Chapter VIII: Part 8

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Gavin, 1945: 227-228
(recent increase at Perry River and Bathurst Inlet; partly
resident on mainland but also migratory, a few crossing to
Victoria Island); 228 (many fawning on small coastal islands and
Kent Peninsula; many succumbing to mosquitoes; damage by larvae
of warble fly).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1947:
178 (type locality; Mackenzie and Keewatin, from Hudson Bay and
Melville Peninsula W. to lower Mackenzie Valley, and N. to s.
fringe of islands N. of the mainland Arctic coast; migrating S.
to Churchill River or beyond, Reindeer Lake, Lake Athabaska, and
occasionally the Wood Buffalo Park in ne. Alberta).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1948: 15 (decrease;
shift of range attributed to fire or overgrazing; need of
protection; killing from planes; Northwest Territories; northern
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Manning, 1948: 26-28 (Eyrie,
Big Sand, Neck, Sandhill, Malaher, Boundary, Boulder, South
Henik, Camp, Carr, Alder, Victory, Ninety-seven, Twin, and Baker
lakes; Tha-anne and Kazan rivers; W. of Padlei; Christopher
Island; Chesterfield Inlet; Tavani; most numerous in the more
southerly and westerly of these localities in Manitoba and
Keewatin; heavy grazing on lichens where the caribou had been
numerous; migration; trails).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ Richardson: Rand, 1948a: 211-212
(diagnosis); 212 (Northwest Territories, wandering southward in
winter as far as Fort McMurray (formerly) and Wood Buffalo Park;
food; habitat).

_Rangifer arcticus_ Richardson: Rand, 1948b: 149 (numerous at
Burnt Wood River, W. of Nelson House, winter of 1944-45, and in
Herb Lake area, Manitoba, winters of 1944-45 and 1945-46;
hundreds killed by Indians).

"Caribou": Yule, 1948: 287 (a losing battle for survival; not
half as many as a few years previously); 288 (considerable herds
between Churchill and Gillam, but fewer to the westward;
excessive kill; consumption by dogs and wolves; disaster
confronting Indians and Eskimos through diminishing supply of
caribou).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: Banfield, 1949: 477
(economy); 478 (Mackenzie and Keewatin; numbers less than
previous estimate of 3,000,000; S. in winter to nw. Ontario,
central Manitoba, n. Saskatchewan, ne. Alberta, Wood Buffalo
Park, and Norman Wells; small bands remaining on Boothia and
Adelaide peninsulas, S. of Pelly Bay, on Somerset, Prince of
Wales, and Russell islands, and at Daly Bay; believed extirpated
on King William Island; Melville Peninsula); 481 (near Wager
Bay; fairly plentiful along Arctic coast from Back's River to
Horton River, in Perry River district, and on Kent Peninsula,
where a few cross to Victoria Island; population on Southampton
Island estimated at 300, on Coats Island at 1,000 and on Baffin
Island at 25,000; apparently extirpated on Bylot Island in 1941;
Eskimo pressure on Baffin Island herds). (Fig. 1 suggests n.
limit at s. Victoria Island and Prince of Wales and Somerset
islands.)

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: Harper, 1949: 226 (Kazan
River; Eskimos starving for lack of caribou); 226-230, 239-240
(migration and its pattern); 226 (wintering S. to Churchill and
Nelson rivers; Nueltin Lake); 226, 228 (habitat; trails);
226-227, 229-230 (locomotion); 227 (daily periods of rest); 228,
229, 230 (pelage and molt); 228 (insect pests); 228, 229
(organization of herds); 229 (antlers); 229-230 (disposition);
230 (grunting; shaking water off; foot-glands; food); 230-231
(utilization of hides and meat); 230-231, 239 (the wolf a
beneficial predator); 231, 239 (numbers); 239 (civilized man the
chief enemy; menace of reindeer culture).

"Caribou": Hoffman, 1949: 12 (herds of 50,000 in Mackenzie
region spotted by aircraft; Indians and Eskimos thus directed to
them; caribou hides shipped to Eskimos along Arctic coast, who
are thus giving up seal-hunting).

_Rangifer arcticus_ agg.: Polunin, 1949: 24 (contemplated
introduction of Reindeer to replace Caribou); 72 (Frobisher
Bay); 227, 230 (reported increase in NE. of Southampton Island);
230 (Eskimos on Southampton Island learning conservation
methods); 233, 238, 262, 264 (Christopher Island, Baker Lake).

