Chapter XXIV: Appendix: To Ctenophora (7)

Now in reviewing this life-history we cannot fail to be struck with resemblances to the development of Asteroidea, and especially to that of _Asterina gibbosa_. The absence of a connexion between stomodaeum and gut is due to the embryonic mode of life. On the other hand, the presence of a long prae-oral lobe, containing an extension of the anterior coelom and having a fixing organ at its apex, can only be paralleled among Asteroidea. In broad outlines, then, up to the period of fixation the two developments are parallel, but after this point a {621}divergence takes place, which points clearly to the splitting of the Echinoderm stem into two main branches, corresponding with two different sets of habits. In the Eleutherozoan stock, represented by the development of the Asteroidea, the disc became flexed ventrally on the stalk, so that the mouth and podia were brought within reach of material drifting along the bottom, which the podia were employed to seize. As a consequence the base of the stalk was brought near the mouth, and so it came about that the hydrocoel, when it became a ring, encircled both. In the Pelmatozoan stock, on the other hand, the podia and mouth are rotated upwards and backwards from the stalk, which thus came to have an aboral position (Fig. 296, B). The podia are thus placed in a favourable position for capturing free-swimming organisms, which their cilia sweep toward them. It is worthy of note that a similar change of position of the mouth occurs in other groups of animals which have similar habits (Polyzoa Entoprocta, Tunicata).

The division therefore of the phylum must have occurred at an extremely remote epoch, before the hydrocoel was a closed ring, and before, therefore, radial symmetry was completely attained.

Turning now to the question of the origin of the classes of Eleutherozoa, we find that the study of development strongly reinforces the views gained from the study of adult anatomy. The Asteroidea are the most primitive group; only in their case {622}is the fixed stage retained, and both Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea pass through an Asteroid stage in development. The only serious competitors for the position are the Holothuroidea, which many have imagined to have been directly derived from Cystoidea (in the old sense; better Thecoidea). This view, though adopted by Semon,[525] Haeckel,[526] and Bather,[527] is open to many objections. The type of Holothuroid development referred to in these discussions is that of the extremely aberrant _Synapta digitata_, in which the radial canals are vestigial structures which disappear in the adult. In this species, where the feelers are multiplied, some originate in the larva directly from the water-vascular ring, and thus alternate with the canals. From this circumstance Semon drew the conclusion that the radial canals of Holothuroidea are not homologous with those of other Echinoderms, but this conclusion is contradicted by the development of more normal species, in which all the feelers spring from the radial canals. The meridional course of these canals, the closure of the ambulacral grooves, coupled with the retention of a nervous ectoderm, are all features found in Echinoidea. So is also a reduction in the number of the genital organs, on which Bell[528] laid such stress that he separated Holothuroidea from all other Echinoderms. But if in Spatangoidea a reduction to four and even three can take place (Fig. 246, p. 552), why should a reduction to two or one excite surprise? The primitive outer appearance of the Auricularia is counterbalanced by the development of the coelom, which is much modified, so that the primitive bilateral arrangement is obscured. If, then, Asteroidea are the most primitive Eleutherozoa, we may imagine that primitive Echinoidea were derived from Asteroidea through adaptation to life in crevices, where an upward bending of the radii was of advantage, in order to enable the animal to attach its podia above as well as below itself; and that Holothuroidea arose from primitive Echinoidea in which the plates of the corona were still movable, through a further adaptation to narrow crevices, where worm-like wriggling would be the most successful method of adapting themselves to their environment.

{623}The final result, then, of all our inquiries leads us to a view of the mutual affinities of the classes of Echinoderms, which may be indicated in the following table:—

Protocoelomata
|
First fixed ancestor
/ \
Asteroidea Protopelmatozoa (Thecoidea?)
/ \ \
Ophiuroidea Protechinoidea \
/ \ Carpoidea
Echinoidea Holothuroidea / \
/ \
Cystoidea \
/ Crinoidea
Blastoidea

We shall hazard the prophecy that if ever pre-Cambrian Echinoderms are found, there will be amongst them small stalked forms which may be superficially classed with "Cystids," but which are in reality the fixed ancestors of Asteroidea. They should have an irregular skeleton, and be devoid of arms, which are secondary formations; but they should indicate, by the proximity of the mouth to the stalk and by the relation to the stalk of the grooves for the podia, that they have diverged from the Pelmatozoan stock, and are the ancestors of Eleutherozoa.

INDEX

Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of genera or
species; figures in italics indicate that the reference relates to
systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an illustration; f. =
and in following page or pages; n. = note.

Abbott, 422
Abdomen (= third chamber of Monaxonic Radiolarian shell), 84
Abdominal cirrhi, 139 f.
Aboral, blood-ring, of _Asterias rubens_, 452;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 490;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 529;
coelom, of _Antedon rosacea_, 585;
nervous system, of _Antedon rosacea_, 584;
sinus, of _Asterias rubens_, 449;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 490;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 528, 529
Abortive nuclei, of Myxosporidiaceae, 107
_Abyla_, _307_
Abylinae, _307_
Abyssal, Radiolaria, 76;
Sponges, 239 f.
_Acamptogorgia_, _356_
_Acanella_, _353_;
_A. simplex_, 353
Acantharia (Actipylaea), _76_, 78, _78_, 80;
myophrisks in, 80;
_Zooxanthella_ in, 80;
reproduction of, 86 n.;
skeleton of, 82
_Acanthaster_, 458, _462_
Acanthin, 71 n., 75, 76
Acanthocephala, nutrition of, 38
_Acanthoconia barrandei_, _207_, 207
_Acanthocystis_, _71_;
budding of, 73;
habitat, 75
_Acanthogorgia_, _355_
Acanthometrids (= Acantharia, _q.v._), parasitic _Amoebophrya_ in, 161
Acanthonida, _78_
_Acanthotrochus_, _577_
_Acarnus_, 223
Accumulative anabolism, growth, 9, 13, 15 f.;
in relation to brood-formation, 32 f.
Acephalinidae, _97_
_Acineta_, _159_, 160
Acinetina = Suctoria, 158 f.
Acontia, 369
Acrasieae, _90_ f.
_Acrophytum_, 333, _349_
Actine, 183
Actinelida, _78_
_Actinia_, _381_;
_A. cari_, 378;
_A. equina_, sense organ of larva of, 373;
_A. mesembryanthemum_, 379, 381;
longevity of, 375
Actiniaria, _377_ f.;
viviparity of, 373;
symbiosis of, 377;
colours of, 379
Actiniidae, _381_
Actiniina, _380_
_Actinobolus_, _137_;
tentacles and trichocysts of, 152
_Actinocrinus_, 594
_Actinodendron_, _384_;
_A. arboreum_, 384;
_A. glomeratum_, 366;
_A. plumosum_, 366, 384
_Actinoloba_ (= _Metridium_), 371, 372, _381_;
_A. dianthus_, 379, 381;
_A. marginata_, 378
_Actinolophus_, _70_;
habitat of, 75
_Actinometra_, 588, 589, _594_
_Actinomma_, _77_;
_A. asteracanthion_, skeleton of, 77
_Actinomonas_, _70_, 73, 75 n.
Actinomyxidiaceae, _98_
_Actinophrys_, _70_ f., 96 n.;
_A. sol_, 71;
habitat of, _75_
Actinopoda, _570_
_Actinosphaerium_, _70_, 72 f.;
endogamy of, 73 f., 75;
regeneration of, 35;
_A. eichornii_, 72
_Actinostola_ (usually placed in Hertwig's family Paractidae, allied to
Bunodidae, _382_), 379
_Actinotryx_, 371, _383_;
_A. mussoides_, 383
Actinozoa = Anthozoa, _326_ f.
Actipylaea (= Acantharia), _76_
_Actissa_, _77_, 83
Acystosporidae, _97_, 102 f.;
active zygote of, 34
Adambulacral, ossicle, of _Asterias rubens_, 434;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 479;
of Asteroidea compared to covering-plates of Crinoidea, 589;
spine, of _Asterias rubens_, 434
_Adamsia_, _377_;
_A. palliata_, 378, 381;
_A. rondeletii_, 378
Adaptation to fresh water, 176 f.
_Adelea ovata_, syngamy of, 101
Adelocodonic, 265
Adhesion of species, 174 n.
Adinidae, 130 n.
Adoral, band of cilia in Dipleurula larva, 605;
membranellae, 145;
trichocysts, 145;
wreath, 137 f.;
wreath of _Vorticella_, 156, 157
_Aegina_, _296_
Aeginidae, _296_
_Aeginopsis_, _296_
_Aeolis_, nematocysts of, 248
Aequorea, _278_
Aequoreidae, _278_
Aerotaxy, 23
_Aethalium septicum_ (= _Fuligo varians_), 92 f.
Afferent canal of contractile vacuole, of _Stylonychia_, 139, 140;
of _Stentor_, 156
Africa, Tropical, antimalarial measures in, 106;
Trypanosomic diseases of, 120 f.
_Agalma_, 300, _307_
Agalminae, _307_
_Agaricia_, _403_
_Agaricoides_, _350_
Agassiz, 258, 312, 319;
on classification of Endocyclica, 533;
of Clypeastroidea, 548
Aggregate, formation, in _Microgromia_, 59;
social, of _Vorticella_, 158;
(rosette) of _Treponema_, 120
Aggregation of plasmodia into aethalium, 92 f.
