Chapter XVIII: Part 18

1814. JOSEPH IGNACE GUILLOTIN, a French physician, who revived the use of the instrument known as the maiden, died at Paris, aged 76.

1824. CAPEL LOFFT, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, died in Italy. He was the patron of Bloomfield.

1831. Battle of Ostrolenka, between 55,000 Russians and 20,000 Poles, in which the latter were defeated.

1836. WILLIAM YOUNG OTTLEY, keeper of the prints in the British museum, died. He was for half a century actively devoted to his favorite pursuit of the fine arts, and is honorably known as an artist, a collector, and an author.

1838. WILLIAM BUTLER died at Philadelphia, aged 108.

1840. WILLIAM SIDNEY SMITH, admiral of the red, died at Paris, aged 76. He was one of the most celebrated naval officers of the last age, and distinguished himself on various occasions by his talents and courage.

1844. JACQUES LAFITTE, the French banker, died.

1848. By a fire which occurred in the omnibus establishment of Kip & Brown, New York, 130 horses were burnt.

1852. SAMUEL NOTT, for a long time regarded as the patriarch of the clergy of New England, died in Franklin, Conn., aged 98. He graduated at Yale college in 1780, and two years after settled at Franklin, where he spent the remainder of his protracted life. He was also engaged in the business of instruction, and was a maker of public men. He was injured by a burn, and died of the effects of the accident.

1853. The yellow fever made its appearance at New Orleans; the number of victims during the season was 8,186, the greater part of whom died in August and September.

1854. ANGUS PATTERSON, for a long time president of the senate of South Carolina, died at Barnwell, in that state.

1854. A great crowd in Boston, excited by inflammatory speeches, attacked the court house and attempted to rescue the negro, Anthony Burns, under arrest as a fugitive from servitude. A special assistant of the United States marshal was killed, but the object of the riot was not effected.

1855. An imperial ukase ordered that all the serfs in certain of the Russian states, between the ages of 30 and 35, should be enrolled.

MAY 27.

346 B. C. PHILIP of Macedon took possession of Phocis upon the 27th Scirophorion, and the towers were soon after dismantled, which terminated the ten years' war.

1199. HUBERT, archbishop of Canterbury, made lord chancellor in consideration of his services in crowning king John.

1257. RICHARD, brother to Henry III, crowned at Aix la Chapelle, king of the Romans.

1520. CORTEZ, with 250 men, without horses, or any other arms than pikes, swords, shields and daggers, attacked the well appointed expedition under Narvaez, sent against him by the governor of Cuba, consisting of about 1400 men, which was defeated and gained over to his party. Thus the almost dispirited adventurer suddenly found himself again at the head of a more numerous army than ever, consisting of nearly 2000 Spanish troops, about a hundred horses and 18 vessels, and a great sufficiency of ammunition.

1538. ANTHONY FITZHERBERT, an able English judge, died; author of several works on the law.

1541. MARGARET, countess of Salisbury, beheaded in the tower, at the age of 70. She was the mother of the celebrated cardinal Pole, and the last of the royal line of Plantagenet.

1564. JOHN CALVIN, the great reformer, died. He was a man of eminent talents, solid judgment and extensive learning. His great rigor, however, procured him many enemies; indeed it ill became a reformer to defend, as he did, the burning of heretics.

1600. Matins of Moscow, so called from the time of the day when prince Demetrius and all his Polish adherents were massacred at 6 in the morning.

1602. The colony accompanying Gosnold fixed upon a place of settlement, on the western part of Elizabeth island in Narraganset bay. On a rocky islet in the centre of a fresh water pond two miles in circuit they commenced erecting a fort and store house. (See June 18.)

1610. FRANCIS RAVAILLAC, the fanatic who assassinated _Henri Quatre_, (see May 14,) was executed by being drawn and quartered by four horses.

1647. PETER STUYVESANT, a man of learning and a soldier, the last Dutch governor of New York, arrived at New Amsterdam, and superseded Kieft.

1648. VINCENT VOITURE, an elegant French writer, died. He wrote verses with elegance in French, Spanish and Italian, and was a polisher of his native language in a barbarous age.

1679. English act of habeas corpus passed; the act suspending it was repealed, probably forever, 1818.

1681. "The sweet singers" of the city of Edinburgh renounced the printed Bible at the Canon gate tolbooth, and all unchaste thoughts, words and actions, and burned all story books, ballads, romances, &c.

1694. The French under marshal de Noailles defeated the Spaniards near the river Ter, and took Gerona.

1702. DOMINIC BOUHOURS, a French Jesuit, died; celebrated as a learned writer and critic.

1703. St. Petersburg founded by Peter the great. Its present population is about one-third that of London.

1721. The _Weekly Journal or Saturday's Post_ of this date adjudged to contain libelous matter against the government of England.

1723. GEORGE I assented to the bill for the banishment of bishop Atterbury, whose great virtues are now remembered.

1725. CHARLES DE LA RUE, a French Jesuit, died; distinguished as an orator and poet and a professor of belles-lettres.

1728. CHARLES LEOPOLD, duke of Mecklenburgh, deposed by the emperor of Germany.

1775. Battle at Noddle's island, near Boston; the British defeated by the Americans under Putnam and Warren, who had but 3 men wounded. British loss 200, together with an armed schooner and some stores.

1776. ARNOLD with about 900 Americans captured the British post at the Cedars without any resistance, and retook 500 American prisoners.

1777. BUTTON GWINNETT, one of the signers, died of a wound received in a duel.

1779. THOS. NUGENT, a distinguished lexicographer, died. His French and English dictionary has much merit.

1781. Lord CORNWALLIS, with a vastly superior force, compelled the marquis La Fayette to evacuate Richmond.

1794. Battle of Kaiserslautern, in which the Prussian general Mollendorf surprised the French camp, killed 1000, and took 2000 prisoners, and 20 cannon.

1798. Battle of Oulart Hill; the United Irishmen under father Murphy defeated the English, and massacred all but five. Same day, a large body of Irishmen defeated at Kilthomas hill, 150 killed, and 100 cabins and 2 chapels burnt.

1799. Addison's library sold by auction in London on this and the three following days, 70 years after his death, when it brought about $2,000.