"Caribou": Porsild, 1950: 54 (relatively plentiful, 1949, Banks
and Victoria islands).

"Barren-ground caribou": Banfield, 1951a: 1 (importance in
northern economy); 3 (physical environment); 4 (former and
present distribution); 4-5 (winter ranges); 5 (influences of
fire on distribution); 6 (summer ranges; retrograde autumnal
movement); 9 (estimated mainland population 670,000); 9-12
(migration); 10 (retrograde autumnal movement; rutting in
October or November); 11 (influences of excessive hunting and
fires on migration); 12-15 (changes in range and status); 13
(estimated population of 1,750,000 in 1900); 14-15 (destruction
by whalers and natives); 15-17 (description; pelage and molt);
15 (weight); 17-18 (antler growth and change); 18 (tooth wear
with age); 19 (body form; foot-prints; foot-click); 19-20
(food); 21 (locomotion; swimming); 22 (voice; senses;
disposition); 23-24 (group behavior); 24-26 (sexual
segregation); 26 (rutting behavior); 27 (fawning behavior;
warning behavior); 27-29 (influence of food, weather, and flies
on migration); 30 (vital statistics; growth); 31 (sexual
maturity); 31-33 (warble flies); 33 (nostril flies, mosquitoes,
and black flies); 33-35 (internal parasites); 35 (bacterial
diseases); 35-36 (accidents); 36-37 (relations to other
animals); 37-41 (relations to wolves; annual loss from wolf
predation estimated at no more than 5 percent); 41 (wolverine
only a scavenger); 42 (few kills by barren-ground grizzlies or
golden eagles); 42-43 (effect of firearms and wastage by
natives); 43-44 (caches); 44-45 (meat used as human food, dog
feed, and fox bait); 46-47 (hides used for clothing, upholstery,
tents, moccasins, etc.); 47 (use of sinew, antlers, and fat);
47-50 (human population in caribou range; annual kill estimated
at 93,000 as a minimum).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Banfield, 1951b:
120 (Mackenzie; wintering in forest, summering on tundra;
specimens).

"Caribou": Scott, 1951: 17 (Musk Ox Lake, Mackenzie); 19 (near
Beechey Lake); 37, 41, 83, 87, 88, 175, 214, 216 (Perry River,
Keewatin); 127 (use by Eskimos); 179, 180 (doe with fawn, July
21); 199 (several thousand, July 27); 234 (Baker Lake).

"Caribou": Tweedsmuir, 1951: 18 (reduction on Baffin Island); 37
(Salisbury Island); 111 (gone from Foxe Land).

"Caribou": Anonymous, 1952: 261 (decline in numbers from
1,750,000 in 1900 to 670,000 in 1952); 263, 265, 267 (wolves
harrying herds); 264 (annual kill estimated at 100,000; natural
enemies account for 68,000 more); 267 (summer and winter ranges
mapped).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: Mochi and Carter, 1953:
pl. 9, fig. 3, and accompanying text (description;
distribution).

"Caribou": Harper, 1953: 28 (caribou bodies in Nueltin Lake
region fed upon by Rough-legged Hawks, Ravens, and Herring
Gulls); 40 (lack of Caribou leading to large consumption of
Ptarmigan as dog feed); 41 (Caribou preferred to Ptarmigan as
Eskimo food); 60 (Long-tailed Jaegers feeding on caribou
bodies); 62, 63 (depredations by Herring Gulls on caribou
bodies); 64 (Ring-billed Gulls feeding on caribou bodies); 72
(Canada Jays as substitute for dog feed when caribou are
lacking; these birds as scavengers on caribou bodies); 74
(Ravens and Canada Jays as scavengers); 76 (Ravens feeding upon
caribou bodies and following Wolves in expectation of a caribou
kill).

"Caribou": Barnett, 1954: 96 (migration; fawning; numbers); 103
(migration); 104 (warble fly; antlers); 106 (lichens as food).

INDEX

The principal items selected for inclusion in this index are: names of animals other than Richardson's Barren Ground Caribou (_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_); names of plants; names of institutions; and names of authors and other persons.

The index does not cover the bibliographical references in smaller type inserted at the end of each section, from pages 38 to 119; nor does it cover the two large sections devoted wholly to bibliography (pp. 120-160).