Agitation, stimulus of, 19 f.
_Aglaophenia_, 276, _279_
_Aglaophenopsis_ (Plumulariidae, _279_), 277
_Aglaura_, _294_
Aglauridae, _294_
_Aiptasia couchii_, _382_
Air, presence of Flagellate spores in dust of, 118
Air-borne germs in relation to putrefaction, etc., 43
Alate, 185
Alcock, 268
Alcyonacea, _346_ f.
Alcyonaria, _329_ f., 340;
colour, 337;
dimorphism, 333;
food, 339;
mesenteric filaments, 333;
nematocysts, 247;
phosphorescence, 338;
reproduction, 340;
skeleton, 334;
spicules, 334;
zooids, 330
Alcyoniidae, _349_
_Alcyonium_, 330 f., 332, _349_;
nematocyst of, 247;
_A. digitatum_, 332, 338 f., 347, 349;
larva, 341;
_A. glomeratum_, 349;
_A. palmatum_, 340;
_A. purpureum_, 338
Aleurone, 37
Algae, related to holophytic colonial Flagellata, 109, 130
Algeria, dourine disease in, 119
_Alicia mirabilis_, _382_
Aliciidae, _382_
Alimentary canal, of _Asterias rubens_, 438;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 485;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 516;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 546 f.;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 551;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 583;
of _Hyocrinus_, 589;
of _Actinometra_, 589;
development of, in Eleutherozoa, 604, 605;
in _Antedon rosacea_, 618, 619
Allen, on food of _Echinus esculentus_ in Plymouth Sound, 516
Allman, 246, 265, 267, 273, 274;
on Cystoflagellates, 135
_Allogromia_, _59_ f., 65
Allogromidiaceae, _58_;
habitat of, 48, 59
_Allopora_, _287_;
_A. nobilis_, 287
_Alpheus_, 351
Alternating modes of brood-formation in Sporozoa, 48
Alveolar, structure (fine) of cytoplasm, 6;
system (coarse) in relation to skeleton of Radiolaria, Dreyer's scheme
of, 84
Alveolate ectoplasm, of pelagic Foraminifera, 61;
of Heliozoa, 71 f.;
of _Actinosphaerium_, 72 f.;
of Radiolaria, 79;
pedicellaria of _Leptogonaster_, 456
Alveole (= minute cavity in cytoplasm), 5 f.;
in Ciliata, 142;
in _Stylonychia_, 140;
(= large vacuole of Radiolaria, etc.), 76, 79, 84
_Alveolina_, _59_
Alveolus, of _Echinus esculentus_, 526
_Alveopora_, _397_
_Amalthea_ (Fam. Corymorphidae, _273_), 266
Ambulacral area, of _Echinarachnius parma_, 544;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 550
Ambulacral groove, of Asteroidea, 432;
representative in Ophiuroidea, 481;
representative in Echinoidea, 515;
of Pelmatozoa, 579;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 581, 582, 587;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595;
of Thecoidea, 596;
of Carpoidea, 596;
of young Ophiuroid, 613
Ambulacral ossicle, of Asteroidea, 432;
of _Asterias rubens_, 434;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 481;
compared to auricula of _Echinus esculentus_, 526;
to inner plates of _Palaeodiscus_, 557;
to side-plates of Crinoidea, 589
Ambulacral plate, of _Echinus esculentus_, 511;
of Cidaridae, 533;
of _Sphaerechinus_, 539;
of _Strongylocentrotus_, 539;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 544
Amines, 15
_Ammodiscus_, _59_
Amnion, 613
Amniotic cavity, 613
Amoeba, 4 f.;
reactions of, 7 f.;
devouring
a plant cell, 9;
excretion of, 14 f.;
motion of, 17 f.;
respiration of, 17 f.;
taxies of, 22
_Amoeba_, _51_;
habitat of, 57;
posterior disc or sucker, 53;
_A. binucleata_, 30, 52;
_A. coli_, habitat, 57;
_A. limax_, 5;
form of amoebulae of Acrasieae, 90;
motions of, 47 n., 52;
_A. polypodia_ in fission, 10;
_A. proteus_, 5;
brood-divisions of, 56 n.
Amoeboid, motion, 5;
stages of Acystosporidae, 97, 103 f.;
zoospores of _Trichosphaerium_, 54, 56;
gametes of Flagellata, 116 n.
_Amoebophrya_, 86, _159_, 161
Amoebula, 31, 51;
of Myxomycetes, 91, 92;
of _Didymium_, 92;
of fever parasites, 104
Amphiaster (an aster in which the actines form a whorl at each extremity
of the axis, which is straight), 222
Amphibia, hosts of Opalinidae, 111, 123
Amphiblastula, 226
Amphicaryoninae, _306_
Amphidisc, 176, 177 f., 202
Amphidiscophora, _203_ f.
_Amphihelia_, _399_
_Amphileptus_, _137_
Amphimonadidae, _111_
_Amphimonas_, _111_
_Amphinema_, _273_
_Amphiprion percula_, 378
_Amphiura_, _497_;
_A. squamata_ (= _elegans_), 485 n., 497, 601
Amphiuridae, _497_
_Amphizonella_, _51_;
test of, 53
Amphoriscidae, _192_
Ampulla, of _Millepora_, 259, 260;
of Stylasterina, 284, 285;
of tube-foot of _Asterias rubens_, 441, 443;
synonym of axial sinus of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 487;
of stone-canal of _Echinus esculentus_, 517;
of tube-foot of _Echinus esculentus_, 517;
of respiratory trees of _Holothuria nigra_, 563;
of podia of _Holothuria nigra_, 566;
of feelers of Aspidochirota, 568, 570;
of _Pelagothuria_, 568, 570;
of Molpadiida, 568;
of Synaptida, 568;
of Elasipoda, 571
Anabolic, 12 f.
Anabolism, 12 f.;
modes of, 15 f.
Anal, cirrhi, 139 f.;
papilla (tube) of _Antedon rosacea_, 581, 583;
of _Eucalyptocrinus_, 596
Ananchytidae, _554_, 559
_Anapta_, _577_
Anatomy, of a starfish (_Asterias rubens_), 432 f.;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 479 f.;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 504 f.;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 542 f.;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 549 f.;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 561 f.;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 581 f.
Anatriaene (a triaene of which the cladi or branches point backwards, in
the same direction as the rhabdome or shaft), 224
Anchoring flagella, 114;
of _Dallingeria_, 112;
of _Bodo saltans_, 117
_Ancistrum_, _137_
_Anemonia_, _381_;
_A. sulcata_, 381
Animal-feeding Protista, 38
Animals, defined, 39 f.;
and plants, discussion on, 35 f.;
Higher, 31, 38
Anisochela (a chela of which the two ends are unequally developed), 222,
234
_Anisonema, 110_
Anisospores of Radiolaria, 76, 85;
of _Collozoum inerme_, 76
_Anochanus_, _554_
_Anopheles_, intermediate host of malarial parasite, 103 f.;
enemies of, 106;
precautions against, 106
_Antedon_, _594_;
_A. rosacea_, 581, 582;
external features, 581;
skeleton, 582;
alimentary canal, 583;
water-vascular system, 583;
nervous system, 583 f.;
coelom, 585;
genital organs, 586;
muscles, 587;
blood-system, 587;
development of, 617 f.;
_A. eschrichtii_, 594
_Antennularia_, _279_;
_A. antennina_, 279;
_A. ramosa_, 279
Anterior, dorsal process, of ciliated band of Bipinnaria, 606;
of Auricularia, 608;
median process, of ciliated band of Bipinnaria, 606
Antero-lateral process, of ciliated band of Echinopluteus, 607
_Anthea cereus_, _381_
Antheneidae, _471_
Anthocaulus, 389
Anthocodia, 330
Anthocyathus, 388, 389
_Anthomastus_, 333, _349_
Anthomedusae, _262_ f.
_Anthophysa_ (Flagellata), _111_, 112 f.;
(Siphonophora, Physophorinae), _308_, 302
Anthoptilidae, _362_
_Anthoptilum grandiflorum_, _362_
Anthozoa, _326_ f.;
commercial importance, 328
Antipatharia, _407_ f.
_Antipathella_, _408_;
_A. gracilis_, 408
_Antipathes_, _408_;
_A. ternatensis_, 409
Antipathidea, 367, 371, _407_ f.
Antiseptic properties of "aromatic" compounds, 36 n.
Anuncinataria, _203_
Anus, of Ciliates, 143 f.;
of _Stylonychia_, 139 f.;
of _Carchesium_, 147;
of _Vorticella_, 156;
of _Asterias rubens_, 434;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 516;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 546;
of _Pygastrides relictus_, 548;
of Euclypeastroidea, 549;
of _Echinolampas_, 554;
of _Neolampas_, 554;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 560;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 582;
of Dipleurula larva, 604;
of _Asterina gibbosa_, 611
Aphodal, 210
Aphrothoraca, _70_
Aplanospore, 31
_Aplysilla_, 196
_Aplysina_, 225
Apocyte, 30, 32
Apocytial, condition, 32;
forms among Myxosporidiaceae, 107 f.;
Rhizopoda, 52
_Apolemia_, _308_
Apoleminae, _307_
Apopyle, 170
Aporosa, _397_
_Appendicularia_, host of _Gymnodinium pulvisculus_, 132
Aquatic organisms, minute, distribution of, 47 n.
