Chapter XXVIII: Appendix: To Ctenophora (11)

[312] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xlvi. 1902, p. 1.

[313] _Zool. Zentralbl._ x. 1903, p. 27.

[314] For a discussion of the origin of the polysiphonic stem in
Calyptoblastea see Nutting, "American Hydroids," _Smithsonian
Institution Special Bulletin_, pt. i. 1900, p. 4.

[315] _Loc. cit._ p. 33.

[316] The term "sarcostyle" is usually applied to the dactylozooid of the
Calyptoblastea.

[317] _Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria_, 1890, p. 121.

[318] See C. C. Nutting, _Proc. U.S. National Museum_, xxi. 1899, p. 747.

[319] E. T. Browne, _Bergens Museums Aarbog_, 1903, iv. p. 18.

[320] Cf. Schepotieff, _Neues Jahrb. f. Mineralogie_, 1905, ii. pp. 79-98.

[321] S. J. Hickson and H. England, _Siboga Exped._ viii. 1904, p. 26.

[322] "Life-History of the Hydromedusae," _Mem. Boston Soc._ iii. 1885, p.
359.

[323] _Journ. Morph._ xi. 1895, p. 493.

[324] H. F. Perkins, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil._ Nov. 1902, p. 773.

[325] E. T. Browne, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1896, p. 495.

[326] _Mark Anniversary Volume_, New York, 1903, p. 1.

[327] C. Vaney et A. Conte, _Zool. Anz._ xxiv. 1901, p. 533.

[328] S. Goto, _l.c._

[329] G. H. Fowler, _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxx. 1890, p. 507.

[330] _Limnocnida_ has recently been discovered by Budgett in the river
Niger. See Browne, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ xvii. 1906, p. 304.

[331] "The Tanganyika Problem," 1903, p. 298.

[332] Cf. Boulenger, Presidential Address to Section D of the British
Association (Cape Town, 1905).

[333] C. Hartlaub, _Verhandl. Deutsch. Zool. Ges_. 1896, p. 3.

[334] _Abh. Senckenb. Ges._ xvi. 1891, p. 44.

[335] This gas is frequently called air. The gas contained in the
pneumatophore of _Physalia_ was analysed by Schloessing and Richard,
_C. R._ cxxii. 1896, p. 615, and found to consist of CO_{2}, 1.7
parts, O 15.1, nitrogen and argon, 83.2.

[336] The chemical composition of the substance here called "chitin" has
not been accurately determined. An analysis of two specimens of
_Velella_ bladders gave 9.71 and 10.35 per cent of nitrogen, which is
higher than that of chitin and nearer to that of mucin.

[337] _Zool. Jahrb. Suppl._ 1904, p. 347.

[338] _Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ._ x. 1891, p. 91.

[339] C. Chun, _Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges. Frankfort_, xvi. 1891.

[340] Brooks and Conklin, _Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ._ x. 1891, No. 88.

[341] C. E. Borchgrevink, "First on the Antarctic Continent," 1901, p. 227.

[342] M. J. Delap, _Irish Naturalist_, x. 1901, p. 27.

[343] E. W. L. Holt, _Report on the Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland for
1902_, pt. ii. 1903, p. xvi.

[344] F. W. Gamble. See E. T. Browne, _Proc. Roy. Irish Acad._ 1900, p.
735.

[345] _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ xxxii. 1, 1898.

[346] ἀκαλήφη = a nettle.

[347] _Biometrika_, i. 1901, p. 90.

[348] K. Kishinouye, _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ xii. 1899, p. 206.

[349] For the discussion of this relationship the reader is referred to
Goette, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lxiii. 1897, p. 360, and Carlgren,
_Zool. Anz._ xxii. 1899, p. 31.

[350] See note ^{[347]}, above.

[351] E. A. Minchin, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1889, p. 583.

[352] For good illustrations of this see Sir J. Dalyell, "Rare and
Remarkable Animals of Scotland," vol. i. 1847, pll. 13, 14, 18, 19,
20.

[353] _Archiv. Mikr. Anat._ xiii. 1877, p. 795.

[354] Agassiz and Mayer, _Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool._ xxvi. 3, 1902, p. 153.

[355] F. S. Conant, _Mem. Johns Hopkins Univ._ iv. 1, 1898.