_Aedes_, 45
_fitchii_, 70
_nearcticus_, 70
_Agrostis scabra_, 42
Alder, 98
_Alectoria_, 44
Allen, J. A., 116
_Alopex lagopus innuitus_, 63
American Committee for International Wild Life Protection,
reverse of title-page
American Museum of Natural History, 6, 117
American Society of Mammalogists, 77
Amundsen, Roald, 49
Anderson, R. M., 40, 43, 75, 78, 116, 117
Anonymous, 40, 47
Anoteelik, 6, 26, 27, 35 (fig.), 56 (fig.), 60, 85, 95
Arctic Institute of North America, 5, inside of back cover
_Arctostaphylos alpina_, 33 (fig.)
Armstrong, Alex, 117

Bailey, Alfred M., and Russell W. Hendee, 72
Banfield, A. W. F., 5, 10, 40, 58, 63, 66, 71, 76, 78, 107, 117, 118
Bear(s), Black, 42, 48, 62
Bergman, Arvid M., 72
_Betula glandulosa_, 33 (fig.), 98
Birch, dwarf, 16, 17, 22, 24, 41, 98, 99
Birket-Smith, Kaj, 76, 117
Bison, 85
Blanchet, G. H., 49, 117
Blowfly(ies), 29, 51, 52
Boas, Franz, 112
Bourassa, John M., 12
Buchanan, Angus, 7, 68, 86
Buchholz, Carl, 38
"Bulldog" (Tabanidae), 45
_Buteo lagopus sancti-johannis_, 68

Cabot, William B., 99
Calf, bovine, 104
_Canis_,
_lupus arctos_, 63
_lupus bernardi_, 63
_lupus hudsonicus_, 63, 64
_lupus mackenzii_, 63
_lupus manningi_, 63
_lupus occidentalis_, 63
_Carex chordorrhiza_, 55 (fig.)
Caribou,
Grant's, 74
Labrador Barren Ground, 118
Newfoundland, 63, 66, 97
Peary's, 43
(Western) Woodland, 7-9, 12, 45, 46, 70, 78, 112, 94 (fig.), 119
_Cephenemyia_, 45, 46, 72, 73, 96
_nasalis_, 72
_trompe_, 72, 73
_Cervus elaphus elaphus_, 50
Chambers, Joe, 11, 66, 85
Chipewyans, Caribou-eater, 47, 49, 52, 58, 62, 69
Christian, Edgar, 59
_Cladonia_, 33 (fig.), 44, 98
Clarke, C. H. D., 38, 40, 41, 47, 67, 78, 117
_Corvus corax principalis_, 68
Cow, domestic, 113
Critchell-Bullock, James C., 67
Crowberry, 16, 98

Deer,
European Red, 50
"Indian," 8
Mule, 77
White-tailed, 46, 77, 78, 83-85, 87, 100, 102, 103
Degerbøl, Magnus, 112
Dix, W. L., 44, 98
Dobbs, Arthur, 8
Dogs, (Husky), 15, 17, 19, 21, 47-52, 59, 60, 62, 85
Downes, P. G., 18, 51, 52, 69, 106
Dugmore, A. Radclyffe, 97, 112
Dyar, Harrison G., 70

_Eleocharis baldwinii_, 42
Ellis, Hazel R., 12
_Empetrum nigrum_, 33 (figs.), 98
Eskimo(s), 5, 6, 19, 29, 34 (figs.), 35 (figs.), 47, 49-52,
56 (figs.), 57-60, 74-76, 79, 99, 114
"Eskimo candle(s)," 60, 114
"Eskimo Charlie," 52

Fish, 47, 48, 59, 60
Fisher, Alexander, 103
Fleas, 73
Flerov, Constantine C., 110
Fly(ies), 14, 23, 27, 41, 43, 69, 85
black, 20, 23-28, 45, 46, 69, 70
"deer," 70
nostril, 37, 45, 46, 72, 73, 96
warble, 37, 45, 46, 52, 56 (figs.), 57, 70-72, 96
Fox(es), 47, 48, 51, 62, 66, 68
Arctic, 48, 62, 63, 78
Red, 63
Franklin, Sir John, 46

Gallagher, Don, 12
Gavin, Angus, 64, 69, 117
Gibson, R. A., 6
Godsell, Philip H., 117
Goldman, Edward A., 63, 64
Goodwin, George G., 117
Grant, Madison, 118
Grass(es), 98, 99
Gull(s),
Herring, 51, 68
Ring-billed, 68

Hanbury, David T., 47, 49
Hares, Arctic, 69
Harper, Francis, 44, 51, 52, 58, 69, 74, 77
Hawk(s), Rough-legged, 48, 51, 68
Hearne, Samuel, 5, 7-9, 57, 102
Hewitt, C. Gordon, 75
Hoare, W. H. B., 47, 59
Hornby, John, 59
Horse, 96
Hudson's Bay Company, 58

