Chapter XXVI: Appendix: To Ctenophora (9)

_Pachychalina_, 223
_Pachymatisma_, _215_;
_P. johnstonia_, 215, 222;
_P. normani_, 215
Pairing in _Trichosphaerium_, 54
Pairing-cells, 31, 33 f.;
in _Lankesteria_, 95
—see also Gametes, Syngamy
Pairing nuclei, state of, 34;
of Ciliata, 150;
of _Paramecium_, 148
_Palaeaster_, 476
_Palaeocoma_, 476
_Palaeodiscus_, 557
Palaeoechinoidea, 556
_Palaeoechinus_, _557_
_Palephyra_, _322_
Pali, 370, 385, 387
_Palmella_ state of _Zooxanthella_, 86
_Palmipes_, 461, _464_;
_P. membranaceus_, 464
_Pamphagus_, test of, 59 f.
Panceri, 339
_Pandorina morum_, _111_, 129
Pansporoblast of Myxosporidiaceae, 107
Pantostomata, _109_
Papula (including dermal gill), 432, 457;
compared to diplopore of Cystoidea, 599
Paractinopoda, 570
Paragaster, 187
Paragastric canals, 416
Paraglycogen (= paramylum), 95
_Paragorgia_, 333, 336, _351_
_Paralcyonium_, _349_
_Paramecium_, _137_, 143 n., 151, 153;
specific gravity of, 13 n.;
thigmotaxy of, 20;
reaction to repellent stimuli, 21 n.;
thermotaxy of, 22;
galvanotaxy of, 22;
chemiotaxy of, 23;
trichocysts of, 143, 151;
contractile vacuoles of, 143 n., 151;
_P. bursaria_, 153;
_P. caudatum_, 151;
in conjugation, 148
_Paramoeba_, 51 n., _110_;
nutrition of, 113;
formation and regeneration of chromatophores in, 115;
_P. eilhardii_, 116 n.;
reproduction of, 116 n.
_Paramuricea_, _356_;
spicule, 336
Paramylum (= paraglycogen), 37, 95, 115;
in Gregarines, 95;
in Flagellates, 115;
in Ciliata, 144
Parangi, 121 n.
Parapyle, 81
_Pararchaster_, _466_
Parasites, in relation to brood-formation, 33;
internal, belonging to Metazoa, nutrition of, 38;
of man, 57, 103 f., 108 n., 119 f., 152;
of Radiolaria, 86 f.;
of _Sticholonche_, 86, 161;
of plants, 88 f.;
of Acantharia, 86, 161;
of Crucifers, 89;
of Crustacea, 89;
of earthworm, 95;
of centipedes, 99;
of _Epizoanthus glacialis_, 99;
of _Lithobius forficatus_, 99;
of cold-blooded Vertebrates, 102;
of rabbit, 102;
of cattle, 102, 119 f.;
of frog, 102, 124;
of birds, 103;
of fish, 107;
of silkworm, 107;
of fish, 107, 119, 152;
of sheep, 108 n.;
of insects, 111, 123;
of Amphibia, 111, 123 f., 158;
of dog, 119;
of horse, 119;
of ox, 119;
of Rodents, 119;
of owl, 120 f.;
of cockroach, 123;
of mole-cricket, 123;
of Termites, 123;
of Metazoa, 152;
of Ruminants, 152;
of Heliozoa, 155;
of _Raphidiophrys_, 155;
of _Hydra_, 158;
of newts, 158;
of Ciliata, 159
Parasitic, Proteomyxa, 48, 88 f.;
Sporozoa, 48, 94 f.;
Flagellata, 48, 111, 119 f., 123;
Rhizopoda, 57;
Ciliata, 152, 158;
Suctoria, 161;
Hydrozoa, 268 f.
_Parasmilia_, _401_
Parazoa, _181_
_Parazoanthus_, _406_;
_P. anguicomus_, 406;
_P. separatus_, 406;
_P. tunicans_, 406
Parenchymalia, 201
Parenchymula, 227
_Parisis_, _351_
Parker, 371
_Parkeria_, _283_
Paroral cilia, 139;
of _Vorticella_, 156 n.
Parthenogenesis, of malarial parasites, conjectured, 106 n.
Pasteur, on organisms of fermentation and putrefaction, 43;
on nature of pébrine (_Nosema bombycis_), 107
_Patellina_, _59_;
reproduction of, 69
Patina, 580;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 582;
of _Thaumatocrinus_, 589;
of _Hyocrinus_, 590;
of Rhizocrinidae, 590;
of Pentacrinidae, 591
_Paulinella_, _52_;
test of, 54;
pylome of, 54
_Pavonia_ (Fungiidae, _403_), 390
Paxilla, 455;
evolution of, 466;
relation to granules of Valvata, 471
Paxillosa, 461, _466_ f.;
restriction of papulae to dorsal surface, 469
_Peachia_, 366, _380_;
_P. hastata_, 370
Pébrine, 107
Pectinate pedicellariae, 456, 466
Pectyllidae, _294_
_Pectyllis_, _294_
Pedal laceration, 372
Pedal nerve, of _Asterias rubens_, 455;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 488;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 518;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 566
Pedicellaria, of _Asterias rubens_, 432;
of _A. glacialis_, 434;
of Asteroidea, 456;
alveolate, 456;
pectinate, 456;
pincer-shaped, 456;
valvate, 456;
forcipulate, 433, 434, 456, 462;
representatives in Ophiuroidea, 492;
in _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 492;
in _Ophiohelus_, 492, 493;
of _Echinus acutus_, 509;
of _E. esculentus_, 506 f., 507;
tridactyle, 506, 509, 510;
gemmiform, 506, 509, 510;
trifoliate, 508, 509, 510;
ophicephalous, 508, 509, 510;
function of, 508 f.;
of Endocyclica, 532;
of Cidaridae, 532;
of Echinothuriidae, 532, 535;
of _Centrostephanus longispinosus_, 532;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 544, 545;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 550;
absent in Pelmatozoa, 582
_Pedicellaster_, _474_
Pedicellasteridae, 456, _474_
_Pegantha_, _296_
Peganthidae, _296_
Pekelharing, 187 n., 234 n., 237
_Pelagia_, 311, 312, 315, 316, _323_;
_P. noctiluca_, 311;
_P. perla_, 323;
_P. phosphora_, 311, 323
Pelagic, Foraminifera, 61, 66, 69;
Radiolaria, 76;
Dinoflagellates, 131
Pelagiidae, _323_
_Pelagohydra_, 263, _274_;
_P. mirabilis_, 274
Pelagohydridae, _274_
_Pelagothuria_, 568, 569, _572_;
_P. natans_, 572
Pelagothuriida, _572_, 577, 578
Pellicle, of Protozoa, 46;
of Flagellates, 109 f., 113;
of _Noctiluca_, 133;
of Ciliata, 139, 141, 142;
of _Coleps_, 141, 152;
of _Dysteria_, 153;
of _Vorticella_, 157;
of Suctoria, 159;
of tentacles of Suctoria, 161
—see also Cuticle
Pelmatozoa, _430_, 579 f.;
phylogeny of, 621
_Pelomyxa_, _51_;
_P. palustris_, 52 f.;
pepsin in, 16
Penard, on Heliozoa, 71;
on Rhizopoda, 58 n.
_Peneroplis_, _59_, 66;
pylomes of, 64
_Peniagone_, _572_
_Pennaria_, _272_
Pennariidae, _272_
_Pennatula_, _361_;
_P. grandis_, 361;
_P. murrayi_, 359, 362;
_P. naresi_, 362;
_P. phosphorea_, 338, 361
Pennatulacea, 333, 335, 337, _358_, 358, 359, 363 f.
_Pentaceros_, _472_
Pentacerotidae, 457, 458, 459, _471_
_Pentachogon_, _294_
Pentacrinidae, 588, 589, _591_ f.
Pentacrinoidea, 595
_Pentacrinus (Isocrinus)_, _591_ f.;
_P. asteria_, 592;
_P. maclearanus_, 593
_Pentagonaster_, _471_;
_P. japonicus_, 472
Pentagonasteridae, 455, _471_
_Pentremites_, _599_
Pepsin, 16
Peptic, digestion, 16;
juice in _Carchesium_, 147
Peptones, 15
Perforate, Corals, 371;
Foraminifera, _58_ f.
_Peribolaster_, 453, _463_
Peribranchial spaces of _Asterias rubens_, 449
_Pericolpa_, _322_
Peridiniales, synonym of Dinoflagellata used by Schütt, 119, 132
_Peridinium_, _110_;
fossil, 132;
_P. divergens_, 131
_Perigonimus_, 265, 266, _269_
Perihaemal spaces (or canals), of _Asterias rubens_, 448;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 481, 488;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 524;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 566
_Peripatus_, segmentation of, 32 n.
_Periphylla_, 311, 314, _322_;
_P. regina_, 322
Periphyllidae, 310, _322_
Periproct, of _Echinus esculentus_, 504, 507, 512, 513, 534;
of Endocyclica, 530, 534, 538;
of Cidaridae, 530, 533, 534;
of Arbaciidae, 530;
of Echinothuriidae, 535;
development of, in young Echinoid, 613
Peripylaea (= Spumellaria), _76_
Perisarc, 251, 263
_Perisiphonia_, 277, _280_
Peristalsis of intestine of _Holothuria nigra_, 563
Peristome, of Ciliata, 137 f.;
in fission, 147;
of Peritrichaceae, 155 f.;
of Vorticellidae, 155 f., 157;
of _Asterias rubens_, 434;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 505, 513, 514;
of Asteroidea, 514;
of Cidaridae, 514, 530, 533;
of Endocyclica, 530;
of Echinothuriidae, 535;
of _Asthenosoma hystrix_, 537;
of Saleniidae, 537;
of Arbaciidae, 538;
of Diadematidae, 538;
of Echinidae, 539;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 550;
of Spatangoidea, 553;
of Palaeostomatidae, 554
Peristomial area, 139;
of _Caenomorpha_ and _Metopus_, 154;
of _Bursaria_, 155
Peristomial collar, 142, 156, 157
Peristomial plate, of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 483;
of Endocyclica, 530;
of Cidaridae, 530, 533;
of Echinothuriidae, 530, 535;
of Saleniidae, 537;
of Arbaciidae, 538;
of _Echinus microtuberculatus_, 540
Peritoneum, of _Asterias rubens_, 437;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 567
Peritrichaceae, _138_;
pellicle, 141;
myonemes, 142;
trichocysts, 143;
contractile vacuole and reservoir, 145;
pharynx, vestibule, mode of feeding, 145;
fission, 147;
conjugation, 151;
peristomial collar, 156, 157
Perkins, 232 n., 290
_Peronella_, _549_
Peronium, 295
Perrier, on classification of Asteroidea, 461
Persian Tick, 121
Petal, of _Echinarachnius parma_, 545;
of Fibularidae, 549;
of Echinanthidae, 549;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 551
_Petalocrinus_, 595
Petasidae, _294_
_Petasus_, _294_
Peters, 414 n.
