Chapter VI: Part 6

The left antler of an adult male from Horton River (No. 34502,
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) measures: length, 1248; length of brow
tine, 345; width of brow tine, 360; total points (both antlers),
16 + 14 = 30. The corresponding measurements of two sets of
antlers from Fort Reliance in the American Museum of Natural
History are: No. 121471 (left), 1242-285-108; (right),
1244-412-294; total points, 16 + 23 = 39; No. 121473 (left),
1312-360-290 (broken); (right), 1230 (approx.), brow tine a
spike, not palmated; total points, approximately 19 + 13 = 32.
The Fort Reliance specimens were selected by George G. Goodwin
from a large number of old antlers lying about, and they are
naturally above the average in size. The antlers of adult males
from the Windy River area (see accompanying table) measure
distinctly less than those just mentioned.

Anderson (1913b: 505) and Stefánsson (1913a: 106, and 1913b: 241, 276-277) have called attention to certain rather well-defined differences between the Caribou on both sides of Coronation Gulf and those elsewhere in northern Mackenzie. It may be assumed that the summer home of the former type is on Victoria Island. Many of these animals in former years crossed over to the mainland in the autumn after the freezing of Dolphin and Union Strait, Coronation Gulf, and Dease Strait made such a migration possible; and they recrossed to the island in the spring. During recent years this migration has greatly dwindled (Blanchet, 1930: 50; Birket-Smith, 1933: 93; Clarke, 1940: 98; Gavin, 1945: 227; Godsell, 1937: 288; Banfield, 1949: 481); consequently the Victoria Island population now seems to be largely confined to that island throughout the year. In the American Museum of Natural History I have examined several of Anderson's specimens of 1911-1912 that are obviously of this form, and I should scarcely hesitate to give them nomenclatural recognition except for the fact that there has obviously been some confusion in the labeling of the specimens (after they reached the museum). Needless to say, a specimen selected as a type should bear unquestionable data.

During the winter there is some interchange of populations between Banks and Victoria islands across the frozen Prince of Wales Strait (Armstrong, 1857: 297, 336). The description that Armstrong gives (1857: 478), based ostensibly on Banks Island specimens, indicates that the animals of that island are very close to, if not identical with, _Rangifer pearyi_ of the more northerly Arctic islands. Yet there is no known interchange of populations across the frozen McClure Strait or other wide sea channels in approximately latitude 74° N.

The Caribou of Boothia Peninsula and Somerset and Prince of Wales islands are said to be a small form (Wright, 1944: 195).

The Caribou of the Dubawnt River region, as far as may be judged from J. B. Tyrrell's photographs (1897: pl. 1; Seton, 1929, +3+: pl. 22), are indistinguishable from those of the Nueltin Lake region.

The Southampton Island antlers figured by Sutton and Hamilton (1932: pl. 8) are so strikingly different from all but one (No. 1132) of those that I noticed in southwestern Keewatin that I should be much inclined to regard them as representing a separate subspecies, provided they are typical of that island. In most of the bucks of the Windy River area the beams are deeply and fairly uniformly bowed, although there is a strong tendency for approximately the basal third to be nearly straight, with a pronounced forward bend just above it (_cf._ figs. 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 22, 25). The bend at this point in the Southampton antlers is extremely slight by comparison. In mainland specimens the beam in cross-section is generally more or less round, with rarely any tendency toward flattening, such as may be seen in the Southampton set and in my No. 1132. Furthermore, I cannot recall in the mainland animals a single such pronounced zigzag effect as may be seen in the Southampton antlers. In extremely few of them does the bez tine originate at such a distance (apparently 8 inches or so) above the base, as in Sutton and Hamilton's figure. The lack of palmation in the bez tines of their specimen is noteworthy.

There is a distinct likelihood that the isolated herd of Coats Island (Wright, 1944: 188; Banfield, 1949: 481), and also that of Salisbury Island in Hudson Strait (Grant, 1903: 189; Tweedsmuir, 1951: 37), may be distinct from the populations on the nearest large land bodies.

I have briefly examined a dozen or more heads (skulls with antlers) of the Labrador Barren Ground Caribou (_R. a. caboti_ G. M. Allen) in the United States National Museum; they were collected by L. M. Turner in the 1880's. Some of these antlers appear longer than any I saw in Keewatin. Furthermore, the tips of the bez tines in these specimens seem, on the average, more strongly incurved than in _R. a. arcticus_.

