Chapter XIX: Part 19

1672. An Indian deed under this date granted to the inhabitants of Schenectady a territory of three miles (12 English miles) all around that town.

1690. THOMAS BAKER, an English mathematician and general scholar, died at Bishops Nymmet, where he lived a retired and literary life.

1716. ROGER COTES, an English mathematician and astronomer, died, aged 33. He was rapidly acquiring distinction in science, and his loss was much regretted.

1724. HENRY SACHEVERELL, a notorious English prelate, died. He made himself obnoxious to parliament by the intemperance of his sermons. The mob took up his cause, and the ministry was overturned. He does not seem to have deserved much of the adulation bestowed upon him.

1745. Battle of Placentia, in which the Spaniards and French were defeated.

1757. CHARLES VINER died; an eminent English law writer.

1781. Fort Cornwallis, at Augusta, Ga., surrendered with 300 men to the Americans under Pickens and Lee. The latter had 40 killed during the siege which lasted 17 days.

1783. First public ascension of a balloon. It was made at Annonay, in France, by John and Stephen Montgolfier. An immense bag of linen lined with paper, and containing 23,000 cubic feet, was provided for the occasion. It was inflated by burning chopped straw and wool under the aperture of the machine, which immediately began to swell; and on being set at liberty ascended 6,000 feet into the air. As yet no individual had ascended.

1790. The steam boat constructed by John Fitch, left the city of Philadelphia at 4 o'clock in the morning for Trenton landing; from which place she returned to Philadelphia again at 5 in the afternoon, performing 80 miles against a strong head wind all the way down, and 16 miles against current and tide. It was propelled by 12 oars, and was the first successful experiment in America, and the most successful one in the world at that time--16 years before the triumph of Fulton.

1792. DAVID HENRY, an English printer, died. He was for more than half a century an active manager of the _Gentlemen's Magazine_, and published several other valuable works.

1794. Battle near Schecketschine, beyond the Vistula, in which the Russians defeated the Poles under Kosciusko.

1794. A small island emerged from the sea near the island of Tenedos. It was about half a mile in circumference.

1798. United Irishmen repulsed with great loss in an attack on New Ross. The British, on the score of retaliation put to death 221 prisoners, men, women and children.

1799. Bonaparte reached Jaffa on his retreat from St. Jean d'Acre, where he remained three days; during which time the French burnt the neighboring villages, carried away all the grain and cattle; they also destroyed all the fortifications at Jaffa, and threw the artillery into the sea.

1799. The archduke CHARLES compelled the French under Massena to evacuate Zurich.

1800. A signal defeat of five columns of Austrians by two French, on the Iller.

1806. NAPOLEON proclaimed his brother Louis Bonaparte king of Holland.

1807. Battle of Spandau, in which the Russians attacked the French under Bernadotte, and were repulsed with the loss of 1,200 killed.

1811. Venezuela in South America declared itself independent.

1813. Battle of Stoney creek, Canada, in which the Americans were attacked by the British in the night. American loss 30 killed and about 180 taken. British loss about 250.

1816. JOHN PAISIELLO, an Italian composer, died at Naples. His reputation extended over the whole continent, and his presence was courted by the sovereigns of Europe. His works are numerous and in high repute.

1826. CARL MARIA VON WEBER, the celebrated German musical composer, died at Paris. He is one of the best of the modern authors.

1827. The academy of sciences at Paris had presented to them at their sitting this day, the phenomenon of a woman with a breast in her left thigh, with which she suckled her own and several other children.

1828. HARRY STOE VAN DYCK, a poetical and miscellaneous writer, of Dutch descent, died near London. In conjunction with Bowring he translated specimens of the Dutch poets, under the title of _Batavian Anthology_, which procured each of them a handsome medal from the king of Holland.

1847. The celebrated African farmer of Cedar creek, Del., died, almost 118 years of age.

1852. JACQUES PRADIER died near Paris, aged 54; the most distinguished sculptor of his day in France.

1852. JOHN HOWARD PAYNE died at Tunis, Africa, aged 60. He was a native of New-York, and long styled on English boards the American Roscius. He was British consul at Tunis at the time of his death.

1854. A large elephant attached to a menagerie, while going from Providence, R. I., to Fall River, Mass., broke loose from his keeper, and before he could be captured attacked all the carriages that he encountered on the road, killing the horses, tearing the wagons to pieces, and severely injuring several persons.

1854. JOHN FRYALL SNODGRASS, a distinguished and successful Virginia lawyer, died at Parkersburg, aged 50. He was an influential and valuable member of the convention for revising the constitution in 1850, and fell dead in court while trying a cause.

1855. The National Know-nothing, or American convention assembled at Philadelphia.

1855. The British frigate Cossack appeared off Hango Udd, and sent a boat on shore under a flag of truce, and the men landed; when the boat was fired on and sunk, and the crew killed or wounded and taken prisoners.

1856. Governor JOHNSON, of California, declared San Francisco to be in a state of insurrection.

1856. ASA CUMMINGS, an American divine, died at sea, aged 65. He was editor of the _Christian Mirror_ at Portland, Me., from 1826 to 1855, and was deeply interested in the cause of missions and education.

JUNE 6.

356. B. C. Birthday of ALEXANDER, _the Great_, on the sixth day of _Lous_ (_Hecatombæon_) during the Olympic games, in the first year of the 106th Olympiad, at Pella. This joyful _deliverance_ was notified to Philip at the falling of Potidæa; and two other messengers reached his camp on the same day, announcing that his race horse had gained the prize at the games, and that Parmenio his captain had defeated the Illyrians. It was on the night of this very day that the celebrated temple of Diana was burnt to the ground by Eratostratus, an Ephesian youth who fondly panted for an infamous reputation.

1210. King JOHN, landed in Ireland, and received the homage of twenty native princes.

1439. The act of union between the Greek and Latin churches, took place in the cathedral of Florence, where the contracting parties met, at the instigation of John Palæologus; but was sundered by the act of Russia.