_Arachnactis_, 373, _411_;
_A. albida_, 411;
_A. americana_, 411;
_A. lloydii_, 411
_Arachnoides_, _549_
_Arbacia_, 520, _538_
Arbaciidae, 530, 531, 532, _538_, 558
Arbacioid type of ambulacral plate, 531, 538
Arcadomyaria, _324_
_Arcella_, _51_, 53;
_A. vulgaris_, 55
Archaeocidaridae, _557_, 558
Archaeocyte, 171
_Archaster_, _467_;
_A. bifrons_, 467
Archasteridae, 456, _466_
Archenteron, definition of, 604
Archer, on Protozoa, 45;
on Heliozoa, 71
Archicoel, 450
_Arcuothrix_, _52_;
transition between pseudopodium and flagellum in, 47 n.
Arenaceous Foraminifera, _58_ f.;
Carpenter on, 63 f.;
labyrinthine structure in, 66
_Argas persica_, 121
_Aristocystis_, _599_, 599
Aristotle, 166
Aristotle's lantern, of _Echinus esculentus_, 515, 516, 524, 525;
variations of, in Endocyclica, 531;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 546, 547;
absent in _Echinocardium cordatum_, 550
Arm, of Asteroidea, 431, 432, 453;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 479;
of Ophiuroidea, 481, 491;
of Crinoidea, 580, 589;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 581;
of _Antedon_ (other species), 594;
of _Hyocrinus_, 590;
of _Rhizocrinus_, 591;
of _Bathycrinus_, 591;
of Pentacrinidae, 592;
of _Holopus_, 594;
of _Eudiocrinus_, 594;
of Inadunata, 595;
of Articulata, 595;
of Camerata, 595;
development of, in _Asterina gibbosa_, 611;
in _Antedon rosacea_, 620
Arm-spines, of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 479;
of Ophiuroidea, 491;
of _Ophiothrix_, 492;
of _Ophiacantha_, 492;
of _Ophiopteron_ 492
Aromatic compounds in relation to nutrition and antisepsis, 36
Arthropods, hosts of Gregarines, 97 f.
Articulata, _595_
Ascitic dropsy, _Leydenia_ associated with, 91
Ascon, 185
_Asconema setubalense_, 221
Asexual reproduction of Asteroidea, 459;
of _Linckia_, 459;
of _Asterina wega_, 459
Ashworth, 331 n.
Asiphonacea, _347_
Asphyxia, its effect on contractile vacuole, 143
Aspidochirota, 568, 569, _570_ f., 577, 578
_Aspidosoma_, _476_
Aspirotrichaceae, _137_, 148, 151, 153, 154
Assimilation, assimilative anabolism, growth, 9, 13, 15 f.
Association, in Gregarines, 95, 98 f.;
in _Lankesteria ascidiae_, 95 f.
_Astasia_, _110_, 112
Aster (= centrosome of mitotically dividing cell and peripheral rays),
25, 27;
(a polyaxonid spicule), 184
_Asterias_, _473_, 475;
_A. rubens_, 432;
external features, 432;
pedicellariae, 433;
skeleton, 434;
coelom, 437;
alimentary canal, 438;
food, 439;
water-vascular system, 441;
nervous system, 444;
perihaemal spaces, 448;
blood-system, 449;
genital organs, 451;
_A. glacialis_, 473;
pedicellariae, 434;
_A. hispida_, 474;
_A. muelleri_, 473;
_A. murrayi_, 473;
_A. ochracea_, 474;
_A. polaris_, 474;
_A. spirabilis_, 601, 602;
_A. tenuispina_, 453
Asteriidae, 453, 458, _473_
_Asterina_, 454, 456, 459, 461, _463_;
_A. gibbosa_, number of arms, 453;
eggs of, 463;
development of, 609, 610 f., 617;
_A. wega_, 459
Asterinidae, 455, 458, _463_
Asternata, _554_
Asteroid stage in the development of Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea, 613, 622
Asteroidea, _430_, _431_ f.;
compared with Ophiuroidea, 477 f.;
compared with Echinoidea, 503, 558;
mesenchyme of larva of, 602;
development of, 605, 608, 609, 610 f.;
phylogeny of, 621
_Asteropsis_, _471_
_Asterosmilia_, _401_
_Asthenosoma_, _536_;
_A. hystrix_, 536, 537;
_A. urens_, _536_
Astraeidae, 387, _399_
_Astraeopora_, 390
_Astrangia_, _400_;
_A. solitaria_, 374, 400
_Astrocnida_, _501
Astrogonium_, _472_
_Astroides_, _404_
_Astronyx_, _501_
_Astropecten_, 455, 459, _467_;
fossil, 475;
_A. irregularis_, _468_;
movements, 468;
burrowing habits, 469
Astropectinidae, 454, 458, 459, _467_, 470
_Astrophyton_, 491, _501_
Astropyle, 81
_Astrorhiza_, _59_
Astrorhizidaceae, _59_
_Astroschema_, _501_;
vertebra, 481
Astroschemidae, _501_
_Astrosclera willeyana_, _194_, 194
Astroscleridae, _194_
_Astylus_, _287_
_Atelecrinus_, 588, _594_
_Athoria_ (usually placed in a subfamily Athoriinae of the Physonectidae,
_307_), 300
_Atolla_, _322_;
_A. bairdi_, 322;
_A. gigantea_, 322;
_A. valdiviae_, 322
Atollidae, _322_
Atoll, 390 f.
_Atorella_, 314, _322_
Atrophy, of oral apparatus of Ciliata during conjugation, 151
Attached, Foraminifera, 64;
Flagellata, 112 f.;
Ciliata, 152;
Suctoria, 160 f., 162
Attachment, temporary, of _Stentor_, 155;
permanent, of _Rhizocrinus_, 591;
of _Bathycrinus_, 591;
of young Pentacrinidae, 592;
of Thecoidea, 596;
of Cystoidea, 597;
— temporary, of larva of _sterina gibbosa_, 610;
of Brachiolaria larva, 612;
of larva of _Antedon rosacea_, 619
_Aulactinium_, _79_;
_A. actinastrum_, 82
_Aulena_, _220_
_Aulocystis grayi_, _208_
_Aurelia_, 310, 314, _324_;
_A. aurita_, 312
_Aureliania heterocera_, _383_
Auricula, of _Echinus esculentus_, 526;
of Cidaridae, 531;
of Arbaciidae, 531;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 546;
represented by radial pieces of calcareous ring of Holothuroidea, 566
Auricularia, 607;
metamorphosis of, 614, 615
Auronectidae, 301, _308_
Aurophore, 308
Autodermin, 523
Automatic processes, so-called, 12
Autotrophic, 37
Autozooids, 333
Axial filament, of Heliozoan pseudopodia, 49, 71, 72, 74;
of _Actinophrys sol_, 71;
of _Actinosphaerium eichornii_, 72;
of Radiolaria Acantharia, 80
Axial sinus, of _Asterias rubens_, 448;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 487;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 517, 528;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 552;
of Holothuroid larva, 564;
of larva of _Antedon rosacea_, 583;
development of, in _Asterina gibbosa_, 609
Axifera, _353_
_Axinella_, _216_, 222, 225;
_A. erecta_, 216
Axinellidae, _217_
Axon, 444
_Axoniderma_, _216_
_Axopora_, _262_
Azoosporeae, _89_

_Babesia_ (= _Piroplasma_), 120
Bacteria, food of Myxomycetes, 92 f.;
nutrition of, 36
_Bactronella_, _193_
Baker, H., on organisms of putrefaction, 43;
on Protozoa, 45;
on _Noctiluca_, 134 f.
Balanoglossus, larva and affinities of, 616
_Balantidium_, _137_;
habitat of, 152
Balbiani, on Protozoa, 45;
on regeneration, 35 n.;
on "Pébrine" (_Nosema bombycis_), 107
Barbados, Miocene deposit of Radiolaria, 87
Barotaxy, 20
Barrier reef, 390 f.
Bary, A. de, on methods of culture of lower organisms, 44;
on nature of Myxomycetes, 91
Basal granules, of cilia, etc., 138 n., 141
—see also Blepharoplast
Basal plates, of _Antedon rosacea_, 584;
of Crinoidea, 588;
_of Hyocrinus_, 588, 590;
of _Atelecrinus_, 588, 594;
of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590;
of _Thaumatocrinus_, 588, 594;
of Pentacrinidae, 591;
of _Holopus_, 592;
of Cystoidea, 598;
of Blastoidea, 599
Bastian, H. Charlton, on spontaneous generation, 44 n.