For the purpose of comparing the Barren Ground Caribou with the Western Woodland Caribou, _Rangifer caribou sylvestris_ (Richardson), the following notes are offered on an adult male of the latter form in the United States Biological Surveys Collection (No. 235361; fig. 28). It was secured by a Cree Indian on Stony Mountain, about 27 miles south of Fort McMurray, Alberta, on October 21, 1920, and it was measured and prepared by myself. The general dorsal color is near Prout's Brown, overlaid more or less with longer whitish hairs; outer surface of ears near Prout's Brown, with an admixture of grayish white hairs; tip of snout, between nostrils and upper lip, Cartridge Buff; this area of more restricted extent than the similar patch in _arcticus_; neck creamy; longest hairs of throat fringe about 20 mm. (longer than in _arcticus_); no appreciable dark longitudinal stripe on lower sides, but an ill-defined lighter patch on the side behind the shoulder; rump-patch apparently less extensive than in _R. a. arcticus_; venter near Buffy Brown, posteriorly creamy; creamy white "spats" above hoofs ¼ to 1½ inches wide, not extending up hind leg as indicated by Seton (1929, +3+: pl. 10). Length, 2025; tail, 225; foot, 625; front hoof, 109; hind hoof, 101; estimated weight, 300 lb. The Western Woodland Caribou is thus a distinctly larger animal than _R. a. arcticus_, with a noteworthy difference in the virtual absence of a light lateral stripe, setting off a darker stripe below it. The specific distinctness between the two animals seems abundantly clear.

_References to general descriptions (including geographical
variation)._--Richardson, 1829: 239, 241-242; Armstrong, 1857:
478; Baird, 1857: 635; Caton, 1881: 105; Lydekker, 1898: 47-48,
1901: 38-40, and 1915: 254; Elliot, 1901: 37, and 1902: 281-282,
286-287; Preble, 1902: 42-43; Stone and Cram, 1904: 52; J. A.
Allen, 1908a: 488; Millais, 1915: 261; Buchanan, 1920:
125-126; Anthony, 1928: 530-531; Seton, 1929, +3+: 98-99;
Jacobi, 1931: 78-80; Sutton and Hamilton, 1932: 88; Degerbøl,
1935: 48-51; R. M. Anderson, 1937: 103; Hamilton, 1939: 109;
Murie, 1939: 239; G. M. Allen, 1942: 297-298; Wright, 1944: 195;
Rand, 1948a: 211-212; Banfield, 1951a: 15-17; Mochi and Carter,
1953: text to pl. 9.

_References to illustrations._--Parry, 1824: pl. facing p. 508;
Richardson, 1829: 240; Caton, 1881: 207; Pike, 1917 (1892): pl.
facing p. 89; J. B. Tyrrell, 1897: pl. 1; J. W. Tyrrell, 1908
(1898): pls. facing pp. 80, 81; Grant, 1903: 6th and 7th pls.
following p. 196; J. A. Allen, 1908a: 500-503; Seton, 1911:
254, 256, 262, and pls. facing pp. 222, 224, 226, 228, 234;
Buchanan, 1920: pl. facing p. 132; Hewitt, 1921: pls. 3, 5;
Blanchet, 1926b: 47; Seton, 1929, +3+: pls. 17, 21, 22, 23;
Blanchet, 1930: 50; Sutton and Hamilton, 1932: pl. 8, fig. 4;
Ingstad, 1933: pl. facing p. 178; Clarke, 1940: frontisp., 85,
87, 89; Harper, 1949: 224, 229; Banfield, 1951a: figs. 1, 2,
12-16, 20, 21, 23; Anonymous, 1952: 261, 263, 266, 267; Mochi
and Carter, 1953: pl. 9; Barnett, 1954: 90-91, 103-105.

LITERATURE CITED

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1836. Narrative of a journey on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in 1833, 1834, and 1835; under the command of Capt. Back, R.N. London: +1+: ix + 312; +2+: viii + 321.

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1930. The North West Territories 1930. Dept. Interior, Ottawa: 1-137, 44 fig., 3 maps.

