Chapter XXII: Part 22

1785. JAMES OGLETHORPE, the first governor of Georgia, died in England, aged 97. He took an active part in the settlement of Georgia, and founded the town of Savannah. He displayed great courage and address in protecting the colony from incursions of the Spaniards.

1797. RICHARD PARKER hanged; author of the noted rebellion in the English fleet at the Nore.

1797. The chief officers of the Cisalpine republic installed by Bonaparte. This like the French republic, was but of short continuance.

1802. Treaty of Buffalo creek, when the Senecas sold their land west of Genesee river to the state.

1803. Two British ships captured off St. Domingo the French frigate Creole, 44 guns, having on board 100 blood hounds for the French army against the blacks.

1815. Action in the strait of Sunda, between United States sloop of war Peacock, and British king's ship Nautilus. The latter was captured in 15 minutes, but was given up next day, as hostilities had ceased twelve days before between the two countries.

1815. Treaty of peace concluded between the United States and Algiers, in which the dey relinquished the payment of tribute to the Algerines, released the prisoners, and made restitution for American property captured by his cruisers.

1815. Allied army from the heights of Belleville, commenced their attacks on Paris.

1817. The Prussian government prohibited the further use of the term _protestant_ in the country, as being obsolete and unmeaning, since the protestants did not any longer protest, and ordered the word _evangelical_ to be substituted for it.

1817. CHRISTOPHER DANIEL EBELING, a German geographer, died. His great work, the _Geography and History of North America_, was completed and published at Hamburg 1799, in 5 vols. His collection of books in relation to America, nearly 4,000 in number, were purchased by Israel Thorndike of Boston, and presented to Harvard college.

1821. JOSE FERNANDEZ ABASCAL died, aged 78; long engaged in the military service of Spain, and viceroy of Peru during the early part of the war of independence in South America.

1831. WILLIAM ROSCOE, an English biographer and miscellaneous writer, died. He was of humble parentage, but his lives of Lorenzo the Magnificent, and Leo X, give him an exalted and enduring reputation.

1832. Silistria, in Bulgaria, surrendered to the Russians. The trophies were 8,000 prisoners, 2 three-tailed pashas, 250 cannon, &c.

1835. BENJAMIN PRITCHARD, the Kentucky giant, died. His disease was dropsy; his weight 525 pounds.

1840. The sub-treasury, or independent treasury bill passed the house of representatives in congress, by a vote of 124 to 105.

1855. The yellow fever became epidemic in New Orleans.

JULY.

JULY 1.

1452 B. C. AARON, the Jewish high priest, died on the first day of the month Ab, at the age of 123.

1190. The crusaders under Richard Plantagenet and Philip de Valois, amounting to 100,000 warriors and pilgrims, assembled in the plains of Vezelai.

1270. LOUIS IX of France sailed from Aigues Mortes, on his fatal crusade against the infidels of Tunis.

1413. PIERRE DES ESSARS, a French nobleman, executed. He served in the Scottish army against England, 1402, and was taken prisoner. On his return to France he became a statesman, but was suspected of some political heresies, which forfeited his life.

1450. JACK CADE took possession of Southwark, and two days after entered London, cutting the ropes of the draw bridge with his sword.

1520. CORTEZ secretly evacuated the city of Mexico with the remains of his army. The Spaniards commenced their retreat a little before midnight, which was soon discovered by the Mexicans, who assailed them on all sides, so that it was with the utmost hazard of entire destruction that they effected their escape, with the loss of 600 Spaniards and 4,000 allies. All their artillery, all the riches they had amassed, the manuscripts of Cortez, were lost; together with 40 horses, most of their prisoners, and the men and women in the service of the Spaniards, were killed. It was one of the most horrible and disastrous scenes on record, and acquired the name among the Spaniards of the _noche triste_.

1555. JOHN BRADFORD, an English martyr in the reign of queen Mary, and an eloquent preacher, burnt at Smithfield for heresy.

1582. JAMES CRICHTON (_the admirable_) assassinated at Mantua. He was a native of Scotland, and altogether a most extraordinary character, about whom authors differ also most extraordinarily, some even treating his existence as fabulous. Urquhart places his death on the 27th February, at the carnival.

1614. ISAAC CASAUBON, a celebrated Swiss critic and theologian, died at London. Nearly all the ancient classics are indebted to his valuable researches.

1626. Chaplains first appointed to each ship in the British navy.

1627. King CHARLES I of England dismissed his queen's French servants, which occasioned a war with France.

1643. The great assembly of divines met at Westminster in the Jerusalem chamber; 118 preachers and 26 laymen.

1676. New Jersey divided into East and West Jersey; the former granted to George Carteret, the latter to William Penn and others.

1681. OLIVER PLUNKET, primate of Ireland, executed at Tyburn. It was afterwards discovered that he was guiltless of the crimes imputed to him, and that he fell a sacrifice to the intrigues of some of his priesthood.

1690. Battle of the Boyne, in Ireland, which decided the fate of James II and the Stuart dynasty, and established William III on the British throne. The duke of Schomberg, one of the ablest generals of the time, was killed, at the age of 82. Also the Irish rector, George Walker, famous for his heroism. The forces of James were but 27,000, opposed to 36,000 strong.

1709. EDWARD LHUYD died; a celebrated antiquary and linguist, and keeper of the Ashmolean museum.

1731. JOHN MONTGOMERY, governor of New York, died. He possessed a kind and human disposition, and his death was much lamented.

1743. Action between the British ship Centurion, 60 guns, 400 men, Com. Anson, and Spanish ship Acapulco, 64 guns, 550 men. The latter was captured, with above a million and a half of dollars on board. Spanish loss 67 killed, 84 wounded; British loss 2 killed, 17 wounded. (See June 15, 1744.)

1762. JOHN BAPTIST NOLIN, a French geographer, died at Paris.

1766. JOHN FRANCIS LEFEVRE DE LABARRE, a young French nobleman, executed. A wooden crucifix had been defaced on a public bridge, at which the bishop of Amiens was greatly enraged, and demanded a disclosure of the perpetrators. Labarre was arraigned on the false accusation of his enemy, Duval de Saucourt, and the indictment also charged him with having passed a procession of monks without taking off his hat. He was sentenced to have his tongue cut out, his right hand cut off, and to be burnt alive. This sentence the parliament of Paris commuted, by a small majority, into decapitation before burning. Labarre was scarcely nineteen years old, and was one of the latest victims of that religious fanaticism in France which led to the revolution. Voltaire exerted himself as warmly against this infamous act, as he had against the execution of Calas.

