 est.)

Bermuda
NA%

Bhutan
9.3% (1996 est.)

Bolivia
3.9% (1998)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
7% (2002 est.)

Botswana
2.4% (2001 est.)

Brazil
2.3% (2002 est.)

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
5% (2002 est.)

Bulgaria
2% (2002 est.)

Burkina Faso
14% (2001 est.)

Burma
NA%

Burundi
18% (2001)

Cambodia
16% (2001 est.)

Cameroon
4.2% (1999 est.)

Canada
2.2% (2002 est.)

Cape Verde
NA%

Cayman Islands
NA%

Central African Republic
3% (2002)

Chad
5% (1995)

Chile
-1.5% (2002 est.)

China
12.6% (2002 est.)

Christmas Island
NA%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA%

Colombia
4% (2001 est.)

Comoros
-2% (1999 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA%

Congo, Republic of the
0% (2002 est.)

Cook Islands
1% (2002)

Costa Rica
2.9% (2002 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
15% (1998 est.)

Croatia
2.8% (2002 est.)

Cuba
0.2% (2001 est.)

Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: -1.4% (2002); Turkish Cypriot area: -0.3%
(2002)

Czech Republic
3.5% (2002)

Denmark
1.4% (2002 est.)

Djibouti
3% (1996 est.)

Dominica
-10% (1997 est.)

Dominican Republic
2% (2001 est.)

East Timor
8.5%

Ecuador
5.1% (2001 est.)

Egypt
2.2% (2002 est.)

El Salvador
3% (2002 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
30% (2002 est.)

Eritrea
NA%

Estonia
5% (2000 est.)

Ethiopia
6.7% (2001 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA%

Faroe Islands
8% (1999 est.)

Fiji
NA%

Finland
5% (2002 est.)

France
-0.3% (2002)

French Guiana
NA%

French Polynesia
NA%

Gabon
1.6% (2002 est.)

Gambia, The
NA%

Gaza Strip
NA%

Georgia
3% (2000)

Germany
-2.1% (2002 est.)

Ghana
3.8% (2000 est.)

Gibraltar
NA%

Greece
7% (2000 est.)

Greenland
NA%

Grenada
0.7% (1997 est.)

Guadeloupe
NA%

Guam
NA%

Guatemala
4.1% (1999)

Guernsey
NA%

Guinea
3.2% (1994)

Guinea-Bissau
2.6% (1997 est.)

Guyana
7.1% (1997 est.)

Haiti
NA

Honduras
4% (1999 est.)

Hong Kong
-9.7% (2002 est.)

Hungary
3.1% (2002 est.)

Iceland
0.2% (2002 est.)

India
6% (2002 est.)

Indonesia
4.9% (2002 est.)

Iran
5.5% excluding oil (2001 est.)

Iraq
NA%

Ireland
6% (2002 est.)

Israel
-1.5% (2002 est.)

Italy
-2.8% (2002)

Jamaica
-2% (2000 est.)

Japan
-1.4% (2002 est.)

Jersey
NA%

Jordan
1% (2002 est.)

Kazakhstan
10% (2002 est.)

Kenya
0.9% (2002 est.)

Kiribati
0.7% (1991 est.)

Korea, North
NA%

Korea, South
6.5% (2002 est.)

Kuwait
-5% (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
6% (2000 est.)

Laos
7.5% (1999 est.)

Latvia
5.7% (2002 est.)

Lebanon
NA%

Lesotho
15.5% (1999)

Liberia
NA%

Libya
NA%

Liechtenstein
NA%

Lithuania
6% (2002 est.)

Luxembourg
0% (2002 est.)

Macau
NA%

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
-5% (2002 est.)

Madagascar
3% (2000 est.)

Malawi
-0.8% (2002 est.)

Malaysia
5% (2002 est.)

Maldives
4.4% (1996 est.)

Mali
NA%

Malta
NA%

Man, Isle of
3.2% (FY 96/97)

Marshall Islands
NA%

Martinique
NA%

Mauritania
2% (2000 est.)

Mauritius
8% (2000 est.)

Mayotte
NA%

Mexico
4.9% (2002 est.)