KUMLIEN, LUDWIG.

1879. Contributions to the natural history of Arctic America. . . . Introduction, ethnology, mammals. _Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus._ 15: 3-67.

LANTIS, MARGARET.

1950. The reindeer industry in Alaska. _Arctic_ +3+ (1): 27-44, 2 fig., 1 map.

LOFTHOUSE, J.

1899. A trip on the Tha-anne River, Hudson Bay. _Geog. Jour._ +13+ (3): 274-277, 1 map.

LYDEKKER, RICHARD.

1898. The deer of all lands. London: xx + 329, 24 pl., 80 fig.

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1915. Catalogue of the ungulate mammals in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 4. London: xxi + 438, 56 fig.

LYON, GEORGE F.

1824. The private journal of Captain G. F. Lyon, of H.M.S. Hecla, during the recent voyage of discovery under Captain Parry. London: xiv + 468, 7 pl., 1 map.

M'CLINTOCK, F. L.

1860? In the Arctic seas. A narrative of the discovery of the fate of Sir John Franklin and his companions. Philadelphia: xxiii + 375, 1 pl., 5 fig.

MACFARLANE, R.

1890. On an expedition down the Begh-ula or Anderson River. _Canadian Record Sci._ +4+ (1): 28-53.

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1932. John McLean's notes of a twenty-five year's service in the Hudson's Bay territory. (Edited by W. S. Wallace.) _Publ. Champlain Soc._ 19. Toronto: xxxvi + 402, 1 map. (Originally published in 1849.)

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1953. Hoofed mammals of the world. New York and London: 89 unnumbered pp., 294 fig., 5 maps.

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1932. Prairie trails and Arctic by-ways. London: 1-288, 16 pl.

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1935. Alaska-Yukon caribou. _U.S. Dept. Agric., No. Am. Fauna_ +54+: 1-93, 10 pl., 13 fig., 3 maps.

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1884. American explorations in the ice zones. . . . Boston: 3-578, 121 fig., 6 maps.

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1852. Stray leaves from an Arctic journal; or, eighteen months in the polar regions, in search of Sir John Franklin's Expedition, in the years 1850-51. New York: 1-216.

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PEREZ-LLANO, GEORGE ALBERT.

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_Polunin, Nicholas._

1949. Arctic unfolding. . . . London: 1-348, 33 pl., 3 maps.

_Porsild, A. E._

1943. Reindeer and caribou grazing in Canada. _Trans. Seventh No. Am. Wildlife Conference_: 381-390, "1942."

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PREBLE, EDWARD A.

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RASMUSSEN, KNUD.

1927. Across Arctic America: narrative of the Fifth Thule Expedition. New York-London: 1-388, 66 pl., 4 maps.

RAUP, HUGH M.

1933. Range conditions in the Wood Buffalo Park of western Canada with notes on the history of the wood bison. _Am. Comm. Internat. Wild Life Protection, Spl. Publ._ +1+ (2): 1-52, 1 map.

RAUSCH, ROBERT.

1951. Notes on the Nunamiut Eskimo and mammals of the Anaktuvuk Pass region, Brooks Range, Alaska. _Arctic_ +4+ (3): 147-195, 12 fig., 3 maps.

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"1825." Zoological appendix. No. 1. Account of the quadrupeds and birds. In: Appendix to Captain Parry's journal of a second voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla, in the years 1821-22-23: 287-379. London. ("Published probably in 1827"--Preble, 1908: 536.)

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RIDGWAY, ROBERT.

1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D.C.: iv + 44, 53 pl.

ROSS, BERNARD R.

1861. An account of the animals useful in an economic point of view to the various Chipewyan tribes. _Canadian Naturalist and Geologist_ +6+ (6): 433-441.

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ROSS, JOHN.

1835a. Narrative of a second voyage in search of a North-west Passage . . . during the years 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833. London: [5] + xxxiv + 740, 23 pl., 5 maps.

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1948. The vegetation and life zones of George River, eastern Ungava and the welfare of the natives. _Arctic_ +1+ (2): 93-96.

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1951. Wild geese and Eskimos. . . . London and New York: 1-254, 25 pl., 41 fig., 3 maps.

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1945. Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in subfreezing temperatures. _Proc. Am. Philos. Soc._ +89+ (1): 177-199, 7 fig., 1 map.