Bateson, 174
Bath sponge, 221
Bather, on _Sympterura_, 502;
on classification of Crinoidea, 589;
on phylogeny of Echinodermata, 622
_Bathyactis_, _404_
_Bathyanthus_, _411_
_Bathycrinus_, 589, _591_
_Bathypathes_, _408_
_Bebryce_, _356_
Bell, F. J., 406 n.;
on classification of Ophiuroidea, 494;
of Endocyclica, 533
on relationships of Holothuroidea, 430 n., 622
Bell-animalcules, 155 f.;
feeding of, 145
—see also _Carchesium_, _Epistylis_, Peritrichaceae, _Vorticella_,
_Zoothamnium_
Beloidea, 77
Beneden, E. van, on Sporozoa, 94;
on pelagic Anthozoa, 411
Bernard, F., 241 n.
Bernard, H. M., 386 n., 397
_Beroe_, 413, _423_;
_B. cucumis_, 416, 417;
_B. ovata_, 416, 423
Beroidae, 414, _423_
Berthold, on protoplasmic movements, 16 n.
Bezzenberger, list of species of _Opalina_, 124 n.;
on parasitic Ciliata, 152 n.
_Bicoeca_, _111_
Bicoecidae, _111_
Bidder, 168, 172 n., 186 n., 235 n.
_Biemma_, 224
Bigelow, 304, 420 n.
Bile, 13
_Biloculina_, _59_, 67
Biloculine, 66
Binary sex (= syngamy with marked inequality between the pairing cells),
33 f.;
in _Centropyxis_, 57;
in _Stylorhynchus_, 99;
in _Pterocephalus_, 99;
in Coccidiaceae, 100 f.;
in _Sarcocystis tenella_, 108 n.;
in Volvocidae, 127 f.;
in _Eudorina_, 129;
in Peritrichaceae, 151 f.
_Biomyxa_, _58_
Bionomics of Protistic life, 43
Bipinnaria, 605 f., 608;
metamorphoses of, 612
Bipocillus (a microsclere consisting of a curved shaft, terminated by a
cup-shaped expansion at each end, characteristic of the genus
_Iophon_), 222
Birds, hosts of Acystosporidae, 103
Birth-pore, of brood-cavity of Suctoria, 161
Bisexual differentiation—see Binary sex
Bivium, of _Echinarachnius parma_, 543;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 561
Black Corals (= _Gerardia_, 406, and Antipatharia, 407)
Bladder, of Rotifers and Platyhelminthes, 14 n.
Blanchard, on Sporozoa, 94
Blastocoel, 603
Blastoidea, _580_, 599 f.
Blastomere, 603
Blastostyles, 265
Blasts of Coccidiaceae, morphology of, 120;
of Acystosporidae, 104 f.
Blastula, definition of, 603
Blepharoplast, 19;
of Heliozoa, 72;
of Flagellata, 109, 115;
of _Trypanosoma_, 121;
of nuclear origin in _Trypanosoma_, 109 n.;
of _T. noctuae_, 120 f.;
of Ciliata, 141
Block-musculature, of spines of _Echinus esculentus_, 506
Blood, Acystosporidae and Haemosporidae parasitic in, 97, 102 f.;
Protomastigaceae parasitic in, in fever, 119 f.
Blood-corpuscle, entered by Haemosporidae and Acystosporidae, 102 f., 104
f.;
by _Treponema_ and _Trypanosoma_, 120
Blood-system, of _Asterias rubens_, 449 f.;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 529;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 567;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 587
Bloody rain, 125
Blowflies, alleged spontaneous generation of, 42
_Bodo_, _111_, 119;
_B. caudatus_, 116 n.;
_B. saltans_, 114, 116 n., 117 f.
Bodonidae, _111_;
movements of, 114 n.
Body-cavity—see Coelom
_Bohemura_, 502
_Bolina_, _419_;
_B. infundibulum_, 416
Bolinidae, _419_
_Bolinopsis_, _419_
_Bolocera tuediae_, _381_
Borchgrevink, 310 n.
Borgert, on Dictyochidae, 87;
on fission in _Aulacantha_, 85;
on phaeodium in Radiolaria, 81 n.
Botanists, contributors to knowledge of Flagellates, 119
_Bothriocidaris_, _557_, 561
Botryoidea, _79_
_Bougainvillia_, 263, 264, 266, _269_;
_B. ramosa_, 269
Bougainvilliidae, _269_
Boulenger, 294 n.
Bourne, G. C., 246, 337, 338 n., 347
Bourrelet, 553
Boveri, on functions of chromatin, 28 n.
Bowerbank, 168, 169, 234 n.
Brachial ossicle, of _Antedon rosacea_, 582;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595
Brachiolaria, 612, 613
_Brachionus_, often found with _Euglena viridis_, 124
Brachiopoda, 428, 579
Brachyenemic, 405
Brachyeneminae, _405_
Brady, classification of Foraminifera, 58 f.
Brain-Coral, 401
Branched, endoplasm, of _Noctiluca_, _Trachelius_, and _Loxodes_, 133,
153;
meganucleus, of _Dendrosoma_, 160;
theca, of _Dinobryon_, 112;
of _Schizotricha_, 152
Branching colony, of _Carchesium_, _Epistylis_, _Zoothamnium_, 158
Brandt, Karl, on commensals and parasites of Radiolaria, 87 n.;
on Radiolaria, 88
Breeding temperature of Protozoa, 47
Breeze Flies, intermediate hosts of _Trypanosoma evansii_, 119
Briareidae, _350_
_Brisinga_, _474_
Brisingidae, 453, 454, _474_
Brissidae, _556_
_Brissopsis_, _556_;
_B. lyrifera_, 556
Brittle Star—see Ophiuroidea
Brood-cavity, in Suctoria, 160 f., 162
Brood-cell, 31
Brood-cyst, of Proteomyxa, 88 f.
Brood-division, brood-formation, 30 f.;
in Rhizopoda, 56 f.;
in Foraminifera, 67 f.;
in Radiolaria, 85 f.;
in Proteomyxa, 49, 88 f.;
in Sporozoa, 48, 94 f.;
in Flagellata, 109, 115, 117 f.;
in Polytomeae, 115;
in Chlamydomonadidae, 115;
in _Paramoeba eilhardii_, 116 n.;
in Choanoflagellates, 122;
in _Proterospongia_, 122;
in Volvocidae, 127 f.;
in Ciliata, 147;
in _Colpoda cucullus_, 147, 153;
of male Peritrichaceae, 151 f., 157;
retarded, 31 f.
Brood-mother-cell, 31
Brood-pouch, of _Pteraster_, 465, 466;
of _Hemiaster philippi_, 556, 602;
of _Anochanus_, 554;
of _Cucumaria laevigata_, 602;
of _Psolus ephippifer_, 602
Brooks, 288, 290, 308 n.
Brown colour of lakes or ponds often due to Dinoflagellates, 131
Browne, 273, 281 n., 291 n., 312
Bruce, Col. and Mrs., on Trypanosomic fever and sleeping sickness, 120
Bubbles of carbon dioxide formed in _Arcella_, etc., 53
Buccal sinus of _Holothuria nigra_, 566
Buccal tentacle—see Buccal tube-foot
Buccal tube-foot (and tentacle), of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 486;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 518;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 551, 561;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 561;
of Spatangoidea, 577;
development of, in Holothuroid pupa, 615
Budding, in _Trichosphaerium_, 54;
in Rhizopoda, 56;
in _Acanthocystis_, 73;
in Acantharia, 86 n.;
in _Spirochona_, 147;
in Suctoria, 160, 162;
in Sponges, 177 f., 228, 229, 230;
in Hydrozoa, 250 f., 263, 275;
in Medusae, 270, 296;
in Scyphistoma, 317;
in Alcyonaria, 340;
in Zoantharia, 371
Bud-fission in testaceous Rhizopoda, 55;
in _Euglypha_, 29
Buffon, on organisms of putrefaction, 43
_Bulimina_, _59_
Bulk and surface of organism, ratio between, 14
_Bunodactis gemmacea_, 378
_Bunodeopsis_, _382_
_Bunodes_, 378, _382_;
_B. gemmacea_, 382
Bunodidae, _382_
Burrowing habits, of certain Asteroidea, 461;
of _Astropecten_, 469;
of Paxillosa, 469;
of Porcellanasteridae, 471;
of _Strongylocentrotus lividus_, 541;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 546;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 549;
of _Spatangus purpureus_, 555;
of Molpadiida, 575;
of Synaptida, 576;
of _Synapta inhaerens_, 577
Burrowing Urchins, 529
_Bursaria_, _137_, 155
Bury, on primary axial sinus of Holothuroid larva, 564;
on change in position of mouth during metamorphosis of Auricularia, 614
Bütschli, on protoplasm, 16 n.;
on paramylum, 95 n.;
on Protozoa, 46;
on Cystoflagellates, 135;
on classification of Ciliata, 137;
on _Strombidium_ and _Torquatella_, 155 n.;
on Sponges, 168, 172 n.

Caecum (diverticulum), of alimentary canal of _Echinocardium cordatum_,
551;
of alimentary canal of Elasipoda, 569, 571
_Caenomorpha_, _137_, 141 n., 154;
_C. uniserialis_, 155
Cake-urchins = Clypeastroidea, _q.v._
Calcaire Grossier, 70
Calcarea, _184_ f.
Calcareous ooze, 114
Calcareous ring, of _Holothuria nigra_, 566;
of _H. cinerascens_, 567;
of _Phyllophorus rugosus_, 567
_Calcaromma calcarea_, 83
_Calcituba_, _59_;
growth of, 64;
pylomes of, 64
Calices of Madreporaria, 371
Calicoblasts, 385
Calkins, on nucleus in Protozoa, 25 n.;
on Protozoa, 46;
on rhythm in life-cycle of Ciliata, 148 n.