1780. Action off cape Finisterre between British ship Romney, 50 guns, and French frigate Artois, 40 guns, 460 men. The Artois was captured in 45 minutes, 20 killed, 40 wounded; British 2 wounded.

1780. JOHN BELL, a celebrated Scottish traveler, died, aged 91. He commenced his travels about the year 1714, in the employ of Peter the Great of Russia, with whom he was on terms of great intimacy; and extended his travels into many different countries; was afterwards for several years a merchant at Constantinople, and finally in 1747 returned to his native country to spend the remainder of his life in ease and affluence on his estates of Antermony.

1781. Battle of Porto Novo, in Hindostan; 7,000 British under sir Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ally and 150,000 men. English loss about 400 killed and wounded; Hyder lost many of his best officers and 4,000 killed.

1782. The marquis of ROCKINGHAM, first lord of the English treasury, died. His merit was his patriotism, and his patronizing such men as Burke, and bringing them into influence.

1798. Alexandria, in Egypt, taken by the French under Bonaparte, who issued a proclamation, stating that he venerated God, the prophet, and the koran, and more than the Mamelukes did.

1800. JEAN CLAUDE D'ARCON, a French general and engineer, died. He invented the floating batteries, which were intended to reduce Gibraltar.

1810. LOUIS BONAPARTE abdicated the throne of Holland, and retired to Austria as a private individual.

1814. Peresque Isle surprised by the United States troops under lieutenant Gregory.

1818. THOMAS BERNARD, founder of the British gallery, died. He was eminent as a philanthropist.

1820. Toll first demanded and received on the Erie canal.

1832. Rite of suttee abolished in Hindostan by the British authorities.

1835. JAMES GIBBON, the hero of Stony point, died at Richmond, where for several years he had been collector of customs.

1839. MAHMOUD II, sultan of Turkey, died in the 54th year of his age and 31st of his reign.

1839. About 150 Chippewa Indians treacherously massacred at the falls of St. Anthony, and 20 on the St. Croix, by the Sioux, who had invited the Chippewas to meet for the purpose of forming a treaty of peace. About 50 of the Sioux were killed.

1850. SERGEANT S. PRENTISS, a distinguished American lawyer, died, aged 40.

1853. ARTHUR LIVERMORE, a New Hampshire jurist, died at Campton, N. H., aged 87.

1854. WALDO J. BURNETT died at Boston, aged 25; a distinguished physician and naturalist, and author of several tracts on medical subjects.

1855. There was a second Sunday demonstration in Hyde park, London, by a large and excited mob, against sir Robert Grosvenor's Sunday bill.

1856. A heavy gale on the coast of Labrador, when of a fleet of 30 vessels, 29 were driven on shore and lost.

JULY 2.

928. JOHN X, pope of Rome, suffocated in prison. Better fitted for heading an army than governing the church, he was victorious over the Turks in battle.

936. HENRY I (_the fowler_), of Germany, died. He was successful in his wars, strengthened his empire, and promoted harmony and union among the German princes.

1296. JOHN BALIOL subscribed his abdication at Kincardin. For three years he had the tower of London and a circuit round the walls for twenty miles for his possession; and in 1299 was permitted to retire into Normandy, where he died forgotten six years afterwards.

1491. Madeira, an island in the Atlantic, covered with wood (whence its name), discovered by John Gonzales Zarco, in the service of Portugal. It was the next year colonized, and planted with the Cyprian vine and sugar cane of Sicily.

1492. ADOLPHUS, emperor of Germany, killed. He was a poor count, elected partly through intrigue, and his reign was a series of intrigues to maintain himself in power. The throne was finally given to Albert of Austria, and when the two emperors met in battle, they fought hand to hand, and Adolphus was killed by the lance of his rival. His abilities were inadequate to his station.

1566. MICHAEL NOSTRODAMUS died; an able French physician and celebrated astrologer.

1609. HUDSON on his first voyage, after various vicissitudes, through storm and ice, loss of foremast and sails, arrived off the banks of Newfoundland, and refreshed his men by a heavy _catch_ of cod.

1644. Battle of Marston Moor; the parliament army under Cromwell and Fairfax, defeated the royalists under prince Rupert, who lost the whole of his artillery and left the northern counties in the hands of the confederates.

1692. ADRIAN DE VALOIS (or Valesius) died; a learned French historian and critic.

1704. Battle of Donauworth, in Bavaria; the French and Bavarians defeated by the duke of Marlborough. Loss about 6,000 on each side.

1730. LAURENCE CORSINI was elected pope by the conclave, after it had sat four months. He took the name of Clement XII.

1740. THOMAS BAKER, a learned and ingenious English antiquary, died. He wrote with great purity of style.

1741. THOMAS MORECROFT died; the person who figures in the _Spectator_ as _Will Wimble_.

1775. WASHINGTON arrived at Cambridge, and took command of the American army, then consisting of 14,500 men.

1776. The memorable resolution, declaring the North American colonies independent, passed by congress, without one dissenting colony. It was proclaimed on the 4th, and hence that day is celebrated, instead of this, which is, perhaps, better entitled to the honor.

1778. A fanatic calling herself queen Beck, assaulted king George III as he was alighting from his carriage.

1778. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU died at Paris. He was the son of a watchmaker at Geneva, and strayed to Paris while young, where he became one of the most celebrated authors of the day. His works are collected in 33 vols.

1782. DIONYSIUS DIDEROT, a noted French philosopher, died. He was the son of a cutler, educated by the Jesuits. Rejecting the ecclesiastical profession for literature, he became an author, and conceived the stupendous design of the _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique_, on which he labored 20 years. He was a Jacobin, and contributed his full share to the revolution.

1800. Bill for the union of Great Britain and Ireland signed by order of the king, George III.

1802. Colonel BARRE, so noted in the British parliament as an opponent to the American war, died. He had been blind for many years.