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1936. The Lake Harbour region, Baffin Island. _Geog. Rev._ +26+ (3): 426-438, 9 fig., 1 map.

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1944. The mammals of southern Baffin Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. _Jour. Mammalogy_ +25+ (3): 221-254, 2 pl., 2 fig., 2 maps.

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1914. The Stefánsson-Anderson Arctic Expedition of the American Museum: preliminary ethnological report. _Anthrop. Papers Am. Mus. Nat. Hist._ +14+, pt. 1: [1] + 395, 95 fig., 2 maps.

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1930? Preliminary report on the occurrence of the nose fly (Cephenomyia) in the deer of Pennsylvania. _Board Game Commissioners Pennsylvania Bull._ (12) rev.: 61-65, 2 fig.

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1933. Maguse River and part of Ferguson River basin, Northwest Territories. _Canada Dept. Mines, Geol. Survey, Summary Rept. 1932_, pt. 64-72, 1 map.

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1944. Economic wildlife of Canada's eastern Arctic--caribou. _Canadian Geog. Jour._ +29+ (4): 184-195, 12 fig., 1 map.

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1944. The wolves of North America. Part 1. Their history, life habits, economic status, and control. Washington: 1-385, 74 pl., 4 fig., 8 maps.

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

TO

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_

These references are arranged chronologically, year by year; but within a given year, the arrangement for the most part is alphabetical by authors. The full citations of the publications (here designated merely by author and year) may be found in the preceding "Literature Cited."

The name or names at the beginning of each entry are those by which the animal is referred to in that particular publication. If the author supplies a technical name (such as _Rangifer arcticus_), that name alone is furnished here. The authority for the technical name is included or omitted according to the usage of each author. If he omits a technical name, the common name or names he employs (such as "Caribou" or "Reindeer") are supplied.

In some of the earlier accounts, particularly, more than one form of _Rangifer_ (_e.g._, Peary's Caribou, the Labrador Caribou, or even the Woodland Caribou, in addition to the typical Barren Ground Caribou) may have been treated under a single designation, such as "Reindeer" or "_Cervus tarandus_." In such case the word "part" is added in parentheses after the name at the beginning of the entry. As far as is possible or feasible, the references are here limited to _R. a. arcticus_. They constitute a partial summary of the nomenclatural history of the typical subspecies.

The annotations aim to provide a sort of abstract of, or unalphabetized index to, the treatment of this animal in each publication. Each topic or rubric of the annotations (such as migration, distribution, food, voice, antlers, or relation to Wolves) is accompanied by page references.

In the earlier part of the present publication, at the end of the discussion of each topic, references are given (merely by author, year, and page) to previous literature on the same topic. The Annotated Bibliographical References now supplied represent an amplification of those earlier and briefer references--an intermediate stage between them and the original literature. It is hoped that they will prove particularly helpful to those who may not have ready access to all the items of the original literature. My own coverage of the literature has not been by any means exhaustive; limitations of time and insufficient accessibility of some of the rarer publications have been the principal factors involved in this deficiency.

The chronological arrangement of the entries throws an interesting light on the gradual acquisition, during more than two centuries, of our present stock of information on the distribution, taxonomic characters, life habits, and general status of _Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. It may be remarked, however, that one of the very earliest accounts (Hearne, 1795) was one of the fullest. It contributes toward bringing into focus the remarkable attainments of that pioneer explorer-naturalist of the Barren Grounds.

"Deer" (one of three kinds): Isham, 1949 (1743): 151
(description); 152 (inhabit Barren Grounds); 152-153 (snares);
154 (Eskimos hunting with spears and arrows).

"Rain-deer" or "Cariboux": Dobbs, 1774: 9, 78, 94 (Marble
Island); 19 (Indians living on Caribou W. of Hudson Bay); 20
(herds of up to 10,000 between Churchill and Nelson rivers); 22
(migration [of Barren Ground or Woodland species?] near York
Factory--S. in March-April, N. in July-August); 47, 59 (N. of
Churchill); 73-74 (Wager Inlet); 80 (Cape Fullerton).