1481. BATTISTA FRESCOBALDI and others engaged in a conspiracy to assassinate Lorenzo de Medici, executed at Florence.

1487. Battle of Stoke; the earl of Lincoln defeated and slain by the king Henry VII.

1527. Pope CLEMENT VII, surrendered the castle of St. Angelo, and gave up himself a prisoner to the imperialists, under Philbert de Chalons, prince of Orange, who succeeded the duke of Bourbon.

1533. LUDOVICO ARIOSTO, the Italian poet, died. His _Orlando Furioso_ procured him the laurel crown at Rome, which was placed upon his brow by the emperor Charles V.

1577. On Corpus Christi's Eve, the usual celebration greatly aggrieved the perth weekly assembly. The play being judged idolatrous.

1597. WILLIAM HUNIS, one of the contributors to the metrical theology of the times of Edward VI, died. Edward himself was no mean writer. Hunis versified the whole book of Genesis, calling it a hive full of honey.

1650. ANTHONY ASCHAM a friend of Cromwell, and member of the long parliament, assassinated. He was at the time envoy to Spain, and the deed was perpetrated by six exiled royalists there.

1660. CHARLES II, issued a proclamation for the regicides to surrender, that they might not be excepted from the general pardon: 19 availed themselves of the proclamation, but 19 others doubting the sincerity of the government, disobeyed the summons.

1693. Dr. PITCAIRN, published at Leyden his dissertation on the circulation of the blood through the veins.

1710. LOUISE FRANCOISE VALLIERE, wife of the duke of Orleans, and mistress of Louis XIV, died. She spent the last 35 years of her life in a cloister in acts of piety and devotion.

1745. A body of Silesian peasants, at Landshut, 2000 in number, sought permission of the king, Frederick II, to massacre the Roman catholics. He refused to allow the barbarous demand.

1749. Conspiracy of the Turkish slaves at Malta to exterminate the order of knights.

1761. British under lord Rolla took Dominica.

1762. GEORGE ANSON, the circumnavigator, died, aged 62. His life was spent upon the ocean, and he rendered important services to his country, for which he was rewarded.

1780. Riots in London continued, occasioned by the property act. The rioters liberated the prisoners confined in the prisons, and totally destroyed Newgate by fire.

1794. Point a Petre, Guadaloupe, stormed by the French.

1799. PATRICK HENRY, an eminent Virginian patriot, orator and statesman, died, aged 63. He was chosen the first governor of Virginia, on the abdication of lord Dunmore.

1800. Sir EDWARD PELLEW'S squadron landed and destroyed the forts at Morbihan, in France, blew up the magazines, destroyed the guns, took 100 prisoners, 2 brigs of 18 guns, 2 sloops and 2 gun vessels.

1807. Battle of Deppen, in which the French cut to pieces a body of Russians.

1807. Battle of Eylau, between the French and Russians; 30,000 of the latter were killed.

1808. Spanish Junta declared war against Bonaparte. Same day he issued a degree at Bayonne, declaring his brother Joseph king of Spain and the Indies.

1832. Riots commenced in Paris between the Carlists and republicans united, and the National guards. The rioters were finally overpowered, after several days' resistance and great slaughter.

1832. JEREMY BENTHAM, a celebrated English jurist, died, aged 85. He was a man of great learning and eccentricity, and devoted his long life to laborious study.

1853. The Italian ecclesiastic Gavazzi, lectured at Quebec, and gave rise to a riot.

1854. JOHN SPEED SMITH, a highly intelligent and cultivated Kentucky gentleman, died. He was repeatedly a member of the Kentucky legislature, and served two years in congress.

1855. The bombardment of Sebastopol was reopened with 157 guns and mortars on the part of the British, and above 300 on the part of the French.

JUNE 7.

218. MARCUS OPILIUS SEVERUS MACRINUS, emperor of Rome, beheaded by his soldiers. He was an African, and rose from the obscurest situation to the throne on the death of Caracalla.

632. MAHOMET (or _Mohammed_), founder of the Islam religion, died, aged 62. His followers are now computed at one hundred millions.

1099. The army of Christians comprising the first crusade, encamped before Jerusalem. The first army led on by Peter the Hermit, numbered at the outset 300,000; another of 600,000 followed, burning with zeal to rescue the holy land from the Moslem dominion. Battle, desertion and disease had thinned their ranks so that now there remained scarce 22,000 fit for the field, of all that vast host that had marshaled in Europe.

1329. ROBERT BRUCE, king of Scotland, died. He succeeded by repeated and arduous efforts in freeing his country from the English yoke, and when he had accomplished his purpose, he devoted himself to advance the prosperity of his subjects.

1520. Famous interview between HENRY VIII of England and Francis I of France, upon "the field of the cloth of gold," on English ground. It continued eighteen days.

1546. Archbishop CRANMER and the queen accused of heresy, but protected by Henry.

1565. Sir THOMAS GRESHAM, laid the foundation of the Royal Exchange, London, on the model of the Mart at Antwerp, then the centre of commerce.

1593. LOPEZ, a Jew, the queen's physician, convicted and with others executed, for conspiring to destroy Elizabeth.

1629. Charters granted to patroons in the colony of New Netherland, now New York.

1660. An order of council that the Stationers' company do seize and deliver to the secretary of state, all copies of Buchanan's _History of Scotland_, and _De Jure Regni apud Scotus_, "which are very pernicious to monarchy, and injurious to his majesty's blessed progenitors."

1663. Second war at Esopus, now Kingston, in Ulster county, New York.

1673. Action between the Dutch admiral de Ruyter, and the French and English fleets, commanded by d'Estrees.

1692. Great earthquake in Jamaica; nine-tenths of Port Royal buried under water, and terrible devastations were made over the whole island. About 1000 acres were sunk northward of the city, and 2000 persons perished; and 3000 white inhabitants perished of pestilential diseases ascribed to the putrid effluvia issuing from the apertures.

1711. HENRY DODWELL, a learned English writer, died, aged 70. His writings, which are very numerous, and which prove him to have been a man of indefatigable diligence and extensive learning, are on controversial, theological and classical subjects.

1731. WILLIAM AIKMAN, an eminent Scottish painter, died. He was the intimate friend of the most distinguished characters of the day in England, whose portraits he painted, and thus unwittingly added much to their celebrity.