1805. PATRICK RUSSELL, a British physician, died at London; author of a valuable treatise on the plague, and several estimable works on natural history.

1807. JEFFERSON issued his proclamation forbidding all intercourse with British ships of war, and ordering all those within the American waters to withdraw therefrom. (See June 22.)

1812. American embargo expired by its own limitation. On the same day the frigate Essex, captain Porter, sailed from New York on a cruise against the British, on which occasion he hoisted a white flag, bearing the motto, "Free trade and sailor's rights."

1812. PETER GANSEVOORT, a distinguished American officer, died at Albany, aged 63.

1816. BENJAMIN THOMPSON died; formerly a timber merchant, translator of the _German Theatre_, and author of several other productions. His death was caused by extreme sensitiveness at the manner in which his play of _Oberon's Oath_ was received. It was hissed on the first representation, at which he was extremely dejected; at its second representation it was received with universal applause, which elated him so much that he died of the excitement.

1830. Battle near Milliduse between the Turks and Russians. The Turks were defeated with considerable loss, and their general, Hadki pasha, taken prisoner.

1840. The port of Canton, in China, blockaded by the British under commodore Bremer.

1849. The city of Rome surrendered to the French.

1851. CAROLINE AMELIA HALSTED, an English authoress, died. Of three or four works which she published the principal one is a _Life of Richard III_, in 2 volumes, octavo.

1851. WILLIAM BERRY, an English author, died at Bristol, aged 77; author of various works on genealogy and heraldry.

1853. The Russian troops under prince Gortschakoff crossed the Pruth and invaded Turkey.

1853. A controversy having arisen between the consuls of Austria and America at Smyrna about Martin Koszta, an Austrian refugee, captain Ingraham of the American sloop of war St. Louis, hearing of a design to convey him to Trieste, demanded the surrender of Koszta before 4 o'clock, and brought his guns to bear on the Austrian brig. An engagement was prevented by the compromise that Koszta be delivered to the French consul at Smyrna for safe keeping.

1855. The legislature of Kansas met at Pawnee and organized; Thomas Johnson, president of the council, and John H. Stringfellow, speaker of the house.

1855. THOMAS WEAVER, an eminent English geologist, died at Pimlico, aged 82.

1855. CHARLES ELKINS, a British admiral of the red, died, aged 87. He published a review of the naval battles from 1744 to 1814.

1856. ROWLAND STEPHENSON, for many years a London banker, and also a member of parliament, died at Bristol, Pa., aged 83. He had resided in this country about thirty years.

JULY 3.

237. ANTONIUS AFRICANUS GORDIAN, killed near Carthage by a general of Maximinus, during whose reign he had been elected emperor, much against his will.

323. Battle of Adrianople and overthrow of Lucinius, when Constantine took possession of Byzantium, which he afterwards made the seat of his empire, and named it Constantinopolis.

987. Inauguration at Rheims of Hugh Capet, son of Hugo, duke of Burgundy, and founder of the third race in the French monarchy--the Capetan.

1437. The sacred play of _The Passion_ represented in the park of Vexmeil, attended by the French nobility.

1521. CORTEZ attempted to retake the city of Mexico by storm, but was repulsed with the loss of 60 Spaniards, 1000 allies, 7 horses and 1 cannon. The Mexicans made prisoners of 40 Spaniards, who were immediately sacrificed in their great temple to the war god.

1608. CHAMPLAIN, who took the charge of conducting the French colony in Arcadie, after examining all the eligible places on the St. Lawrence, selected a spot at the confluence of that river and the St. Charles, about 320 miles from the sea, where he erected barracks, cleared the ground for tillage, and on this day laid the foundation of Quebec.

1642. MARY DE MEDICIS, of France, died; the promoter of the massacre of St. Bartholomews.

1672. FRANCIS WILLOUGHBY, an English naturalist, died. To rank and fortune he added great application, and had traversed the principal countries of Europe in pursuit of his favorite study, the history of animals, when he was cut off at the early age of 37.

1676. Indian battle near Narraganset; the main body of the Indians were surprised at a large cedar swamp, and attacked so suddenly that a considerable number were killed or taken on the spot, and those who fled into the thicket were surrounded. They lost 171 on this occasion.

1743. GABRIEL ROMANOVITCH DERSHAVIN, a celebrated Russian poet, died.

1769. The first theatrical performance enacted in Albany, by a company from New York, having gained permission "for one month only" from "his excellency the governor." The play was _Venice Preserved_; the place, the hospital.

1776. Three towns in Turkey, containing 10,000 inhabitants, destroyed by an earthquake.

1779. Grenada, in the West Indies, taken by the French under count d'Estaing.

1789. JAMES BERNOUILLI II, a learned German mathematician, died of apoplexy while bathing in the Neva at St. Petersburg.

1794. Earthquake in Natolia, Asia Minor, destroyed several large and populous towns and villages, one of which was Amasia, the birth place of Strabo.

1795. British squadron off St. Maloes captured a French brig and six merchantmen.

1797. Admiral NELSON, in his barge, captured a Spanish launch, after a severe engagement, in the course of which he narrowly escaped death, by the assistance of his coxswain.

1807. British Capt. DOUGLAS threatened to capture all vessels from Norfolk, unless the magistrates permitted him to have communication with the British consul at that place; they refused.

1811. American government resolved to occupy West Florida; the British government remonstrated against it.

1814. United States troops under Gen. Brown, effected a landing on the Canadian frontier, between Chippewa and Fort Erie, which latter surrendered.

1815. Commercial treaty between England and America signed at London.

1833. Naval battle between the fleet of Don Pedro, under the command of admiral Napier, and that of Don Miguel, in which the latter was defeated with the loss of 6 vessels.

1838. SAMUEL THORNTON, an English gentleman, distinguished for his benevolence and usefulness, died, aged 83. He was 53 years a director of the bank of England, and 40 years a member of parliament.

1849. The French republican army, commanded by Gen. Oudinot, entered Rome.

1851. EDWARD QUILLINAN, a British author, died. He married a daughter of the poet Wadsworth, and was particularly accomplished in Portuguese literature.

