Chapter VII: Part 7

"Deer": Rae, 1852a: 75 (Victoria Island, near Richardson
Islands); 79 (many crossing Dolphin and Union Straits to
Victoria Island).

"Deer": Rae, 1852b: 83 (lower Coppermine River); 91, 95
(Victoria Island, vicinity of Albert Edward Bay).

"Barren Ground reindeer": Richardson, 1852: 156 (Point
Atkinson); 158 (Cape Brown); 166 (Franklin Bay); 173 (Buchanan
River); 188 (Rae's River); 198 (Kendall River region); 290
(Great Bear Lake; weight; great numbers [of Woodland or Barren
Ground species?] crossing Hayes River, 1833, and slaughtered
there by Indians); 296 (Great Bear Lake, migrating N. in May).

"Reindeer" or "deer": Hooper, 1853: 296 (dried meat as winter
fare at Fort Norman); 302 (few along Bear River, November); 342
(Kendall Island); 343 (Richard Island); 378, 381 (meat as winter
fare at Fort Simpson); 391-393 (method of preparing pemmican).

"Rein-deer": Kennedy, 1853: 128 (numerous tracks, North
Somerset, early April); 133 (Bellot Strait); 144, 150 (numerous,
Prince of Wales Island, late April).

_Rangifer caribou_ . . . (_C. tarandus, var. A. Arctica_
Richardson): Audubon and Bachman, 1854, +3+: 114 (quotations
from Richardson, 1829, and Hearne, 1795; "in every part of
Arctic America, including the region from Hudson's Bay to far
within the Arctic circle").

"Deer": J. Anderson, 1856: 24 (about 100, mostly bucks, Adelaide
Peninsula, early August; Eskimos at Lake Franklin preparing to
hunt deer); 25 (a few does at Lake Macdougall, mid-August;
numerous at Aylmer and Clinton-Colden Lakes, early September).

"Deer": J. Anderson, 1857: 321 (Eskimos hunting deer, Lake
Franklin, July 30); 322 (mouth of Back's River, July 30); 323
(fat bucks killed, Montreal Island, August 2-3); 324, 325, 327
(100, mostly bucks, Adelaide Peninsula, August 6, 7, 11); 326
(all tracks going S., August 9); 328 (25 going S., Lake Pelly;
good deer passes between Lakes Pelly and Garry and at Hawk
Rapids).

"Reindeer" or "Deer": Armstrong, 1857: 149, 154, 155 (Eskimos
with Reindeer meat and skins, Point Warren, E. of Mackenzie
River); 166 (skins and meat at Eskimo camp near Cape Dalhousie);
194 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos on coast of Mackenzie); 210,
316, 322, 384, 391, 395, 417 (Banks Island); 254, 335, 364, 365
(Victoria Island, in October, May, July, and August); 297, 336
(Prince of Wales Strait, January and May); 395 (predation by
wolves, Banks Island); 475-488, 497-499, 505-510, 514, 515,
521-530, 545-556, 568 (Banks Island; maximum weight 240 lb.;
distribution; remain during winter; fawning; 112 killed at Bay
of Mercy; quality of meat varying with season; wariness; antler
change; description; graze with heads to wind; pursuit by
wolves).

_Rangifer groenlandicus_ (Kerr) (part): Baird, 1857: 635
(description; weight); 635-636 (distribution).

_Cervus Tarandus_, var. [Greek: a] _arctica_ Richardson: Murray,
1858: 191 (Chesterfield Inlet region); 193-198 (comparison with
Lapland reindeer); 199-206 (antlers and shedding); 201-204
(quotations from previous literature on antlers, food, fawning
season, and winter range); 206 (teeth); 206-210 (fur); 210
(damage by warble flies).

"Reindeer" or "deer": M'Clintock, 1860?: 147 (s. shore of Pond
Inlet); 167, 176, 177, 184-188, 191, 194, 201, 203, 217, 289,
290, 295, 299 (Bellot Strait); 184 (buck at Bellot Strait, minus
paunch, weighing 354 lb.); 212 (Eskimo clothing of reindeer
skins, Boothia Peninsula); 219 (Somerset Island); 239 (Adelaide
Peninsula); 244 (Montreal Island); 245 (Chantrey Inlet); 252,
279, 280 (King William Island).

"Rein-deer" (part): Richardson, 1861: 274 (migration; rutting
season; utilization by Indians and Eskimos); 275 (moving N. at
Repulse Bay, March 1; food).

_Rangifer arcticus_ . . .: B. R. Ross, 1861: 438 (between Hudson
Bay and Arctic Ocean; infested by larvae of warble and nostril
flies); 438-439 (migrations); 439 (antler and pelage change;
food); 439-440 (value to Indians for food, clothing, etc.).

_Rangifer Groënlandicus_ . . .: B. R. Ross, 1862: 141
(distribution).

"Reindeer" or "deer": Osborn, 1865: 70 (Cape Bathurst); 80, 110,
162, 170, 173, 182, 186, 188, 189, 192, 199, 206-208, 219 (Banks
Island); 98, 139, 146 (Victoria Island); 112 (Prince of Wales
Strait, January); 223-224 (resident in Arctic archipelago,
including Banks Island); 226 (no migration across Barrow Strait
or Melville Sound); 227 (weight; gait; antler change; fawning);
227-228, 231, 232 (wolf predation).

"Reindeer": Kennicott, in Anonymous, 1869: 166 (dried reindeer
meat one of chief foods at Fort Simpson); 170 (caribou clothing
used by Yellow Knives).

_Rangifer tarandus_ (Linné) Bd.: Kumlien, 1879: 19 (Eskimo
hunting at Cumberland Sound); 23-25 (Eskimo clothing of
deerskin); 36-37 (Eskimo arrows and bows of antlers); 53, 54
(pursuit by wolves); 54 (abundant in Cumberland Sound region;
migration; food; hunting and utilization by Eskimos).

"Barren ground caribou": R. Bell, 1881: 15C (migrating in great
numbers, Reindeer Lake).

_Rangifer Groenlandicus_ "Baird" (part): Caton, 1881: 105
(description); 106 (Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay); 107 (food);
108 (habits; migration); 366-371 (hunting by Indians and
Eskimos).

"Reindeer" or "deer": Gilder, 1881: 11 (Eskimos near Lower
Savage Islands, Hudson Strait, with skins and meat); 23, 25, 26,
28 (hunting by Eskimos near Connery River, Keewatin); 42, 46
(near Chesterfield Inlet); 43 (Eskimo drum of deerskin); 50 (dog
harness of deerskin); 59, 61, 64, 67, 71 (522 reindeer killed by
Schwatka's party between Hudson Bay and King William Island); 61
(pursued by wolves); 78 (wariness in winter); 83, 192 (Adelaide
Peninsula); 122, 132, 153, 157, 161, 162 (King William Island);
137-146 (Eskimo use of skins and meat); 154 (Eskimos use of fat
and meat); 196-197 (reindeer collecting in immense herds to
cross Simpson Strait on ice in early October); 217, 218 (lower
Back's River, December); 223, 224, 225, 226 (numerous between
Back's River and Chesterfield Inlet, January); 254-255
(deerskins as Eskimo bedding).

"Reindeer" or "deer": Nourse, 1884: 220 (Eskimos dressing skins
near Wager Bay); 232 (37 killed by Hall's party in July, Wager
Bay); 235 (a thousand passing in a day; many cached near North
Pole River, late September; seen from September to January, and
reappearing in March); 256 (deer-hunting, Melville Peninsula);
264-265 (18 deer and a fawn near Cape Weynton); 351 (found
abundant by Schwatka between Wager Bay and Back's River); 354
(King William Island); 356 (plentiful, Terror Bay; immense
herds, Simpson Strait, September to October 14).

"Reindeer" or "Arctic deer": Schwatka, 1885: 59-60, 65, 67-71,
73-75, 81-82, 86 (hunting by Eskimos and whites in n. Keewatin);
60-64 (skins for clothing, bedding, and drums); 60-61 (molt);
65, 67 (use of meat); 68, 71-72 (swimming); 72 (many on King
William Island); 77-79 (migrating across Simpson's Strait, June
and October); 79 (Boothia and North Somerset); 81 (near mouth of
Back's River); 83 (rarely seen in herds of more than 100;
migrations); 84-85 (weight); 85 (unwariness).