1751. JOHN MACHIN, a noted English astronomer, died. He is the author of a method of determining the quadrature of the circle.

1753. ARCHIBALD CAMERON, brother of Lochiel, executed; recently the estates of this attainted family have been restored. The execution of this gentleman has always been held as a specimen of ministerial cruelty.

1761. Belleisle, on the coast of Brittany, surrendered to the British. Its reduction cost an immense sum, besides the loss of 2000 choice troops, who perished in the expedition. British had 313 killed and 494 wounded.

1769. ANTHONY ALEXANDER HENRY POINSINET, died; a French dramatic writer.

1775. The general court of Massachusetts met at Salem, and chose delegates to the first congress.

1779. WILLIAM WARBURTON, bishop of Gloucester, died; an English prelate of great abilities.

1780. London riots continued. King's bench, Fleet prison, New Bridewell, and the toll gates on Blackfriar's bridge, &c., burnt. The military fired on the rioters, killed 210 and wounded 258.

1780. Unsuccessful attempt of the Spaniards with 10 fire ships to burn 3 British ships in the new mole, Gibraltar bay.

1780. About 5000 British under Knyphausen, Tryon and Stirling, left Staten Island and entered Elizabethtown, N. J.; continuing their march five miles farther to Connecticut farms, they shot the minister's wife in the midst of her children, burnt the house and church, and had much other pastime of the like character.

1786. A small manuscript volume of prayers composed and written by queen Elizabeth, sold at auction for 100 guineas.

1794. Battle of Chelm; the Poles defeated by the Russians.

1795. The royalist expedition against Quiberon, assisted by English munitions and money, terminated disastrously for the royal cause. The Republicans obtained possession of clothing and equipments which had been landed for 40,000 men.

1795. Luxemburgh, in Belgium, under marshal baron de Bender, surrendered to the French under Gen. Hatry.

1798. Battle of Antrim; lord O'Niel killed with a pike.

1805. The Antigua convoy for England, captured and burnt by the combined French and Spanish fleets.

1811. Tremendous hail storm at Alexandria, Virginia.

1826. JOSEPH VON TRAUNHOFER, died; a celebrated German optician.

1831. SARAH SIDDONS, a celebrated English tragic actress, died. She was the daughter of Roger Kemble, manager of a strolling company, married Siddons in her 18th year, and in 1782, appeared at Drury Lane in the character of Isabella. Her course from that time was a perpetual triumph, and in 1812 she retired to private life with an ample fortune.

1836. NATHAN DRAKE, an English physician, died; also a highly respectable and voluminous author.

1836. JOHN PRINCE, an American clergyman, died at Salem, Mass., aged 85; distinguished for his talents and literary acquirements, and for his improvements in the air pump.

1840. FREDERICK WILLIAM III, king of Prussia, died, aged 70. He is characterized as an honest, just and economical ruler. Destined to take an active part in the great events which followed the French revolution, his reign was distinguished by great vicissitudes of ill fortune and success. He left a fortune of nearly twenty millions of dollars.

1848. GEORGE TRIPNER, an officer of the revolution, died at Philadelphia, aged 87. He was at many of the severest battles of the war, and throughout the entire campaign rendered no little service to his country.

1848. Whig convention at Philadelphia nominated Gen. Zachary Taylor for the presidency.

1852. HOSEA BALLOU, a distinguished universalist preacher, died, aged 80. He was excluded from the baptist church, and began to preach in 1791.

1853. Important amendments were made to the New York city charter, restraining the power of municipal officers in money matters, which were adopted by a vote of 36,672 against 3,351.

1855. The allies attacked and carried some of the Russian outworks at Sebastopol; the French, those in front of the Mamelon, and the British the quarries of the Redan. The Russians made six front attempts in the course of the night to recover them, but without success. British loss in killed and wounded 30 officers and 433 men; French loss in killed and wounded estimated at 400; 75 guns and 502 prisoners were taken from the Russians.

1856. CHRISTIAN WULF, a Danish naval officer, died at Beaufort, N. C., aged 46. He was sometime at the head of the naval academy at Copenhagen, and inheriting the literary taste of his father, admiral Wulf, he translated Shakspere, and Bancroft's _History of the United States_, and at the time of his death was making the tour of the United States.

JUNE 8.

68. CLAUDIUS DOMITIUS NERO, emperor of Rome, destroyed himself at the age of 32, and the 14th of his dominion. He had committed every enormity, and finding himself at last the inevitable victim of a conspiracy, he was doomed to see his own grave prepared, and died with his eyes standing out of his head, to the terror of all that beheld him.

1042. HARDICANUTE died at a nuptial feast of a Danish lord. By his death the connection between the kingdoms of England and Denmark was severed.

1316. LOUIS X (_Hutin_), king of Navarre, died, aged 26. During his short reign the Jews were protected and encouraged in his dominions.

1376. EDWARD, prince of Wales (called the _black prince_ from the color of his armor), died, aged 46. He distinguished himself as a warrior under his father Edward III in the war with France, in several famous battles, and was the idol of the nation.

1405. Archbishop SCROOP beheaded at York, England, for insurrection.

1536. HENRY VIII'S new parliament passed an act of attainder against Anne Boleyn, and declared both divorces legal, and the issue illegitimate.

1590. THOMAS RANDOLPH, an English diplomatist under Elizabeth, died. He wrote an account of his embassy in Russia, 1568, which may be found in _Hakluyt's Voyages_.

1683. JOHN DURELL, an eminent English divine, died. His writings are chiefly controversial.

1692. HENRY ARNAULD, a French ecclesiastic, died. He was nearly half a century bishop of Angers, and devoted himself incessantly to the duties of his office.

1695. CHRISTIAN HUYGENS, a celebrated Dutch mathematician, died. He made several astronomical discoveries, and improved the air pump. His works comprise 6 vols. 4to.

1709. Paper money first authorized and issued in New York.

1711. CATHARINE LASCAILLE, daughter of the celebrated Holland printer, James Lascaille, who herself was so famed as a poet, as to be called the Dutch Sappho, or the _tenth muse_, died in Holland.