_Petrostroma_, _193_;
_P. schulzei_, 193
Pfeiffer, on Sporozoa, 94
Phacella, 314
_Phacotus_, _111_;
shell, 113
Phaeoconchia, _79_, 85
Phaeocystina, _79_, 82, 87
Phaeodaria (Cannopylaea, Tripylaea), _76_, _79_;
skeleton, 82, 84, 85;
central capsule, 82, 84;
fission, 85
Phaeodium, 76, 81, 82
Phaeogromia, _79_
Phaeosphaeria, _79_
_Phakellia_, 224
_Phalangopora_, 284, _286_
Phalansteridae, _111_
_Phalansterium_, 113
Phanerocodonic, 253, 265
Phanerozonate, 454
Pharetronidae, _192_
_Pharyngella_, _79_, 85
Pharynx, of _Stylonychia mytilus_, 139;
of Ciliata, 145;
of Gymnostomaceae, 145;
of _Paramecium caudatum_, 151;
of _Caenomorpha uniserialis_, 155;
of Peritrichaceae, 145;
of _Carchesium polypinum_, 146 f.;
of _Vorticella_, 156, 157
Pharynx-tube of Euglenaceae, 124 f.
—see also Flagellar Pit
_Pheronema_, _204_;
_P. carpenteri_, 204, 205, 221
_Phialidium temporarium_, _281_
_Pholidaster_, _474_
_Phoriospongia_, _220_
Phosphorescence, of Dinoflagellata, 132;
of Cystoflagellata, 132, 134;
of _Noctiluca_, 132, 134;
of Scyphozoa, 311;
of Alcyonaria, 338;
of Pennatulids, 361;
of Ctenophores, 414
Phosphorescent oil-drops in Radiolaria, 80
Photopathy, 21
Phototaxy, 21;
of _Euglena_, 125
Phycochromaceae, 39
Phycomycetes Zoosporeae related to Flagellata, 109
Phycomycetous Fungi, relations of, 48
Phylactocarp, 276
Phyllactidae, _382_
_Phyllangia_, _400_;
_P. americana_, 374
Phyllode, 553
_Phyllograptus_, _282_
_Phyllophorus_, _573_;
_P. rugosus_, 567;
_P. urna_, 574
_Physalia_, 300, 302, 304, _308_
Physiological contrast of Animals and Plants, 38
Physiology, of cell and protoplasm, 3 f.;
of Sponges, 234 f.;
of nervous system of Echinoidea, 519 f.
Physonectidae, 301, _307_
_Physophora_, 301, _308_;
_P. borealis_, 304
Physophorae, _307_
Physophorinae, _308_
Pigment, of _Stentor_, 154;
of Sponges, 169, 238;
-granules, of Phaeodaria, 76, 80 f.
Pinacocyte, 170, 213, 237
Pincer-shaped pedicellariae, 456
Pineau, on spontaneous generation, 43
Pinnule, of _Antedon rosacea_, 581, 583;
of _A. eschrichtii_, 594;
of _Hyocrinus_, 590;
of _Metacrinus_, 592;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595
Pinulus (a pentactine triaxon in which the unpaired actine bears lateral
spines and projects beyond the bounding surface), 204
_Piroplasma_, 120 f.
_Placosmilia_, _401_
_Placospongia_, spicules of, 233
_Plakina_, _212_, 213;
_P. monolopha_, 210, 212, 213
Plankton, Protozoa of, 48;
Foraminifera of, 61;
Radiolaria of, 75
_Planorbulina_, _59_, 63
Plant(s), definition, 39;
Animals and, discussion on, 35 f.;
Higher, movements of, 38;
insectivorous, 38;
-Protists, relations of, 48;
-cells, wall of, 37;
protoplasmic connexions of, 37
—see also Metaphytes
Planula, 341
_Plasmodiophora_, _89_
Plasmodium, 30;
rheotaxy, 21;
of Myxomycetes, 50, 90 f.;
of Proteomyxa, 88;
of _Didymium_, 92
_Plasmodium_, a generic name given to Acystosporid Coccidiaceae producing
malarial fever, 103 f.—see _Haemamoeba_, _Laverania_
Plastid, 21, 36 f.;
of _Paulinella_, 54 n.;
of Flagellates, 110, 112 f.;
of _Trachelomonas_, 112
—see also Chromoplasts, Chromatophore, Chromoplastid
Plastogamy, 30, 34 n.;
of Rhizopods, 56;
of Foraminifera, _Discorbina_ and _Patellina_, 69;
temporary, in _Actinophrys sol_, 72;
of Myxomycetes, 90 f.
Plastron, of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 550;
of Sternata, 554
Plate, on _Dendrocometes_, 162
Plates, siliceous, of shell of Rhizopods, 29, 53 f.;
ctenophoral, 141, 412 f.
Platt, Julia B., on density of living protoplasm, 13 n.
_Platybrissus_, _554_
Platyctenea, 413, 416, _421_
Platyhelminthes, bladder of, 14 n.
_Plectinia_, _193_
Plectoidea, _78_
_Plectroninia_, _193_, 193;
_P. halli_, 193
Plesiofungiidae, _403_
Plesioporitidae, _404_
_Pleurobrachia_, _418_;
_P. pileus_, 416, 417, 418;
_P. rhodopis_, 418
Pleurobrachiidae, _418_
_Pleurocorallium_, _352_
_Pleurocoralloides_, _352_
_Pleurogorgia_, _355_
_Pleuronema_, _137_;
_P. chrysalis_, 153, 154
_Plexaura_, _356_
Plexauridae, _356_
Plimmer and Rose Bradford, on _Trypanosoma_, 121
_Pliobothrus_, 284, _286_
_Plocamia_, 223
_Plumohalichondria_, 225
_Plumularia_, _279_;
_P. echinulata_, 276;
_P. halecioides_, 276;
_P. profunda_, 275;
_P. setacea_, 276
Pluteus, 607
Pneumatophore, 300 f., 307 f.
Pneumatopyles, 309
Pneumotaxy, 23
_Pocillon_, 223
_Pocillopora_, 375, _402_, 402;
_P. septata_, 402
Pocilloporidae, _401_
Podium, 428;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 479 f., 487;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 561;
of Elasipoda, 571 f.;
of Molpadiida, 575;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 582
_Podocoryne_, _270_
Podocorynidae, _270_
Podoplast, 19 n.
—see also Blepharoplast
_Podostoma_, _52_;
transition between pseudopodium and flagellum in, 47 n.
_Poecillastra compressa_, _213_, 222
Polar body, in Heliozoan syngamy, 72, 74
Polar fields, 415
Polian vesicle, of Asteroidea, 458;
of _Ctenodiscus_, 458;
of Solasteridae, 463;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 487;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 525;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 566
Polyaxon, 184
_Polycanna_, _278_
Polycystineae (= Radiolarian skeletons), 87
Polycyttaria (= colonial Radiolaria), 76, 84 f.
Polygastrica (Ehrenberg's name for Ciliata), 146
_Polykrikos_, _110_, 113 n., 131 f.
_Polymastia_, 224
Polymastigidae, _111_
_Polymitus_ form of male gametogonium of Acystosporidae liberating
sperms, 104 f.
_Polymorphina_, _59_
_Polyoeca_, _111_;
stalk of, 113
_Polyorchis_, _278_
_Polyphyes_, _307_
Polyphyidae, _307_
_Polypodium_, _257_
Polyps, 245, 246;
alternation of generations in, 44, 250
Polysiphonic, 276
_Polystomella_, _59_;
dimorphism and life-history of, 67 f.
Polythalamia (= Foraminifera with more than one chamber to shell), 64
_Polytoma_, _111_;
brood-division of active, 115;
_P. uvella_, gametes of, 116 n.
Polytomeae, Francé on, 119 n.
_Polytrema_, _59_;
shell substance of, 62
_Polytremacis_, _346_
Polyzoa, 428, 579;
Entoprocta, 621
_Pontosphaera_, _110_
_Porania_, 455, _464_;
_P. pulvillus_, 464
Poraniidae, 464
_Porcellanaster_, _471_;
_P. pacificus_, 459;
_P. caeruleus_, 470
Porcellanasteridae, 455, 459, _470_
Porcellanous Foraminifera, _58_, 59, 62
Pore(s), in test of Foraminifera, 64;
in central capsule of Radiolaria, 76;
of contractile vacuole, 14;
of Ciliata, 143;
of _Trachelius ovum_, 153;
of embryonic cavity of Suctoria, not seen in _Choanophrya_, 161 n.;
of Sponges, 186, 187, 188, 189, 198
Pore-canal, of _Asterias rubens_, 441;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 486, 487;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 517;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 552;
of a larval Holothuroid, 564;
of Elasipoda, 571;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 583;
of its larva, 619;
of Dipleurula, 608;
of larva of _Asterina gibbosa_, 612;
of Balanoglossus, 617
Pore-plate, of _Echinus esculentus_, 512;
of _Strongylocentrotus droëbachiensis_, 512;
of Endocyclica, 530 f.;
of petals of _Echinarachnius parma_, 544
Pore-rhomb, 597, 598
Porifera, 163 f.;
definition, 180;
systematic position, 181
—see also Sponges
_Porites_, 368 f., 373, 387, 388, _397_
Poritidae, _396_
Porocone, 81
Porocyte, 186, 199, 231
_Porosphaera, 193_, _282_
_Porpita_, _309_
Porta, on reproduction of Radiolaria Acantharia, 86 n.
Porulosa (Holotrypasta), _76_ f.
Portuguese Man-of-War, 300, 308
Post-abdomen = fourth chamber of Monaxonic Radiolarian shell, 84
Posterior dorsal process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria and
Ophiopluteus, 606;
of Echinopluteus, 607;
of Auricularia, 608
Posterior lateral process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria, Ophiopluteus,
and _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 606;
of Echinopluteus, 607
Posterior wreath, of Peritrichaceae, 138;
of _Vorticella_, 156, 157;
of _Trichodina_, 158
Post-oral process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria and Ophiopluteus, 606;
of Echinopluteus, 607
Potato, rest and germination of, 32
_Poteriodendron_, _111_
Potts, 180
Pouchet (the elder), on spontaneous generation, 43
Pouchet, Georges, on Protozoa, 45
_Pouchetia_, _110_
_Pourtalesia_, _554_;
_P. jeffreysi_, 554
Pourtalesiidae, _554_ n.