"Deer": Boas, 1888: 419 (deer in Eskimo economy); 429, 461-462,
501 (Baffin Island; hunting by Eskimos in summer by spear or
line of cairns); 438 (varying numbers on Cumberland Peninsula);
502 (migration, Baffin and King William Islands); 502-503 (bows
made of antlers); 508-509 (stalking and trapping by Eskimos);
522 (dressing of skins by Eskimos); 555-560 (clothing of
deerskin).

"Reindeer": Bompas, 1888: 24 (deflected in their migrations in
Mackenzie district by burning of the country); 60 (attacked by
wolves); 61 (Indian methods of hunting); 62 (palatability of the
flesh); 100 (utilization of hides and meat).

"Deer": Collinson, 1889: 153 (Banks Island; weight); 166, 171,
173-175, 181, 186, 197, 209, 220, 237, 264, 272-274 (Victoria
Island); 200, 203, 229 (Prince of Wales Strait); 235 (Dolphin
and Union Strait); 243, 247, 281, 283 (Cambridge Bay); 244
(large herds waiting to cross Dease Strait, October; trailed by
wolves); 277 (stone monuments of Eskimos for deflecting deer,
Dease Strait); 290 (large numbers migrating in autumn from
Victoria Island to mainland).

"Reindeer": MacFarlane, 1890: 32-34 (Anderson River; Eskimos
hunting reindeer there; their clothing in part of deerskin); 38
(Eskimo fish nets of deer sinew); 38, 43, 47 (numerous on
Anderson River).

"Barren Ground caribou": Pike, 1917 (1892): 43, 64 (near Lake
Mackay); 44-46 (Lake Camsell); 48 (Arctic islands to s. part of
Hudson Bay and vicinity of Fort Smith, W. to Mackenzie River;
rutting season in October); 48-49 (migration); 49 (segregation
of sexes; antler change); 50 (migration deflected by burning of
country; thousands [Barren Ground or Woodland species?] at York
Factory, about 1888-1890; depletion by hunting); 51-55 (Indian
methods of hunting; economic uses); 51-52, 90 (unwariness);
56-58 (relations to Eskimos, wolves, and wolverines); 58-59
(parasitic flies); 59-60 (Indian superstition); 67, 72
(Coppermine River above Lac de Gras); 76 (near Lake Mackay; Lake
Camsell); 81-82 (S. of Lake Mackay; curing of meat and hides);
89-91 (la foule); 90 (rutting season over and bucks too strong
to eat, late October); 101 (mostly passed into the woods by
November 11); 108 (Lake Mackay); 134 (near Lac de Mort); 148
(near Gros Cap, Great Slave Lake, January); 171, 174, 177 (N. of
Great Slave Lake); 174 (bucks leaving woods in early June); 182
(Lake Aylmer); 186, 199 (Back's River, July); 201, 204 (near
Lake Beechey; females with young, late July); 209 (females and
young in great numbers, upper Back's River); 217 (Clinton-Colden
Lake, early August); 220 (thousands at Ptarmigan Lake, August);
221 (Artillery Lake); 224, 227 (Pike's Portage).

_Rangifer Groenlandicus_ Linn.: J. B. Tyrrell, 1892: 128 (use in
economy of northern Indians; weight; antler shedding; pelage
change; infestation with warbles); 129 (wintering between
Churchill River and Lake Athabaska; collecting on frozen lakes);
130 (Indian hunters killing 100-400 apiece; Fond du Lac, Lake
Athabaska, on a main migratory path).

_Rangifer Groenlandica_ Linn.: Dowling, 1893: 89 (Bear Head Lake
[N. of Great Slave Lake]); 92 (near Lake Mackay, June 22); 103
(a favorite crossing on Great Fish River near Musk-ox Lake); 107
(Pike's expedition living mainly on caribou; migrations; does
fawning near the sea-coast, bucks following behind; horns in
velvet prized as food by Indians).

"Barren Ground caribou": J. B. Tyrrell, 1894: 441 (_Alectoria
jubata_, a lichen, at Daly Lake, as food of caribou); 442
(immense herd--"tens of thousands"--at Carey Lake, July 29;
tormented by black flies; animals lean and poor); 445 (Eskimo
wearing deerskin coat; Lady Marjorie Lake, lower Dubawnt River);
446 (caribou plentiful in country traversed as far as Baker
Lake; last one shot there September 3).

"Barren Ground Caribou": Russell, 1895: 48 (a mass of caribou
passing Fort Rae for 14 days in 1877); 49 (a section of antler
used by Indian as a powder horn); 49-50 (caribou N. of North Arm
of Great Slave Lake, November); 50 (leaping high in air at
start; Indian hunting methods); 51 (Indian use of meat; albino
specimen; antler growth and shedding; thousands near Bathurst
Inlet, April; does fawning along sea coast in June).

"Deer": J. B. Tyrrell, 1895: 440 (deer meat bartered by
Chipewyans at Brochet); 442-443 (Indians hunting deer at Ennadai
Lake; large numbers encountered there; Eskimos skinning deer on
upper Kazan River); 444 (deerskin clothing purchased from
Eskimos on Kazan River); 445 (no deer seen in rocky country
along Ferguson River).

_Rangifer Graenlandicus_ . . .: J. B. Tyrrell, 1896: 13 (S. in
winter to Reindeer Lake and Mudjatick and Foster Rivers); 63
(migrating past Fond du Lac, Lake Athabaska).

"Caribou": Whitney, 1896: 157, 238, 241 (migrations); 161 (fat,
pemmican, and dried meat); 175 (use of dried meat by Dogribs);
176 (tepees of caribou skin); 202-206 (vicinity of Fort
Enterprise); 210 (near Point Lake); 210, 213 (Dogrib hunting
methods); 237 (importance to Indians; weight; an albino);
238-239 (antler shedding); 239 (warble and nostril flies;
persecution by wolves); 240 (seasonal condition of flesh;
distribution; recent decrease); 242 (wasteful killing by
Indians; variation in wariness); 252, 268-269 (S. of Coronation
Gulf); 262 (shoulder-blade as Indian talisman).

_Rangifer Groenlandicus_. . .: J. B. Tyrrell, 1897: 10, 49-50,
165 (herd of 100,000 to 200,000 at Carey Lake, Dubawnt River,
late July); 12 (plentiful near Thelon-Dubawnt junction; scarce
at Baker Lake, early September); 14 (S. of Dawson Inlet); 19,
124 (large numbers, Ennadai Lake, mid-August); 21, 140, 142
(plentiful along Ferguson River, September); 76 (plentiful along
Dubawnt River); 122, 131-132 (hunted by Chipewyans, Ennadai Lake
and Kazan River); 126-127, 131-132 (hunted by Eskimos, upper
Kazan River); 134 (many near Yathkyed Lake); 150-151 (near
source of Owl River, Manitoba; hunted by Indians, Wapinihikiskow
Lake); 166-167 (hunting by Chipewyans and Eskimos; use for food,
clothing, and kayaks).

_Rangifer tarandus arcticus_. . .: Lydekker, 1898: 47-48
(description); 48 (distribution); 48-49 (migration; food).

_Rangifer tarandus_ (Linn.): Russell, 1898: 88 (great numbers
passing Fort Rae for 14 days in 1877); 89 (N. of Fort Rae); 90
(leaping into air at start); 91 (use of flesh by Dog Ribs;
albino specimen); 111, 113, 119 (upper Coppermine River region,
abundant in March); 134 (caribou-skin clothing worn formerly by
Loucheux at Fort McPherson); 139 (on Mackenzie Delta in 1850);
168 (caribou-skin lodge at Fort Rae); 169-172 (caribou-skin
clothing among Dog Ribs); 176 (caribou-skin drum at Fort Rae;
use of sinew); 178 (caribou-skin gun cases among Indians);
187-189 (caribou-skin clothing among Eskimos); 225 (antler
change); 226 (albino; food; distribution and migrations); 227
(abundant along coast between Mackenzie River and Cape Bathurst,
1894; deer snares; spearing; hunting); 228-229 (utilization by
Eskimos and Indians; parasitic flies).