1714. The princess SOPHIA died; fourth daughter of the king of Bohemia by Elizabeth, only daughter of James I, of England. She was the mother of George I.

1727. AUGUSTUS HERMAN FRANCKE died; professor of oriental languages and of divinity at Halle, and distinguished for his learning and piety.

1747. THAMAS KOULI KHAN, the Persian conqueror, assassinated. He rose from the humble rank of a shepherd boy, to be the captain of a band of robbers, which in time became sufficiently formidable to place him on the throne of Persia. He extended his conquests into India, and overran some of its richest provinces.

1755. Action off Newfoundland, between the British ship Dunkirk, 60 guns, and 420 men and boys, and the French ship Alcide, 64 guns, 700 men. The Alcide struck in about 30 minutes; the slaughter on board of her was very great, the first broadside killing 47 men and officers. The governor of Louisburg and 4 officers of note were taken, and £30,000.

1764. WILLIAM PULTENEY, an English statesman, died. He was many years the friend of Walpole, finally opposed his measures and was disgraced. He continued his opposition with so much zeal and spirit, that Walpole was in turn disgraced, and himself rose in his place.

1768. ABBE JOHN WINCKELMAN, a celebrated German antiquary, assassinated at Trieste. He was the son of a shoemaker, and sometime engaged in the same business himself. His labors were indefatigable, and his works possess great merit.

1768. ANDREW MILLAR, the most distinguished bookseller of his times, died in London. Dr. Johnson said he had raised the price of literature.

1776. Unsuccessful attempt of 800 Americans to surprise the British at the village of _Trois Rivieres_, Canada; 200 were taken prisoners. Same day the Americans under col. De Haas, burnt St. Annes, on the St. Lawrence.

1781. A reinforcement of 1,500 French troops landed at Boston, and marched to join Rochambeau at White plains.

1782. HYDER ALLY surrounded and cut off the advanced body of the British army under sir Eyre Coote.

1788. £1,340,000 voted on motion of Mr. Pitt for the benefit of American loyalists.

1793. British order in council to capture vessels bound to France with corn meal or flour, the cargoes to be paid for.

1794. Festival in Paris dedicated to the Supreme Being.

1794. Corsica united to England.

1794. GODFRED AUGUSTUS BURGER, a German poet, died, aged 46.

1795. LOUIS XVII (_the dauphin_), died. The unhappy prince was put in charge of a wretch, on the execution of his father, by the name of Simon, a cobbler, with the instructions that he was to be got rid of. Accordingly, by the most severe treatment, by beating, cold, vigils, fasts, and ill usage of every kind, he sank to the grave.

1806. GEORGE WYTHE, a signer from Virginia, died, aged 81. He was a learned and upright man.

1807. Battle of Gutstadt, in which the French under Bonaparte defeated 10,000 Russian cavalry, and 15,000 infantry, taking 1,000 prisoners.

1809. THOMAS PAINE, a political writer of great force during the revolution, died, aged 72. His writings were deemed of so much service that the legislature of Pennsylvania voted him £500, and New York made him a grant of land. His life and conduct subsequently was extremely imprudent and reprehensible.

1809. Battle of Viga; the French, 8,000, under Ney, attacked 12,000 Spaniards under Carera, and were repulsed.

1810. Mequienza, in Arragon, surrendered to the French under Suchet. This terminated the fourth campaign in the north of Spain.

1811. Extraordinary agitation of the sea and earthquake at Cape Town.

1813. Americans under general LEWIS broke up their encampment by order of general Dearborn, and returned to Fort George. The British succeeded in dispersing the boats with the baggage belonging to his command, and captured 12 of them.

1832. The first case of cholera asphixia in America occurred on this day at Quebec.

1838. JOHN LUSK, a soldier of the revolution, died, aged 104 years. He was born on Staten island, of Dutch parentage, and was a soldier in the regular service nearly 60 years. He died in Warren county, Tennessee, and was the last survivor of the old French war in Canada.

1842. HENRY BROOK PARNELL, famed as a political writer and liberalist, died by his own hand.

1842. JAMES BARBOUR, a distinguished American statesman, died in Orange co., Virginia.

1844. JAMES WADSWORTH, a distinguished and wealthy citizen of western New York, died at Geneseo.

1845. ANDREW JACKSON, an American general and statesman, died, aged 78. He was the seventh president of the United States.

1854. GEORGE H. TALCOTT, a captain of ordinance in the United States army, died at Indian springs, aged 43. He was a native of Maryland, and graduated at West-point in 1831.

1856. HENRY WARE WALES, an American linguist, died at Paris, aged 37, bequeathing a large and valuable library to Harvard college.

1857. DOUGLAS JERROLD, an English dramatist and journalist, died, aged 54. He was an extraordinary genius, and contributed to almost every department of literature.

JUNE 9.

587 B. C. On the 9th _Thammug_, an especial fast of the Jews was observed for the taking of Jerusalem under Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, on that day.

597. COLUMBA, the founder of the famous monastry of Iona, or Icolmkill, in the Scottish Hebrides, died. This island was in that age the luminary of the Caledonian regions.

911. LEO VI (_the philosopher_), emperor of the east, died. He was a politic monarch, the patron of men of letters, and an excellent author himself.

1075. HENRY IV defeated the Saxons at Thuringia.

1099. The siege of Jerusalem opened by the first crusaders. Godfrey of Bouillon erected his standard on the first swell of mount Calvary; to the left as far as St. Stephen's gate the line of attack was continued by Tancred and the two Roberts, and count Raymond established his head quarters from the citadel to the fort of mount Sion.

1496. COLUMBUS returned to Spain from his second voyage.

1536. Dr. HEYLIN says: On this day the clergy of London agreed upon the form of a petition to king Henry, for permission to the people to read the Bible.

1553. Battle of Sieverhausen in the Duchy of Lunenberg, in which Albert of Brandenburgh was defeated by the confederates. His camp equipage taken and 4,000 killed.

1586. Great earthquake in Lima.

1625. First child of white parents born in Brooklyn, New York.

1674. The English parliament prorogued on account of the differences between the lords and commons. It is said more than £200,000 was spent in bribing the commons.