Prae-oral process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria and Ophiopluteus, 606;
of Echinopluteus, 607
—see also Pre-oral
Pratt, E. M., 339, 348 n., 399 n.
_Praya_, 300, _306_.
Prayinae, _306_
Pre-Cambrian Echinodermata, 623
Precious Corals, 326, 352
Pre-oral, cilia, 139;
ridge, 139;
undulating membrane, 139
—see also Prae-oral
Preyer, on the response of Asteroidea to stimuli, 446 f.;
on the intelligence of Ophiuroidea, 488 f.
Primary spine, of _Echinus esculentus_, 506;
of Cidaridae, 532;
of Arbaciidae, 532;
of Echinothuriidae, 532, 535;
of _Colobocentrotus_, 532;
of _Heterocentrotus_, 532;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 550
_Primnoa_, _354_;
_P. lepadifera_, 338
Primnoidae, 330, 335, _354_
Pringsheim, on exogamy in _Pandorina_, 34 n.
_Prionastraea_ (Astraeidae, _399_), 375
Proboscis, of central capsule of Phaeodaria, 76
Progamic brood-division (= a brood-division to produce gametes), 96, 100
_Proheliolites_, _346_
_Promachocrinus_, _594_
Proper wall of Perforate Foraminiferal shell, 59, 63, 66
Prophylaxis, against mosquitos and malarial fever, 103, 106;
against pébrine in silkworms, 107
Prosodus, 210
Prosopyle, 170
Prostalia, 201
_Protanthea_, _377_
Protantheidae, _377_
Protaspidochirota, 578
Protechinoidea, 623
Proteid(s), 12;
digestion of, 15;
formation of, 36;
crystals, 37;
reserves in Flagellates, 110;
granules or spherules of Ciliata, 144;
of Suctoria, 161
_Proteleia_, _218_
Proteomyxa, 48 f., _50_, 88, 89 f.;
relations of, 40;
studied by botanists, 45;
parasitic in plant-cells, 48;
distinctions from Flagellates, 109
Proteoses, 15
_Proterospongia_, _111_, 113, 122, 181 f.;
_P. haeckeli_, 182
Protista, 3 f.—see Protozoa
Protoalcyonacea, 329, _342_
Protoclypeastroidea, _548_
Protocnemes, 367
Protocoelomata, 616, 617
Protodendrochirota, 578
Protoholothuroid, 577
Protoholothuroidea, 578
_Protohydra_, _256_
Protomastigaceae, _110_ f., 112;
external plasmatic layer of, 113
Protomerite, of Gregarines, 97, 98
_Protomyxa_, _89_
Protopelmatozoa, 623
Protophytes, 3 n.
Protoplasm, 3 f.;
structure of, 6;
refractive index of, 6, 11 n.;
movements of, 7;
specific gravity of, 13 n.;
of Protozoa, 46 f.;
of Radiolaria, 79 f.;
of _Stylonychia_, 140
_Protospongia fenestrata_, _207_, 207
Prototheca, 385, 386
Protozoa, 1 f., 44 f.;
characters, 40;
parasitic, 40, 46;
literature, 45 f.;
geographical distribution, 47 f.;
habitat, 47;
classification, _50_
Protractor muscles of Aristotle's lantern, 526
Protriaene (a triaene in which the cladi [branches] point forwards or in
the opposite direction to the rhabdome or shaft), 224
Prouho, on transverse fission in _Gonactinia_, 371 n.;
on gemmiform pedicellariae of Echinoidea, 509;
on habits of _Dorocidaris papillata_, 535
Prunoidea, _77_
Prunophracta, _78_
_Psammocora_ (Fungiidae, _403_), 390
Pseudambulacrum, 599
Pseudaxonia, _350_, 353
Pseudomonocyclic, 594
Pseudonavicella, 96
_Pseudophellia arctica_, 379
Pseudopodia (um), 4 f., 17, 47, 49, 50 f.;
streaming of granules in, 17;
Lang's classification of, 47 n.;
transition to flagella, 47 n.;
of Rhizopoda, 49, 50 f., 52;
of Foraminifera, 49, 50, 60, 61, 65;
of _Microgromia_, 59, 60;
of _Lieberkühnia_, 61;
of _Allogromia_, 65;
of _Miliola_, 65;
of _Rotalia_, 65;
of _Squamulina_, 65;
of Heliozoa, 49, 50, 71, 72 f.;
of Radiolaria, 49, 50, 79, 80;
of _Lankesteria_, 96 n.;
of Flagellates, 109, 110;
transitory, in Flagellates, 109;
of _Stentor_, 152, 154;
of young _Gellius varius_, 173, 174
Pseudopodiospores, 68 f.
_Pseudospora_, _89_;
_P. lindstedtii_, 89
_Psilaster_, _470_;
_P. acuminatus_, 469
_Psolus_, 569, _573_;
_P. ephippifer_, 574, 575, 602
_Psychropotes_, _572_
_Pteraster_, 455, _466_;
_P. stellifer_, 465;
_P. militaris_, 466
Pterasteridae, 455, _466_
_Pterocephalus_, _97_
_Pteroeides_, 359, _361_
Pteroeididae, _361_
Puffballs, 91
Pulsatile vacuole, 14;
= Contractile vacuole, _q.v._
Pulsellum, 18, 114
Punjab, dourine disease in, 119
Pupa, of Holothuroidea, 615
Pure cultures, 43
Putrefaction, organisms of, 42 f., 116 f.
_Pycnolithus_, _346_
_Pycnopodia_, 453, _474_
_Pygaster_, _558_, 559
_Pygastrides_, _548_, 558;
_P. relictus_, 548
Pylome, 53;
of Rhizopods, 53 f.;
double, in monstrous Rhizopods, 55;
of _Diaphorodon_, 60;
of Foraminifera, 64;
of Radiolaria, 83;
of Sphaeropylida, 77 n.;
of Nassellaria, 83
Pyloric caeca (and duct), of _Asterias rubens_, 439;
of _Porcellanaster pacificus_, 459;
absent in _Hyphalaster moseri_, 459
Pyloric sac of _Asterias rubens_, 438
Pyramids, building-stone of, 70
Pyrenoid, 37, 115;
of _Sphaerella_, 126
_Pyrocystis_, _110_;
_P. fusiformis_, 132
_Pyrsonympha_, _111_;
flagella of, 114
_Pytheas_, 223
_Pythonaster_, _464_
Pythonasteridae, _464_
_Pyxicola_, _138_, 158

_Quadrula_, _52_;
_Q. symmetrica_, 55;
test of, 54
Quartan fever, a parasitic disease, 104 f.
Quartzites, Radiolarian, 87
_Quasillina_, 224
Quatrefages, de, 376
Quelch, 280
_Quinqueloculina_, _59_, 65 f.
Quinqueloculine type, 67

Radial blood-strand (or vessel), of _Asterias rubens_, 450;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 488
Radial canal, of water-vascular system, 428;
of _Asterias rubens_, 441;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 480, 486;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 517;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 547;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 560;
of _Pelagothuria_, 572;
of Cystoidea, 580, 597;
of Carpoidea, 580;
of Thecoidea, 580;
of Crinoidea, 580;
of Blastoidea, 580, 599;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 583;
development of, in _Asterina gibbosa_, 611;
in Holothuroidea, 615;
in _Antedon rosacea_, 619
Radial fission in Volvocaceae, 110 f.
Radial nerve-cord, of _Asterias rubens_, 444, 445, 446, 447;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 488;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 518, 519, 522;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 566;
of oral system of _Antedon rosacea_, 584;
of coelomic system of _A. rosacea_, 584, 585
Radial ossicle—see Radial Plate
Radial perihaemal canal, of _Asterias rubens_, 448;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 488;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 518, 524;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 566
Radial plate, of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 484;
of Cladophiurae, 500;
of calcareous ring in _Holothuria nigra_, 566;
in Holothuroidea, 567, 569;
in Elasipoda, 569;
in Molpadiida, 569;
in Dendrochirota, 569;
of calyx in _Antedon rosacea_, 582, 584, 585;
in Crinoidea, 588;
in _Hyocrinus_, 588, 590;
in Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590;
in _Metacrinus_, 588, 591;
in _Pentacrinus_, 588, 591;
in _Holopus_, 592;
in Blastoidea, 599;
development, in _Antedon rosacea_, 619 f.
Radiolaria, 49, _50_, _75_ f.;
streaming of granules, 17;
brood-formation, 33, 85 f.;
regeneration, 35;
animal nutrition of, 40;
relations of, 49;
freshwater (= Heliozoa), 71;
shells and skeletons of, 77, 78, 80, 82 f., 84, 85;
symbiosis of Diatoms and yellow cells (= _Zooxanthella_) in, 82, 86 f.,
125;
parasites in, 86 f., 161;
Dreyer's scheme of skeletal forms in meshes of an alveolar system, 84;
habitat, 87;
census of, 87;
palaeontology, 87;
students of, 88
Radiolarian ooze, 87
Radiomyaria, _324_
Radius, of _Echinus esculentus_, 503;
synonym of compass, 526;
of a Holothuroid, 562;
of Spatangoidea, 553;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 582;
of _Promachocrinus_, 594
Rain, bloody, 125
Rainey's tubes, 108
_Ramulina_, _59_
_Raphidiophrys_, _71_, 74
_Raspailia_, 225
_Rastrites_, _282_
Ratarula larva, 302
_Rathkea_, 265, _270_
Ratio (Spencer's) between bulk and surface of organism, 14, 23 f., 31 f.
Reactions, chemical, of protoplasm and of vacuoles, 13;
motile, of Protozoa, 19 f.
_Receptaculites_, _207_
Receptaculitidae, _207_
Rectal caeca, of _Asterias rubens_, 439;
of Asteroidea, 459;
of _Astropecten_, 459;
of _Asterias_, 459;
of _Asterina_, 459;
of Echinasteridae, 459;
of Astropectinidae, 459
Rectum, of _Asterias rubens_, 439;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 563
Red colour of sea, due to Dinoflagellata, 132
Red Corals (= Coralliidae, 352)
Red marrow of bones, habitat of resting states of malarial parasites, 106
n.
Red snow, 125
Redi, on reproduction of Blowflies, 42
Reduction divisions, 75 n.;
of nucleus, 116 n.;
in _Monocystis_, 96;
in _Coccidium_, 100;
in Acystosporidae, 104 f.
Reef Corals, distribution of, 389
Reefs, Coral-, 390;
barrier-, 390 f.;
fringing, 390 f.;
atolls, 390 f.