"Barren Ground Caribou," "deer," or "reindeer": J. W. Tyrrell,
1908 (1898): 77-78 (Barlow Lake; Carey Lake, thousands, late
July); 79 (weight 100-400 lb.; molt); 79-80 (antler change); 80
(relation of prongs to age; migration; food; reproduction);
80-81 (utilization of meat, skins, and sinew); 87-88 (Dubawnt
Lake); 97 (lower Dubawnt River); 98 (Wharton Lake); 123-138
(utilization by Eskimos); 139-141 (hunting by Eskimos); 174-177
(near Dawson Inlet); 206-207 (E. of Churchill River); 215 (mouth
of Nelson River [Woodland or Barren Ground species?]); 241
(importance to natives).

"Caribou" or "reindeer": Jones, 1899: 328-332, 342-343, 353-355
(Fort Reliance and vicinity); 329 (weight); 338, 340, 365, 394
(Artillery Lake and vicinity); 342 (Indian corral or trap); 359
(noonday rest of caribou); 368 (immense band, Clinton-Colden
Lake, early March); 374 (tens of thousands of does daily,
Clinton-Colden Lake, moving N., March); 374-375 (relations to
wolves); 381 (abundant, near mouth of Dubawnt River, March); 390
(near lower Dubawnt River); 411 (suffering from insects); 429
(spearing by Indians).

"Deer": Lofthouse, 1899: 275 (mouth of Tha-anne River, early
July).

"Caribou or deer": Hanbury, 1900: 64 (Eskimos bringing venison
to Churchill and reporting deer numerous along the coast); 65
(importance of deer in northern travel; scarce along west coast
of Hudson Bay in May and early June); 66-67 (very scarce at
Baker Lake in June, plentiful in July); 67 (flesh unpalatable in
fly-time; large bands at Aberdeen Lake, August); 69 (absent in
winter on lower Thelon River; very scarce on Hanbury River,
August); 71 (plentiful, Artillery Lake to Great Slave Lake,
September).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson) (part): A. J. Stone, 1900: 50
(distribution; migration); 51 (Richards Island); 53 (antlers;
does and fawns moving N. in May, Franklin Bay; sprawling posture
of hind leg); 57 (disastrous results of whalers' demands for
meat; Darnley Bay; Bathurst Isthmus).

"Caribou": J. M. Bell, 1901a: 16 (vast herds near Dismal Lake;
use by Eskimos).

"Caribou": J. M. Bell, 1901b: 252 (furnishing food and
clothing for Hare Indians, Great Bear Lake); 255 (use by Eskimos
near Coppermine River; vast herds); 258 (plentiful, but
decreasing, S. of Great Bear Lake; wanton killing by Indian and
Eskimos).

"Caribou": Boas, 1901: 52, 54 (Eskimo garments of caribou skin,
Cumberland Sound); 81 (Eskimos hunting caribou with harpoons);
102, 107 (Eskimo clothing of caribou skin, w. coast of Hudson
Bay); 150 (albino caribou).--1907: 465 (Eskimos W. of Hudson Bay
dependent on caribou); 474 (caribou plentiful on Southampton
Island and larger than on mainland); 493 (caribou-hunting at
Pond's Inlet); 501 (taboo against killing albino caribou, W. of
Hudson Bay).

[_Rangifer_] _arcticus_ (Rich.): Elliot, 1901: 37 ("Barren
grounds of Arctic America, north of the tree limit, to the
shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean"; diagnosis).

_Rangifer tarandus arcticus_ . . . (part): Lydekker, 1901: 38-40
(description).

"Reindeer and caribou (Rangifer caribou)": W. J. McLean, 1901: 5
(Great Slave Lake, annual arrival on August 12; hunting and
utilization by Indians); 6 (antler growth and change; migration;
trails; swimming).

_Rangifer tarandus_ . . . (part): Beddard, 1902: 298
("circumpolar").

_Rangifer arcticus_ . . .: Elliot, 1902: 259 ("in 1856 they
migrated to latitude 47° in great numbers to Lake Huron" [???]);
260, 274-275 (migrations); 273 (Arctic regions, W. to Coppermine
and Mackenzie Rivers); 276 (food; fat); 276-277 (utilization by
Indians and Eskimos); 277-279 (native hunting methods); 279-280
(antlers shed by old bucks in December and January, carried by
young bucks till spring, and by does till birth of fawns);
281-282, 286-287 (description).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Preble, 1902: 41 (50 and 25
miles S. of Eskimo Point; pursued by wolves; attacks of
insects); 42 (flashing a white throat-patch; summation of
previous records; ranging S. to Churchill River and Reindeer
Lake); 42-43 (pelage described).

"Caribou": J. W. Tyrrell, 1924 (1902): 15 (Fort Reliance, Great
Slave Lake); 17 (Pike's Portage); 18-20 (Artillery Lake); 26
(nearly all gone farther N., only stragglers remaining along
Hanbury River, early July); 27-28 (numerous tracks but few
animals, middle Thelon River, early July; hundreds killed by
spring ice or Eskimos); 31 (large band moving S., Thelon River,
July 23); 33-35 (between Thelon River and Artillery Lake); 37
(great bands of caribou the chief food supply in Thelon River
region).

_Rangifer articus_ . . . (part): Grant, 1903: 186 (Barren
Grounds W. of Hudson Bay, W. to Mackenzie River, S. in winter to
Churchill River and Reindeer Lake; threatened with extinction by
whalers); 189 (Salisbury Island).

"Deer": Hanbury, 1903: 185 (between Lake Pelly and Arctic coast,
May).

"Caribou" or "deer": Hanbury, 1904: 8 (Marble Island and
Chesterfield Inlet, June); 9 (Baker Lake, July); 10 (large bands
migrating S., Aberdeen Lake, early August); 14 (scarce, Hanbury
River); 16 (plentiful, Lockhart River); 30 (Pike's Portage, late
July); 31 (Artillery Lake); 32 (Abbott Lake; scourged by warble
flies); 34 (large bands migrating S., Hanbury River, late July);
41 (hunted by Eskimos near Thelon-Dubawnt junction); 43-44, 47
(Schultz Lake); 43 (voice; spearing by Eskimos); 48 (scarce,
Baker Lake, early September); 49 (Chesterfield Inlet); 51
(plentiful near Marble Island, mid-September); 58 (leaving the
coast, late September); 67 (dressing of skins by Eskimos); 70,
72 (killed by Eskimos, Baker Lake); 73 (thousands at Baker Lake;
fierce combats between old bucks in October rutting season); 75
(deerskin roof of igloo); 82 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos); 84,
88-90 (NW. of Baker Lake, November); 85 (unwariness); 89
(pursuit by wolves); 93 (bucks remaining all winter on Back's
River); 95 (numerous, Chesterfield Inlet; in December the old
bucks had dropped their antlers); 100 (near Depot Island);
104-107 (Chesterfield Inlet region); 108 (does migrating N. in
April); 111 (plentiful, Baker Lake, March); 113 (many, Schultz
Lake, March); 114-115, 123 (snow pitfalls made by Eskimos); 115,
116 (numerous, Aberdeen Lake, March); 116 (antlers of bucks
commencing to grow); 118 (NW. of Aberdeen Lake; buck weighing
280 lb.); 119 (Buchanan River); 120 (migration; many remaining
on Barrens all winter; deer meat essential to Eskimos on Back's
River); 121 (frequent famine among Indians and Eskimos; caribou
formerly migrating S. and W. to Forts Simpson and Providence);
127-131 (Pelly Lake and vicinity); 131 (antics; jumping and
trotting); 133-137 (near Ogden Bay); 133 (majority of does
shedding antlers by late April); 135 (ravens feeding on
carcasses); 137 (warbles eaten by Eskimos); 139 (caribou
wintering on Kent Peninsula, at Cape Barrow, and on Victoria
Island); 143 (Arctic coast Eskimos going inland, summer and
fall, to live on deer); 149 (White Bear Point); 153-167
(mainland near Kent Peninsula); 164-174 (Bathurst Inlet); 177,
185-197 (scarce, Cape Barrow to Coppermine River); 194 (molting,
July; suffering from mosquitoes); 200-208 (lower Coppermine
River); 209, 210 (Kendall River); 215-221 (Dismal Lake); 223,
229-233 (Dease River); 232 (rubbing trees).

_Rangifer arcticus_ . . . (part): Hornaday, 1904: 136 (Great
Bear and Great Slave Lakes to Cape Bathurst); 137 (Carey Lake;
migration); 138 (weight; antlers).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Stone and Cram, 1904: 52
(description; Arctic islands to Hudson Bay and Mackenzie River;
migration; rutting in October; sexual segregation); 53 (food;
Mackay Lake; grunting). (Chiefly quoted from Pike, 1892.)