1811. RICHARD PENN, one of the proprietors, and governor of Pennsylvania before the revolution, died in England.

1811. HENRY DUNDAS, lord Melville, a distinguished British statesman, died.

1813. The American army landed in Canada under cover of the fire from Chauncey's fleet, and carried fort George by assault. The vanguard landed first, consisting of Forsyth's riflemen, and the Albany and Baltimore volunteers, under Col. Scott.

1817. A Tunisian corsair of 12 guns, with two prizes, under Oz Maney, were captured near Dover, England, by two British revenue cutters.

1832. St. Jean d'Acre in Palestine taken from the Turks by the pasha of Egypt.

1840. Great freshet in the Savannah river; the city of Augusta and town of Hamburgh entirely submerged; the water rising 35 feet above low water mark. The destruction of property was very great.

1840. Baron PAGANINI, the most celebrated violinist the world ever produced, died at Nice, in Italy, aged 57, leaving a large fortune. (See June 27, 1819.)

1848. The princess SOPHIA, 12th child of George III of England, died, aged 71; an amiable and benevolent lady.

1850. The temple of Nauvoo, erected by the Mormons, finished in 1845, partially burnt in October 1848, having but its four walls left--all its timber works having been consumed by the flames--was destroyed by a hurricane.

MAY 28.

812. St. WILLIAM, of Aquitaine, died. He distinguished himself by his valor against the Saracens, under Charlemagne.

1089. LANFRANC, archbishop of Canterbury, died. He was an Italian, and has the character of a great statesman, as well as a learned prelate.

1220. Pope HONORIUS issued a decree that no person in England should keep in his hands more than two of the royal castles; intended to check the encroaching barons.

1357. ALPHONSO IV, of Portugal, died. He was an able prince, benevolent, and warred with the Moors.

1500. DE CABRAL'S fleet encountered a violent storm; 4 of his vessels ran foul of each other and sunk. Bartholomew Diaz, the Portuguese navigator, who first doubled the cape of Good Hope, was lost here.

1576. The first newspaper printed in England was the _Liverpool Times_ of this date; it is said to be published at the present day.

1583. The printing of the _Vandalie Bible_ commenced at Wittemberg, by Samuel Seelfish, at the expense of the state of Carniola, which paid 8,000 florins for 1,500 copies.

1661. The marquis of ARGYLE beheaded at Edinburgh and his head set upon the Tolbooth.

1672. Battle of Southwold bay, in which the Dutch admiral De Ruyter with 91 ships of the line and 44 frigates and fireships, engaged the combined fleets of France and England, consisting of 130 sail, under the command of the duke of York, afterwards James II, and the admiral count d'Estrees. The conflict was terrible. The allies had a trifling advantage, and the Dutch retired to the coast of Holland.

1672. EDWARD MONTAGUE, earl of Sandwich, drowned in the confusion of the battle of Southwold bay. He was distinguished as a statesman, general, admiral, and writer.

1672. War declared in Boston against the Dutch; the first declaration of war in the colonies.

1673. Action between the English and French fleets, under prince Rupert, and the Dutch under De Ruyter, at Schonvelt; both sides claimed the victory.

1701. ANNE HILARION DE COSTENTIN DE TOURVILLE, a French admiral, died. He distinguished himself against the Algerines and the Spaniards, but the battle of La Hogue was fatal to his glory.

1708. Com. WAGER attacked and destroyed the Spanish fleet near Carthagena.

1736. Madamoiselle SALLE, a famous _danseuse_ at Paris, who piqued herself upon her reputation, instituted an order there, of which she was president, by the name of the _Indifferents_. Both sexes were indiscriminately admitted, after a nice scrutiny into their qualifications. They had rites, which no one was to disclose. The badge of the order was a ribbon, striped black, white and yellow, and the device something like an icicle. They took an oath to fight against love, and if any of the members were particular in their regards, they were excluded the order with ignominy.

1745. JONATHAN RICHARDSON died; a celebrated English painter of heads, and an author.

1754. Battle at fort Duquesne; the French and Indians defeated by the Americans under Washington.

1781. American frigate Alliance, 32 guns, Capt. Barry, captured British sloops of war Atalanta, 16 guns, and Trespasser, 14 guns.

1793. ANTHONY FREDERICK BUSCHING, a distinguished Prussian geographer, died.

1794. Lord HOWE'S first action with the French fleet under Joyeuse. British ship Russell captured the Revolutionaire, 110 guns.

1795. WILLIAM, prince of Orange, issued a manifesto against the French and Batavian republics, protesting against their right to abolish the stadtholdership.

1797. Toulon, which had been seized by the French royalists, surrendered to the conventional troops.

1798. JAMES DUNBAR, professor of philosophy at Aberdeen, died; author of an essay on the history of mankind in the rude and uncultivated ages.

1798. Father MURPHY, at the head of the United Irishmen, took Enniscorthy, killed 90 of the king's troops, and set the town on fire.

1803. British ship Victory captured the French frigate Ambuscade, formerly belonging to the British.

1803. RICHARD HOLE, an English poet and divine, died. He published Ossian in a poetic dress and other works.

1808. The bones of the American prisoners who had perished on board the Jersey and other British prison ships at New York during the revolutionary war, solemnly inhumed in a vault erected at the Wallabout.

1808. RICHARD HURD, bishop of Worcester, died, aged 89. He was a learned man, author of several literary productions, and was offered the primacy, which he declined.

1810. The crown prince of Sweden killed by a fall from his horse. A circumstance which led the way for the elevation of Bernadotte.

1818. First steam boat on lake Erie (Walk in the Water), launched at Black Rock.

1839. MICHAEL BUFF, a soldier of the revolution, died in Oglethorpe co., Ga. He was under Gen. Forbes, 1758, and fought at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown.

1840. THOMAS HARVEY, a distinguished officer in the British navy, died at Bermuda, aged 65.

1841. Capitulation of the city of Canton, which had forfeited previous stipulations with the British and resumed hostilities. The Chinese agreed to pay six millions of dollars in one week as a ransom for the city, and that their troops should be withdrawn 60 miles into the interior, and that all losses sustained by the partial destruction of the factories, should be paid. The sum was paid as stipulated.

1843. NOAH WEBSTER, the American lexicographer, died, aged 85.

1850. JOHN N. MAFFIT, the well known and eccentric methodist preacher, died at Mobile.

1852. THOMAS FRANCIS MEAGHER, a political exile from Ireland, and convict at Van Dieman's land, arrived at New York.

1853. The French legislature passed an act restoring capital punishment for attempts on the life of the emperor, or to subvert the imperial government.