Regeneration, 35;
of _Stentor_, 35;
of _Thalassicolla nucleata_, 79 n.;
of Infusoria after division, 145;
of oral apparatus of Ciliata during conjugation, 151
Regular Urchins, 529, 530 = Endocyclica, _q.v._
Relapses of malarial fevers explained, 106
Relapsing fever, inoculated by Zambezian Tick, 121 n.
Relationship, cellular, explained, 10
_Reniera_, _217_, 223
_Renilla_, 340, 359, 360, _363_;
_R. reniformis_, 363
Renilleae, _363_
Renillidae, _363_
_Reophax_, _59_
Repellent stimuli, response to, 20 f.
Reproduction, 10, 23 f.;
of _Actinophrys sol_, 72;
of Radiolaria, 84 f.;
of Flagellata, 107;
of Choanoflagellates, 122;
of _Opalina_, 123 f.;
of Volvocidae, 126, 127 f., 129 f.
—see also Brood-division, Spore, Syngamy
Reproductive cells, 31
—see also Gametes, Brood-cell
Reproductive organs—see Genital organs
Reserve(s), 16, 37;
accumulation of, 9, 13, 32 f.;
digestion of, 16;
consumption of, in brood-formation, 24, 32 f.;
of Flagellates, 110, 115;
-products, of brood-mother-cell, 32
Reservoir of contractile vacuole, of Flagellates, 110, 115;
in Euglenaceae, 125;
of _Vorticella_, 157
Respiration, 8, 14;
intramolecular, 14 n.;
in Asteroidea, 432;
in _Asterias rubens_, 437;
in _Astropecten_, 469;
in _Luidia_, 469, 470;
in Porcellanasteridae, 470;
in _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 485;
in _Echinus esculentus_, 517, 527;
in _Echinarachnius parma_, 544, 547;
in _Echinocardium cordatum_, 551;
in _Holothuria nigra_, 563, 564, 566;
in Molpadiida, 575;
in Synaptida, 576;
in _Antedon rosacea_, 582;
in Cystoidea, 597 f.;
in Blastoidea, 600
Respiratory tree, of _Holothuria nigra_, 563;
of Holothuroidea, 569;
of Aspidochirota, 569;
of Dendrochirota, 569, 572;
of Molpadiida, 569;
represented by caecum of Elasipoda, 569;
absent in Synaptida, 576;
in _Pelagothuria_, 572
Response, 8
Rest, of cell, 32;
vegetative and absolute contrasted, 37
—see also Cyst, Encystment, Hypnocyst
Resting state of malarial parasites, 106 n.
Reticulate, structure of protoplasm, 6;
endoplasm of Cystoflagellates, 110;
of _Loxodes_ and _Trachelius_, 144, 153 f.
_Retiograptus_, _282_
_Retiolites_, _282_
Retiolitidae, _282_
Retractor muscles, of Aristotle's lantern, 526;
of anterior part of body of Holothuroidea, 568;
of Dendrochirota, 568, 572
Reusenapparat, 145
Rhabdocrepid, 215, 224 (Crepis is the term applied to the fundamental
spicule by deposition of silica upon which a desma is formed. A desma
of which the crepis is uniaxial is called a rhabdocrepid desma)
Rhabdoliths, 110, 114
_Rhabdopleura_, 617
_Rhabdosphaera_, _110_
Rhabdospheres, 114
Rhabdus, 183, 184
Rhagon, 209, 213
Rheotaxy, 20 f.;
its rôle in syngamy of Mammals and Sauropsida, 34
_Rhipidaster_, 453, _463_
_Rhipidodendron_, _111_, 112 f.
Rhizocrinidae, 588, 589, _590_ f.
_Rhizocrinus_, 588, _591_
Rhizophysaliidae, 302, _308_
Rhizopoda, _50_, _51_ f.;
formation of chromidia, 29 f.;
relations, 48 f.;
shell, 49, 51 f.;
Filosa, _50_, _52_ f.;
Lobosa, _50_, _51_ f.;
test-bearing, 53 f., 55;
literature, 58
_Rhizostoma_, _325_;
_R. pulmo_, 312, 325
Rhizostomata, 310, 323, _324_
Rhizostomatidae, _325_
Rhodactidae, _383_
_Rhodactis_ (Rhodactidae, _383_);
_R. sancti-thomae_, 373
_Rhodalia_, _308_
_Rhodophysa_ (sub-family Physophorinae, _308_), 300
_Rhodophyton_, _349_
_Rhodopsammia_, _404_
_Rhopilema_, _325_;
_R. esculenta_, 312;
_R. verrucosa_, 312
Rhumbler, on Foraminifera, classification, 58 n.;
shell, 66 f.;
monstrous shells, 69 n.
_Rhyncheta_, _159_ f., 160, 162
Rhythm, of cell-life and reproduction, 30 f.;
of contractile vacuoles in _Paramecium_, 143 n.;
in life-cycle of Infusoria, 148 n.
_Ricordea_, 371
Ridley, 216 n., 352 n.
_Riisea_, _355_
Ring-canal, of water-vascular system, 428;
of _Asterias rubens_, 441;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 517;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 566
Robertson, on the habits of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 552
Rock-urchins, 529
Rodents, hosts of _Trypanosoma lewisii_, 119
Roemer, 199 n.
Romanes, on physiology of Echinoidea, 519, 521
Rompel, on _Spirochona_, 144 n.
Rosette, -aggregate, of _Treponema_, 120;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 584
Ross, on intermediate host of malarial parasites, 103
_Rotalia_, _59_, 65
Rotaliaceae, _59_
Rotifers, bladder of, 14 n.;
rheotaxy of, 21;
distribution of, 48;
associated with _Euglena viridis_, 124;
formerly included under Infusoria, 136;
vibratile styles of, 141
_Rotula_, 548, _549_
Rotula of _Echinus esculentus_, 526
Rotula muscles of Aristotle's lantern, 526
Roule, 408
Royal Society, early publications on Protozoa, 45
Ruminants, infested by _Trypanosoma evansii_, 119;
parasitic Ciliata in paunch of, 152
Rumphius, 360

_Saccammina_, _59_, 63
Sacculus, of _Antedon rosacea_, 587;
of other species of _Antedon_, 588
_Sagartia_, 372, 375, _381_;
_S. troglodytes_, 378
Sagartiidae, _381_
Sagittal, 185
Sagittal ring, 78, 83;
plane, 414;
costae, 416 n.
_Salenia_, _538_;
_S. varispina_, 538
Saleniidae, 530, _537_, 558
Salivary gland of gnat in relation to malarial parasites, 105
_Salpingoeca_, _111_, 122
Sand from sponges, a source of Foraminiferal tests, 62
Sand, René, on Suctoria, 162
Sand-dollar, 542
Sand-urchin, 529
Sanidaster (a modified euaster in which a slender rod-like axis bears
spines at intervals along its length), 222
Sapropelic Protozoa, 48
Saprophyte, 33, 37, 90, 113, 119;
relation to brood-formation, 33
Saprophytic, nutrition, 33, 37;
Flagellata, 113, 119
Sarasin, C. F. and P. B., on the madreporic vesicle and axial sinus of
Echinoidea, 528;
on the relationships of the Echinothuriidae and Holothuroidea, 537
_Sarcocystis_, _98_;
_S. tenella_, 108 n.
Sarcocyte, 96, 98
Sarcode (Dujardin's term for protoplasm), 3 f.
_Sarcodictyon_, _344_;
_S. catenatum_, 342
Sarcodictyum, 79
Sarcodina, relations of, 48 f., _49_, _50_ f.;
distinction from Flagellata, 109
Sarcoflagellum, 80
Sarcolemma of stalk-muscle of _Vorticella_, 157 n.
_Sarcophyllum_ (Pennatulidae, 361), 360
_Sarcophytum_, 248, 330, 333, 347, _349_
Sarcosporidiaceae, _98_, 108
_Sarsia_, 265, _272_;
_S. prolifera_, 272;
_S. siphonophora_, 272
Sauropsida, egg of, 34
_Scaphiodon_, _137_, 141 n.
Schäfer, on mechanism of ciliary action, 18 n.
Schaudinn, on exogamy in Foraminifera and _Trichosphaerium_, 34 n.;
on Protozoa, 46;
_Archiv für Protistenkunde_, 46;
on chromidia in Sarcodina, 52 n.;
on _Trichosphaerium sieboldi_, 54, 56 f.;
on bud-fission in Rhizopoda, 55;
on syngamic processes of Rhizopoda, 57;
on reproduction in Foraminifera, 67, 69 n.;
on Heliozoa, 71;
on Sporozoa, 94;
on life-cycle of Coccidiidae, 99, 101;
on relations of _Halteridium_ and _Trypanosoma_, 103 n., 116 n., 120;
on relations of Acystosporidae, 106;
on conjugation in Flagellates, 116 n.;
on _Trypanosoma_, 120;
on _Treponema_, 120;
_Fauna Arctica_, 199 n.;
on _Haleremita_, 257
_Schaudinnia arctica_, 200
Scheel, on brood-formation in _Amoeba proteus_, 56 n.
Schewiakoff, on protoplasmic granules, 6 n.;
on geographical distribution of fresh-water Protozoa, 47 n.
Schiemenz, on the way in which Starfish open bivalves, 440
_Schizaster_, _556_
Schizogony, of Coccidiaceae, 99 f., 101 f.;
of Haemosporidae, 102;
of Acystosporidae, 104 f.
Schizogregarinidae, _97_
Schizomycetes, 36 f., 44
Schizont, 99;
of Acystosporidae, 103, 104 f.
_Schizopathes_, _408_
Schizophytes, relations of, 48
_Schizotricha_ (Ciliata), _138_;
_S. socialis_, branched tube of, 152;
_S. dichotoma_ (Plumulariidae, _279_), 276
Schlumberger, on dimorphism of Foraminifera, 67
Schneider, on Sporozoa, 94
Schrammen, 215 n.
Schröter, on Myxomycetes, 93 n.
Schuberg, on cilia and ciliary motion, 18 n., 141 n.
Schultze, Max, on Protozoa and on protoplasm, 46;
on structure of Foraminifera, 62
Schulze, F. E., on Heliozoa, 71;
on Sponges, 167, 197 n., 199, 200;
on _Spongicola_, 318
Schütt, on Dinoflagellata ("Peridiniales"), 119, 132
Sclerobase, 371, 407
Scleroblast, 171, 330
Scleroderm, 371
Sclerogorgiidae, _351_
_Sclerophytum_, 330, 336, 348, _349_;
_S. querciforme_, 348
Scopula, 141 n.