[356] Kishinouye, _Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo_, xvii. 7, 1902.

[357] A discussion of the classification of this order occurs in Vanhöffen,
"Acrasped. Med. d. deutschen Tiefsee Expedition," iii. 1902, p. 49.

[358] The Periphyllidae constitute Haeckel's order Peromedusae.

[359] A stage in development before the formation of the sub-umbrellar
cavity, but subsequent to the formation of the first tentacles, is
regarded as homologous with the Scyphistoma stage of other Scyphozoa.

[360] _"Siboga" Exped._ Mon. xi. 1903.

[361] _Proc. Roy. Irish Acad._ 3rd ser. v. 1900, p. 735.

[362] Cf. Darwin, _Voyage of the Beagle_, chap. v.

[363] Hickson, _K. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam_, 1905.

[364] J. H. Ashworth, _Proc. Roy. Soc._ lxiii. 1898, p. 443.

[365] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xli. 1899, p. 521.

[366] Quoted by Hickson, _Marine Investigations, S. Africa_, iii. 1904, p.
215.

[367] G. C. Bourne, _Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc._ clxxxvi. 1895, B. p. 464.

[368] Quoted by Marshall, _Oban Pennatulida_, 1882, p. 49.

[369] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xlix. 1905, p. 327.

[370] _Corallium nobile_ appears to be the exception to this rule, as it is
stated that colonies and even individual zooids are occasionally
hermaphrodite. Lacaze Duthiers, "Hist. Nat. du Corail," 1864, p. 127.

[371] G. Lindström, _Handl. k. Svensk. Vet. Akad._ xxxii. 1899.

[372] J. W. Gregory, _Proc. Roy. Soc._ lxvi. 1899, p. 291.

[373] G. C. Bourne, Lankester's _Treatise on Zoology_, pt. ii. 1900,
"Anthozoa," p. 26.

[374] E. M. Pratt, _Fauna and Geogr. Maldive Archip._ ii. pt. i. 1903, p.
516.

[375] _Zool. Anz._ xxix. 1905, p. 263.

[376] S. J. Hickson, _Fauna and Geog. Maldive Archip._ ii. pt. i. 1903, p.
495.

[377] Hickson, _K. Akad. Wet._ Amsterdam, 1905.

[378] _Journ. Imp. Fish. Bureau_, Tokyo, xiv. 1, 1904.

[379] Kitahara, _Journ. Imp. Fish. Bureau_, Tokyo, xiii. 3, 1904.

[380] Johnson, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1899, p. 57.

[381] Hickson, _Nature_, lxxiii. 1905, p. 5.

[382] Moroff, _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ xvii. 1902, p. 404.

[383] Ridley, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1882, p. 231.

[384] For a revision of this family, see Versluys, _Siboga Expeditie_, xii.
1902.

[385] Jungersen (_Danish Ingolf Expedition_, Pennatulida, 1904) has shown
that this is the correct nomenclature of the regions of the rachis.
Nearly all other authors describe the dorsal side as ventral and the
ventral as dorsal.

[386] S. J. Hickson, _Report British Association_ (Southport Meeting),
1903, p. 688.

[387] Marshall, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb._ xxxii. 1883, p. 143.

[388] Rumphius, _Amboinsche Rariteitkamer_, 1741, p. 64.

[389] Darwin, _Naturalist's Voyage round the World_, 1845, p. 99.

[390] To be described in the forthcoming Report on the Pennatulidae of the
"Siboga" Expedition.

[391] _Zool. Anz._ xxv. 1902, p. 302.

[392] Faurot, _Arch. Zool. Expér._ 3rd ser. iii. 1895, p. 71.

[393] Duerden, _Mem. Acad. Washington_, 3rd Ser. viii. 1902.

[394] Duerden, _l.c._ p. 436.

[395] M'Intosh, "The Marine Invertebrates and Fishes of St. Andrews," 1875,
pp. 37, 38.

[396] M'Intosh, "The Resources of the Sea," 1899, pp. 10, 129.

[397] H. Prouho, _Arch. Zool. Expér._ 2nd ser. ix. 1891, p. 247.

[398] Duerden, _Mem. Acad. Washington_, viii. 1902, p. 437.

[399] Ashworth and Annandale, _Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb._ xxv. 1904, p. 11.