Indian(s), 5, 47, 48, 50, 52, 57, 75, 114
Chipewyan. _See_ Chipewyans, Caribou-eater
Cree, 58, 94 (fig.)
Ingebrigtsen, John, 11, 79, 107
Ingstad, Helge, 41, 49, 112
Insects, 20, 37, 43, 45, 46

Jackson, Hartley H. T., 77
Jacobi, Arnold, 7, 69, 71, 72, 74, 98, 102, 103, 105, 107, 112, 113
Jaeger, Long-tailed, 68
Jay(s), Canada, 48, 51, 68
Jenness, Diamond, 85
Johansen, Frits, 71, 73
_Juncus tenuis_, 42

Katello, 19, 49, 56 (fig.)

Lamont, Arthur H., 10
Lantis, Margaret, 74
_Larus_
_argentatus smithsonianus_, 68
_delawarensis_, 68
_Ledum decumbens_, 33 (fig.)
Lemmings (_Dicrostonyx_), 48, 69
_Lepus arcticus andersoni_, 69
Lice (or louse), 73, 74
Lichens, 37, 38, 44, 45, 51, 98, 99
reindeer, 24, 44, 99
_Linognathus tarandi_, 74
_Loiseleuria procumbens_, 33 (fig.)
Lyon, George F., 86

MacFarlane, Roderick, 112
MacIver, Angus, 38
McLean, John, 9
McLeod, Duncan A., 10
Malaher, G. W., 6, 10, 12, 43, 44
Mallet, Thierry, 41
Malloch, J. R., 45, 46
Manning, T. H., 58, 75
Millais, J. G., 15, 63
Mink, 69
Mites, 73
Moose, 45, 78, 85, 100, 113
Morrow, William C., 6
Mosquito(es), 23, 25, 45, 46, 69, 70, 99
Moss(es), 24, 51, 60
Murie, Olaus J., 105-107
Mushrooms, 99, 113
Muskox, 85

National Science Foundation, reverse of title-page, 6
Natvig, L. Reinhardt, 72

_Oedemagena_, 45, 46, 96
_tarandi_, 52, 70, 71, 73
Office of Naval Research, 6

Padleimiut, 50
Palmer, Ralph S., 6
Parkman, Francis, 52
Parry, William Edward, 103
Peary, R. E., 106
Perez-Llano, George A., 98
_Perisoreus canadensis canadensis_, 68
_Picea mariana_, 33 (fig.), 92 (fig.)
Pike, Warburton, 9, 44
Planchek?, Charles, 52
Pocock, R. I., 112
Poole, Earl L., cover
Porsild, A. E., 73, 76, 77
Preble, Edward A., 7, 9, 12, 40, 96
Ptarmigan, Willow, 44

_Rangifer_
_arcticus caboti_, 99, 118
_arcticus granti_, 74
_caribou sylvestris_, 12, 94 (fig.), 119
_pearyi_, 40, 43, 63, 103, 106, 118
_tarandus_, 5
Rausch, Robert, 77
Raven(s), 48, 51, 68
Reindeer, 7, 66, 69, 74, 76-78, 110
Lapland, Norway, or Norwegian, 5, 71, 72, 74, 75, 80, 87, 97,
103, 105, 112
Siberian, 74, 75, 77
Richardson, Sir John, 5, 7-9, 44, 46, 69, 103
Rita, 6, 34 (fig.), 35 (fig.), 56 (fig.)
Ross, Bernard R., 46
Russell, Frank, 112

Sabrosky, C. W., 73
_Salix planifolia_, 98
Schweder,
Charles, 6, 12, 13, 17-19, 27-29, 31, 32, 37, 44, 45, 48-51,
56 (fig.), 58, 59, 62-64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 79-81, 83, 85,
86, 88, 95, 97-108, 111-114
Fred, Jr., 6, 12, 18-20, 24-27, 29-32, 34 (figs.), 43, 58,
64-66, 69-71, 73, 79, 80, 82, 84, 86, 100-104, 106, 107
Mike, 6, 26, 31, 34-35 (figs.)
Sedge(s), 17, 42, 55 (fig.), 98, 99
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 5, 40, 64, 73, 75, 80, 81, 87, 88, 97, 98,
100, 101, 103, 104, 107, 111-113, 116, 118, 119
Simpson, Thomas, 8
_Simulium_, 45
_venustum_, 70
Soper, J. Dewey, 58, 75
Spruce, 24, 41, 42, 51, 60, 108
black, 55 (fig.), 92 (fig.), 108
Stefánsson, Vilhjálmur, 49, 63, 84, 86, 105, 117
_Stercorarius longicaudus_, 68
Stewart, Norman H., 46
Stone, A. J., 97
Stone, Dr. Alan, 70
Sutton, George M., and William J. Hamilton, Jr., 107, 117, 118