1681. WILLIAM LILLY, a famous English astrologer, died. He made quite a snug fortune out of the cavaliers and roundheads by predicting for both parties. The parliament under Cromwell gave him £100 a year for flattering their prospects, and he was complimented with a gold chain and medal by the king of Sweden. He also made a handsome business by his almanacs and other publications.

1696. ANTOINE VARILAS, a French historian, died. His works were popular for a time, until they were discovered to be very inaccurate, and carelessly compiled.

1724. BENEDICT PICTET, a Swiss professor of theology at Geneva, died. He possessed great abilities and learning, and published several valuable works.

1758. The English effected a landing at Louisbourg.

1770. British settlers expelled from the Falkland islands by a large Spanish force. They were restored the following year, when the dispute was ended.

1775. Force of the American army assembled at Cambridge, 1,581 officers, 6,063 privates; total 7,644.

1776. JOHN IVES, an eminent English antiquary, died, aged 25. He had accomplished much at his early age, but had published only three papers from his collection.

1779. WILLIAM KENRICK, an English dramatist and miscellaneous writer, died. He was originally a mechanic, and became an author of great popularity and merit.

1790. ROBERT ROBINSON, a self-taught English preacher, died. He was an apprentice to a wig and curl maker, when Whitefield attracted his attention, and he became a methodist preacher. He soon after became a baptist, and preached that doctrine a number of years, and was extremely popular. He finally became a unitarian, and died at Birmingham while on a visit to Priestly, before he had time to shift his opinions to any thing else.

1795. The only son of the unfortunate king LOUIS XVI died in the Temple in his 12th year. The convention agreed to exchange his sister for the commissioners, betrayed by Dumourier to Austria.

1798. Battle of Arklow, in Ireland, between the United Irishmen and British. More than 20,000 of the insurgents, under father Murphy, advanced against the town, which was defended by only 1,600 men. The contest was continued with great obstinacy till nightfall, when the rebels retired. Father Murphy was killed by a cannon ball.

1798. An eruption of the peak of Teneriffe. It continued 4 months and 6 days, had 4 mouths, and projected rocks 3,000 feet.

1811. Second unsuccessful attack on fort San Christoval, Badajos, by the British under lord Wellington.

1814. United States brig Rattlesnake, lieut. Renshaw, captured and destroyed British brig John, laden with English goods.

1824. WILLIAM OXBERRY, the comedian, died by apoplexy, the consequence of over living. This was acting tragedy.

1825. ABRAHAM REES, the cyclopedist, died. He was born in Wales, and educated for a dissenting minister, and officiated as such more than 40 years. He published sermons, and contributed to the _Monthly Review_, but is best known as the editor of the _Cyclopedia_, 47 vols, quarto.

1826. JEDEDIAH MORSE died, aged 65; author of the geography so well known.

1829. Battle of Oriva, in Turkey; the Russians, under general Geismar, assaulted and took the town.

1834. WILLIAM CAREY, the devoted and pious missionary, died.

1836. Battle of Micanopy; about 200 Indians defeated by a detachment of United States troops under Heilman.

1839. War declared by the sultan of Turkey against Mehemet Ali of Egypt, and his son Ibrahim, deposing them from the government of Egypt and Syria.

1846. The water in lake Ontario had fallen 14 inches since the 24th March. (See Aug. 21.)

1849. CHARLES ALBERT, ex-king of Sardinia, died on his arrival at Portugal, soon after his abdication.

1850. JOHN MELCHER, the oldest printer in N. H., died at Portsmouth, aged 90.

1853. Father GAVAZZI, an emissary of the pope to America, caused a riot by his preaching at Montreal. A mob attacked him in the pulpit; the military fired upon the people, and 10 persons were killed and 16 wounded.

1854. The emperor and empress of France attended the first agricultural exhibition ever held in Paris.

JUNE 10.

312. CONSTANTINE (_the Great_) called the first council of Nice to determine on the Arian heresy.

1190. FREDERICK I (Barbarossa), emperor of Germany, died in Syria, in consequence of bathing imprudently in the Cydnus. He was frequently engaged in quarrels with the popes, but was at last persuaded to turn his arms against the Saracens. He marched a numerous army into Asia and was victorious over all that opposed him.

1429. Battle of Jargeau; the place was carried by storm by the French, who were lead on by Joan of Arc. On reaching the top of the wall she received a blow on the head, which precipitated her into the ditch. Being unable to rise, she continued to exhort her friends, assuring them that the Lord had delivered the English into their hands.

1530. The college of Bologna determined that the marriage law in the book of Leviticus, being a part of the law of nations, as well as of the law of Moses and of God, is binding on the whole Christian church, as well as infidels; and therefore, gave their decision against the legality of Henry's marriage with Catharine of Arragon.

1584. Two barks fitted out by Raleigh, under the command of Barlow and Amidas, arrived in the West Indies, upon a voyage of discovery. They returned to England about the middle of September, having taken possession of a new country, which so pleased the queen, Elizabeth, that she named it Virginia.

1593. Date of the Leghorn or Livorno indulto, by which merchants of all nations and of every religion were invited to settle in the town. Many Jews from Spain availed themselves of this privilege.

1604. ISABELLA ANDREINI, a famous Italian actress, died. She distinguished herself equally as a poetess, and possessed, with great personal beauty, wit and genius in a superior degree.

1610. The first Dutch emigrants to America landed at Manhattan, now New York.

1654. ALEXANDRE ALGARDI, a Bolognese sculptor, died. He was employed to restore the garden of Sallust; many of his original pieces have been engraved.

1667. The Dutch fleet, commanded by de Ruyter, sailed up the river Medway, in England, as far as Chatham, and destroyed several men of war.

1692. BRIDGET BISHOP hanged at Salem, Mass., for witchcraft.

1692. An army of French and Indians made a furious attack on the garrison at Wells, in Maine, commanded by captain Wells, who, after a brave and resolute defence, drove them off with great loss.

1710. The German emigrants, who fled from the devastations committed in the palatinate of the Rhine, by Louis XIV, arrived in New York.