1853. SAMUEL PUTNAM, a Massachusetts judge and senator, died at Somerville, aged 85.

1853. The American expedition under commodore Perry, left Loo Choo for Japan.

1854. Princess DE LA MOSKWA, widow of marshal Ney, died in Paris.

1854. THOMAS RITCHIE died, aged 75; celebrated as the editor of the _Richmond Inquirer_ and the _Washington Union_. He wielded great political influence in Virginia, his native state.

1855. The Cunard steamer Persia was launched at Glasgow.

JULY 4.

1097. Battle of Dorylæum, in Phrygia, and rout of the Moslems under Soliman.

1450. Lord SAY and SELE beheaded by order of Jack Cade, at Cheapside, London.

1533. JOHN FRYTH, an English preacher, burnt at Smithfield for the heresy of Lutheranism.

1563. Leeds bridge school was founded in the time of Henry VIII.

1584. AMIDAS and BARLOW, two experienced commodores sent out by sir Walter Raleigh for the purpose of discovering and taking possession of the American continent north of Florida, arrived at the coast on this day. Sailing along the shore 120 miles, they entered the mouth of a river and took formal possession of the country for the queen of England, delivering it over to the use of sir Walter. (See June 10, 1584.)

1623. WILLIAM BIRD, a celebrated English musical composer, died, aged 80. His music outlived his history, few particulars of his life being known.

1653. The parliament, commonly called _Barebone's_, from a zealot of that name who was one of the 120 members, assembled at Whitehall, and Cromwell delegated to them their chairs for fifteen months.

1663. CHARLES II of England, reviewed his 4000 guards, then the whole regular force of the kingdom, yet deemed dangerous to liberty. The king and his brother imputed the misfortune of their father, Charles I, to the want of a regular army.

1669. ANTHONY ESCOBA DE MENDOZA, a Spanish Jesuit, died. He was for many years a popular preacher, and bequeathed to posterity 40 vols. folio of his own writings.

1670. GEORGE, duke of Albemarle, captain-general of his majesty's forces, died at the cockpit. Possibly some lessons of ferocity might be learned there.

1671. MERIC CASAUBON, a Swiss _literateur_ and critic, died in London. Considerable offers were made him by Cromwell to write the history of the civil war, which he refused.

1744. Thirty-two wagons, variously decorated, loaded with the treasure brought home by Anson, guarded by his seamen, passed St. James's in London to the Tower.

1749. JOSEPH VANAKEN, a celebrated Dutch painter, died.

1754. The commissioners of the American colonies met at Albany for the purpose of holding a conference with the Indians, (see June 19,) proposed a plan for the union of the colonies, which was agreed to this day, exactly 22 years before the declaration of independence. Its fate was singular. It was rejected in America because it was supposed to put too much power into the hands of the king; and it was rejected in England, because it was supposed to give too much power to the assemblies of the colonies.

1757. JOHN JOSEPH VADE, an excellent French poet, died. His youth was spent in dissipation, for which he made some amends in the brief space allowed him by his impaired constitution.

1761. SAMUEL RICHARDSON, an English printer, died; known as the author of a series of moral romances, among which _Pamela_ and _Sir Charles Grandison_ are the most noted. The former suggested to Fielding his famous _Tom Jones_.

1776. Declaration of American independence adopted by congress. It was 39 times before that body previous to its adoption. It may be added that this event took place 264 years after the discovery of America by Columbus, 160 from the first effectual settlement of Virginia, and 150 from the settlement of Plymouth.

1777. Boonesborough attacked by 200 Indians, who killed and wounded 2 of the pioneer's men. All the settlements were attacked at the same time.

1778. FRANCESCO MANOEL, the most celebrated lyric poet of modern Portuguese literature, escaped the inquisition by disarming the officer sent to arrest him, and fled to Paris. He became obnoxious to the holy office by some expressions concerning toleration and monks, in his translation of Moliere's _Tartuffe_.

1780. British admiral GEARY captured 12 French merchantmen from Port-au-Prince.

1781. Williamsburg, Va., evacuated by the British under Cornwallis.

1789. GOSEN VAN SCHAICK, a brigadier general in the United States continental army, died at Albany.

1790. Action between the Swedish and Russian fleets, in which the former under the king, Charles XII, were defeated with great loss.

1793. Action off the capes of Virginia, between the French privateer, Citizen Genet, and two armed English vessels with a convoy. The convoy was captured and the two vessels much damaged. The Genet had 30 men, not one of whom was wounded by the enemy.

1800. A Mr. RUSBY was found guilty of reselling grain (technically regrading) in the market of Mark Lane. The judge, lord Kenyon, remarking to the jury, "You have conferred by your verdict almost the greatest benefit on your country that ever was conferred by any jury!"

1803. A remarkable ball of fire fell upon a public house at Wapping, England. It was accompanied with thunder.

1804. Mail stage commenced running once a week from Pittsburg and Philadelphia.

1806. Battle of Maida, in Italy; the French defeated by the British and Sicilians, with the loss of 800 killed and 1000 taken prisoners; British loss 45 killed 282 wounded.

1808. FISHER AMES, an American orator and statesman, died, aged 50. He possessed a mind of great and extraordinary character.

1813. United States smack Yankee captured by boarding, without any loss, British sloop Eagle.

1814. A part of the United States forces under Gen. W. Scott, advanced from fort Erie towards the British works at Chippewa. A smart action was had with the British at Street's creek. The division which crossed under Capt. Turner was attacked by a very superior force; but they gallantly cut their way through to a house, where they made a stand until relieved.

1816. RICHARD WATSON, bishop of Landaff, died; known by his _Apology for the Bible_, in answer to Paine's _Age of Reason_.

1817. The construction of the Erie canal commenced, in the neighborhood of Rome, Oneida county, New York.

1826. THOMAS JEFFERSON, third president of the United States, and author of the _Declaration of Independence_, died, just 50 years from the date of that document, aged 83.

1826. JOHN ADAMS, second president of the United States, died, aged 91. He was one of those patriots who most warmly advocated the declaration of independence in congress, and was an able statesman.