1854. A riot occurred at the park in New York, between a party of Catholics and the friends of a street preacher; several persons were badly injured.

MAY 29.

71 B. C. The range of embankments thrown up by Titus against the wall of Jerusalem, the work of 17 days, was undermined and consumed, or buried in a pit of fire, with all the Roman engines. This was effected by the skill and conduct of John, the high priest.

1379. HENRY II, of Castile, died. He ascended the throne by the murder of Peter the cruel, which he perpetrated with his own hand. He was one of the bravest princes of his time, and won the good will of his subjects.

1405. Battle of Shipton moor; prince Henry dispersed the 8,000 insurgents under Scroop, by seizing the persons of their leaders.

1453. Constantinople taken by the Turks under Mohammed II, which terminated the Greek empire, after an existence of ten centuries. Constantine XIII (Paleologus), was killed, and the beautiful Irene, whose fate is dramatized by Johnson, was one of the captives.

1545. DAVID BEATON, archbishop of St. Andrews, assassinated. He was a great persecutor of heretics, and united with great talents equally great vices.

1588. The Spanish armada, intended for the annihilation of England, sailed from the Tagus, under the duke of Medina Sidonia. The armament consisted of 92 galleons, or large ships of the line, 4 galliases, 30 frigates, 30 transports for horse, and 4 galleys; on board whereof were 8,350 marines, 2,080 galley-slaves, and 19,290 land-forces. The fleet was dispersed by a storm, and compelled to rendezvous at Corunna for repairs.

1593. JOHN PENRY, an English controversial writer, executed for heresy against the episcopacy.

1660. CHARLES II made his entry into London, after a long series of misfortunes and exile, and re-established the royalty, which had been suspended about 12 years.

1672. The new conduit erected in London by sir Thomas Vyner, ran with wine for a few hours in honor of the birthday and restoration of Charles II.

1691. CORNELIUS TROMP died; a Dutch admiral in the service of the republic, succeeded de Ruyter, 1670, as admiral of the fleets of the United Provinces.

1700. MICHAEL ANTHONY BAUDRAND, a French ecclesiastic, died; author of a _Geographical Dictionary_, 2 vols. folio.

1715. Great riot in London; the whigs complaining that unless they shouted high church and the duke of Ormond, they were insulted by the tories.

1758. Action between the French ship Raisonable, 64 guns, prince di Mombazon, and British ship Dennis, 70 guns. The Frenchman was captured with the loss of 61 killed, 100 wounded.

1762. The duke of Newcastle on resigning his premiership in the British ministry being offered a pension declined, saying, "if he could no _longer_ serve he could not _burden_ his country."

1780. Battle of Waxhaws, S. C., col. Tarleton, with 700 cavalry and infantry, came up with 300 continentals under col. Buford, who surrendered after a short action. A few continuing to fire after the main body had surrendered, an indiscriminate slaughter ensued. Tarleton states that 113 Americans were killed, 153 too badly wounded to proceed, and 53 taken prisoners.

1780. Great meeting of the protestant association was held in Coachmakers' hall, London, lord George Gordon presiding, saying that he would not present the petition unless signed by 20,000.

1785. ANDREW COLTEE DUCAREL, a French antiquary, died. His researches were confined to England.

1790. ISRAEL PUTNAM, a revolutionary officer, died. He was one of the most daring, brave and intrepid officers of the army, and his adventures almost border on romance.

1790. Rhode Island adopted the constitution of the United States, adding the 13th pillar to the federal edifice, by a majority of only 2--34 ayes, 32 noes; recommending amendments.

1793. The general assembly of Corsica, consisting of 1,009 delegates, unanimously expelled the Bonaparte family.

1796. The floor of the methodist meeting house at Leeds, England, gave way during service, and 18 persons were killed, and about 80 dreadfully wounded.

1811. Battle of Taragonna, in Spain, which was assaulted by the French under Suchet. The garrison consisted of 2,500 men, of whom only 903 prisoners were taken; the remainder were put to the sword.

1813. Attack on Sacketts Harbor, by the British under Yoe and Provost: they were repulsed with the loss of 260; American loss 156.

1814. British repulsed by maj. Finney of the Accomac militia, at Pongoteague creek.

1814. JOSEPHINE, ex-empress of France, died.

1820. CHRISTIAN WILLIAM VON DOHM, a Prussian statesman and scholar, died.

1823. JOHN PHILLIPS, an eminent lawyer in Boston, died, aged 53.

1829. HUMPHREY DAVY, the noted English chemist, died. He made several important discoveries in the science, and invented the miner's safety lamp.

1832. GEORGE BURDER, an English divine, died, aged 80; author of the _Village Sermons_, now so popular.

1837. JOHN AFZELIUS, an eminent Swedish chemist, died at Upsal, aged 84.

1839. DAVID KIRKPATRICK, an officer of the revolution, died. He entered the army at the commencement of the war, was in the battles of Monmouth, Germantown, Brandywine, Trenton, Cowpens, &c., and was the last surviving officer of the Delaware line.

1840. WILLIAM LEGGET, a well known political writer, died at Rochelle, near New York, when preparing for a diplomatic mission to Guatemala.

1848. THOMAS DICK LANDER, a distinguished Scottish literary writer, died.

1849. SARAH J. HOWE, an American poetess and literary writer, died at Louisville.

1855. JESSE CHICKERING, an American statistician, died at Roxbury, Mass., aged 57. He studied theology, and afterwards medicine, but after a practice of ten years devoted himself to literature, and produced works on population and immigration.

1856. The president transmitted to congress the announcement that he had ceased to hold diplomatic intercourse with the British minister, Mr. Crampton, on account of his attempting to make enlistments for the British service among the citizens of the United States.

MAY 30.

542. ARTHUR, a British prince, died. He was a victorious warrior against the surrounding nations, and is celebrated as the founder of the knights of the round table at Winchester.

1216. LOUIS of France, at the invitation of the rebel English barons, crossed the channel with 680 sail, and landed at Sandwich.

1252. The epoch of the Alphonsine tables, constructed by Hazan, a Jew, by order of Alphonso the wise, commencing with the day of his accession to the throne of Leon and Castile.

1416. JEROME OF PRAGUE, burnt for the heresy of protestantism, at Constance, and suffered with great fortitude.

1431. JOAN OF ARC, the Maid of Orleans, burnt at Rouen, for sorcery and intercourse with infernal spirits, by the English. Chapelaine celebrated her in 12 times 1200 verses; Southey has made her the subject of an epic, and Schiller of a tragedy.