[400] For recent experiments on this case, see a forthcoming paper by J. E.
Duerden (_P.Z.S._).

[401] Saville Kent, "Great Barrier Reef," London, 1893, p. 145.

[402] O. Carlgren, _Biolog. Centralbl._ xxi. 1901, p. 480.

[403] Saville Kent, "The Great Barrier Reef," 1893, p. 144.

[404] A. C. Haddon, _Trans. Roy. Dubl. Soc._ iv. 1889, p. 325.

[405] G. H. Fowler, _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxix. 1888, p. 143.

[406] For a general account of the Madreporarian skeleton, cf. Ogilvie,
_Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc._ clxxxvii. B. 1896.

[407] H. M. Bernard, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (7) xiii. 1904, p. 1.

[408] "Report on the Results of Dredging on the Macclesfield Bank,"
_Admiralty Report_, 1894.

[409] C. Darwin, _Coral Reefs_, 3rd edition, 1889, p. 125.

[410] For the details of these borings, see "The Atoll of Funafuti," _Royal
Society of London_, 1904.

[411] For further information, see J. Stanley Gardiner, _The Fauna and
Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive-Archipelagoes_, vol. i. pt.
ii. 1902, p. 172.

[412] Saville Kent, "Great Barrier Reef," 1893, p. 185.

[413] Duerden, _Mem. Ac. Washington_, viii. 1902, p. 550.

[414] H. M. Bernard, _Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool._ xxvi. 1897, p. 495.

[415] E. M. Pratt, _Willey's Zoological Results_, pt. v. 1900, p. 591.

[416] G. H. Fowler, _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxx. 1890, p. 410.

[417] J. E. Duerden, _Mem. Ac. Washington_, viii. 1902, p. 553.

[418] M. Ogilvie, _Trans. Roy. Soc._ clxxxvii. B. 1896.

[419] "The Coral _Siderastraea_," _Carnegie Inst._ No. 20, Washington,
1904.

[420] The reader is referred to the excellent photographs of living Fungias
in Saville Kent's "Great Barrier Reef," 1893, pl. xxiv. p. 160.

[421] _Trans. Roy. Soc. Dubl._ (2) vi. 1898, p. 331.

[422] F. J. Bell, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiii. pt. ii. 1891, p. 87.

[423] J. E. Duerden, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (7) ix. 1902, p. 381.

[424] Hickson, _Nature_, lxxiii. 1905, p. 5.

[425] L. Roule, _Bull. Mus. Océanogr. Monaco_, 1904, p. 3.

[426] E. van Beneden, _Les Anthozoaires de la Plankton Expédition_, Kiel,
1898.

[427] A. W. Peters, _Journ. Exper. Zool._ ii. (1) 1905, p. 103.

[428] Cnidoblasts are stated by Chun to occur on the tentacles of
_Euchlora_; and batteries of "nettle cells" by Abbott on the
tentacles of _Coeloplana_.

[429] The two costae that are seen in the middle when the Ctenophore is
viewed in the transverse plane, as in Figs. 180 and 181, and the
corresponding costae on the opposite side are called the "transverse"
costae; the other four are called the "sagittal" costae.

[430] F. Mosser, "Ctenophoren de Siboga Expedition," Leiden, 1903.

[431] H. B. Bigelow, _Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool._ xxxix. 1904, p. 267.

[432] _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci._ xxxix. 1897, p. 323.

[433] _Annot. Zoolog. Japon._ iv. pt. iv. 1902, p. 103.

[434] Abbott, _l.c._ p. 106.

[435] _Zool. Anz._ xxvii. 1904, p. 223.

[436] The name seems first to have been used by Klein in 1734, "Naturalis
dispositio Echinodermatum" (Danzig). Leuckart about 1850 first
established Echinodermata as a primary division of the animal
kingdom.

[437] In the Synaptidae the radial canals although present in the young are
lost in the adult (Ludwig, 1892, in Bronn's _Thier-Reich_, Bd. ii.
Abt. 3, Buch i. p. 460).

[438] Ludwig, _loc. cit._ p. 357.

[439] This classification is substantially that suggested by Jeffrey Bell,
_Catalogue of British Echinoderms in the British Museum_, 1892,
except that Bell separates Holothuroidea from all others. Reasons
will be given later for regarding Holothuroidea as modified
Echinoidea.