1719. Battle of Glenshields in Scotland, which ended the Spanish invasion.

1724. A party of volunteers at Oyster river, in New Hampshire, discovered an Indian ambush, which they attacked, killed one, and wounded two others, who made their escape, though pursued and tracked by their blood to a considerable distance. The slain Indian was a person of distinction, and wore a kind of coronet of scarlet-dyed fur, with an appendage of four small bells, by the sound of which the others might follow him through the thickets. His hair was remarkably soft and fine, and he had about him a devotional book and a muster-roll of 180 Indians. His scalp produced a bounty.

1726. ANTHONY ALSOP, an English prelate and poet, died.

1735. THOMAS HEARNE, an English antiquary, died. He edited nearly forty works, some of them classics, but principally relative to ancient English history and antiquities.

1739. Grosvenor square centre house valued at £10,000, was raffled for and won by Mrs. Hunt, a grocer's wife in Piccadilly.

1761. Indian battle; the Cherokees defeated by the British under colonel Grant, and their town Etchoe utterly destroyed, together with their magazines and cornfields.

1768. Riot in Boston, headed by captain Malcom, on account of the seizure of the sloop Liberty, belonging to Mr. Hancock, by the commissioners of the king's customs.

1772. The Gaspee, an armed British schooner, having exacted some degrading terms of the American vessels entering the port of Providence, a body of the inhabitants boarded her, put the officers and crew ashore, and burnt the vessel with all her stores.

1792. Russians attacked a detachment of Poles, under general Judycki, between Mire and Swierza; but were defeated, with the loss of 500 dead on the field.

1798. BONAPARTE attacked Valetta, in Malta, and in a sortie the Maltese lost the standard of their order.

1800. Battle of Montebello, in Italy, in which the Austrians were defeated, and compelled to retire to Voghera.

1801. The pasha of Tripoli declared war against the United States of America.

1806. The British house of lords resolved to abolish the slave trade.

1807. Battle of Heilsburg, in Prussia. The French, under Bonaparte, defeated the Russians, who fell back into their entrenchments. About 4,000 Russians were taken prisoners. Roussel had his head carried off by a cannon ball, and Murat had two horses shot under him. The Russians retreated the next night.

1809. Pope PIUS VII excommunicated Bonaparte.

1811. Lord WELLINGTON raised the siege of Badajos. The French governor, Phillipon made a brave and noble defence.

1831. FRANCIS ABBOT, the _Hermit of Niagara Falls_, drowned while bathing in the river. He was a native of England, of quaker parentage. He arrived at the falls in June, 1829, on foot, in a very singular costume, and after a week's residence became so fascinated with the place that he determined on fixing his abode on Goat island. He sought seclusion, and wished to erect a hut, but the proprietor not thinking proper to grant his request, he took a small room in the only house, where he was occasionally furnished with bread and milk by the family, but more generally providing, and always cooking his own food. In the second winter of his residence, the house changed tenants, at which he quitted the island and built himself a small cottage on the main shore, about thirty rods below the fall. He was a person of highly cultivated mind and manners, a master of languages, and deeply read in the arts and sciences, and performed on various musical instruments with great taste; his drawings were also very spirited. He had traveled over Europe, and parts of the East, and possessed great colloquial powers when inclined to be sociable. On entering his hut, his guitar, violin, flutes, music books and port folio were scattered round in profusion; but not a single written paper of any kind was found to throw the least light on this extraordinary character.

1831. General DIEBITSCH, commander of the Russian forces in Poland, died, by the official accounts of cholera; it is supposed by poison.

1836. JEAN MARIE AMPERE, famed as a mathematician and natural philosopher, died. Near the close of his life he busied himself with a classification of the sciences, a work from which great minds before him had shrunk.

1837. The plague at Smyrna committed great ravages; about 300 died daily for some time.

1839. JOHN RIDGE, a Cherokee, murdered. He was educated at the Cornwall school in Connecticut, where he married a respectable white woman. He was a practicing attorney among the Cherokees, and a man of talents.

1851. ROBERT DUNDAS, viscount Melville, British statesman, died, aged 80. He was for many years in the ministry, especially as first lord of the admiralty.

1854. The Crystal palace at Sydenham, England, was opened by the queen, Victoria; 40,000 persons being present.

JUNE 11.

1656 A. M. The tops of the mountains were seen, 73 days after the waters of the deluge began to subside, 1st of 10th month, answering to this day.

1184 B. C. The destruction of Troy is placed commonly by English chronologists in the night of this day; an event which Homer has invested with unrivaled importance, and a gorgeous immortality. (See April 24.)

534 B. C. SERVIUS TULLIUS, sixth king of Rome, assassinated. He is celebrated for his laws on the subjects of rank and property. He was murdered by his son-in-law, the second Tarquin.

90 B. C. The consul RUTILIUS LUPUS was destroyed with his forces, by an ambuscade, near the river Livis, during the social war.

816. LEO III, pope, died. A conspiracy was formed against him in 799, and it was only through the power of Charlemagne that he was enabled to keep the pontifical chair. He was an able pontiff.

1183. Prince HENRY, son of Henry II of England, died, aged 27. He is sometimes called Henry III, on account of his rebellion against his father.

1258. The great council of reform, called the mad parliament, assembled at Oxford. Every member was sworn to allow no consideration, "neither of gift nor promise, profit nor loss, love nor hatred, nor fear," to influence him in the discharge of his duty.

1289. Battle of Campaldino, in Italy, in which the Florentines defeated the people of Arezzo. The poet Dante, then in his 24th year, was present, and served in the foremost troop of cavalry. He says, "the Uberti, Lamberti and Abati, with all the ex-citizens of Florence who adhered to the Ghibelline interest, were with Aretini; while those inhabitants of Arezzo, who, owing to their attachment to the Guelph party, had been banished from their own city, were ranged on the side of the Florentines."

1294. ROGER BACON, an eminently learned monk of the Franciscan order, died, aged 80. He was a miracle of the age in which he lived, and the greatest genius, perhaps, for mechanical knowledge, that ever appeared in the world since Archimedes. (1292 by some authorities.)