1484. CHARLES VIII (_the affable_), inaugurated at Rheims, in his 15th year. He was met at the gates by a young damsel, habited as Flora, who delivered him the keys of the city.

1498. COLUMBUS sailed from the port of St. Lucar de Barrameda, with a squadron of six vessels, on his third voyage of discovery, with additional powers. The Indians were to wear a mark of brass or lead coin about their necks, which were to be _exchanged_ for others on the payment of their tribute money.

1521. The Spaniards under Cortez, invested Mexico with 917 Spaniards and 75,000 Indians, which were soon increased to 200,000. He had 86 horses, 3 large iron cannons, and 15 smaller of copper, 1000 Castilian pounds of gun powder and a large quantity of balls and arrows, the strength of his little army having doubled by the supplies from Spain and the Antilles. The Spanish troops, in proceeding to their posts, in commencing the siege, had several engagements with the Mexicans. In attempting to break the aqueduct of Chapoltepec to cut off the water from the city, a powerful resistance was made. At one assault, so thick was the shower of arrows, darts and stones, which were shot at them, that 8 Spaniards were killed, and more than fifty wounded, and they were with difficulty able to retreat to Tlacopan, where they encamped.

1539. FERDINAND DE SOTO, landed on the West coast of Florida, in search of gold. He is supposed to have wandered over many of the southern states; but being disappointed in his great object, he returned without effecting a settlement.

1574. CHARLES IX, of France, died, aged 25. It was during his reign that the fatal massacre of St. Bartholomews took place, which renders his name odious.

1577. MARTIN FROBISHER, the English navigator, sailed on his second voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage to India. He coasted Greenland and Labrador, and returned with 200 tons of glittering stones and sand, which he had mistaken for gold ore.

1640. PETER PAUL RUBENS, the celebrated Flemish painter, died. He was also a statesman, and a man of learning.

1654. CHRISTINA of Sweden abdicated the throne, on which occasion she caused a medal to be struck, with the motto, "Parnassus is worth more than a throne."

1658. Prince of Conde, at the head of 2000 cavalry, threw himself into Cambray, then besieged by marshal Turenne.

1663. DENIS DE SALLO, the inventor of literary journals, published the first number of the French _Journal des Savans_.

1676. Hatfield, Mass., burnt by the Indians. The town was attacked by about 600 of the enemy, while the men were all out in the fields at work except one who was very old. They burnt 12 houses and barns without the fortification, and drove away the cattle and sheep. The news of this affair having reached the neighboring town of Hadley, 25 resolute young men hastened to the scene of desolation, and charged the savages with such undaunted courage, that five or six of them fell at the first shot; and making their way through the thickest of the Indians, they threw themselves into the garrison, with the loss of five of their number, who fell as they were entering the town. The enemy, amazed at the resolution of this little band, and having lost 25 of their number, fled from the place immediately, with their booty.

1688. Pere GERBILLON, one of the French Jesuit Missionaries who accompanied Du Halde to China, set out on his first journey into Tartary. His travels are published at length in the great work of Du Halde. (See Ap. 1, 96; May 24, 98; Oct. 13, 98.)

1718. BERNARD NIEUWENTYD, a Dutch writer on mathematics, died.

1744. ALEXANDER POPE died: the celebrated English poet and epistolary writer.

1756. ELIZABETH ELSTOB, an English literary lady, died. She was skilled in eight languages, and published a Saxon grammar.

1764. SIMON SACK, died at Trionia, aged 141.

1770. Fire works in honor of the marriage of Louis XVI, of France, when about 1100 persons were crushed to death in the crowd.

1775. Americans burnt the mansion house on Noddles island, and carried off the cattle.

1778. MARIE FRANCIS AROUET DE VOLTAIRE, the celebrated French philosopher, died. He was an extraordinary man, of whom it has been said, he was a free thinker in London, a Cartesian in Versailles, a Christian in Nancy, and an infidel in Berlin. In society, he was alternately an Aristippus and a Diogenes. For versatility of talent, his equal has, perhaps never appeared.

1796. Battle of Borghetto; Bonaparte defeated the Austrians.

1799. The editor, printer and publisher of the _London Courier_, were fined and imprisoned for saying that the emperor of Russia was a tyrant among his own subjects and ridiculous to the rest of Europe.

1801. JOHN MILLER, who wrote a historical view of the English government, died at Glasgow.

1804. JEFFERSON issued a proclamation erecting the district of Mobile.

1806. Bonaparte issued a decree calling an assembly of Jewish deputies, for the purpose of forming a Sanhedrim.

1813. American privateer Yankee, 16 guns, captured British brig Thames, 14 guns; cargo sold for $180,000.

1814. Treaty of Paris, between Louis XVIII, and the allied sovereigns. The latter left Paris the same day, on a visit to England.

1826. JOHN BEATTY, a general officer in the war of the American revolution, died.

1832. JAMES MACKINTOSH, an English statesman, died; known by his _History of England_. He was employed principally in the affairs of India, during which he found time for literary pursuits.

1833. JOHN MALCOLM, a general in the India service, died. He distinguished himself as a soldier, statesman and scholar. He contributed much information respecting the history and present condition of Persia.

1837. CHRISTOPHER BROWNE, a soldier of the revolution, died at Philadelphia, aged 107.

1844. The Irish agitator DANIEL O'CONNEL, sentenced to fine and imprisonment.

1848. Battle of Goito, Italy; the Austrians defeated by the king of Sardinia.

1848. Ratifications of the treaty between the United States and Mexico exchanged with the latter government at Quaretaro.

1848. General HERRERA elected president of Mexico by 11 states against 5.

1854. Three British steamers destroyed the ships, dockyards and stores at Brahestadt, in the north of the gulf of Bothnia.

1854. The Turks made a sortie from Silistria, and killed 3000 Russians in the trenches.

1854. PEREGRINE MAITLAND, a British officer, died, aged 76. He served at Walcheren, in the Peninsula at Corunna, and at Waterloo. For his services on the Nive as commander of the first brigade of guards, he received a medal. He had been lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada and Nova Scotia, and commander-in-chief of the Madras army.

1856. The ship Pallas, sailing from Cork to Quebec, struck the breakers off St. Paul's island and bilged; of 120 passengers 72 were drowned.