_Calliactis_ (family Sagartiidae, _381_);
_C. parasitica_, 378
_Callianira_, _418_
Callianiridae, _417_
Calthrop, 184;
of Radiolaria, 83
Calycophorae, 300 f. _305_
Calymma, 79, 82
_Calymma_, _420_
Calymmidae, _420_
Calyptoblastea, _275_ f.
Calyx, of _Echinus esculentus_, 513;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 545;
of Pelmatozoa, 579;
of Crinoidea, 580, 588 f.;
of Carpoidea, 580;
of Cystoidea, 580, 598;
of Blastoidea, 580, 599;
of _Holopus_, 592;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595
Camerata, _595_
_Campanularia_, _280_
Campanulariidae, _280_
_Campascus_, _52_;
test of, 55
_Camptolithus_, _346_
_Camptonema_, _70_, 73
Canalaria, 201
Canals, "feeding," afferent, or replenishing of contractile vacuole
system in Ciliata, 14, 143, 146;
of _Stylonychia_, 139 f.;
of _Stentor_, 156
_Cannopora_, _283_
Cannopylaea (= Phaeodaria), _76_
Cannotidae, _278_
Capillitium of Myxomycetes, 90 f., 92
_Capnea sanguinea_, _383_
_Capria_, _321
Caravella_, _308_
Carbohydrates, formation of, 33
Carbon dioxide, attracts _Paramecium_, 23;
excretion of, 8, 13 f.;
secreted by _Arcella_, etc., 53
_Carchesium_, _138_;
feeding of, 145, 158
Carinal ossicle of Asteroidea, 436
Carlgren, 378 n.
_Carmarina_, _295_
Carpenter, P. H., on the classification of the Crinoidea, 589
Carpenter, W. B., classification of Foraminifera, 58;
on their true nature, 62;
on their structure, 63 f.;
on Arenacea, 65 f.;
on the nervous system of _Antedon rosacea_, 585
Carpoidea, 580, _596_ f.
Carter, on Protozoa, 45;
on Sponges, 167, 180, 208, 237 n.;
on fossil Hydrozoa, 270 n.
_Caryophyllia_, 386, _398_
Cash, on Rhizopoda, 58 n.
Cassidulidae, _554_
_Cassidulina_, _59_
_Cassiopea_, _324_
Cassiopeidae, _324_
Castellani, on Trypanosomic fever and sleeping sickness, 120
Catabolic, catabolism, 13 f., 24
Cataclysmal metamorphosis of Dipleurula, 613
Catallacta, _89_
Catostylidae, _325_
Cattle, Trypanosomic diseases of, 119 f.
Caudal cirrhi, 139 f.
_Caudina_, _575_
Caullery and Mesnil, on Actinomyxidiaceae, 98 n.
_Cavernularia_, 359, _364_;
_C. obesa_, 364
Cell, 3 f.;
definition of, 3;
nutrition of, 15 f., 35 f.;
-membrane of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7;
-wall, 3;
in Flagellates, 109, 113;
in Dinoflagellates, 130;
-boundary in Flagellates, 113;
-division, 24 f., 25, 27;
Spencerian division, 31 f.;
-unions in _Volvox_, 126, 127;
collar-, of Choanoflagellates, 121, 122;
of Sponges (= choanocytes), 171, 176, 186
Cellular relationship explained, 10
Cellulose, 37;
cell-wall of holophytic Flagellates, 113;
in Dinoflagellates, 130
Central blood plexus—see Heart
Central capsule, 49, 76, 77, 82, 84;
its functions in regeneration, 35;
of _Collozoum inerme_, 76
Centrifugal force, stimulus of, 19 f.
Centriole, 25, 27
Centripetal canals, 289
Centro-dorsal ossicle, of Crinoidea, 580;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 582;
of _Actinometra_, 588, 594;
of _Atelecrinus_, 594
Centrogenous (used of spicules = meeting in a common centre and growing
outwards), 76
_Centropyxis_, _51_;
test of, 55;
_C. aculeata_, reproduction of, 57
Centrosome, 19, 26 f.;
of Heliozoa, 72;
(= blepharoplast) in Flagellates, 115
Centrosphere, 25 f., 27
_Centrostephanus_, 522, _539_;
_C. longispinosus_, 522, 532, 539
Cephalis (= uppermost chamber of monaxonic Radiolarian shells), 83
_Cephalodiscus_, 617
Cephalont of Gregarines, 98
Cephalopoda, erroneous reference of Foraminifera to, 62
_Cephea_, _325_
Cepheidae, _324_
_Ceratella_, 263, _271_;
_C. fusca_, 271
Ceratellidae, _271_
_Ceratium_, _110_;
habitat of, 131
Ceratosa, _211_, _220_
_Cercomonas_, 116 n., 119;
_C. dujardini_, gametes of, 116 n.
_Cereactis_ (family Actiniidae, _381_);
_C. aurantiaca_, 378
Cerianthidea, 367, 373, 377, _409_
_Cerianthus_, 328, 366, _409_;
nematocyst of, 247;
_C. americanus_, 411;
_C. bathymetricus_, 411;
_C. lloydii_, 411;
_C. membranaceus_, 370, 410, _411_;
_C. oligopodus_, 411;
_C. vogti_, 411
Cestidae, _420_
Cestoidea, 413, 414, 416, _420_
_Cestus_, _420_;
_C. pectenalis_, 420;
_C. veneris_, 417, 420
Chaetetidae, _346_
Chalarothoraca, _71_
_Chalina_, _217_, 223
Chalk, Foraminifera, etc., in, 69 f.
Challengeridae (a family of Phaeogromia, _79_);
shells, skeleton of, 84, 85
Chambered organ, of _Antedon rosacea_, 584;
of Pentacrinidae, 592
Chambers, of Foraminiferal shell, 62
Chapman, on Foraminifera, 58 n., 70
_Charistephane_, _417_
_Charybdea_, 311, 314, _319_;
_C. xaymacana_, 310, 319;
_C. marsupialis_, 319;
_C. grandis_, 319
Charybdeidae, _318_
_Cheilostomella_, _59_
Cheilostomellaceae, _59_
Chela (a complex microsclere derived from a sigma and consisting of a
curved shaft bearing recurved processes), 234
Chemical, reactions, of protoplasm and of vacuoles, 13;
substances in solution, 19, 22 f.;
rays of spectrum in relation to plant pigments, 36 n.
Chemiotaxy, 23;
its rôle in syngamy, 34;
of Coccidians, 100
Chirodropidae, _319
Chirodropus_, _319_
_Chironephthya_, _349_;
_C. variabilis_, 338
_Chiropsalmus_, _319_
Chitin, 37
Chlamydomonadidae, _111_, 125, 126;
brood-division of active, 115
_Chlamydomonas_, _111_, 125 f.;
barotaxy of, 20;
conjugation of, 115 f.;
Dill on, 119 n.
Chlamydophora, _71_
_Chlamydophrys_, _52_;
_C. stercorea_, reproduction of, 57;
habitat of, 57 f.
_Chloramoeba_, _110_
Chloromonadaceae, _110_;
trichocysts in, 113 n.
Chlorophyll, 36 n.;
in Flagellates, 115 n.;
bodies of Euglenaceae, 124 f.
Chloroplasts (= chlorophyll bodies), of _Eutreptia viridis_, 124 f.
Choanocytes, 171, 176, 186, 200, 237
—see also Collar-cells
Choanoflagellata, Choanoflagellates (= Craspedomonadidae, _111_), 121,
122 f.;
in relation to Sponges, 41, 171, 181
_Choanophrya_, _159_ f., 162;
_C. infundibulifera_, 162
Choanosome, 170
_Chondrilla_, spicules of, 233
_Chondrioderma_, _90_;
_C. diffusum_, 93
_Chondrocladia_, _216_
Chondrophoridae, 301, _308_
Chone, 213, 214
Choristida, _212_
Chromatin, 6 f.;
function of, in cell-division, 24 f.;
of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7;
of Radiolaria, 81;
-granules, 7, 24
Chromatophore, 13, 21, 36 f., 113, 115;
of _Sphaerella_, 126
—see also Chromoplastid, Chlorophyll, Plastid
Chromidia, 30;
of Rhizopoda, 51;
of Foraminifera, 67 f.
Chromoplastid, 21, 36 f.;
of _Zooxanthella_, 86
—see also Chromatophore
Chromosomes, 25 f., 27;
functions of, 28 f.
_Chromulina_, _110_
_Chrysamoeba_, _110_
_Chrysaora_, 312, 315, 316, _323_;
_C. isosceles_, 311, 314, 323
_Chrysogorgia_, _355_
Chrysogorgiidae, _355_ (= Dasygorgiidae, 333)
_Chrysomitra_, 302, _309_
Chrysomonadaceae, _110_;
external plasmic layer of, 113;
symbiotic, 86, 125
Chun, 197 n., 300, 307 n., 308, 414 n.