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson) (part): Elliot, 1905: 401
("Barren grounds of Arctic America north of the tree limit, to
the shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean").

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): MacFarlane, 1905: 680
(Mackenzie Basin; depletion through wanton slaughter by
Indians); 681-682 (Anderson River, in winter; hunting and
utilization by Eskimos and Indians); 682-683 (albino); 683
(trade in skins; wintering at Prince of Wales Strait and Mercy
Bay, Banks Island; migration between Arctic islands and
mainland); 684-685 (table of migration at Reindeer Lake);
692-693 (predation by wolves).

_R[angifer] arcticus_. . .: J. A. Allen, 1908a: 488 (specimens
from near Wager River described); 490 (migration).

_Rangifer arctica_ (Richardson): J. A. Allen, 1908b: 584 (type
locality, Fort Enterprise).

"Reindeer": Amundsen, 1908, +1+: 76 (Boothia); 83-84 (King
William Island, September); 97 (reported formerly at Simpson
Strait in large herds in autumn); 99 (20 killed, King William
Island, late September); 102-106 (common in October, passing S.
over Simpson Strait; very shy; no wolves on King William
Island); 120 (Eskimos trading skins); 200 (King William Island,
first reindeer of season seen, June); 201 (supplied by Eskimos);
224 (Simpson Strait); 235, 241-243 (King William Island,
September); 237 (Eskimos hunting in September); 247 (large herds
passing over ice of Simpson Strait); 248 (King William Island,
October 15); 326-329 (hunting and utilization by Eskimos in
Boothia; few reindeer coming N. as early as May).--1908, +2+:
110 (many killed by Eskimos, King William Island); 311-316
(several, April); 322-325 (Royal Geographical Society Islands).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson) (part): Preble, 1908: 137
(Barren Grounds and islands northward; Great Bear Lake to Hudson
Bay; economy; probably two or more races; E. of Fort Smith in
winter; long ago S. to Fort McMurray); 138 (in 1902-03 to Cree
Lake; large numbers, Great Slave to Great Bear lakes; lower
Coppermine River); 139 (migration); 139-143 (summation of
previous records); 214 (wolves living largely on caribou).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): J. A. Allen, 1910: 8 (7 August
specimens from Artillery and Aylmer lakes; measurements and
weight).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Seton, 1911: 206-262, 341
(Artillery, Ptarmigan, Clinton-Colden, and Aylmer lakes;
habits); 210 (voice); 220, 258-260 (numbers); 225-226 (relation
to wolves); 259-262 (slaughter by natives and whalers).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Cameron, 1912: 127 (place in economy
of Caribou-eater Chipewyans; migration; on Lake Athabaska in
winter); 309 (Fort Rae as a "meat-post" for the Mackenzie
District).

"Caribou": Wheeler, 1912: 199 (Fort Enterprise and Coppermine
River; 1910 a very poor caribou year; females and yearlings
taken in April; females [only?] wintering between Rae and
Enterprise, and largely exterminated; usual numbers in 1911;
large migration of males commenced May 18); 200 (between
Coppermine River and Bathurst Inlet; by June 10 all caribou
beyond [N. of] Coppermine River).

"Barren ground caribou": R. M. Anderson, 1913a: 5 (recent
great decrease); 6 (stragglers left in Mackenzie Delta region;
great diminution along Arctic coast E. to Cape Parry, since
recent advent of whaling ships; great numbers on Victoria Island
in summer, crossing to mainland for winter; Great Bear Lake and
Coppermine River; drives and spearing by Eskimos); 6, 8
(importance to Eskimos for clothing and meat); 8 (poor sight of
caribou; hunting methods).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, in Stefánsson,
1913b: 502 (importance in native economy; recent enormous
decrease; few left in Eskimo Lakes region, on Cape Bathurst, and
at Langton and Darnley Bays; great number in summer on Victoria
Island, migrating to the mainland); 503 (Great Bear Lake;
Coppermine River; occurrence on Arctic coast at any season;
Eskimos driving them between lines of stone monuments into water
and there spearing them); 504 (hunting methods; senses;
infestation by bot-fly); 504-505 (fawning); 505 (geographical
variation; antler growth and change); 505-506 (fat); 516
(relations to wolves).

_"Caribou"_: Stefánsson, 1913a: 93 (ravens in Arctic feeding
on caribou left by wolves); 94 (caribou moving N., Prince Albert
Sound, Victoria Island, May 12); 95-96 (migrating across Dolphin
and Union Strait, March and May); 99 (plentiful on Dease River,
winter of 1910-11; abundant on lower Coppermine River, March; no
great numbers cross central Coronation Gulf; wintering on coast
E. of Coppermine; many moving N. across w. Coronation Gulf and
Dolphin and Union Strait, April and May, and w. Victoria Island,
May); 100 (migration across Kent Peninsula and in se. Victoria
Island); 102 (E. of Cape Bexley); 103, 106 (numbers wintering on
Banks Island, but few or none on Victoria Island); 105 (Eskimos
hunting caribou in summer on s. Victoria Island); 106 (caribou
wintering from Cape Bathurst to Kent Peninsula; migration N.
across Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, April 1-May
20, and S. in the fall as soon as the ice is strong enough; tens
of thousands on Dease River in late October; differences between
Victoria Island and mainland specimens).

"Caribou": Stefánsson, 1913b: 27 (Fort Smith a "meat post");
29 (abundant at Fort Norman 50 years previously); 127, 128, 156,
158 (Langton Bay); 130, 135, 137, 141, 142 (Horton River); 146
(Cape Parry); 151 (extreme scarcity of hornless caribou); 163
(Cape Lyon); 164 (Port Pierce; human eye keener than caribou's);
203 (summer hunting by Eskimos S. of Dolphin and Union Strait);
203-204 (migration N. to Victoria Island); 204 (bot-fly larvae);
205 (near Dolphin and Union Strait); 210, 212, 213 (lower
Coppermine River); 212-213 (seeking protection from mosquitoes
on snow banks); 214 (Dismal Lake); 215 (summer hunting by
Eskimos on Dease River); 219 (Great Bear Lake); 221 (August
skins for Eskimo clothing); 224-225 (hundreds of thousands,
Dease River, October); 228, 235 (N. of Great Bear Lake); 231,
232 (Horton River); 238, 239 (Kendall River); 241 (lower
Coppermine River); 241-244 (geographical variation in caribou);
263-265, 269 (migrating N. across Coronation Gulf and Dolphin
and Union Strait, early May); 274, 278, 287, 289, 297, 298, 301
(Victoria Island); 276-277 (variation from mainland animals);
278 (habitual wariness); 281 (caribou-skin tents and Eskimo
hunting, Victoria Island); 289 (Banks Island); 294 (few on
Victoria Island in winter); 324 (Cape Parry); 333 (Langton Bay;
skins spoiled by warble fly larvae, June and early July; skins
thick in summer and fall); 335 ("Endicott" [= Melville]
Mountains); 337-338 (Eskimo methods of hunting and curing meat);
348-350 (migrating NW., Horton River, October); 364 (Langton
Bay, February-March).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Chambers, 1914: 93 (immense
herd, between Churchill and Owl River, December); 291-294 (Great
Bear and Great Slave Lakes); 294 (Mackenzie Delta region);
342-350 (summation of records on the Barren Grounds).

"Caribou": Douglas, 1914: 103, 167, 168, 179, 180 (Dease River);
121, 190, 192, 196, 214 (lower Coppermine River); 137 (Great
Bear Lake); 157, 158 (very scarce, Great Bear Lake, winter); 185
(Dismal Lakes); 191-192 (larvae of warble and nostril flies).

_Rangifer arcticus_ . . . (part): Hornaday, 1914, +2+: 97
(importance to Indians); 100 (the great mass between Cape
Bathurst and Great Slave Lake; tens of thousands killed by
natives for whalers); 101-104 (migrations); 103 (voice); 104
(tameness of large numbers; weight); 225-226 (numbers).