MAY 31.

1434. LADISLAUS IV, king of Poland, died, aged 80; universally respected for all those virtues which should grace a throne.

1521. The siege of Mexico having been begun by Cortez, Sandoval with a division of the Spaniards and more than 35,000 allies marched to the assault of the city of Iztapalapan, situated about 8 miles from Mexico, on the eastern border of the lake. Great havoc was made upon the people and the city, devastated by fire. The inhabitants attempting to escape by water, were met by Cortez, who rushed among their frail boats with his brigantines, and destroyed immense numbers of them.

1589. WALTER MILDMAY, an English statesman, died; founder of Emanuel college.

1658. Kingston, Ulster county, N. Y., founded.

1672. Union between the colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Plymouth.

1680. CHRISTOPHER DAVENPORT, died; a learned Englishman, who became a Franciscan, and published several theological works.

1707. SIMON PATRICK, an English bishop, died, aged 80. He rose from the lowest condition by his own worth.

1723. WILLIAM BAXTER, an English critic and grammarian, died, aged 73. Few _litterateurs_ have commenced their career more unpromisingly; for at the age of 18 he could neither read a word, nor could he speak any thing but Welch; yet he became a noted linguist, translated several Latin authors, and compiled a _Dictionary of British Antiquities_.

1731. PHILIP WHARTON, died; an English nobleman, remarkable for his eccentricities.

1740. FREDERICK WILLIAM, king of Prussia, died. He was a wise and politic monarch, who sought the prosperity of his subjects and the kingdom.

1745. Shah NADIR, defeated the Turks at Erzeroum.

1775. The Americans landed on Pettick's island, near Boston, and carried off 500 sheep and 30 cattle.

1778. Col. ETHAN ALLEN arrived from England, and was received with discharges of cannon.

1779. Stoney Point evacuated by the Americans, and taken possession of by Gen. Clinton.

1791. Punishment by the wheel abolished in France.

1793. An armed force beset the palace of the Tuilleries, and demanded the arrest of the Brissotine party.

1796. BONAPARTE dissolved the great council and took possession of Venice.

1830. FREDERICK A. WILSON, inventor of gaslight, died at Paris.

1832. MAXIMILIAN LAMARQUE, died at Paris; a distinguished French officer, and defender of liberal principles.

1833. JOHN MALCOLM, a distinguished philanthropist and faithful servant of the English East India Company, died. A tasteful obelisk 100 feet high is raised to his memory in his native Eskdale, Scotland.

1835. WILLIAM SMITH, an English statesman, died. He was 46 years a member of the British parliament.

1839. Great Western steamship arrived in New York from Bristol, in 13 days 8 hours, the shortest voyage from Europe to America theretofore made.

1847. THOMAS CHALMERS, the eminent Scottish divine, whose powers of oratory were the admiration of the world, died at Edinburgh, aged 67.

1853. THOMAS M. PETIT, director of the United States mint, died at Philadelphia.

1853. The second American arctic expedition left New York in search of Sir John Franklin, and for scientific purposes.

1854. The British transport Europa, having troops on board, was totally destroyed by fire opposite Brest, and 21 lives lost.

1854. Three wagon loads of powder, 11,250 pounds, exploded in the street at Wilmington, Delaware, killing several persons, and badly injuring 75 houses in the vicinity.

1855. CHARLOTTE NICHOLLS, died; an English authoress under the _nom de plume_ of Currer Bell. Her fame was established by the novel of _Jane Eyre_.

1855. The propeller Arctic and barque Release, left Brooklyn navy yard under command of Lieut. Hartstein, in search of Dr. Kane and his companions in the Arctic sea.

1856. JOHN M. NILES, a Connecticut statesman, died, aged 68. He commenced the practice of the law in Hartford, in 1816, and was concerned in establishing the _Hartford Times_, which he principally edited. He held various offices with distinction; among others that of post master general under Mr. Van Buren.

JUNE.

JUNE 1.

67 B. C. Jotopata, in Judea, captured by the Romans under Vespasian, on the first of Panemus, in the 13th year of Nero. The city was demolished, entombing 40,000 Jews, the number of slain.

1205. HENRY DANDOLO, duke of Venice, died. He was a brave admiral, who took Constantinople, 1203, and had the moderation to refuse the imperial dignity.

1204. Rouen, the capital of Normandy, conquered by the French, which with the Dutchy had been separated from France for 300 years.

1450. JACK CADE'S rebellion broke out in England.

1533. ANN BOLEYN crowned queen of England.

1571. Dr. JOHN STORY, an unrelenting persecutor of the protestants, was executed at Tyburn. On the accession of Elizabeth he fled to Flanders, and used all the influence he possessed to injure the trade of his native country.

1572. _Ovid's Elegies_ burned at Stationer's hall by the order of the bishops of Canterbury and London.

1572. THOMAS, duke of Norfolk, executed for high treason. He was the first subject in England by rank, and the qualities of his mind corresponded with his high station. He fell a victim to love and ambition, in attempting to marry Mary Stuart.

1593. CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE, an English dramatist and poet, murdered in an affray. He was accounted an excellent poet in his time.

1603. A man was whipped through London for going to court when his house was infected by plague. In this visitation 30,244 persons died. James I, to avoid this plague retired to Wilton.

1638. Earthquake in New England; it occurred in the afternoon, and was so violent as to shake down movable articles in houses, and formed a memorable epoch in the annals of the country.

1660. MARY DYER executed. She was a quakeress, who had been banished from Massachusetts, and on her return was sentenced to death for "rebellious sedition and obtruding herself after banishment on pain of death."

1666. Great naval action between the Dutch under de Ruyter and Tromp, and English prince, Rupert, which continued four days with great fury, and the victory was claimed by both parties.

1679. GRAHAM of Claverhouse defeated by the Scottish covenanters at Drumclog, Scotland.

1740. SAMUEL WERENFELS, a Swiss professor and author, died; respected for his learning and many virtues.

1743. ROBERT LE LORRAINE, a celebrated French sculptor, died.

1764. The French carried off all the inhabitants of Turk's island, in the West Indies, with 9 English vessels.

1769. EDWARD HOLYOKE, president of Harvard college, died; an excellent mathematician and natural philosopher.

1774. Boston port bill went into operation. Business closed at noon, and the harbor was shut against all vessels. The citizens, on a short notice of 20 days, were deprived of the means of gaining a subsistence. Contributions were raised in other cities for their relief, and the inhabitants of Marblehead offered the merchants the use of their wharves. Universal indignation spread through the colonies against this high handed measure of the British king and parliament.