"Deer": Hearne, 1795: 4, 7, 8, 14, 24 (vicinity of Seal River or
Shethanei Lake); 28 (near Baralzon Lake); 35 (spearing by
Chipewyans on upper Kazan River); 39, 40 (W. of upper Kazan
River, July 22-30); 40-42, 50-52 (vicinity of upper Dubawnt
River); 50 (skins suitable for clothing in late August); 56, 66
(vicinity of Egg River, Manitoba, November and December); 67-68
(E. of Nueltin Lake); 69, 72, (Nueltin Lake); 69 (flesh of bucks
still unpalatable on December 30); 73, 74 (W. of Nueltin Lake,
January); 76 (plentiful W. of Kasba Lake); 77 (Snowbird Lake);
78 (Indians living all winter on deer at Wholdaia Lake); 78-80
(description of a pound); 80-84 (deer in Indian economy); 84
(remoteness a barrier to trade in skins); 85-87 (W. of Wholdaia
Lake, plentiful, March); 87 ("Thelewey-aza-yeth" Lake [on Thelon
River], numerous, April); 96 (Indians living all winter on deer
near Clowey Lake); 112, 114 ("Peshew" [Artillery?] Lake and
vicinity); 117 (plentiful, vicinity of Thoy-noy-kyed and
Thoy-coy-lyned lakes); 119, 123 (N. of Cogead Lake, where
Indians kill deer at a river crossing); 139 (N. of Buffalo
Lake); 141 (E. of Coppermine River); 142, 143, 147, 171
(Coppermine River and vicinity); 184 (Stony Mountains); 195
(Thaye-chuck-gyed Lake [Lac de Gras?]; great numbers killed);
196-197 (use for clothing, boots, tents, etc.); 197 (warbles
eaten by Indians); 198 (rutting season in October; subsequent
segregation of sexes); 198-199 (old bucks' antlers shed in
November; young bucks still retain theirs at Christmas, and does
till summer); 201, 204 (Point Lake); 222 (between Great Slave
and MacKay lakes); 275 (large numbers reported on upper Taltson?
River); 281 (W. of Hill Island Lake); 285, 286 (plentiful in
April on Thee-lee-aza [Thelon?] River, NE. of Hill Island Lake);
293 (near Wholdaia Lake); 295, 296 (W. and E. of Kazan River);
297 (method of drying meat); 299 (plentiful in June, Nueltin
Lake region); 300 (vicinity of Egg River, Manitoba); 316-319
(stomach contents, unborn young and uterus eaten by Indians);
321-322 (Indians driving deer between converging rows of
sticks); 322-323 (tents of deerskin); 323-325 (skins used in
manufacture of sledges, snowshoes, and clothing).

"Rein-deer": Parry, 1821: 273 (E. coast of Baffin Island).

"Reindeer" or "deer": Franklin, 1823: 215-227, 285 (Yellowknife
River region); 230-232, 239-240, 245, 248, 268-271, 285, 297,
299, 309, 315-320, 438-440, 459-462, 480-488 (Winter Lake
region); 233, 324-325, 418-426, 446-447 (Point Lake region); 240
(back fat; rutting season); 240-241 (antler and pelage change);
241 (larvae of warble and nostril flies); 241-242 (migration);
242 (fawning; food; weight; predation by wolves); 243-244
(Indian hunting methods); 327, 328, 333, 337, 344 (Coppermine
River region); 327 (pursuit by a wolf); 344 (driven by wolves
over a precipice); 363-374 (coast of Coronation Gulf); 379-395
(Bathurst Inlet region); 397-400 (Hood River region); 404-413
(Contwoyto Lake region); 478 (Marten Lake); 486, 487 (pursuit
and killing by wolves, Winter Lake region).

_Cervus Tarandas_. . .: Sabine, in Franklin, 1823: 665, 667
(Barren Grounds, migrating in summer to Arctic islands).

"Deer" or "reindeer": Lyon, 1824: 48, 58-60 (Frozen Strait); 54
(Repulse Bay); 64-67 (Gore Bay; too fleet for a greyhound); 70,
74, 76, 77, 80, 82 (Lyon Inlet and vicinity); 119, 123, 130,
144, 203, 212 (Winter Island; food of Eskimos; bows made of
antlers; use of sinews; deerskin clothing); 192-198, 217, 221,
223, 229, 238, 241, 282-283, 311-317 (Melville Peninsula, E.
coast; deerskin clothing of Eskimos); 257, 269-270 (near Fury
and Hecla Strait; buck shedding velvet, September 4); 324, 327
(Eskimo use of antlers in sledges and bows); 336 (Melville
Peninsula, in summer; voice; inquisitiveness); 336-337 (Eskimo
hunting with bow and spearing in water); 415, 419-423, 430, 436
(near Igloolik, Melville Peninsula, in June).