[440] Gr. ἀστήρ, a "star"; εἶδος, "form." Linnaeus established the genus
_Asterias_ in 1766. Johannes Müller in 1842 used the name
"Asteriden," and in _System der Asteriden_, 1842, by Müller and
Troschel, the foundation of our knowledge of the group was laid.

[441] Uexküll, "Die Physiologie der Pedicellarien," _Zeitschr. f. Biol._
xxxvii. 1899, p. 356.

[442] Durham, "Wandering Cells in Echinodermata," _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._
xxxiii. 1891, pp. 81 _et seq._

[443] Starfish are most destructive on oyster-beds, and hence possess
considerable negative economic value.

[444] _Mitth. des deutschen Seefischervereins_, xii. 1896, p. 102, and _J.
Mar. Biol. Ass._ iv. 1895-97, p. 266.

[445] Romanes, "Jellyfish, Starfish, and Sea Urchins," _Intern. Scientific
Series_, 1885, pp. 320, 321; Preyer, "Bewegungen von Stelleriden,"
_Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, vii. 1886-87, p. 22.

[446] Preyer, _loc. cit._ p. 49.

[447] Bronn's _Thier-Reich_, Bd. ii. Abt. 3, Buch ii. Seesterne, p. 617.

[448] _Beiträge zur Histologie der Echinodermen_, Jena, 1889. Such spaces
are always to be seen in _Asterina gibbosa_ when preserved with
corrosive sublimate or other acid reagents, but are absent when it is
preserved with osmic acid and Mueller's fluid. Though corrosive
sublimate is usually regarded as a neutral salt, its aqueous solution
decomposes with the production of a certain amount of free
hydrochloric acid.

[449] "Beiträge zur Anatomie der Asteriden," _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxx.
1877, pp. 122 _et seq._

[450] "Cont. à l'Étude anat. des Astérides," _Arch. Zool. Exp._ (2) v.
_bis_, 1887, p. 104.

[451] The analogy of Echinoidea (see p. 529) might suggest that, like the
lacteals in man, these strands were channels along which the products
of digestion diffused outward. No connexion, however, between the
oral ring and the alimentary canal has been made out, nor do there
appear to be such strands developed in the proximity of the wall of
the digestive tube. A connexion between the aboral ring and the
rectum through a mesenteric cord has been asserted, but this is
doubtful.

[452] "Die Echinodermen des Golfes von Neapel," _Fauna u. Flora G. von
Neapel_, xxiv. Monogr. 1897, pp. 349-351.

[453] Ludwig, "Die Echinodermen des Golfes von Neapel," pp. 68, 69.

[454] Ludwig, "Scientific Results of the Expedition of the 'Albatross' to
the Tropical Pacific"—"Asteroidea," 1905, pp. 91, 103.

[455] _Rés. sci. Expéd. Travailleur et Talisman_, "Échinodermes," 1894, pp.
10-15.

[456] Schiemenz (reference on p. 440 n.).

[457] This fact was discovered by Dr. E. J. Allen, Director of the Plymouth
Biological Station, who pointed it out to the author during the
latter's sojourn at the station in 1899.

[458] This figure does not show the animal's attitude during forward
progression quite correctly. The tips of the two anterior arms should
be bent outwards, not inwards as in the figure.

[459] In the more primitive Ophiuroidea (Streptophiurae) it persists all
over the body; in Cladophiurae it is found on the central part of the
disc.

[460] How far this form of respiratory mechanism is distributed amongst
Ophiurids it is impossible to say. It was first observed by me in the
case of _Ophiothrix fragilis_ at Plymouth in 1905, but since then I
have found it in _Ophiura ciliaris_ and in _Amphiura squamata_.

[461] "Neue Beitr. zur Anat. d. Ophiuriden," _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxiv.
1880, p. 340.

[462] "Bewegungen d. Seesternen," _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, vii.
1886-87, p. 123.

[463] Bell, "Contribution to the Classification of Ophiuroids," _Proc.
Zool. Soc._ 1892, p. 175.

[464] Hamann, _Bronn's Thier-Reich_, Bd. ii. Abt. 3, Ophiuroidea, 1900, p.
910 f., discriminates a family Ophiodermatidae, but gives no
character by which it can be distinguished from Ophiolepididae.