1780. American privateer Pickering, 16 guns, Capt. Harridon, captured British ship, Golden Eagle, 22 guns.

1783. CHARLES BYRNE, the Irish giant, died. His height was 8 feet 2 inches. (See May 13, 1781, Roger Byrne).

1785. JOHN ADAMS, the first minister of the United States of America to England, was presented to the king.

1791. The United States army under gen. Chas. Scott entered the Kikapoo villages, on the Wabash, and taking the Indians by surprise, exterminated their villages, killed and took many prisoners. He returned without the loss of a man killed by the enemy. These savages committed great depredations on the frontiers, and refused all terms of peace.

1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union with the consent of Virginia.

1793. The armed Parisians again assembled with cannon around the convention, and demanded the arrest of the Brissotine party. The decree of accusation was passed.

1793. The death of Richard Crutwell, the well known editor of the _Bath Chronicle_, took place at Cheltenham, England.

1794. Action between the French fleet, 26 ships of the line, under Joyeuse, and the British fleet, 25 ships, under lord Howe. The French were defeated with great loss.

1795. PETER JOSEPH DESAULT, a noted French surgeon, died.

1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union.

1797. Desperate engagement between an Algerine cruiser of 18 guns, well manned, and a Corsican frigate of 26 nine and twelve pounders. The action began at 7 in the morning, and was continued with unremitted obstinacy until 3 in the afternoon, when a sloop and cutter coming up, the frigate was towed off in a disabled condition, and the pirate being completely riddled, they fired the magazine, and blew themselves up. The Algerine had a number of Christian captives on board, and was commanded by Sidney Beder, the terror of the Spanish coast.

1805. Detroit destroyed by fire. The houses on 25 streets were consumed; 16 persons lost their lives, and the cattle, generally shared the same fate.

1807. Niesse, a Prussian fortress in Silesia, taken by the French under Jerome Bonaparte, with 3,000 prisoners, and about 300 cannon.

1811. WILLIAM EATON, an American general, died; celebrated for his heroic achievements in the expedition against Tripoli, 1798.

1813. Action between the United States frigate Chesapeake, 36 guns, Capt. Lawrence, 2 days out from Boston, with a raw crew, and British frigate Shannon, 38 guns, and a picked crew. The Chesapeake was captured, with the loss of Capt. Lawrence and 146 killed and wounded, British loss 84.

1815. ALEXANDER BERTHIER, a distinguished French officer, killed. He served in America during the revolutionary war, and afterwards signalized his talents and bravery under Bonaparte, who placed unlimited confidence in him.

1832. THOMAS SUMTER, a distinguished officer of the revolution, died, aged 97.

1833. RENE SAVARY, duke of Rovigo, died; one of the ministers of France under Bonaparte.

1833. OLIVER WOLCOTT died; a statesman under Washington, and 10 years successively governor of Connecticut.

1833. Cholera broke out at Lexington, Ky., number of deaths to August 1st, 502.

1835. OTHO, king of Greece, his minority having ended, ascended the throne at Athens, with appropriate ceremonies.

1839. Port Gibson, Miss., destroyed by fire.

1841. DAVID WILKIE, an excellent Scottish painter, died at Gibraltar, on his return from Egypt, aged 56. He was the author of many celebrated works in his profession.

1843. Dr. JAMES HAGAN, a native of Ireland, but for several years a citizen of the United States, fell in a street fight in Vicksburgh, Miss., provoked by the violence of his language as an editor.

1846. Pope GREGORY XVI died. His pontificate was 15 years.

1846. A convention of delegates to revise the constitution of New York met at Albany.

1847. The steamer Washington, first of the Collins or American line, sailed from New York.

1848. Defeat of the Danes by the Germans.

1852. A submarine telegraph wire coated with gutta percha, was laid across the channel, from Holyhead, a distance of 80 miles, by which telegraphic communication was completed from London to Dublin.

1854. Four British steamers attacked and destroyed the ships, dockyards and stores at Uleaborg.

1854. EMILY CHUBBUCK, widow of Adoniram Judson, died at Hamilton, N. Y.; better known as Fanny Forrester, an accomplished woman, and a writer of considerable celebrity.

1855. The republic of Nicaragua issued a manifesto, proclaiming "martial law and prohibiting the adventurers Kinney and Fabens," on pain of death from entering the republic for any cause.

JUNE 2.

193. DIDIUS JULIANUS, emperor of Rome, executed after a reign of 60 days, which he purchased of the soldiers.

1581. JAMES DOUGLAS, earl Morton, was guillotined at Edinburgh for the supposed murder of lord Darnley.

1609. Seven ships, attended by two small vessels, with 500 people, sailed for Virginia, under sir Thomas Gates, sir Geo. Somers, and Christopher Newport. (See May 23.)

1627. CHARLES I granted to James Hay, earl of Carlisle, by letters patent, all the Caribbean islands.

1653. Action between the English fleet under Monk, and the Dutch under Tromp. The action continued 2 days, and resulted in the defeat of the Dutch, who lost 20 ships taken or destroyed.

1656. Corner stone of the Dutch church, laid in the centre of State street, in the city of Albany, N. Y., by Rutger Jacobsen, one of the magistrates.

1671. EDWARD LEIGH, a learned Englishman, and member of the long parliament, died.

1676. Indian battle near Mount Hope. About 300 of the English, mounted on horses, with a number of friendly Indians, in pursuit of Philip and his regiment of Wampanoags, came upon their camp, which had been newly pitched in a swamp. The friendly Indians upon a given signal ran down upon them from one side, while the mounted soldiers attacked them from the opposite side, so that many of those who fled were taken prisoners. The fruits of this expedition were 3,000 of the enemy killed and taken, and among the prisoners a Narraganset squaw called the old queen. None of the English, and but few of the allies were hurt in this assault. Philip escaped this pursuit, although it was an irreparable blow to his plan of a general extermination of the English settlements, and nearly completed his ruin.

1754. Earthquake at Cairo, in Egypt, which nearly destroyed the city, and buried 40,000 of its inhabitants in the ruins.

1779. Verplank's point, with a garrison of 70, and 4 cannon, surrendered to the British gen. H. Clinton.

1780. Great riots in London. Lord Gordon, at the head of 50,000 protestants, went to parliament to present a petition against popery.