"Deer" or "reindeer": Parry, 1824: 42 (Southampton Island); 52,
61, 69, 71, 72, 83, 84, 92, 101, 106-108, 214, 230, 235, 236,
245, 254, 265 (s. Melville Peninsula and vicinity); 289, 305,
308, 324, 329, 332, 339, 343, 434, 438, 439, 441, 446, 447,
453-460 (Fury and Hecla Strait); 289 (stomach contents eaten by
Eskimos); 305 (estimated weight 220 lb.); 380 (venison supplied
by Eskimos); 403 (15 deer killed by an Eskimo during a summer);
494-497 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos, Melville Peninsula); 505
(their dependence on reindeer for food); 508 (Eskimo spear for
killing deer in water); 512 (Eskimo methods of hunting deer);
513 (numerous, Cockburn Land); 537 (Eskimo use of skins and
sinew).

_Cervus tarandus_ L.: Richardson, "1825" (= 1827?): 326 (native
names); 327-328 (antler growth and change); 328 (rutting season
and strong-tasting meat, about beginning of October; warble
flies); 328-329 (migrations, in relation to attacks of parasitic
flies and to food; does precede on northward migration); 329
(fawns born in May and June; stragglers in every part of the
country at all seasons); 330 (utilization of Caribou--including
fly larvae--as food by natives; nostril flies); 331 (marrow used
as hair-dressing by native women).

_Cervus tarandus_. . .: J. C. Ross, 1826: 94 (North Somerset
Island).

"Rein-deer": Franklin, in Franklin and Richardson, 1828: 54, 57,
60, 64, 71, 72, 288 (Great Bear Lake).

"Rein-deer": Richardson, in Franklin and Richardson, 1828: 200
(sinews used in Eskimo bows); 209, 218 (between Mackenzie River
and Cape Dalhousie); 224 (Liverpool Bay); 231 (E. of Cape
Bathurst); 241, 246 (near Cape Lyon); 249 (Cape Young); 255
(Dolphin and Union Strait); 269-273 (lower Coppermine River);
275 (stalking device of Hare Indians); 277 (Dease River); 282
(Great Bear Lake).

_Cervus tarandus_, var. [Greek: alpha] _arctica_ Richardson:
Richardson, 1829: 241-242 (original description); 239 (type
locality, neighborhood of Fort Enterprise, Mackenzie); 241
(rutting season); 241-242 (antler change); 242 (pelage change;
infestation with warble fly; foot click); 242-245 (economic uses
of hide, flesh, bones, and antlers; migration; not wintering S.
of Churchill); 242-244 (reproduction); 243, 245 (food); 245
(organization of herds; easy of approach); 245-249 (native
methods of hunting).

_Cervus tarandus_ L.: Godman, 1831, +2+: 283-284 (migration);
284 (food; gadfly attacking both Woodland and Barren Ground
Caribou); 285-293 (quotations from Franklin, 1823).

"Deer" or "reindeer": John Ross, 1835a: 130-376, _passim_
(Boothia Peninsula); 243-244 (Eskimo clothing of deerskin); 252
(Eskimo method of hunting); 328, 330 (only small numbers up to
late April); 337 (many, early May); 352 (stomach contents as
food for Eskimos); 376 (migrating N., May 26); 389 (large herd);
390 (hundreds, June 4); 402 (pursued and eaten by wolves); 432
(with fawns, June 10); 438 (many in June); 512 (many killed by
Eskimos); 529 (many tracks, May 15); 530 (many passing, followed
by a wolf); 534 (many, May 21, with two wolves); 537 (Eskimos
killing deer in winter); 564 (a number pursued by a wolf); 612
(two, October 30); 628 (first tracks, March); 704 (tracks,
Somerset Island, late June).