"Caribou" or "deer": Stefánsson, 1914: 13 (former abundance from
Mackenzie River eastward); 26 (scarce near +Rae River+); 39
(common the year round on Banks Island; abundant in summer, but
scarce in winter, Victoria Island); 41 (migrating S. across
Coronation Gulf in November); 48 (stomach contents and droppings
eaten by Eskimos, Coronation Gulf); 54 (crossing ice in
migrating N., April and May); 56 (chief source of Eskimo food in
summer, Coronation Gulf); 57 (hunting with spear and bow); 58
(poor eyesight); 58-59 (use as food by Eskimos); 97 (kayak used
in spearing caribou); 137, 139 (former hunting in Mackenzie
Delta region); 140-141 (skin clothing in Mackenzie Delta
region); 147-148 (methods of removing and drying skins,
Mackenzie Delta region); 150 (use of skins and sinew); 275
(status about Great Bear Lake); 296 (droppings and warbles eaten
by Eskimos, Victoria Island); 353 (caribou taboos); 355-356
(many on Mackenzie coast).

"Caribou": Wheeler, 1914: 52 (Dog-rib clothing of caribou
skins); 54 (between Forts Rae and Enterprise); 56 (Fort Rae's
early trade in caribou meat and skins); 58 (countless thousands,
moving E., Great Slave Lake; Indian use of meat); 60 (caribou
scarce N. of Great Slave Lake after burning of country); 65
(plentiful, Little Marten Lake); 67 (near Lake Providence).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Harper, 1915: 160 (Tazin-Taltson
Basin).

_Rangifer tarandus arcticus_ (Richardson): Lydekker, 1915: 254
(bibliographical references; type locality; description; Baffin
Island).

_Tarandus rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Millais, 1915:
255-256 (considered conspecific with Woodland Caribou); 258, 263
(supposed interbreeding with Woodland Caribou); 261
(description; in winter ranging "west to the Rockies above Fort
Vermilion"[!]).

"Barren Ground Caribou": Camsell, 1916: 21 (Tazin-Taltson Basin,
autumn and winter).

_Rangifer arcticus_ . . . (part): Nelson, 1916: 460 (Arctic
barrens; numbers; Artillery Lake; gait); 460-461 (use as food).

"Rein Deer": Thompson, 1916: 19 (Eskimo lances pointed with
leg-bone); 99 ([Barren Ground or Woodland species?] numerous in
spring on Hayes River, where snared by Indians); 100-101
(immense herd estimated at 3,564,000 individuals, crossing Hayes
River 20 miles above York Factory in late May, 1792).

"Caribou": J. B. Tyrrell, in Thompson, 1916: 16 (Eskimos on
Kazan River subsisting chiefly on caribou, killing them with
spears and using their skins for clothing and kayaks).

_Rangifer arcticus_ . . .: Kindle, 1917: 107-108 (tens of
thousands E. of Slave River, early winter); 108-109 (previous
accounts of great numbers).

"Barren Ground Caribou": Camsell and Malcolm, 1919: 46 (e.
border of Mackenzie Basin; migration).

"Barren Ground caribou": Malloch, 1919: 55-56 (larvae of
_Oedemagena tarandi_ from skin of caribou, Dolphin and Union
Strait, Bernard Harbour, and Coronation Gulf); 56 (larvae of
_Cephenemyia_ sp. from nasal passages of caribou, May 25,
Bernard Harbour).

"Caribou": Stefánsson, 1919: 310 (hunting in the Arctic).

"Caribou": Whittaker, 1919: 166 (in greater numbers than usual,
E. of Slave River, winter); 167 (1,000 does crossing Great Slave
Lake in March toward Barren Grounds).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Buchanan, 1920: 105 (S. in winter to
Reindeer Lake and Churchill River, rarely to Cumberland House);
105-108, 128-129 (migration); 105-106, 131 (food); 113-125,
134-137, 142-151 (hunting by Indians and others); 122, 124
(traveling upwind); 125-126 (description); 126 (antler change;
gait); 130-131 (numbers); 135-136 (snares); 136-140 (economic
uses by Indians).

"Caribou": R. M. Anderson, in Stefánsson, 1921: 743, 750
(Eskimos killing caribou, Victoria Island); 749 (Hood River);
750 (Bathurst Inlet).

_Rangifer arcticus_ . . . (part): Hewitt, 1921: 11-12 (as a
source of meat and clothing); 56 (most abundant of the larger
land mammals of the world); 58, 64-66 (place in native economy;
range and numbers becoming restricted by excessive slaughter);
59-60 (distribution); 59 (destruction by Eskimos and whalers);
60-63 (migration); 61 (food); 62 (fawning); 67 (warble flies,
black flies, and mosquitoes).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Johansen, 1921: 22-24 (larvae and
adults of _Oedemagena tarandi_ and larvae of _Cephenemyia_ sp.,
both parasites of caribou, at Bernard Harbour); 29 (adult _Oe.
tarandi_, Dolphin and Union Strait); 35, 37 (larvae of _Oe.
tarandi_, lower Coppermine River and Victoria Island).

"Caribou": Stefánsson, 1921: 18 (abundant, Banks Island,
winter); 227-230 (Norway Island [W. of Banks Island]); 231-234
(qualities of meat and fat); 242-249, 255, 258, 262, 281-283,
358, 364, 397, 369, 372, 473, 475, 476 (hunting on Banks
Island); 246-247 (fat); 247 (attacks by insects); 248 (speed
according to sex and age); 248-249 (pursuit by wolves); 251
(wariness on Banks Island); 252 (back fat); 255 (perhaps
2,000-3,000 caribou on Banks Island in summer); 307 (sight); 401
(hunting on Victoria Island, September; some migrating S. to
mainland); 401-402 (stone monuments used by Eskimos for driving
caribou to ambush); 475-476 (relations of caribou and wolves).

"Caribou" or "deer": Jenness, 1922: 15, 17 (migration between
mainland and Arctic islands; one route across Cape Krusenstern);
20-21 (Coppermine River to Great Bear Lake); 22 (Cape Barrow to
Bathurst Inlet); 25-26 (Victoria Island in summer); 47 (spearing
from kayaks in Coppermine region); 48, 101, 248 (use of fat for
fuel); 61 (skins as bedding); 78-81 (skins as tent material); 97
(stomach contents eaten by Eskimos); 100-103 (Caribou as food of
Eskimos; hunting on ice of Coronation Gulf and on Victoria
Island; Coppermine River to Bathurst Inlet); 124 (summer hunting
by Eskimos about Dolphin and Union Strait); 125 (October passage
from Victoria Island to mainland); 127-142 (hunting on Victoria
Island, April to October); 148-151 (Eskimo hunting methods about
Coronation Gulf and on Victoria Island; attacks on Eskimos by
Caribou); 182-189 (Eskimo superstitions concerning Caribou);
244, 249 (scarcity and destruction at Coronation Gulf).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1924: 329 (varying
estimates of numbers; Barren Grounds of central mainland); 330
(relations to reindeer).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Miller, 1924: 491
(nomenclature; type locality).

"Caribou": Blanchet, 1925: 15 (upper Coppermine); 32-34
(migration); 32-33 (sexual segregation); 33 (fawning; food;
torment of flies; gait; molt; antler growth and change); 34
(senses; utilization by Indians; wariness; swimming; relations
to wolves and foxes; Great Slave Lake to Great Bear Lake and
Back's River).

"Caribou": Blanchet, 1926a: 73 (trails, Nonacho Lake); 96-97
(trail and signs, Lake Eileen); 98 (caribou in economy of the
Caribou-eater Chipewyans).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Blanchet, 1926b: 46-48 (migrations);
47 (fawning in early June; attacks of flies; gait; molt;
utilization of hides); 47-48 (antler change); 48 (senses;
segregation by sex and age; numbers in millions; Lake MacKay,
Great Bear Lake, Lac de Gras, Clinton-Colden and Aylmer lakes;
wintering S. to Cree, Foster, and Reindeer lakes).

_Rangifer_ spp.: Ekblaw, 1926: 101 (s. Arctic Archipelago).

"Caribou": Mallet, 1926: 79 (migration; wintering about
Reindeer, Cree, Wollaston, and Nueltin lakes and Pakatawagan;
predilection for frozen lakes; predation by wolves); 80
(dependence of travelers on Caribou for food; hunting on the ice
of lakes).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Preble, 1926: 119 (Barren Grounds);
121 (depletion along Arctic coast E. to Coppermine River); 125
(Yellowknife Preserve); 137 (Back's River Preserve; great
numbers; migration); 138 (Arctic islands; partial migration);
139 (Banks and Victoria islands).