1781. French under BOUILLE took Tobago.

1782. Battle of Arnee, in India, and defeat of Hyder Ally, by the British under sir Eyre Coote.

1783. WASHINGTON furloughed the soldiers of the war.

1789. Baron KNYPHAUSEN, a Hessian general in the British service during the war of the American revolution, died at Berlin, in Prussia, aged 59.

1791. The city of Anapa, in Asia, stormed and taken from the Turks by the Russians. In the assault many were put to the sword, and a pasha and 14,000 made prisoners.

1793. BRISSOT and several other members of the convention arrested in Paris.

1795. M. DAMBOURNEY died at Rouen; distinguished as a merchant and a man of science.

1802. British house of commons voted Dr. Jenner £10,000 for his discovery of the vaccine inoculation.

1803. THOMAS PETT, an English miser, died. He went to London at the age of 10, with a solitary shilling in his pocket. He lodged 30 years in one gloomy apartment, which was never lighted up with coal, candle, or the countenance of a visitant. It is said he never eat a morsel at his own expense, and left about $35,000 to relatives whom he had never seen.

1805. British surrendered Diamond rock, Martinique, to the French.

1811. CHRISTOPH, and MARIA LOUISA, his sable consort, crowned at Cape Francois, sovereigns of Hayti.

1812. JOHN WILLIAM DE WINTER, a noted Dutch admiral, died at Paris.

1814. Peace between Great Britain and France proclaimed in London.

1843. JOHN CARY, a negro, died at Washington, aged 114. He accompanied Washington as his personal servant in the old French war, and preserved a dress coat presented to him by the general, which he had worn at the siege of Yorktown.

1854. The military force of Boston was called out to protect the government marshal in delivering Anthony Burns, a fugitive slave, on board a Virginia vessel. No serious outbreak occurred, though crowds thronged the streets, and hooted and hissed and groaned, and threw missiles at the military, and at the marshal and his assistants.

1855. There was a riot at Portland, Me.; a crowd attempted to seize with violence certain liquors, claimed to be owned by the city; and, persisting, the military were called out and fired, killing one man and wounding others.

JUNE 3.

1098. Capture of Antioch, the capital of Syria, by the first crusaders. The sword of Godfrey, says an eye witness, divided a Turk from the shoulder to the haunch; and one half of the infidel fell to the ground, while the other half was carried by his horse to the city gates.

1137. Cathedral of Rochester, in England, burned.

1162. THOMAS A BECKET made archbishop of Canterbury.

1594. JOHN AYLMER, a learned and benevolent English prelate, died. He was tutor to lady Jane Grey, and more noted for his severity against the Puritans than for his learning.

1609. MARY ELLIS died at Leigh, England, aged 119. Her inscription informs the reader that "she was a virgin of virtuous courage and very promising hopes."

1611. Lady ARABELLA SEYMOUR escaped from confinement in the tower of London by stratagem.

1647. King CHARLES I of England arrested by Joyce with 500 cavalry, at Holdenby.

1649. FARIA E. SOUSA, a Castilian historian and lyric poet, died. He devoted himself with great ardor to literature, and wrote, by his own account, 12 sheets daily. He labored 25 years on a commentary on the _Lusiade_, which was prohibited by the inquisition.

1657. WILLIAM HARVEY, an English physician, died; celebrated as the discoverer of the circulation of the blood.

1665. Naval action between the British fleet, 114 sail, besides fire ships, under the duke of York and prince Rupert, and the Dutch under admiral Opdam. The latter were defeated, with the loss of 19 ships sunk or taken. The admiral's ship was blown up with himself and all the crew. The English lost but one ship.

1689. Six captains with 400 men in New York, and a company of 70 men from East Chester, joined Leisler in holding the fort at New York for the prince of Orange.

1694. The duke of SAVOY, at the instance of England and Holland decreed the free exercise of their religion to the Vaudois.

1732. EDMUND CALAMY died; an eminent English divine among the non-conformists.

1740. JETHRO TULL died; celebrated as the first Englishman who bestowed particular attention on agriculture, and endeavored to reduce it to a science.

1759. Admiral RODNEY bombarded Havre de Grace, France, 52 hours without intermission.

1769. Transit of Venus over the sun's disc. Capt. Cook sailed from England to Otaheite with scientific men, to take an observation there. As it had never been seen but twice before by any inhabitant of our planet, and could never be seen again by any person then living, it caused considerable excitement among the scientific in Europe. It was also observed by our countryman David Rittenhouse, at Philadelphia.

1770. The city of Port-au-prince, St. Domingo, destroyed by an earthquake.

1776. During the celebration of a wedding at Mantua, the floor of the house gave way, and 66 persons were killed, among whom was the bride.

1780. THOMAS HUTCHINSON, a governor of Massachusetts, died. He published a valuable history of the colony from 1628 to 1749, and a third volume has been compiled from his manuscripts, extending it to 1774.

1788. Lord MANSFIELD, of England, resigned his chief justiceship of the king's bench, a station he had occupied with distinguished reputation for 32 years.

1789. PAUL EGEDE died, aged 81; author of an _Account of Greenland_, and a zealous missionary there.

1790. Action between the Swedish and Russian fleets, in which the former were defeated with great loss.

1802. Madame MARA, the celebrated vocalist, took leave of the English stage.

1805. Peace concluded between the United States and Tripoli; the American prisoners to be liberated.

1808. PHILIP SCHUYLER, an officer of the revolution, died at Albany, aged 73. He possessed a mind of great vigor and enterprise, and was characterized by integrity and amiableness.

1826. NICHOLAI MIKHAELOVITCH KARAMSIN died. He was one of the most eminent Russian writers that country has yet produced.

1832. JEAN PIERRE ABEL REMUSAT died; a distinguished French orientalist, and professor of the Chinese and Tartar languages in the college of France.

1836. BARRY EDWARD O'MEARA died; formerly surgeon to Napoleon, and author of _Napoleon in Exile_, and other works.

1840. The steam packet Unicorn, the first steam vessel from England to Boston, arrived in the latter port in 18 days from Liverpool.

1844. ALEXANDER J. DALLAS, an American commodore, died on board his frigate in Callao bay, having been in the naval service 39 years.

1848. Gunpowder explosion at Vera Cruz, by which several buildings were injured and 20 persons killed, mostly women.

JUNE 4.