1831. JAMES MONROE, fifth president of the United States, died, aged 73. He joined the revolutionary army in 1778, and after the close of the war was constantly in the service of his country, as a statesman, till the close of his life.

1845. Texas finally annexed to the United States, by a convention of its citizens ratifying the action of the United States senate.

1845. An Englishman by the name of SPEER, accompanied by three chamois hunters, set out from Interlachen to ascend the Wetterhorn, or peak of tempests, one of the highest of the Oberland Alps, which had never been trodden by the foot of man. They reached the summit on the 8th, after a tedious and dangerous effort. The height of the peak ascended is 12,000 feet and upwards.

1848. DE CHATEAUBRIAND, a distinguished French savan, died at Paris, aged 80.

1848. Treaty of peace with Mexico proclaimed at Washington.

1848. Ceremony of laying the corner stone of the Washington monument at Washington, conducted with great pomp.

1849. Two thousand and seventy-four immigrants arrived in the steerage at New York.

1850. KIRBY, an eminent entomologist, died at Suffolk, England, aged 91. His work on the bees of England described upwards of 200 wild species in that country.

1853. The first Norwegian rail road opened.

1854. A collision on the Susquehanna rail road, near Baltimore, by which 30 persons were killed, and a large number badly wounded.

1854. JAMES MURRAY, mayor of Alexandria, La., was killed while attempting to suppress a disturbance at a barbecue.

1855. WILLIAM TERRELL, an accomplished and useful citizen of Georgia, died at Sparta in that state. He took great interest in the promotion of agricultural science, and bestowed $20,000 for the establishment of an agricultural professorship in the University of Georgia.

1855. A convention of cotton planters assembled at Cooper's Well, Miss., to hear the report of a committee upon the subject of a direct trade between the southern states and Europe. They adjourned to meet at Jackson, in January.

1855. Svartholm, a fort of great strength, commanding the approach to Lovisa, on the gulf of Finland, which had been deserted by its garrison, was destroyed by the allies.

1856. The members of what was termed the Kansas free state legislature, assembled at Topeka, but were dispersed by the U. S. troops, by direction of Col. Sumner.

1856. The statue of Washington, in Union square, New York, was inaugurated.

1857. ANTON SCHMIDT, a German literary celebrity, died at Salzburg, aged 71. He was custos of the imperial library at Vienna, and was a popular author.

1857. WILLIAM L. MARCY, an American statesman, died, aged 71. He filled the offices of comptroller and governor of New York with ability; but distinguished himself as secretary of war under president Polk, and secretary of state under president Pierce.

JULY 5.

394 B. C. AGESILAUS crossed the Hellespont, on his recal from the Persian satrapy, a march of thirty days, which had occupied Xerxes twelve months.--The great battle fought by the Spartans against their countrymen happened about the same day.

965. BENEDICT V, pope, died. He was elected in opposition to Leo VIII. His short reign was stormy, and he was carried to Hamburg by Otho, who favored the cause of his rival.

1044. ABA, king of Hungary, defeated by his own subjects and killed in battle.

1100. Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders, after a siege of five weeks, and given up to massacre and pillage. Every inhumanity was practiced; those who had surrendered upon terms of safety, were butchered in cold blood to the number of 10,000; and among the inhabitants, also, neither age nor sex escaped the merciless fury of the Christian swords.

1529. PAULUS ÆMILIUS, a Veronese historian, died at Paris. He had begun a Latin history of the kings of France, and although he spent many years at it, was able only to reach the reign of Charles VIII. (May 5?)

1535. THOMAS MORE, a celebrated English statesman, beheaded. He was doomed, for his adherence to the papal supremacy, to descend from the highest office under the king to an apartment in the tower, and suffered death rather than yield his opinions. He wrote several works, the most noted of which is the _Utopia_.

1566. ROBERT CARNEGIE, a Scottish statesman, died. He was a lord of session, and often sent on important embassies to France and England.

1582. At Rockhausen, not far from Erfurth, in Prussia, there fell a great quantity of a fibrous matter resembling human hair. It was at the close of a great tempest, such as usually precede an earthquake.

1614. PETER DE BOURDEILLES (or _Brantome_), a French abbot and courtier, died. His memoirs are printed in 15 vols.

1623. WILLIAM BRIDE, an English music composer, died. The grace _non nobis Domini_, composed by him, was first sung on the second anniversary of the gunpowder plot, 1607.

1641. SIMON BASKERVILLE, a learned and wealthy English physician, died. He obtained great distinction, honors and a large fortune, by his success in the practice of medicine.

1641. Battle of Lansdowne, between the parliamentary and king's forces; a sanguinary action.

1644. York taken by the armies of the parliament.

1685. Battle of Sedgemoore; the duke of Monmouth's rebel army defeated. The misguided nobleman was taken _napping_ in a dry ditch, with the George and 200 guineas in his pocket.

1715. CHARLES ANCILLON, an eminent French lawyer, died. He was made inspector of the French courts of justice in Berlin, and historiographer to the king.

1758. The English and provincials under Abercrombie embarked on lake George against Ticonderoga and Crown point, on board 125 whaleboats and 900 batteaux. The army consisted of nearly 16,000 effective men, of whom about 9,000 were provincials, and was attended by a formidable train of artillery.

1758. General lord HOWE was killed in a skirmish before Ticonderoga. With him it is said "the soul of the army expired."

1767. JOHN KEY, said to have been the first person born in Philadelphia, died at Kennet, Pa., aged 85.

1770. A naval action between the Turks and Russians took place, and while two of the leading ships of each party were grappled together, they took fire and blew up, carrying destruction and death to all around.

1775. Birthday of WILLIAM CROTCH, a musical prodigy, who excited universal astonishment at London by his performances on the organ, at the age of three years.

1779. New Haven, Conn., entered by the British under sir George Collier, and subjected to almost indiscriminate ravage and plunder till night.

1780. Action off cape Ortegal between British ships Prudent and Licorne, and French ship Capricieuse 32 guns. The latter was captured, but so much damaged that they were obliged to burn her.