[465] Forbes, "A History of British Starfishes and other animals of the
class Echinodermata," 1841, p. 23.

[466] Simroth, "Anatomie und Schizogonie der _Ophiactis virens_,"
_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxvii. 1876, p. 452.

[467] Cuénot, "Études Morphologiques sur les Echinodermes," _Arch.
Biologie_, xi. 1891, pp. 568 _et seq._

[468] This type of mouth-frame is represented in Fig. 215, A, by a figure
of _Ophioscolex_, which belongs to the Streptophiurae.

[469] "Asteriden und Ophiuriden aus dem Silur Böhmens," _Zeitschr. der
deutschen geol. Ges._ lv. 1903, pp. 106-113 (Protokolle).

[470] _Geol. Magazine_, No. 490, April 1905, pp. 161-168.

[471] "Die Physiologie des Seeigelstachels," _Zeitschr. für Biol._ xxxix.
1900, pp. 73 _et seq._

[472] Uexküll, "Die Physiologie der Pedicellarien," _Zeitschr. für Biol._
xxxvii. 1899, p. 334.

[473] "Du rôle des pédicellaires gemmiformes des Oursins," _Compt. Rend.
Acad. de Paris_, cxi. 1890, pp. 62-64.

[474] "The Fauna and Bottom Deposits near the thirty-fathom line from the
Eddystone grounds to Startpoint," _Journ. Marine Biol. Ass._ v. 1899,
p. 472.

[475] "Mitth. über die zool. Stat. v. Neapel," _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxv.
1875, p. 471.

[476] Cuénot, "Études Morphologiques sur les Échinodermes," _Arch. Biol._
xi. 1891, p. 544.

[477] "Jellyfish, Starfish, and Sea-urchins," _Intern. Sci. Series_, 1885,
p. 302 _et seq._

[478] "Die Physiologie des Seeigelstachels," _Zeitschr. für Biol._ xxxix.
p. 73.

[479] "Bewegungen von Stelleriden," _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, vii.
1886-7, p. 22.

[480] _Loc. cit._

[481] See note on p. 541.

[482] "Die Wirkung von Licht und Schatten auf die Seeigel," _Zeitschr. für
Biol._ xl. 1900, p. 447.

[483] In the aberrant genus _Asthenosoma_, where there are internal radial
muscles, there is also an internal series of nerve-cells on the
radial cord.

[484] We prefer the term "compasses," to avoid confusion with the other
meanings of the word "radius."

[485] "Ueber die Function der Polischen Blasen am Kauapparat der regulären
Seeigel," _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, xii. 1897, p. 464.

[486] _Ergebnisse naturwissenschaftlicher Forschungen auf Ceylon_,
1887-1888, Bd. i. Heft 3, pp. 105 _et seq._

[487] "Das angebliche Excretionsorgan der Seeigel," _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._
lv. 1893, p. 585.

[488] In this case the fluid flows from the lantern coelom into Stewart's
organs and _vice versa_. Oxygen must be absorbed through the
peristome. The Cidaridae are not as sensitive to want of oxygen as
the other families (Uexküll, _loc. cit._).

[489] _Danish Ingolf Expedition_, "Echinoidea," pt. i. 1903.

[490] Prouho, "Recherches sur le _Dorocidaris papillata_ et quelques autres
Échinides de la Méditerranée," _Arch. Zool. Exp._ (2) v. 1887, p.
308.

[491] "Revision of the Echini," _Illustrated Catalogue of Museum of Comp.
Zool. Harvard_, No. 7, 1874, p. 423.

[492] _British Museum Catalogue_, "British Echinoderms," 1892, p. 30.

[493] _Loc. cit._

[494] _Loc. cit._

[495] Reference on p. 528 n.

[496] This account of the periproct is different from that ordinarily
given. It is based on the most recent examination of this
family—Agassiz, "Panamic Deep-sea Echini," _Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool._
xxxi. 1904, p. 36.

[497] "Der Schatten als Reiz für _Centrostephanus longispinus_," _Zeitschr.
für Biol._ xxxiv. 1896, p. 319.

[498] Reference on p. 532, note [489].

[499] Mr. E. W. L. Holt, Scientific Adviser to the Irish Board of
Fisheries, casts doubt (_in litt._) on much of this supposed
excavation. While disclaiming any novelty in this observation, he
points out that in many cases one side of the cavity is formed by
calcareous algae, and it seems as if the animal wanders into a
crevice, in which it is imprisoned by the growth of this plant.