"Caribou": Blanchet, 1927: 145 (Abitau River); 149 (sw.
tributary of Dubawnt River, July 5).

"Caribou": Craig, 1927: 22 (Admiralty Inlet; former abundance;
depletion by hunting).

"Caribou": Henderson, 1927: 40 (Clyde River, Baffin Island;
annual caribou hunt by Eskimos).

"Caribou": Rasmussen, 1927: 5 (Eskimos clad in caribou skin,
Melville Peninsula); 20-21 (hunting on Melville Peninsula); 23
(Eskimo stores of caribou meat); 54 (caribou moving N., Baker
Lake, May); 59-60, 103, 105 (hunting by Eskimos, lower Kazan
River); 63, 68 (Yathkyed Lake); 65 (warble fly larvae as Eskimo
delicacy); 67 (decrease in Eskimos and caribou at Yathkyed
Lake); 68 (stone cairns for deflecting caribou); 73-77 (Eskimo
hunting methods); 104-106 (Eskimos starving for lack of caribou,
lower Kazan River); 145 (Eskimos hunting near Admiralty Inlet);
166-167 (caribou obtained by Eskimos, Pelly Bay); 205 (King
William Island); 214-217 (migration, September 15-21, King
William Island); 245 (Eskimos of Victoria Island living on
caribou in summer and autumn); 246 (enormous herds crossing
delta of Ellice River; Kent Peninsula becoming depopulated of
Eskimos through failure of caribou).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Anthony, 1928:
530-531 (description); 532 (Barren Grounds; former abundance;
destruction).

"Caribou": Kindle, 1928: 72-73 (numbers estimated at more than
30,000,000; utilization by natives for clothing and meat); 74
(economic value of reindeer).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Birket-Smith, 1929 (1): 9, 47, 57
(importance to Caribou Eskimos); 48 (back fat); 50 (wintering on
Barren Grounds; moving against wind; antler shedding; poor
quality of winter meat); 51 (wolves hunting caribou; does first
on spring migration; fawning in June); 52-53 (Eskimos feasting
on caribou in spring); 56 (fawning in late June and early July;
great migration at Baker Lake, late July; plagued by _Oedemagena
tarandi_; most important Eskimo hunting in late summer and early
autumn); 86 (tents of caribou skin among Caribou Eskimos); 89
(Eskimo spade made of antler); 90 (bags of caribou skin; fat for
illumination); 94 (skins for household use); 96 (the principal
diet among Caribou Eskimos); 98 (hunting by means of fences);
100 (Yathkyed Lake); 101 (heedless slaughter by Eskimos;
migration always incalculable; fox-trapping replacing
caribou-hunting); 102 (former use of bow in hunting); 104
(arrowheads of caribou bones); 106 (hunting by Eskimos;
wariness; keen hearing and smell; buck attacking a man at
Vansittart Island; deer-crossings in region of Baker Lake and
Kazan River); 107 (Eskimo hunting methods); 108 (snow pitfalls);
109-110 (spearing in water; swimming ability); 110-111 (driving
between lines of cairns); 112 (snares); 133 (gadfly larvae as
Eskimo delicacy); 134-135 (seasonal hunting); 135 (frequent
starvation of Eskimos in lack of caribou); 137 (staple food of
Caribou Eskimos); 138-139 (taboos in use of meat); 140-147
(Eskimo dressing of carcasses); 141-144 (raw, cooked, and dried
meat in Eskimo diet); 171 (meat as dog food); 186 (deerskin for
kayaks); 191, 196, 199-223 (Eskimo clothing of deerskin); 232,
239-251 (various Eskimo uses of skin, bones, and antlers); 262,
263 (Eskimo laws for hunting caribou); 268-271 (drums of
deerskin).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Seton, 1929, +3+:
95-135 (monographic); 97-99 (measurements, weight, color); 102
(distribution); 102-103 (antlers); 104 (molt; senses); 105
(communication; voice); 105-107 (disposition); 107 (aquatic
ability); 107-108 (food); 108-109 (Wolves and other predators);
109-110 (effect of mosquitoes); 110-111 (warble and nostril
flies); 111-116 (utilization of flesh and hide by natives and
civilized man); 113-114 (fat); 117-122 (hunting by Eskimos and
Indians); 122 (Artillery Lake to Back's River; Arctic islands;
migration); 124-125 (reproduction); 125-127 (migration); 127-128
(wintering between Great Bear, Great Slave, and Athabaska lakes
and Hudson Bay); 131 (Mackenzie River to Cape Bathurst; Langton
and Darnley Bays); 131-134 (numbers perhaps 30,000,000); 133-134
(destruction by Indians, whalers, and Eskimos).

"Caribou": Blanchet, 1930: 49 (E. of Great Bear, Great Slave,
and Athabaska Lakes; fawns born in late May or June; antler
growth and shedding); 49-52 (migration; Lac de Gras, Lake
MacKay, Beverly, Aberdeen, and Baker lakes; Coppermine,
Lockhart, Taltson, Dubawnt, Kazan, and Ferguson rivers; S. to
Cree and Reindeer lakes and Churchill; only a small migration
now from Victoria Island to mainland; Wager and Repulse bays);
50-51 (importance to Indians and Eskimos; Dawson Inlet to North
Seal River; inland from Eskimo Point and Nunalla; Padlei); 52
(food destroyed by fire; several millions); 53 (fawning area);
53-54 (possibilities for reindeer); 54-55 (relation of wolves to
caribou).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Critchell-Bullock, 1930: 55
(Artillery Lake; weight; therapeutic value of meat); 58 (Thelon
River, thousands, late July); 143 (use as fox bait); 159-160
(numbers); 159-162 (useful role of Wolf as Caribou predator);
192 (wind direction scarcely affecting migration; Artillery
Lake, mostly bucks, September to November; bucks getting lean,
October 17; antlers dropping and flesh improving, November 7;
practically all (buck) antlers dropped, November 19; Artillery
Lake, several hundred does, November 4, then continuing to pass
N. during winter; bands of bucks passing S., November 26 to
December 9; young bucks with does during winter; does dropping
antlers, March 24 to mid-April; all does gone N. by April 27;
bucks moved N. of Hanbury River by June 20; main s. migration,
Thelon River, July 23; all sexes and ages, in bands up to
2,000--total number 10,000+); 193 (scourged and driven by
insects; voice; stage of pelage differing in sexes; delta of
Dubawnt River; possibly yearling doe with fawn; flies gone
August 24, animals putting on fat; does massing in September,
hundreds slaughtered by Eskimos at Thelon-Dubawnt mouth; last
seen, Baker Lake, September 5); 194-196 (table of Caribou
movements--localities, dates, numbers, sex, wind.)--1931: 32
(conservation); 33 (trade in hides; Back's River Eskimos living
"solely" on Caribou).

"Caribou": Hoare, 1930: 13 (bucks migrating NE., June, Artillery
Lake to Ford Lake); 14 (10,000+ near Campbell Lake, going SW.,
late July); 16 (bands near Smart Lake, August); 21 (Ford Lake,
early December); 22 (Artillery Lake and Pike's Portage,
numerous, December; wolf predation); 27 (small bands swimming
lower Thelon River, late June); 31 (swimming Hanbury River,
July); 33 (great numbers of bucks going S. Thelon River, July
22; relation of migrations to insects and storms); 36 (circular
migration about e. end of Great Slave Lake; ne. migration in
spring down Thelon River); 37-38 (relation of migration to
mosquitoes); 52-53 (summation by R. M. Anderson: carrying
capacity of range--60 acres per Caribou; probably total not over
3,000,000).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Kitto, 1930: 87 (food; economy;
numbers and depletion; migrations); 88 (effect of firearms;
segregation of sexes and ages); 89 (wolves; insect pests); 89-90
(conservation measures); 110 (Keewatin, mainland and Southampton
and Coats islands; Churchill, Eskimo Point, and Baker Lake).