1782. Fifth action between the British fleet, admiral Hughes, and the French, admiral Suffrein, in the East Indies.

1788. MATHER BYLES, a Boston divine, died; a man of talent and wit, who corresponded with Pope, Lansdowne and Watts. He was suspected of tory principles during the revolution, and frequently, on complaint, sentenced to be confined to his own house, with a sentinel over him; on one of these occasions he induced the sentinel to go on an errand for him, promising to take his place, and was seen very gravely marching before his own door, the musket on his shoulder, keeping guard over himself.

1792. ROBERT STRANGE died; styled the father of historical engraving in England. He studied in France, and had the first knowledge of the dry needle, an instrument which his genius improved and used with great success.

1797. Second bombardment of Cadiz by the British.

1807. Buenos Ayres assaulted by the British under general Whitelocke. They were forced to retire with the loss of 2,000 men, and soon after compelled to withdraw the armament.

1808. Cuenca, Spain, taken by the French under Caulincourt, and given up to pillage.

1809. Battle near Enzersdorff and Wagram. Massena having crossed the Danube during the night, which was stormy and tempestuous, compelled the Austrians under the archduke Charles to give Bonaparte battle. The action continued the whole day, but neither party gained any decided advantage.

1811. The seven provinces of Venezuela made declaration of independence.

1814. Battle of Chippewa; the United States troops under general Brown, defeated the British, and compelled them to retire within their works. British loss 198 killed, 100 wounded, and 137 taken prisoners--435; American loss 60 killed, 257 wounded, and 20 missing--337.

1816. DOROTHEA JORDAN, an eminent English actress, died. Notwithstanding her popularity and patronage, she died in France in great obscurity and penury.

1817. The golden sovereign of England first put in circulation.

1830. Algiers surrendered to the French under general Bourmont, after a siege of six days. A rich booty fell into the hands of the conquerors, of gold and silver, besides 1,500 cannon, and 12 ships of war lying in the harbor. Loss of the French previous to effecting this conquest, 2,400 men; that of the Algerines 10,000.

1836. DANIEL COLE, a native of Long island, N. Y., died in Canada, aged 106.

1839. The third centennary of the protestant reformation was celebrated with great parade and splendor at Dresden, in Saxony.

1848. The negroes at St. Croix revolted and compelled the governor to proclaim their freedom. The whites thereupon formed a provisional government, deposed the governor, attacked the negroes, and having captured 300, shot them immediately.

1852. The British minister at Washington, gave notice that to prevent encroachments of fishing vessels belonging to the United States and France, upon grounds reserved by the convention of 1818, directions had been given for stationing a force of vessels and steamers off New Brunswick, Prince Edward's island, and in the gulf of St. Lawrence, as would be deemed sufficient to prevent the infraction of the treaty.

1852. The steam boat St. James exploded her boilers on lake Ponchartrain, and burnt to the water's edge. About 20 persons were killed and 19 wounded.

1852. The convention for revising the constitution of Louisiana met at Baton Rouge; Duncan F. Kenner president.

1852. ISAAC T. PRESTON, a distinguished jurist, died near New Orleans, aged 59. He was a native of Virginia; graduated at Yale college in 1812, and suspended his legal studies to serve as captain of a company in the war with Great Britain. He rose to high distinction in the legal profession, and was elected judge of the supreme court of Louisiana, which office he held at the time of his death. He was killed by the explosion of a steam boiler on lake Ponchartrain.

1854. A fire at Philadelphia consumed the National theatre, Chinese museum, and other edifices.

JULY 6.

63 B. C. The Roman capitol fired during the night by an incendiary and consumed. The famous _sibyline verses_ perished with it.

1189. HENRY II, of England, died. He added Brittany and Ireland to his dominions, attempted to repress the ambition of the clergy, and died of a broken heart at the rebellion of his children.

1303. BENEDICT XI (_Nicholas Bacosin_), pope, died. He was the son of a shepherd, succeeded Boniface VIII, and was poisoned by his cardinals.

1439. The solemn act of reunion between the Greek and Latin churches subscribed in the cathedral of Florence, after a separation of 600 years, by the pope, the emperor of Constantinople, and principal members of both churches.

1483. RICHARD III, with his consort (Anne Beauchamp, widow of Edward, prince of Wales), inaugurated at Westminster. The train of the king was borne by the duke of Buckingham, that of the queen by the countess of Richmond, both of the opposing houses of Lancaster.

1553. EDWARD VI, of England, died of consumption, aged 16, and was succeeded by his sister Mary.

1568. JOHN OPORINUS, one of the most learned and eminent of the early German printers, died. He employed 6 presses and 50 men, and printed only his own works.

1583. EDMUND GRINDAL, archbishop of Canterbury, died; an able theological writer.

1630. A fleet of 14 sail, with men, women and children, and provisions, intended to make a firm settlement in New England, arrived in Massachusetts bay. There were on board about 1,500 passengers of various occupations, principally from the vicinity of London; among whom was governor Winthrop and his lieutenant Dudley, with several other gentlemen of wealth and quality. The expense of this equipment and transportation was £21,200.

1653. CROMWELL'S first parliament met.

1660. CHARLES II, of England, resumed touching for scrofula; placing his hands on the neck of the patient, the chaplain saying "He laid his hands on them and healed them."

1759. WILLIAM PEPPERELL died; an officer in the British service before the American revolution, and 32 years a member of his majesty's council. He was born in Maine, rose to the highest military honors, and in 1745 commanded the expedition against Louisburg, which was reduced. He was rewarded with the title of baronet of England.

1767. MICHAEL BRUCE, an elegant Scottish poet, died, aged 21.

1775. Congress issued a manifesto, setting forth the causes and necessity of taking up arms in defence of their rights, against England.

1777. Ticonderoga and mount Independence evacuated by the American general St. Clair, who retreated to fort Edward. At the same time the Americans at Skeenesborough were obliged to burn their vessels, and retreat to the same place. The British under Burgoyne had advanced their works so far as to threaten a complete inclosure of the continental army.

1779. Action off Granada between the British fleet, admiral Barrington, 21 ships, and French fleet, 27 ships, admiral d'Estaing. Although the French avoided a close action, it is supposed that their loss was 1,200 killed, owing to their ships being crowded with men. British loss 529 killed and wounded.