_Tabanus_, 45
Tamarack, 24, 41, 42, 108
Thompson, David, 8
Ticks, 73
Turner, L. M., 118
Tweedsmuir, Lord, 118
Twinn, C. R., 45
Tyrrell,
James W., 12, 78, 81
J. Burr, 44, 78, 81, 118

United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, 70, 73
United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 6
United States National Museum, 6, 118
_Usnea_, 44
_Ursus americanus_, 62

_Vulpes fulva_, 63

Washburn, Dr. A. L., 6
Weasels, 48, 69
Weber, Neal A., 69, 71, 74
Wherry, Dr. Edgar T., 42
Whitney, Caspar, 112
Wildlife Management Institute, reverse of title-page
Willow, 41, 60, 98, 108
Wirth, Dr. W. W., 73
Wolf(ves),
Keewatin Tundra, 11, 16, 20, 28, 37, 38, 41, 42, 48, 50, 63-68,
80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 102, 104
Alaska, 76
Newfoundland, 66
Wolverine(s), 48, 69, 83
Wright, J. G., 118

* * * * *
* * * *
* * * * *

Errors and Inconsistencies

Inconsistent capitalization is unchanged, as is the variable spelling of "Dog Rib" : "Dog-rib" : "Dogrib".

In references and bibliographies, irregular spellings such as "rain deer" or "cariboo", and variant forms of scientific names, are assumed to be reproduced from their original sources.

_Spelling_

August 29 was ... in mid-afternoon [afternon]
References on relations to ... Stefánsson [Stefansson], 1913a
The numbers of rubbing trees ... on the outskirts [outskirits]
_Rangifer Graenlandicus_, _R. Groënlandicus_, _R. articus_
[_all spellings unchanged_]

_Punctuation and Typography_

September 13 was ... brisk, northerly; [brisk, northerly:]
Amundsen, 1908; Preble, 1908; [1908:]
J. B. Tyrrell, 1894: 441; Dix, 1951: 287 [1894;]
Hoare, 1930: 22; Clarke, 1940 [22,]
J. W. Tyrrell, 1924 (1902): 28, 37; Hanbury, 1904 [1924 (1902);]
"stone men" (Harper, 1949: 231, fig.).
[_sentence-final period missing_]
Birket-Smith, 1929 (1): 9, 47, 52-53 ... [1929 (1);]
Harper, 1932: 30, 31; Jenness, 1932 [30, 31,]
Clarke, 1940: 5-9, 84, 110, 112; G. M. Allen, 1942 [112,]
Kennicott, in Anonymous, 1869: 166 [1869;]
R. M. Anderson, 1913a: 5, 6; 1913b: 504 [5, 6,]
R. M. Anderson, 1913b: 516; Stefánsson, 1913a [516:]
recent notes by Banfield (1951a: 31-32, fig. 17)
[_open parenthesis missing_]
Seton, 1929, +3+: 109-111; Critchell-Bullock, 1930 [1929:]
Murie, 1939: 245; Clarke, 1940 [1939;]
R. M. Anderson, 1913b: 502; Hornaday, 1914 [502:]
J. W. Tyrrell, 1908: pls. facing pp. 80, 81 [pls facing]
J. B. Tyrrell, 1892: 128 [1892:128]
J. A. Allen, 1910: 8 [_period after A invisible_]
1908a. The Peary caribou (_Rangifer pearyi_ Allen).
[_final i in "pearyi" not italicized_]
1928. Field book of North American mammals. New York--London
[New York-London]
J. A. Allen, 1910: 8; Seton, 1929 [1910: 8,]
London: xv + 783 [London xv]
_Canadian Geog. Jour._ +24+ (1) [_number 24 both bold and italic_]
"Reindeer and caribou (Rangifer caribou)": W. J. McLean, 1901: 5
[_anomalous roman (non-italic) type in original_]
_"Caribou"_: Stefánsson, 1913a [_anomalous italics unchanged_]
162-163 (destruction by Eskimos [162-163 destruction]
Barrens E. of Great Slave Lake); [Lake;]