1137. The greater part of the city of York, its cathedral, and 39 churches burned.

1453. ALVAREZ DE LUNA, a Spanish statesman, executed. He acquired such an ascendancy over the king that he was himself the monarch more than 30 years.

1520. A famous interview between the kings of England and France, near Guisnes.

1561. St. Paul's, London, burnt, having stood nearly four centuries. Its dimensions were 960 feet in length, 130 in breadth, and surmounted by a spire 520 feet high.

1585. MARK ANTHONY MURETUS died; a French critic and poet.

1663. WILLIAM JUXON, archbishop of Canterbury, died. He was the friend of Laud, by whose influence he was promoted, and by whose fall he was a great sufferer. He was exemplary in his conduct and irreproachable in the discharge of his duties; and on the restoration was raised to the see of Canterbury.

1665. JOHN LAWSON, an English admiral, killed.

1691. Baltimore in Ireland taken by the English under general Ginkle.

1711. The fleet of transports containing 5,000 troops from England and Flanders, designed for the reduction of Canada, arrived at the port of Boston, under sir Hoveden Walker, after a passage of one month's duration.

1725. A general assembly of the kirk of Scotland met at Edinburgh.

1731. A person sentenced at the old Bailey court of London to be hanged for forgery; said to have been the first capital punishment for that offence.

1737. FRANCIS LE MOINE, an excellent French painter, ran himself through with a sword in a fit of lunacy.

1738. Birthday of GEORGE III of England. He began his reign at the age of 22, and occupied the throne 60 years.

1744. ANSON arrived in England after a voyage of three years round the world.

1745. Battle of Hohenfriedberg, between the army of Frederick II of Prussia, and that of prince Charles of Lorrain, in which the latter was defeated with the loss of 4,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners.

1745. ALEXIS NORMAND, advocate of the parliament of Paris, died; justly celebrated for his love of justice.

1746. Battle of San Lazaro; the French defeated in an assault upon the Austrian camp, with the loss of 15,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners, 60 colors and 10 cannon.

1792. First legislature of Kentucky met.

1792. Route between Pennsylvania and the Genesee country in New York explored.

1792. JOHN BURGOYNE, a British officer and dramatist, died. He was "tint at Saratoga."

1794. Port-au-prince, St. Domingo, taken by the British. They found 131 cannon, &c., 13 ships and 9 brigs laden, and other vessels.

1796. Battle of Altenkirchen; the French under Kleber defeated the Austrians and took much booty.

1798. Battle of Tubberneering; the united Irishmen defeated the English under colonel Walpole, who was shot through the head.

1799. Battle of Zurich between the French under Massena, and the Austrians under the archduke Charles.

1800. Cisalpine republic re-established by Bonaparte.

1800. The English squadron under Pellew attacked Quiberon in France, destroyed the forts and brought off several vessels.

1800. FRANCIS BULLER, an eminent English judge, died.

1801. Genoa united to France; Eugene Beauharnais appointed viceroy of Italy, by Bonaparte, who at the same time appointed the order of the _iron crown_.

1803. FRANCIS XAVIER TALBOT died; a French ecclesiastic, and author of some poems.

1804. Vaccination for the cowpox introduced with great success in Persia.

1805. The American prisoners at Tripoli liberated.

1807. EDWARD DILLY, a benevolent and distinguished bookseller, died. His purse and advice were always at the service of the deserving.

1808. A new constitution formed for Spain by Bonaparte.

1813. The French under Joseph Bonaparte and Jourdan evacuated Valladolid, Spain.

1816. Treaty between the United States and Weas and Kickapoo Indians.

1817. CLOTILDA TAMBRONI, an Italian poetess, died.

1819. Washington lodge of independent order of Odd Fellows organized at Baltimore, Md., the first lodge of the order in the United States.

1823. LOUIS NICHOLAS DAVOUST, duke of Auerstadt and prince of Eckmuhl, died; one of Napoleon's bravest generals.

1829. Steam frigate Fulton blown up, and 26 persons killed.

1835. OWEN PUGHE died in Wales; author of a _Welsh and English Dictionary_, and styled the Johnson of Wales.

1837. ABIEL HOLMES, a learned American clergyman, died, aged 74; known principally by his _American Annals_, one of the most valuable historical publications that has been written in this country.

1843. ANDREW BELL died at Perth Amboy, N. J., for many years surveyor for the proprietors of that state.

1844. JESSE SMITH died at Salem, Mass., aged 88. He fought at Bunkers hill, and also at almost every other scene of conflict during the war of the American revolution.

1848. MATTHEW GREGORY died at Albany, aged 91; a revolutionary soldier, who was at the capture of Cornwallis; the noted keeper of the Tontine in the early part of the century.

1854. A riot occurred at Brooklyn, N. Y., between the advocates of street preaching and the catholics, when many persons were killed and wounded, and quiet was only restored by the aid of the military.

1856. ALEXANDER CRICHTON, an English physician, died near London, aged 93. He was for many years physician in ordinary to the emperor Alexander I, of Russia, and was the oldest member of the Royal society.

JUNE 5.

1402. HENRY IV tried to dispel by proclamation the rumors of Richard VI having appeared in Scotland.

1465. ENRIQUE IV, a weak king of Castile, deposed and solemnly degraded in the public square at Avila, and his brother Alonzo proclaimed king in his stead.

1480. CAXTON completed the printing of the history of England, which he thus announced: "_The Chronicles of England, &c. Enputed by me William Caxton. In thabbey of Westmynstre by London, &c., the v day of Juyn the yere of thincarnacion of our lord god m.cccc.lxxx, &c._," folio.

1508. LAMORAL EGMONT, count of Holland, beheaded by order of the Spanish duke of Alva, at Brussels. He was a renowned general in the Spanish armies, but they were jealous of his partialities for his own country's liberty.

1594. Three ships fitted out by some Amsterdam and Zealand merchants, for the purpose of discovering a passage to India by the Northern ocean, sailed from the Texel under Willem Barentszoon and Jacob Heemskerk, shaping their course around Nova Zembla.

1603. The English merchants trading to the Levant surrendered their patent to the king. They paid £4,000 annually for this commercial monopoly.

1667. JOHN HENRY HOTTINGER, a learned Swiss orientalist, drowned in the Limmat. Notwithstanding the assiduity with which he applied himself to his numerous avocations he found time to write several works.