1781. Battle of James river; general Wayne with 800 men, intending to strike Cornwallis's rear guard, was deceived by a countryman, and met the whole army of 4,000 regulars, drawn up to receive him. He instantly attacked them and retreated. Cornwallis, from the daring singularity of the manœuvre, concluded it to be a feint to draw him into an ambuscade, therefore did not pursue him. Wayne, however, lost his artillery.

1782. Sixth action between the British fleet, admiral Hughes, and French, admiral Suffrein, in the night, in close action. Both fleets suffered much; French lost the Orient, crew saved.

1790. Some workmen engaged in digging near Donadea, Ireland, discovered a vault, 12 feet by 8, and 6 f. 3 in. deep, containing a stone coffin in which rested a skeleton measuring 8 feet 3½ in. in length, by the side of which was a spear 7 feet in length and two brass urns, having the sun and moon engraved on them in a most curious, though antique manner. The vault was seventeen feet from the surface of the ground and no clue could be found to the identity of the body, or the time of its deposit there.

1790. GEORGE AUGUSTUS ELIOTT, lord Heathfield, died. He gained much celebrity in the Prussian service, and during the seven years' war in Germany; but his constancy and talent in defence of Gibraltar during three years of constant investment, in which all the powers of Spain were employed, excited the admiration of the world.

1796. ADAM STANISLAUS MARUSZEWICH, a Polish poet and historian, died.

1801. Action off Algesiras between the British and French fleets. A British 74 grounded and was captured.

1809. British sloop of war Bonne Citoyenne captured in 6 hours 50 minutes French frigate La Furieuse. British loss 1 killed, 5 wounded; French loss 35 killed, 37 wounded.

1809. Battle of Wagram, between the French army of 180,000 under Napoleon, and the Austrians under the archduke Charles, of about half the force. The battle commenced on the 5th, and was decided on the 6th. The Austrians were compelled to retreat, after having taken 7,000 prisoners and 12 eagles, and retired fighting three days in succession, leaving the field of battle covered with their slain. It is stated that 27,000 fell on both sides. The French reckoned their loss 15,000 killed, about 4,000 wounded. Of the Austrians 12,000 were wounded, and 20,000 taken prisoners; 19 generals were killed or taken, and 40 cannon lost.

1813. GRANVILLE SHARP, a learned English philanthropist, died. He interested himself in the abolition of slavery, and to his exertions "England owes the verdict of her highest court of law, that the slave who sets his foot on English ground becomes that instant free."

1815. SAMUEL WHITBREAD, member of the British parliament and one of the most extensive brewers in the world, died by his own hand.

1823. PIUS VII (_Gregory Barnabas Chiaramonti_), pope, died. He was a prisoner under Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, during which time he rejected with firmness the offers of the emperor.

1835. JOHN MARSHALL, chief justice of the United States, died, aged 80. He was an extraordinary man, and the object of universal respect and confidence, on account of his extraordinary talents, his unsuspected integrity, his exemplary private virtues, and his important public services, which by some are deemed second only to those of Washington. He wrote the _Life of Washington_, 5 vols.

1838. ALEXANDER AIKMAN, late printer of the _Jamaica Royal Gazette_, died. His exertions spread much light in that island.

1839. Great fire at Eastport, Me., by which the larger portion of the business part of the town was destroyed.

1849. Successful sortie of the Danes besieged in the fort of Frederick by the Schleswig Holsteiners, of whom 3,112 were slain and taken prisoners.

1851. DAVID MACBETH MOIR, a Scottish writer, died at Dumfries, aged 53. He was the _Delta_ of _Blackwood's Magazine_, to which he was long a contributor, and in whose pages first appeared _Mansie Wauch_, which was long ascribed to Galt.

1857. JOHN LAURIS BLAKE, an American divine, died at Orange, N. J., aged 68. His principal work is a _Biographical Dictionary_, of which several editions were printed.

JULY 7.

715 B. C. ROMULUS, founder and first king of Rome, disappeared on the _nones_, during the _quirinalia_, in a chariot of fire, _patriis equis_, as he was reviewing his people. There seems to be no other way of explaining this account, than that he was a victim of some of the elements.

587 B. C. The city of Jerusalem, with the temple, palaces and walls, razed to the ground, the inhabitants carried into captivity, and the entire Israelitish monarchy terminated (after it had stood 468 years from the accession of David), in the 11th year of Zedekiah, on the seventh day of the Hebrew month _Ab_. It is still observed as a day of lamentation.

1307. EDWARD I, ninth king of England, died in the 35th year of his reign, aged 69. He was distinguished for his wisdom and the equity of his laws, as well as for his military abilities. (See Jan. 2, 1774.)

1415. JOHN HUSS, a celebrated German reformer, burnt by the council of Constance. He was the first opposer of the doctrine of transubstantiation, and the defender of Wickliffe.

1520. Battle of Otumba; the retreating army of Cortez being hotly pursued by the Mexicans, that general resolved to halt and risk a battle. The Tlascalan allies were of incalculable service to the maimed and wretched band of soldiers, who now faced about to resist the whole Mexican force, determined not to leave a trace of the Spaniards upon the earth. This battle lasted four hours; the Spaniards performed prodigies of valor, and were victorious. The cavalry penetrated the masses of Mexicans and struck down the chiefs when they began to give way, and the Tlascalans mowed down all before them with the arms which were thrown away by the fugitives.

1572. SIGISMUND II, king of Poland, died, and with him the Jaghellon race became extinct.

1573. JAMES BORAZZIO VIGNOLA died; an eminent Italian architect.

1607. The national anthem, _God save the King_, written by Ben Jonson, and composed by Dr. Bull, first _vocalized_ in Merchant Taylor's hall, by the choir of the royal chapel, the king being present.

1640. The inhabitants of Providence, 40 in number, united in forming a civil government, after their own model.

1647. Revolt in Naples against the Spanish authorities, headed by the famous Thomas Aniello (_Massaniello_) a fisherman.

1647. THOMAS HOOKER, an English dissenting divine, died. He emigrated to Holland to escape persecution, and thence to America, and settled in Connecticut. In 1647 he removed with his whole congregation to the banks of the river, and may be considered the founder of the town of Hartford. He was a rigid puritan, and a man of learning and talent.