_Cervus tarandus_. . .: J. C. Ross, in John Ross, 1835b: xvii
(great numbers, Boothia; weight 250 lb.; does arriving in April,
bucks in May; fawns hunted by Eskimos with dogs; utilization by
Eskimos; food; great numbers speared in water in autumn
migration; stragglers found in winter); xviii (measurements).

"Rein-deer" or "deer": Back, 1836: 86 (Thelon River); 105 (Great
Slave Lake); 116 (Hoar-frost River); 128-129 (near Artillery
Lake, reindeer chased by wolves); 138-143 (Clinton-Colden and
Aylmer lakes); 156-157 (head of Great Fish River); 178, 205
(near Fort Reliance); 216, 225, 234 (remaining on Barren Grounds
near Great Slave Lake during winter); 261, 267, 268, 273, 280,
281, 285, 286 (Artillery Lake); 290, 292 (Lake Aylmer); 299,
307, 311, 320, 323, 325, 328, 337 (upper Back's River); 367
(lower Back's River, deer drowned in rapids); 420 (Chantrey
Inlet); 435, 439 (lower Back's River).

_Cervus tarandus_ Linn.: Richardson, in Back, 1836: 498 (Barren
Grounds; migration; food); 499 (utilization by Indians and
Eskimos; antlers).

"Reindeer" or "deer": Simpson, 1843: 76 (destruction in 1831 of
a countless herd [of Woodland or Barren Ground species?]
crossing Hayes River in summer); 196, 198 (Great Bear Lake,
September); 206, 226, 232, 242, 247, 249, 250 (between Great
Bear Lake and Coppermine River); 207 (solicitude of a buck for a
wounded doe); 208 (antlers worn by Indian hunter as a decoy);
232 (deer driven over a cliff by wolves); 233 (numerous near
Dease River, early April); 255, 256, 261, 264 (lower Coppermine
River, June); 266, 271, 273 (Coppermine River to Cape Barrow,
July); 277 (does apparently crossing the ice to islands for
fawning); 278, 279 (Cape Barrow to Bathurst Inlet); 281 (first
does with fawns seen, August 3); 284 (Bathurst Inlet); 295, 297,
301 (E. of Cape Franklin, migrating S., late August); 309, 310
(lower Coppermine River, September; drowned in rapids); 312
(deer snares, Dease River); 320-321 (retiring in winter to
Coppermine River and country south of Great Bear Lake); 328
(numerous between Great Bear Lake and Mackenzie River in
winter); 342 (between Great Bear Lake and Coppermine River,
June); 347 (Eskimos hunting on Richardson River, summer); 352
(lower Coppermine River); 355 (Eskimos at Cape Barrow gone
inland to hunt deer, July); 361 (Ellice River, July 31); 365,
367 (Adelaide Peninsula); 370, 374 (Elliot Bay); 379 (King
William Island); 381 (does and fawns near Ogden Bay, early
September); 382 (Melbourne Island); 386 (Victoria Island, early
September); 391 (great numbers, lower Coppermine River,
September 20).

"Rein-deer": J. McLean, 1932 (1849): 195 (immense herds
[Woodland or Barren Ground sp.?] in York Factory region prior to
1837; their disappearance reducing Indians to want); 359
(Yellowknife Indians reported to have the art of taming fawns,
which follow them like dogs till killed and utilized).

"Deer" or "rein-deer": Rae, 1850: 26, 27 (Rankin's Inlet); 27
(Eskimos spearing deer while crossing Chesterfield Inlet); 28
(Cape Fullerton); 31, 32 (near Whale Point); 35, 39 (Eskimo
clothing of caribou skin, Repulse Bay); 40, 64, 65, 73, 74, 76,
80, 84, 91, 92, 133, 134, 166, 169, 177 (Repulse Bay); 44 (stone
monuments erected by Eskimos to deflect deer); 44, 68, 99 (Rae
Isthmus); 52, 54, 55, 130, 132, 145, 160, 161 (Committee Bay);
79 (use by Eskimos for clothing and food); 93 (migrating N.,
Repulse Bay, early March); 116 (Pelly Bay); 149, 151 (Melville
Peninsula); 150 (use of stomach contents as food); 170 (Eskimo
drum of caribou skin); 184, 186 (near Chesterfield Inlet).

"Deer": Osborn, 1852: 74 (near Pond Inlet).