Scuta buccalia, of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 485
Scutellidae, _549_
_Scyphidia_, _138_, 158;
_S. scorpaenae_, _Zooxanthella_ symbiotic in, 125
Scyphistoma, 317
Scyphomedusae, _310_ f.
Scyphozoa, _310_ f.;
colour, 310;
food, 311;
phosphorescence, 311;
reproduction, 316;
size, 310;
structure, 312;
symbiosis, 311
_Scytophorus_, _380_
Sea, luminosity or phosphorescence, produced by Cystoflagellata, 132,
134;
by Dinoflagellata, 132;
red colour of, due to Dinoflagellata, 132
Sea-anemones, 326, 365, 377
Sea-cucumbers (= Holothuroidea), 561
Sea-fans (= species of Gorgonacea), 350
Sea-lilies (= Crinoidea), 580 f.
Sea-pens, 326, 358
Sea-pansy, 364
Sea-urchins(= Echinoidea), 503;
ovum of, 7
Secondary body-cavity (= Coelom, _q.v._)
Secondary spines, of _Echinus esculentus_, 506;
of Cidaridae, 532;
of _Colobocentrotus_, 532;
of _Heterocentrotus_, 532;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 550
Secretion, 13
Segmentation, 32 n.;
of schizont of Acystosporidae, 104;
of oosperm, 104 f.;
of zygotomeres, 104 f.;
of reproductive cells of _Volvox_, 126, 127;
telolecithal, 133 n.
Semaeostomata, _323_
Semon, on the phylogeny of Echinodermata, 622
Semper's larva, _405_
Senility in life-cycle of Ciliata, 148
Senn, on Flagellates, 119
Sense-organs of Metazoa, 40
Sensory cilia, 141
Septum, protoplasmic, in Dicystic Gregarines, 97, 98 f.;
calcareous, of Madreporaria, 370
_Seriatopora_, _401_
_Sertularia_, _278_;
_S. abietina_, 278
Sertulariidae, _278_
_Serumsporidium_, _89_
Sex, binary (= syngamy with marked inequality between the pairing-cells),
33 f.;
of _Pterocephalus_, 99;
of _Stylorhynchus_, 99, 100;
of Coccidiaceae, _97_ f., 99 f.;
of Haemosporidae, 102 f.;
of _Sarcocystis tenella_, 108 n.;
of Volvocaceae, 128 f.;
of _Eudorina_, 129;
of Peritrichaceae, 151 f.
Sex, ternary, of _Pandorina_, 128 f.
Sexual fusion of _Halteridium_, 103, 105
Sheath, tentacular, of Suctoria, 159
Sheep, host of _Sarcocystis tenella_, 108 n.
Shell, of Diatomaceae, 84;
of Foraminifera and of Rhizopoda—see Test;
of Radiolaria—see Skeleton;
cuticular, of Flagellates, 113—see Theca;
siliceous reticulate, of Silicoflagellates, 110;
-substance of Foraminifera, 62;
of _Polytrema_, 62
Shipley, 197 n.
Sickle-cells, sickle-germs, 48, 94 f., 97, 101;
of _Lankesteria_, 95;
of Sarcosporidiaceae, 108
Side-plates, of arms of Crinoidea, 589;
of Pentacrinidae, 591;
of Comatulidae, 594
_Siderastraea_, 373, 375, _403_;
_S. sideraea_, 403
Siebold, v., on Sporozoa, 94
Siedlecki, on Sporozoa, 94;
on reproduction of _Lankesteria_, 96 n.;
on life-cycle of Coccidiidae, 99
Sierra Leone, prophylaxis of malaria at, 106
Sigma (a slender rod-like spicule curved in the shape of the letter C),
220, 222
Sigmaspire (a slender rod-like spicule twisted through about a single
revolution of a spiral, and consequently having the form of a C or an
S according to the direction in which it is viewed), 222
Siliceous plates, of test of Rhizopods, 29, 53 f.
Siliceous skeleton of Heliozoa, 71, 74;
of Radiolaria, 76 f.;
of Silicoflagellata, 110;
of Sponges, 171 f., 175 f., 195 f.
Silicified cell-wall of some Dinoflagellates, 130
Silicispongiae, 195, 197
Silicoflagellata, 86, _110_, 114
Silkworm infested by disease pébrine, due to _Nosema bombycis_, 107
Simpson, on life-cycle of Ciliata, 148 n.
Siphon, of _Echinus esculentus_, 516;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 546, 547
_Siphonia_, _215_
Siphonoglyph, 334, 334, 369, 410
_Siphonogorgia_, _349_
Siphonogorgiidae, _349_
Siphonophora, _297_ f.;
dactylozooids, 299;
food, 304;
gastrozooids, 299;
gonozooids, 302;
hydrophyllia, 300;
life-history, 302;
nectocalyces, 298;
pneumatophore, 300, 307 f.;
stolon, 301
Siphonozooids, 332;
of Pennatulacea, 359
Sipunculidae, 576
_Sipunculus_, 563
Skeleton, intermediate or supplemental of Perforate Foraminifera, 59, 63,
66;
of Heliozoa, 71, 74;
of _Raphidiophrys_, 74;
of Radiolaria, 76 f., 77 f., 81 f., 84;
of Spumellaria, 77, 77, 83;
of _Actinomma asteracanthion_, 77;
of Acantharia, _76_ f., 78, 80, 82;
of _Xiphacantha_, 78;
of _Dorataspis_, 80;
of Nassellaria, 76, 78, 82, 83;
of _Lithocercus annularis_, 82;
of _Theoconus_, 80;
of Phaeodaria, 76, 79, 82, 84, 85;
of _Aulactinium actinastrum_, 82;
of Challengeridae, 85;
of _Pharyngella_, 85;
of _Haeckeliana_, 85;
of _Tuscarora_, 85;
of Diatomaceae, 84;
gelatinous, of _Volvox_, 126;
—see also Shell, Test, Theca
—of _Asterias rubens_, 434 f.;
of disc of Ophiuroidea, 493;
internal, of _Echinarachnius parma_, 545, 548;
of Clypeastroidea, 548;
of _Laganum_, 548;
of _Clypeaster_, 548;
of _Echinocyamus_, 548;
of Echinanthidae, 549;
of Laganidae, 549;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 560;
of Holothuroidea, 569;
of Aspidochirota, 569;
of Dendrochirota, 569;
of Elasipoda, 569;
of Molpadiida, 569;
of Synaptida, 569;
calyx and arm in Crinoidea, 588
Sladen, on classification of Asteroidea, 460
Sleeping-sickness, 120
Snow, red, 125
_Solaster_, 453, 455, _463_;
fossil, 475;
_S. endeca_, 463;
_S. papposus_, 463
Solasteridae, 453, 455, 458, _462_, 466
_Solenocaulon_, _350_
Sollas, I. B. J., on Sponges, 163 f.
Sollas, W. J., on Sponges, 165 n., 168, 172 n., 176 n., 183 n., 207 n.,
208, 212 n., 215 n., 216, 219 n., 233 n., 234 n., 238 n.;
on _Palaeodiscus_, 557
Solmaridae, _296_
_Solmaris_, _296_, 297
Soluble substances in greater or less concentration, effect on
protoplasm, 7 f., 22 f.
Sore, Oriental, 121
Spallanzani, on origin of organisms of putrefaction, 43
_Spanioplon_, 223
Sparshall's discovery of _Noctiluca_, 135
Spatangidae, _554_, 559
Spatangoidea, 529, _549_ f., 556, 559, 561, 577
_Spatangus_, 553, _555_;
_S. purpureus_, 555;
_S. raschi_, 555
Specialisation in Metazoa and _Volvox_ compared, 129 f.
Specific gravity of living protoplasm, 13 n.
Spencer, Herbert, on limit of growth, 23
Spencer, W. B., on Hydroids, 271 n., 279
Spencerian, fission at limit of growth, 23;
rhythm, 30 f.
Sperm, Spermatozoon, 17, 31, 33 f.;
= spermogametes, 33;
penetration of ovum by, 34;
rheotaxy of, in Mammals and Sauropsida, 34;
of Sporozoa, 18;
of _Pterocephalus_, 99, 108 n.;
of _Stylorhynchus_, 99, 100;
of _Coccidium_, 100, 101 f.;
of Acystosporidae, 104 f.;
of _Sarcocystis tenella_, 108 n.;
of bisexual Protozoa and most Metazoa comparable with Flagellata, 109;
of _Volvox globator_, 127 f.;
of _Eudorina_, 129
Spermatogone (= a brood-mother-cell, whose offspring are sperms) of
Coccidiaceae, 100 f.;
of _Volvox globator_, 127 f.;
of _Eudorina_, 129;
of Acystosporidae, 104 f.
Spermatozoon, 17, 18
—see also Sperm
_Sperosoma_, _536_
_Sphaeractinia_, _283_
_Sphaerechinus_, _539_, 540, 541;
_S. granularis_, 541
_Sphaerella_, _111_;
_S. lacustris_, 126;
_S. nivalis_, 125;
_S. pluvialis_, 125 f., 126
Sphaerellaria, _77_, 77;
geological occurrence of, 88
Sphaeridium, of _Strongylocentrotus_, 523;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 524;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 545;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 551
Sphaeroidea, _77_, 77 f.
_Sphaeronectes_, _306_
Sphaeronectinae, _306_
Sphaerophracta, _78_, 80
Sphaerozoea, _77_ n.
Sphaerozoidae, 85
_Sphenopus_, _404_
Spheraster (an aster in which the centrum is large, with a diameter equal
to or greater than one-third the length of the actines), 233
Sphere, 184
Spicatae, _362_
Spicules, calcareous, of Coccolithophoridae, 114;
siliceous, of Heliozoa, 71, 74;
of Radiolaria, 83;
of Silicoflagellata, 110;
of Sponges, 170 f.;
composition, 170;
structure, 171, 172;
classification, 183;
forms of, 184, 222, 224;
development, 232;
of Alcyonaria, 334 f., 336
Spindle, in cell-division by mitosis, 25 f.;
intranuclear, of _Euglypha_, 29
Spines, of pelagic Foraminiferal shell, 66, 69;
of _Globigerina bulloides_, 69;
of Asteroidea, 454;
of arms of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 479;
of arms of Ophiuroidea, 491;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 505 f.;
of Endocyclica, 531 f.;
of Cidaridae, 532;
of Arbaciidae, 532;
of Echinothuriidae, 532;
of _Colobocentrotus_, 532;
of _Heterocentrotus_, 532;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 543;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 550
_Spinipora_, 284, _286_
Spintharophora, 216, _217_ f.
Spinulosa, _461_, 462 f.