1381. WAT TYLER assembled his followers at Blackheath, amounting to 100,000 men.

1520. A grand tournament between Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France, at Guines. "At the houre assigned," says Holinshed, "the two kings, armed at all peeces, mounted on horssebacke, and with their companies, entered the field; the French king on a courser barbed, covered with purple sattin, broched with gold, and embroidered with corbin's feathers. All the parteners of the French king's chalenge were in like apparell, everie thing correspondent in cloath of silke embrodered. On his person were attendant on horssebacke noble persons, and on foot foure persons, all apparelled in purple sattin."

1526. Holy league against the emperor Charles V.

1543. NICHOLAS COPERNICUS, the astronomer, died on this day, according to Lalande, who says, in his _History of Astronomy for 1798_, "The death of the great Copernicus was, till lately, a problem. I resolved it in my tour. Copernicus died on the 11th of June, 1543, although Gassendi and Weidler date this circumstance on the 24th May, and Planche the 11th of July." (See May 24.)

1567. Flight of MARY, queen of Scots, and her husband, Bothwell, from Borthwick castle to Dunbar.

1576. ANTHONY COOKE, preceptor of Edward VI, died. He also educated his own daughters, who were "learned above their sex in Greek and Latin."

1576. MARTIN FROBISHER was despatched with three pinnaces to discover a northwest passage, but compelled by the ice to return. He was the first navigator who attempted to find a northwest passage to China.

1578. Queen ELIZABETH granted letters patent to Humphrey Gilbert for the discovery and settlement of "barbarous lands in America, undiscovered by any Christian prince or people." This was the first charter granted by the crown of England to a colony.

1665. KENELM DIGBY, an eminent English philosopher, died. He was also in the employ of the government as a soldier and a statesman. He was brave, learned and eloquent, but somewhat visionary.

1685. The duke of MONMOUTH landed at Lyme, Dorsetshire with men and arms in opposition to James II.

1693. An expedition fitted out in England against Canada and Martinique, arrived in Boston. During the voyage, 1,300 out of 2,100 sailors, and 1,800 out of 2,400 soldiers, had died of a malignant disease. On the arrival of the fleet the disease spread into the town, and proved more malignant than any other epidemic which had ever been known in the country.

1695. ANDREW FELIBIEN, counselor and historiographer to the king of France, died. He was also celebrated for his taste and judgment in the fine arts, and his _Dialogues upon the Lives of the Painters_ has done him great honor.

1698. BALTHAZAR BEKKER, a Dutch divine, died. His writings got him into trouble with the church, which was alarmed at some very harmless notions he entertained about spirits and devils.

1712. LEWIS JOSEPH, duke de Vendome, died. He was a descendant of Henry IV of France, and distinguished himself under Philip V of Spain, whom he succeeded in raising to the throne, in opposition to the claims of Charles III, archduke of Austria.

1719. A terrible earthquake happened at Pekin, in China, throwing down houses and burying more than 1,000 inhabitants in the ruins.

1727. GEORGE I, king of England, died in his carriage near Osnabruck, in Germany, aged 68. He was the first king of England of the house of Brunswick, and had reigned 13 years.

1756. CÆSAR CHESNEAU DU MARSAIS, a French grammarian, died. He was engaged in the _Encyclopedie_, and his articles on grammar are drawn up with great precision, correctness and judgment.

1776. Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Robert R. Livingston, a committee to prepare a Declaration of Independence.

1783. Great eruption of the Scaptar Jokul, in Iceland, commenced, and continued several days (see 18th).

1792. The first bank in New Hampshire commenced discounting at Portsmouth.

1792. Battle of Mire; the Polish general Judycki, surrounded by the Russians, defeated, and compelled to retreat.

1793. N. GOUVION, a French officer, killed at Maubeuge, on the Sambre. He served in America in the war of the revolution, and at the time of his death was a general in the army of the north.

1793. WILLIAM ROBERTSON, the Scottish historian, died. His works are popular, and the _History of Charles V_ will be long read with admiration.

1796. St. Vincent, Grenada, and St. Lucia islands in the West Indies were taken by the British.

1798. BONAPARTE seized Malta, the key of the Mediterranean, which he garrisoned, and proceeded with the fleet, carrying 20,000 regular troops, to the Egyptian coast.

1800. SAMUEL IRELAND, an ingenious English mechanic, died. He distinguished himself by his skill in drawing and engraving. He was unjustly accused of an attempt to impose upon the world a spurious volume of letters and papers in the name of Shakspeare. (See April 17th, 1835.)

1812. A great skirmish of cavalry in Estremadura, Spain, between the English under general Slade, and the French under general Lallemand.

1825. DANIEL D. TOMPKINS, a distinguished New York statesman, died, aged 51. He was vice-president of the United States under Mr. Monroe, and governor of the state of New York.

1828. DUGALD STEWART, an eminent Scottish philosopher and writer, died. His philosophical works are well known.

1829. Battle of Schoumla; the Turks under the grand vizier defeated by the Russians under general Diebitsch, with the loss of 6,000 killed, 1,500 prisoners, and 60 pieces of cannon. Russian loss, 1,400 killed, 600 wounded.

1842. ALEXANDER CROMBIE died at London. As a scholar and a critic, a metaphysician and a theologian, his name stands high among the first writers of the age.

1845. THEODORE DWIGHT, secretary of the Hartford convention, died, aged 81. He was editor of the _Connecticut Mirror_, published at Hartford, and in 1815 established the _Albany Daily Advertiser_, the first daily paper in that city. In 1817 he became editor of the _New York Daily Advertiser_.

1849. Great excitement at Paris, and a proposition to impeach the president for his aiding the cause of the pope, signed by Ledru Rollin and 141 others.

1849. Ancona capitulated to the Austrians after a very destructive bombardment.

1853. GUERAZZI, ex-minister of Tuscany, tried for high treason at Florence, and found guilty, was sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment, which was subsequently commuted to perpetual exile.

1854. THOMAS H. BOTTS died at Fredericksburg, Va., aged 54; a lawyer, and one of the leading men of his profession.

JUNE 12.