_Chunella_, 360, _363_
Chytridieae, movements and affinities of, 114 n.;
relations of, 40, 48, 119
Cidaridae, 530, 531, 532, _533_, 558
_Cidaris_, 533, _534_;
_C. (Dorocidaris) papillata_, 534
Cienkowsky, on Monadineae (= Flagellates and Proteomyxa), 40, 89;
on Radiolaria, 88;
on _Zooxanthella_, 86;
on Cystoflagellates, 135
Cilia, 17, 18;
of Protozoa, 47;
paroral, 156 n.;
preoral, 139;
of Trichonymphidae, 123;
of _Opalina_, 123;
of _Maupasia_, 124;
of Ciliata, 141;
organs formed of combined, 138, 141, 413;
sensory, of _Stylonychia_, 138;
Schuberg, A., on, 141 n.
Ciliary motion, 18;
mechanism of, 18 n.
Ciliata, 18, 41, _137_ f., 181;
animal nutrition, 40;
conjugation, 149 f.;
contractile vacuole, 14 f., 143;
encystment, 147 f.;
feeding, 145;
fission, 147 f.;
form of body, 141;
galvanotaxy, 22;
infested by Suctorian parasites, 160 f.;
gut, 146;
mouth, 145;
nuclear apparatus, 144 f.;
parasitic, 152;
pharynx, 145;
pellicle, 141;
regeneration, 35, 145;
relations to Metazoa, 41;
rheotaxy, 21;
Suctoria allied to, 159;
thigmotaxy of, 20;
tubicolous, 152;
_Zooxanthella_ symbiotic with, 125
Ciliated, buds of Suctoria, 159, 160 f., 162;
epaulette, 607
Cilioflagellata (= Dinoflagellata, given by misinterpretation of
transverse flagellum), 130.
_Ciliophrys_, _75_ n., _89_
Cilium of _Noctiluca_, 133
_Cinachyra_, _212_, 215;
_C. barbata_, 212
Cinclides, 369
_Cinetochilum_, _137_
_Ciocalypta_, 225
_Cirripathes_, _408_;
_C. spiralis_, 408
Cirrus, of Crinoidea, 430, 580;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 581, 585;
of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590;
of Pentacrinidae, 588, 591, 592;
of _Rhizocrinus_, 591;
of Comatulidae, 594;
of _Actinometra_, 594;
of _Antedon_, 594;
development of, in _A. rosacea_, 620;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595
_Cladocarpus_, _279_
_Cladocora_, 373, 400
_Cladocoryne_, _272_
Cladocrinoidea, 595
_Cladonema_, 266, _270_;
_C. radiatum_, 267
Cladonemidae, _270_
_Cladopathes_, _408_
Cladophiurae, 491, _494_, 502
_Cladorhiza_, _216_
Cladotyle (a rhabdus on which one actine is branched, the other tylote or
knobbed at the extremity), 222
Claparède and Lachmann on Protozoa, 45;
on Suctoria, 162
Clark—see James-Clark
Classification, of Protozoa, 48 f., 50;
of Rhizopoda, 51 f.;
of Foraminifera, 58 f.;
of Heliozoa, 70 f.;
of Radiolaria, 76 f.;
of Proteomyxa, 90;
of Sporozoa, 97;
of Flagellata, 109 f.;
of Protomastigaceae, 111;
of Volvocaceae, 111;
of Infusoria, 136;
of Ciliata, 137;
of Suctoria, 159;
of Sponges, 183 f.;
of Coelenterata, 249 f.;
of Ctenophora, 417 f.;
of Eleutherozoa, 430 f.;
of Asteroidea, 459 f.;
of Ophiuroidea, 491 f.;
of Echinoidea, 529 f.;
of Endocyclica, 532;
of Clypeastroidea, 548 f.;
of Spatangoidea, 552;
of Holothuroidea, 567 f.;
of Pelmatozoa, 580;
of Crinoidea, 589 f.
_Clathria_, 225
_Clathrina_, _186_, 221, 231;
_C. blanca_, larva of, 227
Clathrinidae, _185_ f.
_Clathrissa_, 223
_Clathrozoon_, 277, _279_;
_C. wilsoni_, 279
_Clathrulina_, _71_, 73, 74
_Clava_, _272_;
_C. squamata_, 263
_Clavatella_, 267, _270_
Clavatellidae, _270_
Clavidae, _272_
_Clavularia_, 330, 334, _344_;
_C. viridis_, 329, 337, 343 f., 344
Clavulariidae, _344_
Clearing of tissues, physical explanation of, 11
_Climacograptus_, _282_
Cliona, 219, 224
Clionidae, _218_
Cloaca of _Holothuria nigra_, 563
_Clypeaster_, 548, _549_
Clypeastridae (= Echinanthidae), _549_
Clypeastroidea, 529, _542_ f., 556, 559, 566
_Clytia_, _280_;
_C. johnstoni_, 275, 280 f.
Cnidoblast, 247, 248
Cnidocil, 248
Cnidopod, 248
Cnidosac, 300
Coalescence of individual Rhizopods during bud-fission, 55
Coccidiaceae, _97_, 99 f.;
relations to _Trypanosoma_, 120
Coccidiidae, _97_, 99 f., 101
Coccidiosis, 102
_Coccidium_, _99_ f., 101 f.;
_C. cuniculi_, 102;
_C. lacazei_, syngamy of, 101;
_C. schubergi_, 99 f., 101
_Coccolithophora_, _110_
Coccolithophoridae, in Chalk, 70;
wall of, 114
Coccoliths, 83, 110, 114, 242
Coccoseridae, _346_
Coccospheres, 83, 114
Cockroach, _Lophomonas_ parasitic in gut of, 123
_Codaster_, _599_
_Codosiga_, _111_
Coelenterata, 243 f.;
definition, 245;
almost all immune from Gregarines, 99
Coeliac canal of _Antedon rosacea_, 586
_Coelogorgia_, _349_
Coelogorgiidae, _349_
Coelom (including body-cavity), 428;
of _Asterias rubens_, 437;
of arm of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 480;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 516;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 562;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 585;
development of first rudiment in larva, 605;
subsequent development in Dipleurula, 608, 609;
in _Asterina gibbosa_, 611;
in _Antedon rosacea_, 618, 619
Coelomic nervous system, of _Asterias rubens_, 448;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 488;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 524;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 566;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 584, 585
_Coeloplana_, 412, _422_;
_C. mitsukurii_, 422
Coeloplanidae, _422_
Coenocyte, 30
_Coenograptus_, _282_
_Coenopsammia_, _404_
Coenosteum, 371, 387
Coenothecalia, _344_
Cohn, Ferdinand, on cultures of Schizomycetes, etc., 44
Cold-blooded Vertebrates, as hosts of Haemosporidae, 102
_Coleps_, _137_;
mail-like pellicle of, 141, 152;
_C. hirtus_, group feeding, 150
Collar, of Choanoflagellates, 121 f., 122;
of peristome of _Vorticella_, etc., 156
Collar-cells, in Choanoflagellates, 121 f., 122, 171, 237;
of Calcarea, 186;
of Non-Calcarea, 176, 200
—see also Choanocytes
Collencyte, 171
Colletocystophores, 320
Collida, 77 n.
Colloblasts, 414
Collodaria, 77
Colloidea, 77
_Collosphaera_, _77_;
symbiotic Diatoms in, 86
Collosphaeridae, 85
Collozoidae, 85
_Collozoum_, _77_;
_C. inerme_, 76
Collyritidae, _559_
_Colobocentrotus_, 532, _542_
Colonial, cells, 31;
Protista, 31
Colony, 31;
of _Collozoum inerme_, 76;
-formation in Polycyttarian Radiolaria, 84 f.;
in Flagellata, 113;
of Choanoflagellates, 121, 122;
in Vorticellidae, 158;
of Volvocidae, 126 f.;
of _Pandorina_, 128 f.;
of _Eudorina_, 129
Colour, red, of lakes and ponds, often due to Dinoflagellata, 131
Coloured vegetal nutrition, 36 f.
Colouring matter of chromatophores of Flagellates, 115 n.
_Colpidium_, _137_;
_C. colpoda_, diagram of conjugation, 149;
nuclear relations in conjugation, 151
_Colpoda_, _137_;
_C. cucullus_, 153;
brood-fission in cyst, 147
Columella, 370, 385
Columnals, 619 (= Stem-ossicles, _q.v._)
_Columnaria_, _344_
_Comatula_ = _Antedon_, _q.v._
Comatulidae, _594_
Combs of Ctenophora, 141, 412
Comitalia, 201
Commensals, of Heliozoa, 73;
of Radiolaria, 80, 86 f.;
of Infusoria, 153 f.;
—see also _Zoochlorella_, _Zooxanthella_, and Symbiosis
Comminator muscles of Aristotle's lantern, 526
Commissure of radial cords of aboral nervous system of _Antedon rosacea_,
585
Compasses (or radii) of Aristotle's lantern, 526
Conant, 319
Conaria larva, 302
_Conchophtheirus_, _137_
Conchula, 380
Confervaceae, related to green Flagellates, 48
Confervoid form of _Hydrurus_, 113
Conjugatae, syngamy of, compared to certain Chlamydomonads, 126
Conjugation, 33 f.;
of Rhizopoda, 54, 56 f.;
of _Trichosphaerium_, 54, 56 f.;
exogamous, in Foraminifera, 68 f.;
of Heliozoa, 72, 73 f.;
of Sporozoa, 95 f.;
of _Lankesteria_, 95 f.;
of _Monocystis_, 96;
of Gregarines, 97, 100;
of _Stylorhynchus_, 99;
bisexual, of _Sarcocystis tenella_, 108 n.;
of Flagellates, 115;
of _Bodo saltans_, 117;
of _Trypanosoma_, 120;
by a fertilising tube in _Chlamydomonas_, 125;
of Volvocaceae, 127 f.;
of _Volvox_, 127 f.;
isogamous and endogamous, of _Stephanosphaera_, 128;
in Dinoflagellates, 131 n.;
of _Noctiluca_, 133;
of Ciliata, 148 f.;
of _Paramecium caudatum_, 148;
of _Colpidium colpoda_, diagram, 149;
of Peritrichaceae, 151 f., 157;
of _Vorticella_, 157;
of Suctoria, 161;
of meganucleus in _Dendrocometes_, 161, 162
—see also Syngamy, Fertilisation
_Conoclypeus_, _558_
Constancy of type in Protista, 42 f.