Spiral, of stalk and stalk-muscle in _Vorticella_, 156 f.;
ridge on tentacles of Suctoria, 160 f., 162
Spiraster (a spire of one or more turns, produced on the outside into
several spines), 222
_Spirillina_, _59_, 64
_Spirochaeta_ (= _Treponema_, _111_), 120 f.;
_"S." zeemannii_, 120 f.;
_S. obermeieri_, 121
_Spirochona_, _138_;
adoral wreath of, 138 n.;
bud-fission of, 147
_Spiroloculina_, _59_, 63
_Spirostomum_, _137_, 153 f.;
supposed nervous fibrils in, 143
_Spongelia_, 225
Spongelidae, _220_
Sponges (= Porifera), 163 f.;
spicules, 170, 171, 172, 177 f., 183, 184, 187 f., 198 f., 222, 224,
231 f., 232;
canal system, 170, 171, 191, 198, 210, 235 f.;
physiology, 234 f.;
distribution, in space, 239;
in time, 241;
history, 166;
reproduction, 172, 226 f.;
nervous system, 39;
immune from Gregarines, 99;
relations to Protista, 41;
to Choanoflagellates, 122 f., 168, 181
Sponge-sand, a source of Foraminiferal tests, 62
Sponge-spicules, in arenaceous shell of Foraminifera, 64
—see also Spicules
_Spongicola_ (= _Nausithoe_), 206, _318_;
_S. fistularis_, 317;
(a Decapod Crustacean), 206;
_S. venusta_, 206
Spongidae, _220_
_Spongilla_, _217_, 225, 230, 232, 237, 238;
_S. lacustris_, spicule, 232
Spongin, 176, 217, 239
_Spongioderma_, _351_
_Spongocardium gilchristi_, 215
_Spongodes_, 330, 335, 348, _349_
Spongophare, 210
Spontaneous, generation, 42 f.;
rendered improbable by life-histories of Flagellates, 118;
—movements of Protista, 23
_Sporadopora_, 284, _285_
Sporange (= a sac containing spores), of Myxomycetes, 91 f.;
of _Didymium_, 92;
of Actinomyxidiaceae, 98
Spore, 31;
of _Actinophrys_, 72;
of _Actinosphaerium_, 73 f.;
of Acantharia, 86 n.;
of Myxomycetes, 90 f.;
of _Didymium difforme_, 92;
of Sporozoa, 94 f.;
of Gregarinidaceae, 97 f.;
of _Lankesteria_, 95;
of _Gregarina blattarum_, 98;
of _Stylorhynchus_, 100;
of Coccidiaceae, 97;
of Coccidiidae, 97;
of _Coccidium schubergi_, 101;
of malarial parasites, 104;
of Acystosporidae, 97;
of Myxosporidiaceae, 98, 107;
of _Myxobolus mülleri_, 107;
of Actinomyxidiaceae, 98;
of Sarcosporidiaceae, 98, 108;
of _Bodo saltans_, 117;
of Flagellates highly resistant to heat, 118
—see also Oospore, Zoospores, Zygotospore
Sporocyst, 88, 89;
of Proteomyxa, 88;
of _Bodo saltans_, 117 f.
Sporoducts of _Gregarina blattarum_, 98 f.
Sporogony, 296
Sporont of Gregarines, 98 f.
Sporozoa, 31, 33, 40, 48, _50_, _94_ f.;
formation of chromidia, 29 f.;
habitat, 48;
relations, 48 f.;
movements, 50, 125 n.;
Acystosporidae most primitive group of, 106;
distinction from Flagellata, 109
Sporozoite, 95 f.;
of _Lankesteria_, 95;
of Coccidiaceae, 99 f., 101;
of Haemosporidae, 102;
of Acystosporidae, 104 f.
Sporulation, 31;
in _Noctiluca_, 133 f.;
= Brood-formation, _q.v._
Springer, on classification of Crinoidea, 589
Springing movements, of Flagellates _Dallingeria_, 114, and _Bodo
saltans_, 114, 117;
of tailed Ciliata, 141 n.;
of _Pleuronema_, 154
Spumellaria (Peripylaea), _76_, 76 f., _77_;
skeleton, 77, 83
Spyroidea, _78_
_Squamulina_, _59_, 65
Stalk or stem, of _Clathrulina_, 74;
of Flagellates, 112 f.;
of _Anthophysa_, 112;
of _Diplomita_, 112;
of Choanoflagellates, 121, 122;
of _Monosiga_, 122;
of _Polyoeca_, 113, 122;
of Peritrichaceae, 141 n.;
of _Schizotricha socialis_, 152;
of _Vorticella_, 157;
of _Carchesium_, 158;
of _Epistylis_, 158;
of _Zoothamnium_, 158;
of Suctoria, 159, 160, 162;
of Pelmatozoa, 430, 579;
of Crinoidea, 580;
of Carpoidea, 580, 596;
of Cystoidea, 580, 597;
of Blastoidea, 580, 599;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 581, 585;
of _Actinometra_, 588;
of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590;
of _Holopus_, 588, 592;
of _Hyocrinus_, 588, 590;
of Pentacrinidae, 588, 591, 592;
of larva of _Asterina gibbosa_, 610;
of Brachiolaria, 612;
of larva of _Antedon rosacea_, 619;
of ancestral Crinoidea, 600;
of ancestral Echinodermata, 621
Starch, 15, 37;
in _Zooxanthella_, 86;
in Flagellata, 110, 115
Starfish = Asteroidea, _q.v._
Stationary pairing-nucleus, 150
Statocysts, 252, 288
Statolith, 252, 289
Statoplea, _279_
Statorhab in _Geryonia_, 252
Stauractin, 234
Stauromedusae, 310, 316, _320_
Steganophthalmata, 314
_Steganopora_, 284, _286_
Stein, von, on Protozoa, 45 f.;
misinterpretation of parasitic Suctoria in Ciliata, 161;
on Suctoria, 162
Stelechotokea, _347_
_Stelletta_, _213_, 214, 222
Stem—see Stalk
Stem-ossicles, of Pentacrinidae, 588, 591;
of _Hyocrinus_, 588, 590;
of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590;
of larva of _Antedon rosacea_, 619
Stenoscyphidae, _321_
_Stenoscyphus inabai_, _321_
Stentor, _137_, 154;
regeneration, 35;
supposed nervous fibrils, 143;
meganucleus, 144;
conjugation, 149;
attachment, 152;
_S. coeruleus_, 154;
_S. igneus_, 154;
_S. polymorphus_, young, and adult in fission, 156
Stentorin, blue, 154 n.
_Stephalia_, _308_
_Stephanophyes_, 300, _307_;
_S. superba_, 307
Stephanophyinae, _307_
_Stephanophyllia_, _404_
_Stephanoscyphus_, _318_;
_S. mirabilis_, 206
_Stephanosphaera_, _111_, 128
Stephoidea, _78_ f.
Stereoplasm, 394
_Stereosoma_, 331, 334, 337, _344_
Stereotaxy, 20
Sterilisation of colonial cells in _Volvox_, 129
Sternata, _554_
Sternum = Plastron, _q.v._
Sterraster (an aster with very numerous actines soldered together by
subsequently deposited silica, which extends almost to their
extremities), 224
Sterrula, 341
Stewart's organs, of Cidaridae, 531;
of Echinothuriidae, 531;
of Arbaciidae, 531, 539;
of Diadematidae, 538
_Stichaster_, _474_
Stichasteridae, 456, _474_
Stichodactylina, _380_, _383_
_Sticholonche_, 86;
host of _Amoebophrya_, 161
_Stichopathes_, 407, _408_
_Stichopus_, _570_
_Stichotricha_, _138_
Sticklebacks, prey on _Anopheles_, 106
Stimuli, 8 f.;
inducing responsive movements, 19 f.
_Stoichactis kenti_, 378, _383_
Stolč, on _Pelomyxa_, 53 n.
Stolon, 301
Stolonifera, _342_
Stomach, present in Metazoa, 38;
of gnats, seat of syngamy of Acystosporidae, 103, 104 f.;
of _Asterias rubens_, 438;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 516;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 562;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 583;
of Dipleurula, 605;
absent in _Hyocrinus_, 589
_Stomatoca_ (Tiaridae, _273_), 415
_Stomatograptus_, _282_
Stomodaeum, of Anthozoa, 327;
of Ctenophora, 415;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 516;
of Dipleurula, 605;
of metamorphosing Auricularia, 615;
of larva of _Antedon_, 619
_Stomolophus_, _325_
Stony Corals, 326
Strain-figure of cell dividing by mitosis, 25, 26, 27
Strained condition of cytoplasm during syngamy, 34
Streaming of granules in protoplasm, 17
_Streptocaulus_, 277
Streptophiurae, 491, _494_, 500, 502
Strobila, 317
_Stromacystis_, _596_
_Stromatopora_, _283_
Stromatoporidae, _283_
_Strombidium (Torquatella)_, _137_, 155 n.
Strongyle, 183, 224
_Strongylocentrotus_, 512, 522, 533, _540_;
_S. droëbachiensis_, 512, 523, 541;
_S. lividus_, 541;
_S. purpuratus_, 542
_Stryphnus ponderosus_, 222
Studer, 340
_Stylactis_, 268, _270_;
_S. abyssicola_, 268;
_S. minoi_, 268;
_S. vermicola_, 268, 269;
_S. spongicola_, 268
_Stylaster_, 285, _286_
Stylasteridae, _285_
Stylasterina, _283_
_Stylatula darwinii_ (Virgulariidae, _362_), 360
Style, 284
_Stylocordyla stipitata_, _216_
_Stylonychia_, _138_ f.;
meganucleus of, 144;
_S. mytilus_, 138, 139 f.
Stylopodium, 60, 61
_Stylorhynchus_, _97_, 99;
syngamy of, 100
_Stylostichon_, 225
Stylus, 183, 184
Sub-costal canals, 415
Sub-tentacular canal of _Antedon rosacea_, 586
_Suberites_, _219_, 224, 230;
_S. domuncula_, 219
_Suberogorgia_, _351_
Sucker(s), of _Mesodinium_, 152;
of _Trachelius_, 153 n.