1648. Battle of St. Neots in England.

1667. The British admiral sir JOHN HARMAN destroyed the entire French fleet, 33 sail, at Martinique, and left the vessels to rot on the strand.

1696. A party of French and Indians under count Frontenac left the island of Montreal to invade the country of the Five Nations with a great army. The expedition was unsuccessful.

1708. CONRAD SAMUEL SCHURTZFLEISCH died; professor of history, poetry and Greek at Wittenberg, and counselor and librarian to the duke of Saxe-Weimar.

1713. WILLIAM COMPTON, bishop of Oxford, died. He was a dissenter, and took a conspicuous part in the politics of the day, particularly in the cause of William of Orange, whom he crowned.

1721. Sir WILLIAM KEITH, governor of Pennsylvania, held a council with the Indians at Connestogo.

1725. Treaty of Vienna between the emperor Charles VI and Philip V of Spain concluded by the baron de Ripperda, of Pragmatic sanction memory.

1776. JEREMIAH MARKLAND died; a very learned and acute English critic.

1777. Action between the United States frigate Hancock, 32 guns, captain Manley, and three British ships, under sir George Collier. The Hancock was captured; she wanted upwards of 60 of her complement, they being on board her prize, the British frigate Fox, which was soon after recaptured.

1779. British under governor TRYON plundered and burnt at Fairfield, Conn., 2 churches, 82 dwellings, 55 barns, 15 stores and 15 shops; and at Green Farms 1 church, 15 dwellings, 11 barns, and several stores; and sailed thence to Norwalk.

1784. Fort Dauphin, St. Domingo, entered by a negro, Jean Francois, a lieut. general in the Spanish service, with several hundred men, who massacred the white French, about 771 in number. The town had been delivered to the Spaniards for protection, conditioned that the negroes should not be permitted to enter it.

1791. THOMAS BLACKLOCK, an eminent Scottish poet and divine, died. His talents and acquirements were the more extraordinary, when it is considered that he lost his eye sight at the age of six months, by small pox.

1797. Congress declared the existing treaties with France no longer obligatory.

1798. WASHINGTON appointed lieutenant general of the armies of the United States.

1799. WILLIAM CURTIS, a distinguished English botanist, died. His great work, the _Flora Londinensis_, gave him an enduring reputation.

1799. The Kennet and Avon canal in England was opened.

1808. Desperate action, at night, between the British ship Sea Horse and Turkish frigate Badere Zaffer, 52 guns and 500 men, and another Turkish ship of 24 guns. At daylight the Badere struck, having 165 killed and 195 wounded; the other escaped. Sea Horse had 5 killed, 9 wounded.

1809. Cuxhaven, a fortified town of Hanover, taken by storm, by the boats of a British squadron.

1809. St. Domingo surrendered to the British and Spaniards.

1814. The three estates of the British realm offer public thanksgiving at St. Paul's for the peace of Europe.

1814. The United States troops under major general Brown, attacked the British at Chippewa; the latter retreated, and in the evening the Americans occupied their works.

1816. RICHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN, an English dramatist, wit and orator, died. His dramas were undertaken for a subsistence; afterwards, for thirty-two years, he pursued a splendid parliamentary career, but died in great poverty.

1820. PIERRE LOUIS LOUVEL executed for the murder of the duke de Berri.

1843. JOHN HOLMES died at Portland, Me. He was the first United States senator sent from that state.

1844. The disgraceful riots of Philadelphia again commenced; many were killed.

1848. JULIA RUSH, widow of Dr. Rush, died, aged 90.

1848. OLIVER W. P. PEABODY died; an accomplished scholar, and able contributor to the _North American Review_.

1849. During the week closing with this day, 21,297 immigrants arrived at the port of Quebec, Lower Canada.

1853. A plot to assassinate the emperor of France while on his way to the opera, was discovered. Many armed conspirators were seized near the theatre, of whom 21 were convicted on trial.

1854. Battle of Giurgevo; the Turks defeated the Russians, and drove them from their position, with a loss in the conflict of 1,700 killed and wounded.

1855. WILLIAM EDWARD PARRY, the noted Arctic explorer, died at Ems, aged 64. He succeeded in extending his expeditions beyond those of his predecessors, for which he received the parliamentary reward, and was knighted in 1829.

JULY 8.

17. The isle of Thia, one of the scattered cluster called the Sporades, in the Grecian archipelago, rose brightly from the sea.

1117. ADAM DE ST. VICTOIRE, a French ecclesiastic and writer, died.

1174. HENRY II of England performed severe penance before the shrine of Thomas a Becket in the cathedral of Canterbury.

1497. The Indian expedition of Emanuel, king of Portugal, sailed from the Tagus. It consisted of three vessels, under Vasco de Gama.

1520. The retreating and almost annihilated army of Cortez entered the dominions of their faithful allies, the Tlascalans. Here the Spaniards rested to repair their fortunes, and the Mexicans meanwhile employed themselves in restoring their devastated capital.

1524. JAMES VERRAZZANUS, the Florentine discoverer, dated his letter to the king of France from Dieppe, giving an account of his voyage along the coast of the United States, in which he is supposed to have visited the outer harbor of New York.

1533. LUDOVICO ARIOSTO, the Italian poet, is by some authorities said to have died on this day. (See June 6.)

1550. The king of Denmark entered into a written contract to bind the Danish Bible in whole leather with clasps, for two marks Danish a copy and lodging; and to complete 2,000 copies in a year and a day. It was a middle sized folio, of 1,090 pages and sold for three rix dollars a copy.

1560. A peace between England, France and Scotland concluded.

1623. GREGORY XV (Alexander Ludovisio), pope, died. He erected the see of Paris into an archbishopric, and assisted the emperor and the king of Poland in their wars.

1639. BERNARD, duke of Weimar, a German officer in the 30 years' war, died, supposed to have been poisoned by Richelieu. With him fell one of the chief supports of the protestants.

1709. Battle of Pultowa, in Russia, between the Swedes under Charles XII, and the Russians under Peter the Great. The Swedes were entirely routed, and forced to take refuge within the dominions of the sultan of Turkey. The czar had his hat pierced by a ball, and prince Menzikoff had three horses killed under him.