Conte, 292 n.
Contractile vacuole, 5, 10, 14 f.;
of _Amoeba polypodia_, 5, 10;
of fresh-water and brackish Protozoa, accessory spaces and canals, 47;
of Rhizopods, 52;
of fresh-water Allogromidiaceae, 60;
of _Microgromia socialis_, 60;
of Heliozoa, 71, 72, 74;
of zoospore of _Clathrulina_, 74;
of Myxomycetes, 92;
of Flagellata, 110, 112, 115;
of _Cryptomonas_, 112;
of _Diplomita_, 112;
of _Oikomonas_, 112;
of _Tetramitus_, 112;
of _Trachelomonas_, 112;
of _Bodo saltans_, 117;
of Choanoflagellates, 122;
absent from Opalinidae, 123;
of Euglenaceae, 125;
of _Volvox_, 126;
of Ciliata, 143 f.;
in fission, 147;
of _Stylonychia_, 139 f.
of _Stentor_, 156;
of _Vorticella_, 157;
of Suctoria, 160 f., 162
Contractility, 8, 9;
muscular mechanism of, 14 f.
Contraction, of Amoeboid cell, 16 f.
Copepoda, infested by _Epistylis_, 158
—see also _Cyclops_
_Coppinia_, _280_;
_C. arcta_, 280
Coprolites, Radiolaria in, 87
_Copromyxa_, _90_
Coral, 326, 365;
Organ-pipe, 343;
Precious (= Red), 326, 352;
Flexible (= various Alcyonaria), 326;
Stony (= Madreporaria), 326, 384 f.;
Brain-, 401;
Black (= _Gerardia_, 406, and Antipatharia, 407);
-Reefs, 390 f.;
Reef-, 389 f.
Coralliidae, 335, _352_;
commercial importance, 328
Corallimorphidae, _383_
_Corallimorphus_, _383_
_Corallium_, 333, 350, _352_;
_C. boshuensis_ 352;
_C. confusum_, 352;
_C. elatius_, 352;
_C. inutile_, 352;
_C. japonicum_, 352;
_C. johnsoni_, 352;
_C. konojoi_, 352;
_C. nobile_, 340 n., 341, 352;
_C. pusillum_, 352;
_C. reginae_, 352;
_C. stylasteroides_ 352;
_C. sulcatum_, 352
Corbula, 276
_Cordylophora_, 269, _272_
Cormidia, 301, 305
_Cornularia_, 334, _344_
Cornulariidae, _344_
_Cornuspira_, _59_;
shell of, 64
Corona, of _Echinus esculentus_, 504, 511;
of Endocyclica, 530;
of Cidaridae, 530;
of Echinothuriidae, 530, 535;
of Temnopleurinae, 539
_Coronaster_, _474_
Coronata, 314, _321_
Cortex, 190, 191, 213;
gastral cortex, 188
Corticata, 49 n.
_Corydendrium_ (family Tiaridae, _273_);
_C. parasiticum_, 269
_Corymorpha_, 263, 265, 266, _273_;
_C. nutans_, 273
Corymorphidae, _273_
_Corynactis_, 372, _383_;
_C. viridis_, 383
_Coryne_, _272_
Corynidae, _272_
_Cosmiolithus_, _346_
Costae, 385, 387;
of Ctenophora, 413, 416 n.
_Costia_, _111_;
_C. necatrix_, produces epidemics in fresh-water fish, 119
_Cothurnia_, _138_, 158
Cotte, 218 n.
Cotton-spinner, 564
_Cotylorhiza_, _325_
Coupled cell, 31, 33 f.;
in Flagellates, 116 f.
—see also Zygote
Covering-plates, of arms of Ophiuroidea, 491;
of arms of Crinoidea, 589;
of _Hyocrinus_, 589, 590;
of Rhizocrinidae, 589, 591;
of Pentacrinidae, 589;
of _Antedon_, 589, 594;
of Thecoidea, 596;
of Blastoidea, 599
_Crambessa_, _325_
_Crambione_, _325_
_Craniella_, _213_, 213, 214;
_C. cranium_, 222
Craspedomonadidae, _111_, 115 n., 121 f., 122;
transverse division in, 115 n.
—see also Choanoflagellata
Crescent (gametocyte of _Laverania_), 104 f.
Cretaceous firestone of Delitzet contains _Peridinium_, 132
_Cribrella_, 457, _462_;
_C. (Henricia) sanguinolenta_, 462, 463;
_C. laeviuscula_, 462
Cribriform organs, 470
Cricket, Mole-, _Lophomonas_ parasitic in gut of, 123
Crinoidea, 430, _580_ f.;
development of, 617 f.
Crinorhiza, 212, 216
_Cristellaria_, _59_
_Crotalocrinus_, 595;
_C. pulcher_, 595
Crustacea, small, rheotaxy of, 21
_Cryptabacia_, _404_
Cryptogams, Higher, spermatozoa of, 38
_Cryptoglena_, shell of, 113
_Cryptohelia_, 284, _287_;
_C. ramosa_, 285
Cryptomonadaceae, _110_
_Cryptomonas_, _110_
Cryptozonate, 454
Crystals, in isospores of _Collozoum inerme_, 76;
proteid, 37
_Ctenocella_, _357_
_Ctenodiscus_, 458, _471_
Ctenophora, _412_ f.;
comb-plates of, 141
Ctenophoral plates, 141, 412
_Ctenoplana_, 416, _421_
Ctenoplanidae, _421_
Cubomedusae, 310, 316, _318_ f.
_Cucumaria_, _573_;
_C. crocea_, 573, 602;
_C. laevigata_, 602
Cuénot, on Sporozoa, 94;
on reproduction of _Monocystis_, 96 n.
_Culcita_, 453, _472_;
_C. tetragona_, 453
_Culex_, host of _Haemoproteus_ or _Proteosoma_, 103;
intermediate host of a _Trypanosoma_, 120
Cultures, pure, 43
Cunanthidae, _296_
_Cunarcha_, 296
_Cunina_, _296_;
_C. proboscidea_, 296;
_C. rhododactyla_, 296
_Cunoctantha_, _296_;
_C. octonaria_, 295
Cup (= theca), of Flagellates, 113;
of _Salpingoeca_, 122;
of _Acineta_, 159, 160
—see also Theca, Tube
_Cupulita_, _307_;
_C. sarsii_, 304
Current, 169, 171, 234 f.;
electric, stimulus of, 19, 22;
in liquid, relation of protoplasmic movements to, 7, 19, 21
Cuticle, of Dinoflagellata, 130;
of Gregarines, 96;
of _Noctiluca_, 133
—see also Membrane, Pellicle
Cuticular shell of Flagellates, 113
Cuvier, 245, 246
Cuvierian organs of _Holothuria nigra_, 564
_Cyanaea_, 311, 312, _324_;
_C. capillata_, 311, 324;
_C. lamarcki_, 324
Cyanaeidae, _324_
Cyathaxoniidae, _394_
Cyatholiths, 114
Cyathophyllidae, _394_
_Cyathophyllum_, _394_
Cycads, spermatozoa of, 38
_Cyclidium_, _137_
Cyclocnemaria, _397_
Cyclomyaria, _325_
_Cyclops_, host of _Choanophrya_, 159;
of _Rhyncheta_ and other Suctoria, 159 f., 162;
of Vorticellidæ, 158
Cycloseridae, _404_
Cydippidea, _417_
Cydippiform stage of Lobata and Cestoidea, 414
_Cydonium milleri_, 222
_Cymbonectes_, _306_
Cymbonectinae, _306_
_Cyphoderia_, _52_
Cyrtoidea, _79_
Cyst (a closed membrane distinct from the cytoplasm around a resting-cell
or apocyte), 37, 39;
cellulose-, 37;
chitinous, 37;
growth of vegetal cell in, 37;
of Protozoa present in dust, 47;
of _Centropyxis aculeata_, 57;
of _Chlamydophrys stercorea_, 57;
of _Amoeba coli_, 57;
of _Actinophrys sol_, 72;
of _Actinosphaerium_, 73 f.;
of Flagellata, 109, 117 f.;
brood-, of _Paramoeba eilhardii_, 116 n.;
of _Bodo saltans_, 117;
of _Opalina_, 123 f.;
of Volvocaceae, 128;
of Dinoflagellates, 131;
of _Pyrocystis_, 131, 132;
of Ciliata, 147;
of _Colpoda cucullus_, 147, 153;
temporary (hypnocyst) of Rhizopoda, 57;
of Proteomyxa, 88;
of Myxomycetes, 91;
-wall, of Acystosporidae, 104 f.