"Caribou": Mallet, 1930: 13 (Eskimo clothing of skins, Kazan
River); 20-23 (great migrant herd, led by a doe, crossing Kazan
River near Yathkyed Lake); 27 (small herds migrating S., Ennadai
Lake, August); 32 (Chipewyan drum of caribou skin); 85 (Eskimos
between Nueltin and Baker lakes living on caribou); 87 (Eskimo
clothing of caribou fur); 89 (Eskimos starving for lack of
caribou); 90 (500 consumed per winter by 20-odd Eskimos); 92
(caribou-skin gloves; tongues as provisions for journey); 95
(Eskimos eating raw frozen caribou in winter and "lukewarm meat"
in summer); 102 (Eskimo tent of skins on Kazan River); 116
(Indians eating caribou on Kasmere River); 131-140 (Eskimo band
succumbing to starvation for lack of caribou).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ Richardson: Jacobi, 1931: 78-80
(description); 80-84 (N. to Baffin Island and other Arctic
islands; E. to Hudson Bay, Southampton Island, and Melville
Peninsula; S. to Churchill River, Reindeer Lake, and Fort
McMurray; W. to Athabaska and Mackenzie Rivers); 140
(phylogeny); 156, 157, 159 (depletion by natives, whalers, and
traders); 186-187 (habitat); 190 (occurrence in herds); 192-210
(migrations: causes, extent, routes, numbers, behavior,
segregation by sex and age, dates, winter quarters); 216
(swimming); 219, 220 (unwariness; curiosity); 223 (food); 232
(reproduction); 236 (molt); 237 (change of antlers); 240-241
(predation by wolves); 244-245 (parasitic flies).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Harper, 1932: 30
(Lake Athabaska; excessive slaughter by Indians; Tazin
Highlands; food; Thainka Lake; junction of Tazin and Taltson
Rivers; avoiding lower Taltson River after fire); 31 (Great
Slave Lake; "near Artillery Lake" [= Stark Lake?]; Indians
spearing hundreds in water; migration; havoc by wolves;
Caribou-eater Chipewyans).

"Caribou": Jenness, 1932: 47, 48, 58, 59 (caribou in Indian
economy); 51, 58, 75, 406-408, 411, 412, 414, 415 (caribou in
Eskimo economy).

"Cariboo" or "deer": Munn, 1932: 57 (Artillery Lake); 58 (great
migration of perhaps 2,000,000 between Artillery and Great Slave
lakes; relation to mosquitoes); 168 (Baffin Island); 191-192
(Eskimo sleeping-bags and clothing of caribou skin, Baffin
Island); 210, 214 (Eskimos hunting deer, Southampton Island);
255 (trade in skins from Melville Peninsula); 271 (depletion of
Baffin Island herds); 278 (decimation of caribou in w. Arctic
due to Eskimos trapping white fox instead of sealing in winter).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Sutton and Hamilton,
1932: 33, 35, 36, 81, 82, 84, 85 (predation by wolves,
Southampton Island); 79 (formerly abundant, but no longer); 79,
81 (migration); 80-83, 86-87 (hunting and utilization by
Eskimos); 81 (scatology); 81, 84-86 (reproduction); 81-86
(antler growth and shedding); 83 (standing on hind legs); 84
(food; foot-glands; voice); 84-86 (parasitic and other flies);
87-88 (description); 88 (previous records on Southampton
Island).

_Rangifer tarandus arcticus_. . .: Weyer, 1932: 38 (most
important land animal to Eskimos); 39 (utilization by Eskimos;
food); 40 (fawning period; seasonal fat; migration).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Birket-Smith, 1933: 89 (immense
numbers on Barren Grounds, but recently declining); 90 (gadflies
plaguing caribou); 91-92 (migration); 92 (thousands at Baker
Lake, late July; scourged by mosquitoes); 93 (no longer
migrating from Victoria Island to mainland); 94 (occurrence in
autumn and winter at Repulse Bay); 100 (good hunting near Whale
Point, Roe's Welcome; use of cairns in hunting by Eskimos); 106
(not many near Eskimo Point); 112 (great migration at Baker Lake
beginning in June); 118 (deer crossings on lower Kazan River);
121 (difficulty of reconciling reindeer culture with presence of
caribou).

"Caribou": Ingstad, 1933: 34 (caribou deflected on s. side of
Great Slave Lake by forest fires); 48 (buck on Barren Grounds
harassed by black flies); 85, 110 (E. of Great Slave Lake); 86
(asleep on ice of lakes); 87 (leaping into air before running
off); 88 (varying wariness); 90 (carcass as fox bait near
Artillery Lake); 118, 122 (use of meat and hides by Indians,
Great Slave Lake); 134-135, 324 (spring migration across Great
Slave Lake); 135 (antler velvet eaten by Indians; larvae of
nostril and warble flies); 139 (Indian drum of caribou skin);
156-159 (migration; followed by wolves, ravens, foxes, and
wolverines); 158 (rutting season and behavior); 159 (antler
shedding); 160 (numbers); 161 (migration influenced by grazing
available; fawning on Arctic islands); 162 (separation into
different herd groupings); 162-163 (destruction by Eskimos with
firearms along Arctic coast); 163 (migration deflected by
burning of country); 165-166 (conservation; wolf predation); 167
(dependence of Caribou-eater Indians on this animal); 176, 181
(Stark Lake and vicinity); 186-187 (use of meat by
Caribou-eaters); 204, 216, 218, 220, 222 (upper Thelon River
region); 207 (predation by wolves); 225, 229-231 (Nonacho Lake
area); 247, 253 (dependence of Barren Ground Indians on
caribou); 253-254 (former hunting with spears, bows, dogteams,
barriers, snares); 257-259 (Indian use of meat and hides); 280
(migrating near e. end of Great Slave Lake); 291, 293, 296
(thousands in winter on Barrens E. of Great Slave Lake); 293,
297 (unwariness); 302-304, 306-307 (predation by wolves on
Barren Grounds); 312 (albino caribou).

"Barren land caribou": Stockwell, 1933: 45 (large herds in
August, Point, Thonokied, and MacKay lakes and Coppermine
River).

"Caribou": Weeks, 1933: 65 (very plentiful on Maguse River after
August 4).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): R. M. Anderson,
1934a: 81 (utilization of skin and meat; migrations; Melville
Peninsula, Boothia Peninsula, and Baffin Island).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1934b: 4062, fig. 9
(map shows range of subsp. arcticus extending N. only to Arctic
coast and over Baffin Island).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Flerov, 1934: 240 (cranial
measurements).

"Caribou": Godsell, 1934: 273-276 (trade with Eskimos on Arctic
coast resulting in great slaughter of caribou); 276 (importation
of reindeer to Mackenzie Delta region to replace caribou).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Hornby, 1934: 105 (food;
weight; fat; migrations influenced by natives, unfrozen large
lakes, and fires; effects of flies; rutting season and behavior;
antler shedding); 106 (irregular migrations; sexual segregation;
wolf predation); 106-107 (movements, numbers, and dates in
region between Great Slave and Baker lakes); 108 (beneficial
effect of wolves on caribou).

"Caribou": Wray, 1934: 141 (abundant, Lac de Gras, 1932); 144
(few S. of Mackay Lake).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Degerbøl, 1935: 48-51
(specimens from Baffin Island and Melville Peninsula, including
an albino from Rae Isthmus; descriptions).

"Caribou": Freuchen, 1935: 93 (abundance of rabbits supposed to
lessen wolf predation on caribou); 99 (wolverine reputed to
attack sleeping caribou); 120 (pursuit by wolves near Wager
Inlet); 121 (followed by wolves, Melville Peninsula; predation
by wolves, Southampton Island); 122 (wolves said not to follow
caribou across streams; wolf methods of hunting caribou); 128
(caribou carcasses consumed by Arctic foxes).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Murie, 1935: 74, 75
(type locality; skull measurements).

"Barren ground caribou": Alcock, 1936: 9 (Lake Athabaska).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Birket-Smith, 1936: 90 (importance to
Eskimos); 91 (migration; snow pitfalls, baited with urine;
hunting with spears, rows of stone cairns, snares, and bows);
110 (dependence of Caribou Eskimos on Caribou); 111 (frequent
famine and cannibalism among them for lack of Caribou; lookout
knolls for Caribou); 112 (sexual segregation in herds); 115-116
(clothing of caribou skin).

"Caribou": Soper, 1936: 429 (resorting to Grinnell Glacier,
Baffin Island, to escape mosquitoes).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1937:
103 (lower Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay; use of skin and meat;
scarce on coast W. of Bathurst Inlet; concentration between
Bathurst Inlet, Great Slave Lake, and Baker Lake; S. into Wood
Buffalo Park; use of rifles by Central Eskimos resulting in
decrease; apparent intergradation with _R. a. pearyi_ in
northern islands).