Suction mechanism in _Choanophrya_, 159, 161
Suctoria, _158_ f., 160, 162;
animal nutrition of, 40
Sugar, 15
Sulculus, 369
Sulcus, 369
Supero-marginal ossicle of Asteroidea, 436
Supplemental skeleton of Foraminifera, 63, 66
Surface, protoplasmic movements in relation to a, 20—see Thigmotaxy,
Stereotaxy;
ratio of mass to, 14, 23 f.;
-tension in relation to protoplasmic movements, 17;
to penetration of ovum by sperm, 34
Surra disease, 119
Swarmers of Foraminifera, 67 f.;
of Dinoflagellates, 131
—see also Zoospores
Sycettidae, _187_
_Sycon_, _187_, 221;
_S. carteri_, 187;
_S. coronatum_, 187;
_S. setosum_, development, 188, 189, 231;
_S. raphanus_, development, 190, 226
Symbiosis, 86, 125, 219;
_Pelomyxa_, 53;
Heliozoa, 73;
Radiolaria, 80, 86;
Acantharia, 80;
_Ophrydium_, 158;
_Paramecium bursaria_, 153;
_Scyphidia scorpaenae_, 125;
_Stentor polymorphus_, 154;
_Vorticella sertulariae_, 125;
_Ephydatia fluviatilis_, 175;
_Hydra viridis_, 126, 256;
Turbellaria, 73, 126;
_Convoluta_, 73;
_Millepora_ and Zooxanthellae, 261;
in Gymnoblastea, 268;
_Lar_ and _Sabella_, 273;
_Cannopora_ and _Aulopora_, 283;
in Scyphozoa, 311;
Alcyonaria and Zooxanthellae, 339;
_Solenocaulon_ and _Alpheus_, 350;
_Eunicella_ and Cirripede, 356;
_Verrucella_ and Ophiurid, 357;
_Pteroeides_ and Crab, 361;
_Ptilosarcus_ and Hydroid, 361;
Zoantharia and Zooxanthellae, 373 f.;
_Adamsia_ and hermit crabs, 377, 381;
_Melia_ and Sea-anemone, 378;
_Stoichactis_ and _Amphiprion_, 378;
Pocilloporidae and _Hapalocarcinus_, 402;
in Zoanthidae, 405
—see also _Zoochlorella_, _Zooxanthella_
Sympodium, 583
_Sympodium_, _344_;
_S. coralloides_, 341
_Sympterura_, 502
Synalcyonacea, _342_
_Synapta_, _577_;
_S. similis_, 429;
_S. digitata_, 576;
its larva, 608;
its pupa, 615;
_S. inhaerens_, 577
Synapticula, 402;
of Eupsammiidae, 404
Synaptida, 568, 569, _577_, 578
_Syncoryne_, 265, _272_, 297
_Syncrypta_, _110_, 112
Syngamy (= Conjugation), 33 f.;
Rhizopoda, 56 f.;
Radiolaria, 85;
Flagellates, 115 f.;
Chlamydomonadidae, 115 f., 125;
between resting-cells, 115 f.;
by a fertilising tube, 125;
Volvocaceae, 128 f.;
Suctoria, 161
—Equal, exogamous, _Trichosphaerium sieboldii_, 54, 56;
_Chlamydophrys stercorea_, 57;
Foraminifera, 68 f.;
_Actinophrys sol_, 72;
Gregarines, 97 f.;
_Lankesteria_, 95;
_Monocystis_, 96;
_Cercomonas dujardinii_, 116 n.;
_Lamblia_, 116 n.;
_Polytoma uvella_, 116 n.;
_Tetramitus rostratus_, 116 n.;
_Trichomonas_, 116 n.;
Chlamydomonadidae, 125;
Dinoflagellates, 131;
_Noctiluca_, 133;
Ciliata, 148 f.
—Equal, endogamous, _Amoeba coli_, 57;
_Actinosphaerium_, 73 f.;
_Stephanosphaera_, 128
—Unequal (binary, bisexual), Centropyxis aculeata, 57;
Radiolaria (?), 85;
_Stylorhynchus_, 99, 100;
_Pterocephalus_, 99;
Coccidiaceae, 97, 100 f.;
_Coccidium_, 100, 101 f.;
_Adelea ovata_, 101;
Acystosporidae, 97, 104 f.;
Sarcosporidiaceae, 108;
_Dallingeria drysdali_, 116 n.;
_Monas dallingeri_, 116 n.;
_Bodo saltans_, 116 n., 117 f.;
_B. caudatus_, 116 n.;
_Halteridium_, 120;
Chlamydomonadidae, 125;
_Volvox_, 127 f.;
_Pandorina morum_ (ternary), 128, 129;
_Eudorina_, 129;
Peritrichaceae, 151, 157;
_Vorticella_, 157
Syphilis in relation to _Treponema pallidum_, 121
_Syringolites_, _344_
_Syringopora_, 283, 329, _343_, 344
Syzygy (= association) of Gregarines, 99;
in Crinoids, 582, 587

Tabulae, 257, 345, 385, 387
Tail-like appendages, of certain Ciliata, 141 n.;
(spine) of _Caenomorpha uniserialis_, 154, 155
_Tamoya punctata_, _319_
Tan-pits infested by _Fuligo varians_, 92
Tapeworms, nutrition of, 38;
alternation of generations in, 44
_Tarsaster_, _474_
_Tealia_ = _Urticina_, _q.v._
_Tedania_, 223
Tegmen, of Crinoidea, 580;
of _Antedon rosacea_, 581, 585;
of _Hyocrinus_, 590;
of Articulata, 595;
of Camerata, 595
Telestidae, _348_
_Telesto_, 346, _348_;
_T. prolifera_, 347;
_T. rubra_, 336, 347
Telolecithal (= segmentation limited to one region of the oosperm owing
to excess of yolk), 133 n.
Telosporidia, _97_ f.
Temnopleurinae, _539_
Temperature, in relation to protoplasmic movements, 7;
to breeding, 47;
to fission of Ciliates, 148;
changes of, stimulus of, 19, 22;
maximum (Dallinger and Drysdale's experiments), 118
Tension, surface-, 17, 34
Tentacles, of _Actinobolus_ and _Ileonema_, 152;
of Suctoria, 158 f., 160, 162;
of Hydrozoa, 251 f.;
of Scyphozoa, 311 f.;
of Anthozoa, 327;
of Alcyonaria, 331 f.;
of Zoantharia, 366 f.;
of Ctenophora, 414 f.;
of Holothuroidea, 561 f.;
of Pelmatozoa (= podia), 579 f.
Tentacle-scale, of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 480
Tentacular (= transverse) plane, 414
Tentaculata, _417_
Tentaculifera (= Suctoria), _159_ f., 160, 162
Tentaculozooids, 265
Tentilla, 299
Termites, Trichonymphidae parasitic in, 123
Terrestrial Protozoa, 48
Tertian fever, a parasitic disease, 104 f.
_Tessera_, 320, _321_
Test, classificatory value of, 51 n.;
of _Euglypha_, 29;
of Rhizopoda, 29, 53, 54, 55;
of _Trichosphaerium sieboldii_, 54;
of _Arcella vulgaris_, 55;
of _Diffugia pyriformis_, 55;
of _Hyalosphenia lata_, 55;
of _Quadrula symmetrica_, 55;
of Foraminifera, 58 f., 61, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69;
of Allogromidiaceae, 60;
of _Microgromia socialis_, 60;
of _Lieberkühnia_, 61;
of marine Foraminifera, 62 f.;
of _Discorbina_, 63;
of _Frondicularia_, 63;
of _Globigerina_, 63;
of _Lagena_, 63;
of _Nodosaria_, 63;
of _Nummulites_, 63;
of _Planorbulina_, 63;
of _Saccammina_, 63;
of _Spiroloculina_, 63;
of _Allogromia_, 65;
of _Miliola_, 65;
of _Quinqueloculina_, 65, 67;
of _Rotalia_, 65;
of _Squamulina_, 65;
of _Biloculina_, 67;
(gelatinous) of _Nuclearia_, 74;
of Chrysomonadaceae, 110, 113 f.;
(chitinous) of Tintinnidae, 152, 155
—see also Shell, Skeleton, Theca
_Tethya_, 211, _218_, 222;
gemmule, 230;
scleroblasts, 233, 233;
_T. lyncurium_, 218
_Tetilla_, 212, _213_, 218, 233;
_T. casula_, 212;
_T. pedifera_, 211, 213
Tetracoralla, 394
Tetracrepid, 215—see Rhabdocrepid
Tetractinellida, _211_ f., 218, 231
_Tetramitus_, _111_, 119;
_T. rostratus_, gametes of, 116 n.
Texas fever, 120 f.
_Textularia_, _59_;
in chalk, 70, 242
Textulariaceae, _59_
Thalassianthidae, _383_
_Thalassicolla_, _77_, 83;
_T. nucleata_, regeneration, 79 n.
_Thalassophysa_, _77_;
reproduction, 86 n.
_Thamnograptus_, _281_
_Thamnostylus_, _270_
_Thaumactis_, _382_
_Thaumantias_, _278_
Thaumantiidae, _278_
_Thaumatocrinus_, 588, 589, _594_
_Thaumatomastix_, _110_
Theca, of Flagellata, 112 f.;
of _Dinobryon_, 112;
(branched) of _Rhipidodendron_, 112;
(stalked) of _Diplomita_, 112;
of _Salpingoeca_, 122;
of _Acineta_, 159, 160;
of Corals, 370
—see also Shell, Skeleton, Test
Thecamoebae, 51 n.
Thecidae, _346_
_Thecocarpus_ (Plumulariidae, _279_), 276
_Thecocystis_, _596_, 596
Thecoidea, _580_, _596_
Thélohan, on Sporozoa, 94
_Thenea wyvillei_, _212_
_Theoconus_, _79_, 80
Thermotaxy, 22
Thigmotaxy, 20
Thomson, Wyville, on _Calcaromma_, 83
Thorax = second chamber of Monaxonic Radiolarian shell, 84
_Thyone_, _573_
_Tiara_, _273_
Tiarechinidae, _557_
_Tiarechinus_, _557_
Tiaridae, _273_
Tick, intermediate host of _Karyolysus_, 102;
of _Piroplasma_, 120;
of _Treponema_, 121 n.;
Persian, 120;
Zambezian, 121 n.
Tick fever, 120
Tiedemann's bodies, 442, 444, 458;
represented by so-called Polian vesicles of _Echinus esculentus_, 516
Tinctin bodies, 161
_Tinerfe_, _417_
Tintinnidae, _155_;
tests of, 152
_Tintinnus_, _137_
Tissues (definition), 3
Tolerance, induced, of a higher temperature, 118
Tone, 519
Tooth, of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 482;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 505, 524, 525;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 546
Tooth-papilla, of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 482;
of _Ophiocoma_, 493;
of Ophiocomidae, 499
Topsent, 196, 218 n.
Tornaria, 616
_Torquatella typica_ (= _Strombidium_), 155 n.