456 B. C. HERODOTUS recited his celebrated _History_ at Athens, during the Olympic games, in his 29th year, on the 12 Hecatombæon. He had traveled with his work from Caria. Thucydides was then a boy; Æschylus died in that year; Cimon was recalled from exile, and the Athenians completed their long walls.

455. MARCUS CLODIUS PUPIENUS MAXIMUS, emperor of Rome, murdered by the soldiery, after a reign of 15 months. He was of humble birth, but rose by his merits to the most eminent posts of the state, and was raised to the imperial dignity on the death of Gordian. He made salutary laws and reformed abuses.

1099. The army of crusaders who had encamped before Jerusalem, made a furious attack on this city, and amid a storm of arrows and fire balls, burst the first barrier, and strove to surmount the walls by escalade. The want of proper instruments rendered the assault abortive, and the followers of the cross were driven back with shame and slaughter to their camp. This defeat was followed by suffering and privations, from the scarcity of provisions and water.

1211. Battle of Tolosa, in Spain, between the Christians and Moors. Mohammed Abu Abdallah, at the head of a powerful army, one of the five divisions of which, according to the Arabic and Spanish historians, amounted to 160,000 men, made a descent from Africa, with the design of conquering the whole Spanish peninsula. Such was the terror which this vast armament inspired among the Christians, that Innocent III, proclaimed a crusade, and several bishops went from town to town to rouse the Christian princes. The kings of Castile, Arragon and Navarre, with a numerous body of foreign volunteers, advanced to stop the progress of the Moslems. The two armies met in Las Navas de Tolosa, between Castile and Andalusia. The result of the engagement was so complete a victory over the Africans, that Mohammed had a narrow escape, and left no less than 170,000 men in the field; the rest fled for safety.

1268. BILBARS, the sultan of Syria, took possession of Antioch. The Latin principality was extinguished, and the whole existence of the Franks was now confined to the city of Ptolemais.

1402. Battle of Melienydd, in Radnorshire, Wales, in which Owen Glendour, the last of the native Welsh princes, defeated and captured sir Edmund Mortimer.

1418. Massacre at Paris, at night, by the direction, if not under the eye of John, duke of Burgundy, called the fearless. In the course of three days, 3500 persons were sacrificed.

1488. JAMES III, king of Scotland, killed. He put his brother John to death, and attempted the life of his other brother, Alexander; he escaped, however, and levied war against the tyrant, who had rendered himself odious by his cruelties. James was defeated in battle, and put to death in a mill, by the daggers of his own subjects.

1565. ADRIAN TURNEBUS, a French critic, died. Great encomiums have been passed upon his genius and learning, as well as the amiability of his private character.

1630. JOHN WINTHROP, the first governor of Massachusetts, arrived at Salem, with the charter of the colony. He settled at Shawmut, which was finally determined upon for the metropolis, and named Boston.

1647. THOMAS FARNABY, an English grammarian, died. His works display great erudition.

1660. WILLIAM OUGHTRED, an English divine and mathematician, died. He was disturbed in his retirement by the partisans of Cromwell, and escaped sequestration only by the interference of influential friends. His works were small, but of great value to subsequent mathematicians.

1665. The city of New York incorporated by governor Nichols; a mayor, 5 aldermen and a sheriff were appointed. Prior to this, it had been governed by a schout, burgomasters and schepens.

1672. The French under Louis XIV, crossed the Rhine. The prince de Conde was wounded for the first and only time during all his campaigns; but the young duke de Longueville was killed.

1672. The government of England issued a proclamation to restrain the spread of false news and licentious talking of matters of state and government.

1676. Attack on Hadley by the Indians, to the number of 700, who were resolved on a grand effort to carry this post. The attack was commenced at day-light, with great spirit; they gained possession of a house, and fired a barn; but were in a short time driven back with loss. The attack was renewed on other points, the enemy appearing to be determined on carrying the place; but the discharge of a piece of ordnance cooled their ardor, and they drew off; and on assistance coming from Northampton, the foe was driven into the woods, with a loss of two or three of the English. It is supposed to have been on this occasion that general Goffe, one of the judges of Charles I, who was at that time concealed with the minister at Hadley, made his appearance in so mysterious a manner. At a moment when the people were in the greatest consternation, there appeared a man of venerable aspect, differing from them in his apparel, who assumed the command, put them in order for defence, and by advice and example animated them throughout the attack. When the scene was over, on looking about for the stranger, he had disappeared, and was seen no more--leaving the inhabitants to form the strangest conjectures.

1683. The Rye house plot discovered. It was headed by Monmouth, Essex, and lord John Russell, and their object seems to have been to oppose the succession of the duke of York. Russell and many others suffered on the scaffold, Essex was found with his throat cut in prison, and Monmouth was in a short time reconciled to the king.

1734. JAMES, duke of Berwick, killed by a cannon shot at the siege of Phillipsburgh, in Germany, while standing between his two sons. No general of his time excelled him in the art of war, except his uncle, the duke of Marlboro'.

1759. WILLIAM COLLINS, an English poet, died. He was entirely neglected, and his _Odes_, which possessed great merit, failed to attract any attention during his life time.

1775. General GAGE, issued a proclamation at Boston, offering the king's pardon to all who would lay down their arms and return to their peaceable occupations, excepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock, and at the same time he proclaimed martial law.

1778. PHILIP LIVINGSTON, a signer and a strenuous advocate for the declaration of independence, died. He was a New York merchant, and became a prominent character in that city before the revolution.

1788. Settlement made at Sierra Leone by blacks from England. The town lots were drawn for and apportioned this day.

1794. Couthon reported, and the French convention decreed, the organization of the revolutionary tribunal, consisting of a president, 3 vice-presidents, a public accuser, 4 deputies, 12 judges and 50 jurors.

1796. Battle between the Chinese and Eleuths, in a desert which the Chinese had attempted to penetrate in pursuit of the retreating army. The Tartars under Kaldan, taking advantage of the exhausted state of their enemy, gave them battle; but were defeated and totally routed, with the loss of 2000 killed, and all their women, children, baggage and cattle, taken by the Chinese.