"Caribou": Godsell, 1937: 288 (caribou migrating between
mainland and Arctic islands exterminated by Eskimos with
ammunition supplied by traders); 289 (reindeer imported to mouth
of Mackenzie to replace vanished caribou).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Henriksen, 1937: 25 (larvae of
_Cephenomyia trompe_ L. from nasal passage, Baker Lake, May 2);
26 (larvae of _Oedemagena tarandi_ collected from caribou in
May, Gore Bay, Lyon Inlet, and Melville Peninsula).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1938: 400
(perhaps no great reduction in numbers, but some shifting of
range from human encroachments and fire; wintering S. to n.
Manitoba and Saskatchewan and ne. Alberta; estimate of
3,000,000).

_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Hamilton, 1939: 109 (hoofs; function
of fat); 244-247 (migrations); 246, 352, 359 (importance to
Indians and Eskimos); 247 (influence of mosquitoes on movements;
sexual segregation); 301 (distribution determined by insect
pests); 359 (immense herd in ne. Saskatchewan).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ Richardson: Murie, 1939: 239
(Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay and Baffin Island, including some
of the Arctic islands; diagnosis); 244 (antlers; pelage;
migration; rut in September and October); 245 (food; ankle
click; voice; gait; senses; insect pests; Wolves and other
predators); 245-246 (danger from introduction of Reindeer); 246
(adaptation to environment).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Clarke, 1940: 5, 7 (dependence
of Indians and Eskimos on caribou); 8-9 (Rum Lake country a
wintering ground; Eskimos from Back's River to Wager Inlet and
Baker Lake dependent on winter caribou; likewise those at
Beverly, Aberdeen, and Schultz lakes); 11 (great winter herd S.
and W. of Bathurst Inlet); 65 (fluctuations; current abundance
in Hanbury-Thelon region and scarcity at Baker Lake); 70
(parasites; diseases); 84 (economic importance); 85-86
(migrating southward in late July in Thelon Game Sanctuary and
at Tourgis Lake, in early August at Hanbury, Artillery,
Clinton-Colden, and Aylmer lakes, and from early August to late
September at Taltson River and Thekulthili and Nonacho lakes; in
autumn near Lac de Gras and on upper Back's River; in autumn and
winter at Reliance and Snowdrift); 87-90 (at least 100,000
migrating N. in early July at Hanbury and Thelon rivers,
including does with month-old fawns); 89, 90 (molt); 91
(previous records in Thelon Sanctuary region); 92-93 (near Lake
Athabaska and Slave River and at Hill Island Lake in early
August; Wood Buffalo Park in winter; the various groups and
their movements defined); 93-95 (early ideas of migrations); 95
(fallacies; sexual segregation; antlers; influence of flies);
96-97 (details of migratory movements; retrograde autumnal
movement); 98 (extermination of bands formerly migrating from
mainland to Victoria and King William islands); 98-100
(irregular migrations; influences--such as wide open waters,
overgrazing, and fires--affecting migrations); 101-104 (carrying
capacity of range; numbers estimated at 3,000,000; increase and
decrease); 104-106 (accidents); 106-107 (effects of fire and
overgrazing; food); 107-110 (wolves and other predators); 110
(hunting and its effects); 112 (importance to natives).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): G. M. Allen, 1942:
297 (mainstay of Eskimos and Indians); 297-298 (description);
298-299 (Hudson Bay to Mackenzie River, N. to Banks and Victoria
Islands, Boothia, Southampton and Baffin Islands, S. to
Churchill River, Reindeer Lake, and ne. Alberta; migratory
habit; shift of range due to human crowding and destruction of
winter forage by fire); 299 (increased slaughter in winter
range; reduction on Southampton Island).

"Caribou": Manning, 1942: 28 (rapidly reduced on Southampton
Island after establishment of a post in 1924); 29 (insufficient
skins for Eskimo clothing); 29 (wolves, for lack of caribou,
became extinct on Southampton by 1937).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Soper, 1942: 143 (in
1932-33, E. of Fort Smith, S. to 30th base line; along N. shore
of Lake Athabaska to Fond du Lac; W. of Slave River, between
Lobstick Creek and Grand Detour and into Wood Buffalo Park;
Tethul River to Tsu Lake and Taltson River; in 1933-34, crossing
Slave River from E. in vicinity of Caribou and Stony Islands and
Buffalo Landing, and feeding on goose grass [= _Equisetum, fide_
Raup, 1933: 39]).

"Caribou": Downes, 1943: 203 (Windy Lake, late July); 215
(1925-26 and 1938-39 bad years for caribou on upper Kazan River;
consequent mortality among Eskimos); 221 (Red River, July 28);
224, 249, 250 (Simons' Lake); 226 (grunting; shaking heads on
account of flies; buck with winter pelage); 227 (butchering
operation); 228 (use of antlers and hoofs; feeding on dwarf
birch; protecting carcasses from gulls); 236-237 (antics of a
buck); 253 (Red River); 255 (warble and nostril flies); 256
(does beginning to appear; swimming ability); 256-257 (snuffing,
snorting, and coughing); 258-260 (estimates of numbers); 260
(change of migration routes through human activities and forest
fires); 261-262 (effect of natives and wolves); pl. following p.
296 (Kasmere River).

_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Manning, 1943a: 47 (recent
depletion by Eskimos); 49-52 (w. Baffin Island; Koukdjuak and
Hantzsch rivers; Bowman, Taverner, Wordie, and Harbour bays;
Tweedsmuir Islands; Baird Peninsula; Lake Nettilling; Cumberland
Sound; Fury and Hecla Strait); 50 (summer and winter droppings;
exterminated from most of Foxe Peninsula); 51 (estimated
population in central western Baffin Island 10,000); 51-52
(migratory movements); 52 (sexual segregation and herding;
females bearing young at end of second year); 52-53 (antler
growth and shedding); 53 (molt; development of warble flies, and
their scarcity in fawns; accumulation of fat); 55 (annual kill
by wolves on w. Baffin Island estimated at 2,000 animals over
one year of age).

"Caribou": Manning, 1943b: 103 (former migration--now
ceased--from the S. to Melville Peninsula, where the animals are
now scarce; still numerous on Baffin Island N. of Fury and Hecla
Strait; fairly numerous, Repulse Bay to Chesterfield Inlet;
dearth of skins for Eskimo clothing; numerous herds about
Piling, Baffin Island).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: Porsild, 1943: 383 (food);
386 (warble and nostril flies "apparently do not travel very
far"; sparsely covered grazing areas suitable for caribou but
not for reindeer); 389 (migration affected by rotational grazing
and seasonal and local abundance of mosquitoes or flies;
wariness varying with size of herd; caribou disappear before
expanding reindeer culture).

_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Soper, 1944: 274-250
(great reduction in southern coastal region of Baffin Island;
few left on Foxe Peninsula; Hantzsch and Soper rivers; Bowman,
Amadjuak, and Frobisher bays; Lake Harbour; Nettilling Lake; Big
Island; Grinnell Glacier; Cockburn Land); 248 (measurements);
248-249 (migrations); 248-250 (utilization by Eskimos).

"Caribou": [U.S.] War Department, 1944: 40 (Canadian mainland
and Arctic islands); 77 (importance as food).

"Barren ground caribou": Wright, 1944: 185 (late summer skins
for clothing; high value of the meat; reduction in numbers); 186
(migration routes changed by overgrazing, fires, and excessive
hunting; numbers); 187 (annual consumption in Keewatin not less
than 22,000; decrease on Boothia and Melville peninsulas;
locally plentiful in w. Baffin Island; scarce on King William
Island; none on Adelaide Peninsula; great decrease on
Southampton Island); 188 (small herds on Coats Island; varying
numbers on Baffin Island, where skins are imported for clothing;
a herd on Bylot Island); 189 (scarce at Arctic Bay and on
Brodeur Peninsula); 190 (migration on Baffin Island); 191
(Baffin population estimated at 25,000); 193 (tables of numbers
taken annually on Baffin Island and in Keewatin); 195 (smaller
caribou on Boothia Peninsula and on Somerset and Prince of Wales
islands).

"Caribou": Young, 1944: 236-238, 243 (predation by wolves in the
Barren Grounds, including Southampton Island and Artillery
Lake).