Torus angularis, of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 482
Toxa (= a bow-shaped spicule without spiral twist), 222
Toxaspire (a spiral rod in which the twist a little exceeds a single
revolution. The pitch of the spiral being great the spicule appears
bow-shaped), 222
Trabeculae, traversing ampullae of tube-feet of _Echinus esculentus_,
517;
traversing coelom of _Echinarachnius parma_, 545;
traversing coelom of _Antedon rosacea_, 585
Tracheae of Chondrophoridae, 309
_Trachelius_, _137_, 152 n.;
_T. ovum_, 153;
endosarc of, 144
_Trachelomonas_, _110_, 112;
galvanotaxy of, 22
Trachomedusae, _288_ f.
_Trachynema_, _294_;
_T. funerarium_, 294
Trachynemidae, _294_
Tractellum, 18, 114
_Tragosia_, 224
Transverse fission, of Flagellata, 109 f.;
of Dinoflagellata, 110, 131;
of _Polykrikos_, 131;
of Ciliata, 147;
of Suctoria, 161
Transverse flagellum and groove, in Dinoflagellata, 110, 130 f.;
multiple, in _Polykrikos_, 132
Transverse (= tentacular) plane, 414
Transverse section, of the arm of an Asteroid, 443;
of the arm of an Ophiuroid, 480;
of the radius of an Echinoid, 518;
of the radius of a Holothuroid, 562;
of body of a Holothuroid, 563;
of arm of _Antedon_, 586
Trembley, 254, 255
Trepang, 571
_Treponema_, _111_, 121;
_T. obermeieri_, 121;
_T. pallidum_, 121;
_T. zeemannii_, 120
Triaene, 183, 224, 233
Triaxon, 184
_Trichaster_, _501_
Trichasteridae, _501_
Trichites (hair-like spicules often occurring in sheaves or clusters),
234
Trichocysts, 142 f.;
of Chloromonadaceae, 113 n.;
Mitrophanow on, 142 n.;
adoral, of Gymnostomaceae, 145
_Trichodina_, _138_, 158
Trichodragmata (a sheaf of straight spicules of hair-like fineness), 222
_Trichogorgia_, _355_
_Trichomonas_, _111_, 115;
conjugation, 116 n.;
_T. vaginalis_, 119
_Trichonympha_, _111_
Trichonymphidae, _111_, 123 f.;
flagella, 114
_Trichosphaerium_, _51_, 53 f.;
test, 53;
life-cycle, 54, 56
_Trichostemma_, _216_
Trichostomata, _137_
Tridactyle pedicellariae, of _Echinus esculentus_, 506, 507;
of _E. acutus_, 509;
of _E. elegans_, 510;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 544
Trifoliate pedicellariae, of _Echinus esculentus_, 507, 508;
of _E. acutus_, 509;
of _E. alexandri_, 510;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 550;
absent in Cidaridae, 534
_Trigonocidaris arbacina_, _539_
_Triloculina_, _59_, 66
Trimastigidae, _111_, 112
_Tripedalia cystophora_, _319_
Tripedaliidae, _319_
Triplechinoid type of ambulacral plate, 531, 539
Tripod, 83;
-shaped spicule of Radiolaria, 76
Tripolis, 87
Tripylaea, _76_
Trivium, of _Echinarachnius parma_, 543;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 561
_Trochammina_, _59_
_Trochocyathus_, _399_;
_T. hastatus_, 398
_Trochocystis_, _597_;
_T. bohemicus_, 597
_Trochoderma_, _577_
_Trochodota_, _577_
_Trochosmilia_, _401_
_Trochostoma_, _575_;
_T. violaceum_, 575
Trophodisc, 284
Trophozooid, 388
Tropical Africa, Trypanosomic diseases of, 119 f.
Trout, black-spotted, destroyed by _Hydra_, 256 n.
_Trypanosoma_, _111_, 115 f., 119 f., 120;
podoplast or blepharoplast of, 19 n., 109 n.;
undulating membrane of, 115;
_Halteridium_, a supposed state of, 103 n., 120;
affinities to Acystosporidae, 106;
morphology of, 120, 121;
_T. brucei_ infests hoofed quadrupeds, 119;
_T. evansii_ causes Surra disease in Ruminants, 119;
_T. gambiense_, cause of sleeping-sickness, 120;
_T. lewisii_, infests Rodents, 119;
_T. noctuae_, 120;
conjugation in, 116 n.
Trypanosomoid character of blasts of Acystosporidae, 106
Tsetse Flies, intermediate hosts of Trypanosomes of Nagana and
sleeping-sickness, 119 f.
Tube, of _Phalansterium_, 113;
of certain Ciliates, 152;
of _Maryna socialis_, 152;
of _Schizotricha socialis_, 152;
of _Stentor_, 154;
of Vorticellidae, 158;
fertilising in _Chlamydomonas_, 125
Tube-foot, 428;
of _Asterias rubens_, 441 f.;
of _Echinus esculentus_, 517 f.;
of Endocyclica, 532;
of Arbaciidae, 532;
of Cidaridae, 532;
of Diadematidae, 532;
of Echinothuriidae, 532;
of _Echinocardium cordatum_, 551;
of _Echinarachnius parma_, 545, 546, 547;
of _Palaeodiscus_, 557;
of _Holothuria nigra_, 561
_Tubipora_, 329, 336, 343, _344_;
_T. musica_, 338, 343
Tubiporidae, _344_
_Tubularia_, 268, _271_;
_T. larynx_, 263;
_T. parasitica_, 268
Tubulariidae, _271_
Tumour, malignant, associated with _Leydenia_, 91
Tunicata, 621
Tuning-fork, 192, 193
Turbellaria, fresh-water, distribution of, 48;
symbiotic with _Zoochlorella_, 126
_Turbinaria_, _396_
_Turbinolia_, _399_
Turbinoliidae, _398_
_Turritopsis_, _273_, 295
_Tuscarora_, _79_, 85
Tylostyle (a style in which a knob surrounds the origin), 224
Tylote, 183, 224
Tylotoxea (a rhabdus of which one actine is tylote or knobbed, the other
oxeate, the latter directed towards the surface of the Sponge), 224
Tyrosin, 15

Uexküll, on function of pedicellariae of _Echinus_, 508;
on physiology of nervous system of Echinoidea, 519;
on vision of Echinoidea, 522;
on respiratory function of Aristotle's lantern, 527;
on pedicellariae of _Sphaerechinus_, 541
_Uintacrinus_, 588
Ulmaridae, _324_
_Ulmaris_, 314, _324_;
_U. prototypus_, 315, 324
_Umbellula_, 331, 359, 360, _363_;
_U. gracilis_, 359
Umbellulidae, _362_
Umbrella of Medusae, 251
Uncinataria, _203_
Under arm-plate of Ophiuroidea, 491
Under basal-plate of Crinoidea—see Infra-basal plate
Undulating membrane, of Flagellata, 111, 115, 123;
of _Trypanosoma_, 121;
of _Dinenympha_, 123;
of _Stylonychia mytilus_, 139 f.;
of Ciliata Trichostomata, 137 f., 145;
of _Glaucoma_, 153;
of _Pleuronema chrysalis_, 153, 154;
of _Caenomorpha uniserialis_, 155;
of _Vorticella_, 156, 157
Unequal fission in _Spirochona_, 147
Upper arm-plate, of Ophiuroidea, 491;
of _Ophioteresis_, 491;
absent in Cladophiurae, 491, 500
_Urechinidae_, _554_ n.
Urine, 13
_Urocentrum_, _137_, 141 n.
_Uronema_, _137_, 141 n.
_Urticina_, 379, _382_;
_U. crassicornis_, 379, 382
Ussov, 257 n.
_Ute_, 189, 190, _192_, 221

Vacuole, 5 f.;
of _Collozoum inerme_, 76;
of _Oikomonas_, 112;
contractile or pulsatile, 14 f.—see Contractile vacuole;
formative, 14 f.—see Alveole, Food-vacuole, Formative vacuole,
Ingestion, vacuole of
_Vaginicola_, _138_, 158
Valvata, _461_, _471_ f.
Valvate, pedicellariae, of Antheneidae, 456, 471
_Vampyrella_, _89_
Vaney, 292 n.
Variation in character of Foraminiferal shell at different stages of
growth, 66
Vegetative, growth, in coloured Flagellates, 115;
rest, 37
Velata, _461_, _464_ f., 466
_Velella_, 301, 302, _309_;
_V. spirans_, 304
Veley, Lilian, on _Pelomyxa_, 53 n.
_Ventriculites_, 208, 208
Venus's Flower-basket (= _Euplectella aspergillum_), 197
Venus's girdle, 420
Veretilleae, _364_
_Veretillum_, _364_
Vermicles, of Gaule, a name for _Lankesterella_, 102
Verrucae, 331
_Verrucella_, _357_;
_V. guadaloupensis_, 357
Vertebra, of Ophiuroidea, 481, 491;
of Streptophiurae, 491, 494;
of _Ophioteresis_, 481, 491;
of _Ophiohelus_, 491, 493;
of Zygophiurae, 491;
of _Ophiothrix fragilis_, 480;
of _Ophiarachna_, 481;
of Cladophiurae, 491, 500;
of _Astroschema_, 481;
of _Gorgonocephalus_, 491;
of _Astrophyton_, 491;
of fossil Ophiuroidea, 501, 502
Vertebrates, cold-blooded, hosts of Haemosporidae, 102
Verticilladeae, _363_
Verworn, on general physiology and protoplasm, 3 n.;
on protoplasmic movements, 16 n., 17;
on regeneration, 35 n.;
of _Thalassicolla nucleata_, 79 n.
Vesicular nucleus, 25
Vestibule, of Peritrichaceae, 145;
of _Carchesium_, 146;
of _Vorticella_, 156, 157
_Vexillum_, _421_
Vibratile styles of Rotifers, 141
_Villogorgia_, _356_
_Virgularia_, 339, _362_;
_V. juncea_, 360;
_V. mirabilis_, 362;
_V. rumphii_, 330, 360
Virgulariidae, _362_
Vision, of Asteroidea, 446;
of Echinoidea, 522
Vital forces, 12 f.;
processes, 11 f.
Vitreous Foraminifera, _58_, 62
Voluntary muscles of Mammals infested by Sarcosporidiaceae, 108
Volvocaceae, _110_, _111_, 125 f.;
literature of, 119
Volvocidae, _111_, 126 f., 127, 129;
theca, 113
_Volvox_, plasmic cell connexions of, 37 n.;
a true vegetable Protist, 130;
_V. globator_, 127 f.
_Vorticella_, _138_, 155 f., 157;
_V. sertulariae_, symbiotic _Zooxanthella_ in, 125
Vorticellidae, 157 f.;
fission, 158;
colonies, 158
Vosmaer, 187 n., 212, 234 n., 237