_Cystiactis_, _382_
Cystid—see Cystoidea
Cystiphyllidae, _394_
Cystoflagellata, _110_, 132 f.
Cystoidea, 580, _597_ f.
Cytogamy, 33 f.
Cytoplasm, 6;
of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7;
granular, nutritive, of muscle cell, 19;
in cell-division by mitosis, 26 f.;
during syngamy, 34

_Dactylometra_, 311, _323_;
_D. lactea_, 312
Dactylopores, 257
Dactylozooids, 264;
of _Hydractinia_, 264;
of _Millepora_, 259;
of Siphonophora, 299
Dale, on chemiotaxy, 22
Dallinger, W. H., and Drysdale, C., on Protozoa, 44, 45;
on organisms of putrefaction, 44, 116 f.;
on life-histories of Flagellates, 116 f.
_Dallingeria_, 111, 112, 119;
anchoring flagella of, 114;
_D. drysdali_, gametes of, 116 n.
Dalyell, 317 n., 375
Dangeard, on brood-division in active Chlamydomonadidae, 115;
on Flagellata, 119 n.
Dantec, Le, on protoplasmic movements, 16 n.;
on peptic digestion in Protozoa, 16
Darwin, 328 n., 360, 391
_Darwinella_, _221_
Dasygorgiidae, 333 (= Chrysogorgiidae, _355_)
Davenport on protoplasmic movements, 16 n., 19 n.
Dawydoff, 423
Dead men's fingers (= _Alcyonium digitatum_, 349)
Death, 11;
by diffluence, granular disintegration or solution, 14 f.;
by desolution, 15;
necessary, of colonial cells of _Volvox_, 128;
in _Volvox_ and in Metazoa, compared, 130
Deep-sea deposits (Foraminifera), 70
Degen, on functions of contractile vacuole, 15 n.
Degeneration, senile, among Ciliata, 148
Deglutition in _Podophrya trold_, 159
—see also Ingestion of food
_Deiopea_, _419_
Deiopeidae, _419_
Delage, on protoplasm, 3 n.;
on syngamy, 34 n.;
on motion of flagella, 114 n.;
on Sponges, 168, 174, 226;
and Hérouard, on Protozoa, 46
Delap, M. J., 311 n.
Deltoid plate of Blastoidea, 599
Demospongiae, 195, _209_ f.
_Dendoryx_, 224
Dendrite, 444
_Dendrobrachia_, _409_
Dendrobrachiidae, _409_
Dendroceratina, 209, _220_, 221
Dendrochirota, 568, 569, _572_, 577, 578
_Dendrocometes_, _159_, 160, 161 f.
Dendrograptidae, _281_
_Dendrograptus_, _281_
_Dendrophyllia_, _404_
Dendy, 188 n., 192, 274, 275
_Depastrella_, _321_
Depastridae, 320, _321_
_Depastrum cyathiforme_, _321_
Depressor muscles of compasses of _Echinus esculentus_, 527
_Dercitus bucklandi_, 221
Dermal, gill—see Papula;
membrane, 170
Dermalia, 201
_Dermasterias_, _471_
Desma (the megasclere which forms the characteristic skeletal network of
the Lithistida, an irregular branched spicule), 215, 224
_Desmacella_, 224
_Desmacidon_, 222
_Desmophyes_, _307_
Desmophyinae, _307_
Desmothoraca, _71_
Desolution of protoplasm, 11 f.
Deutomerite, 98
Development, of Sponges, 226;
of Scyphozoa, 316;
of Alcyonaria, 341;
of Zoantharia, 373;
of Echinodermata, 601 f.
Dextrin, 15
Diadematidae, 531, 532, _538_ f., 558
Diadematoid type of ambulacral plate, 531, 539
Dialytinae, _192_
Diancistra (a spicule resembling a stout sigma, but the inner margin of
both hook and shaft thins out to a knife edge and is notched), 222
_Diaphorodon_, _59_;
shell of, 60
_Diaseris_, _404_;
asexual reproduction, 388
Diatomaceae, skeleton of, 84;
symbiotic with _Collosphaera_, 86
Diatomin, 86;
(?) in coloured Flagellates, 115 n.
Dichoporita, _598_, 599
_Dicoryne_, 268, _270_
Dictyoceratina, _220_
_Dictyocha_, _110_
Dictyochida (= Silicoflagellata, _110_), 79;
in Phaeocystina, 86 f.
_Dictyocystis_, _137_;
test of, 152
Dictyonalia, 201
_Dictyonema_, _281_
Dictyonina, 202
_Dictyostelium_, _90_
Dicyclica, 594
_Dicymba_, _308_
Dicystidae, _97_
_Didinium_, _137_;
trichocysts of, 143
_Didymium_, _90_;
_D. difforme_, 92
_Didymograptus_, _282_
Diffluence, 14 f.
_Difflugia_, _52_;
_D. pyriformis_, 55;
test of, 55
Digestion, 9, 15 f.;
of reserves in brood-formation, 33;
in _Carchesium_, 147;
in Starfish, 440
Digestive system—see Alimentary Canal
_Dileptus_, _137_, 152 n.
Dill, on _Chlamydomonas_, etc., 119 n.
_Dimorpha_, _70_, 73, 75 n., 112
Dimorphism of chambered Foraminifera, 67 f.
_Dinamoeba_, _51_;
test of, 53
_Dinenympha_, _111_, 115;
undulating membranes of, 123
_Dinobryon_, _110_, 112
Dinoflagellata, _110_, 113, 130, 131, 132;
plastids of, 40;
nutrition of, 113
Dinoflagellate condition of young _Noctiluca_, 134
_Diphyes_, 303, _307_
Diphyidae, _306_
Diphyopsinae, _307_
Diplacanthid, 457
Dipleurula, definition, 605;
forms of, 605-608
_Diplocyathus_, 277
Diplodal, 210
_Diplodemia_, 223
_Diploëpora_, _346_
_Diplograptus_, 281, _282_
_Diplomita_, _111_
Diplopore, 597, 599
Diploporita, _598_, 599
Diprionidae, _282_
Directives, 367
Disc, of Vorticellidae, 155, 158;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 484
_Discalia_, _309_
Discohexaster, 200
Discoidea, _77_
_Discoidea_, _558_
Discomedusae (= Ephyropsidae, 322 + Atollidae, 322 + Discophora, 323)
_Discomorpha_, _137_
Discooctaster, 200
Discophora, 310, 316, _323_ f.
_Discorbina_, _59_, 63;
reproduction of, 69
Discosomatidae, _383_
Diseases, produced by Coccidiidae, 102;
by Acystosporidae, 103 f.;
by Flagellates, 119 f.;
by Trypanosomes, 119 f.;
Protozoic organisms of, 43 f.
Dissepiments, 385, 387
Dissogony, 419
_Distichopora_, 284, _286_
Distomatidae, _110_
Distribution of Protozoa, 47;
of Sponges, in space, 239 f.;
in time, 241
_Disyringa dissimilis_, 209, 214, 215
Diverticulum—see Caecum
Division, binary, 10;
reduction-, 75 n.
Dixon and Hartog on pepsin in _Pelomyxa_, 16
Dobie, 167
Doederlein, 193 n.
Doflein, 46;
on parasitic and morbitic Protozoa, 94 n.;
on syngamy of Cystoflagellates, 135
Dohrn, on carnivorous habits of _Sphaerechinus_, 516
Dolichosporidia (= Sarcosporidiaceae), _98_, 108
_Doramasia, 306_;
_D. picta_, 303
_Dorataspis_, _78_;
skeleton, 80
_Dorocidaris_—see _Cidaris_
Dorsal elastic ligament of _Antedon rosacea_, 587
Dorso-central plate of _Echinarachnius parma_, 543
Dourine, disease of horses and dogs, 119
_Drepanidium_ (= _Lankesterella_), _97_, 102
Dreyer, on genera and species of Radiolaria, 87 f.;
on skeleton of Radiolaria, 82 n.
Dropsy, ascitic, associated with _Leydenia_, 91
Drysdale and Dallinger, on organisms of putrefaction, 44 f., 116 f.
Dual force of dividing cell, 26 f.
Duboscq, Léger and, sexual process in _Sarcocystis tenella_, 108 n.
Duerden, 261, 369 n., 371, 373, 374, 389, 397 n., 400 n., 403, 405, 406
Dujardin, on sarcode (= protoplasm), 3;
on Protozoa, 45;
on true nature of Foraminifera, 62 f.;
on Sponges, 167
Dust, containing cysts of Protozoa, 47;
of Flagellata, 118
Dysentery, in Swiss cattle, caused by _Coccidium_, 102;
tropical, caused by _Amoeba coli_, 57
_Dysteria_, _137_, 153;
oral apparatus, 145;
shell, 141