[500] These statements are based on the author's observations of the animal
in the Bay of Fundy in 1900.

[501] Lovén, "On a recent Form of Echinoconidae," _Bih. Svenska Akad.
Hand._ xiii. Af. 4, No. 10, 1889.

[502] Details were given to the author in conversation with Dr. Robertson
in 1896.

[503] This family includes three families discriminated by Meissner
(Bronn's _Thier-Reich_, vol. ii. Abt. 3, Buch iv. "Die Seeigel,"
1904, p. 402), viz.: Ananchytidae, Pourtalesiidae, and Urechinidae.
They only differ in the pores for the tube-feet, which are paired in
the first, slit-like and single in the second, and single in the
third.

[504] "On Silurian Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea," _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._
lv. 1899, pp. 701 _et seq._

[505] "The Metamorphosis of Echinoderms," _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxviii.
1896, p. 53.

[506] _Pelagothuria_ is said to have no calcifications.

[507] Hjalmar Théel, "On a singular Case of Hermaphroditism in
Holothurids," _Bih. Svenska Vet. Akad. Hand._ xxvii. Af. 4, No. 6,
1901.

[508] Bronn's _Thier-Reich_, vol. ii. Abt. 3, Buch i. "Die Seewalzen,"
1891, pp. 327 _et seq._

[509] Genuine suckers appear never to be developed; but the ends of the
ventral podia are sometimes rounded, sometimes slightly flattened.

[510] "Mémoire sur l'_Elpidia_ nouveau genre d'Holothuries," _K. Sv. Vet.
Akad._ xiv. No. 8, 1877.

[511] Gerould, "The Anatomy and Histology of _Caudina armata_," _Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool._ No. 56, 1895, p. 124.

[512] "Structure, Physiology, and Development of _Antedon rosaceus_,"
_Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc._ 1866, pp. 671-756.

[513] "On the Nervous System of _Antedon rosaceus_," _Q.J.M.S._ xxiv. 1884,
p. 507.

[514] Bather calls the side-plates "adambulacral." The name is unfortunate,
as it suggests that the side-plates correspond to the adambulacrals
of Asteroidea; but when the groove is closed the position and
function of adambulacrals and covering plates is the same
(Lankester's _Treatise on Zoology_, iii. "Echinodermata," 1900).

[515] _Challenger Reports_ (_Stalked Crinoids_), vol. xi. pt. xxxii. 1884.

[516] _Stammesgeschichte der Pelmatozoen_, pt. i. 1899.

[517] "Die Echinodermenlarven der Plankton Expedition," _Ergebn. Plankton
Exp._ Bd. ii. J, 1898.

[518] "Über die Larvenzustande und die Metamorphose der Ophiuren und
Seeigel," _Abh. K. Akad. wiss. Berlin_, 1846, and other papers in the
same publication in subsequent years.

[519] This is clearly seen by comparing the larva of _Asterina gibbosa_
with a young Bipinnaria in which the longitudinal band is as yet
undivided. The shape of the prae-oral lobe is practically the same in
both.

[520] "The Fate of the Body-cavities in the Metamorphosis of _Asterias
pallida_," J. _Coll. Japan_, x. 1898, p. 239.

[521] Yves Delage, "Elevage des Larves parthénogénétiques _d'Asterias
glacialis_," _Arch. Zool. Exp._ (4) ii. 1904, p. 27.

[522] "The Metamorphosis of Echinoderms," _Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc._
xxxviii. 1895, p. 45.

[523] In the type figured (larva of _Synapta digitata_) the feelers are
budded off directly from the ring-canal and alternate with the
rudiments of the radial canal.

[524] Observed in Plymouth, 1905.

[525] "Die Entwicklung der _Synapta digitata_," _Jen. Zeitschr._ xxii.
1888, p. 175.

[526] "Die Cambrische Stammgruppe der Echinodermen," _Jen. Zeitschr._ xxx.
1895.

[527] Lankester's _Treatise on Zoology_, "Echinodermata," pt. iii. 1900, p.
33.

[528] _Brit. Mus. Cat._ "British Echinodermata," 1892, p. 14.

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed text