Chapter XXXIII: Part 33

1803. SAMUEL ADAMS, governor of Massachusetts, died, aged 82; distinguished as a writer and a patriot, and for his influence in forwarding the American revolution; of stern integrity, dignified manners and great suavity of temper. He and John Hancock were proscribed when a pardon was offered to every one else.

1812. British cannonaded Ogdensburg.

1841. JAMES FRASER, the founder and publisher of _Fraser's Magazine_, died in London; when literature lost an earnest supporter, and literary men a generous patron.

1842. The United States sloop-of-war Concord was lost on the rocks in the Mozambique channel, and one or two of the crew perished.

1842. WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING, an eminent unitarian preacher of Boston, died at Bennington, Vt. He was born 1780, and ordained 1803 at the Federal street church. He was honored throughout Christendom, for his learning and eloquence.

1846. BENJAMIN WATERHOUSE, an eminent American botanist, died, aged 92. He completed his studies in Europe, and graduated at Leyden; on his return home was elected to a professorship in Harvard university.

1848. HENRY BURBECK, an officer of the revolution, died at New London, aged 94. He retired from the public service in 1815, having spent 38 years in almost incessant activity.

OCTOBER 3.

382. The Goths submitted to the Roman empire under Theodosius.

1003. ABDULMALIK IBN SHOHEYD executed; a poet and historian of Cordova, who for his military services was made governor of Toledo. He wrote a history of the Spanish Arabs in 100 vols.; was put to death by order of Hisham II.

1187. Jerusalem acquired by the arms of Saladin the Turk.

1405. HENRY IV granted to sir John Stanley the isle of Man in the Irish sea.

1573. The Spaniards abandoned the famous siege of Leyden; during which Kanava obtained celebrity for her patriotism.

1594. Battle of Glenlivet, in which the forces of James V under the duke of Argyle were defeated by the Scotch.

1689. QUIRINUS KUHLMAN, a German fanatic, burnt at Moscow for some seditious prophecies.

1690. ROBERT BARCLAY, an eminent Scottish writer, of the society of quakers, died. His _Apology for the Quakers_ is esteemed the standard of their doctrines, and has been published in many of the European languages.

1691. The English and Irish war ended by the fall of Limerick.

1733. CHARLES ST. YVES, a skillful French oculist, died; author of a valuable treatise on the diseases of the eye.

1751. JAMES LOGAN died; a learned quaker, who accompanied Penn to America in 1699, and assisted in the government of the colony. His library contained 3,000 volumes, and was the largest in the colony; he understood several ancient and modern languages, and his writings were republished in Europe.

1768. FERDINAND WARNER, an English divine, died; celebrated for his theological, biographical, historical and medical writings.

1793. The last two male natives of Pitcairn's island murdered by the three survivors of the British ship Bounty.

1794. The fortress of Juliers opened its gates to the victorious French, on the famous victory over the Austrians on the banks of the Roer, which delivered all the German provinces on the west side of the Rhine into the hands of the republicans.

1803. VICTOR ALFIERI, an eminent Italian dramatic poet, died. Within less than seven years he produced fourteen dramas, besides various other works in prose and verse, including a translation of Sallust. His posthumous works were published in 13 vols., two of which are occupied by his auto-biography.

1811. First newspaper issued at Buffalo, N. Y.

1813. Battle of Wartenburg, a small town on the left bank of the Elbe, between the Prussian army of 24,000 under Blucher, and the French under Bertrand, of 20,000. The former made a memorable march from Bautzen to the Elbe. The river was wide and rapid, and the pontoons were thrown over under the fire of the French, who were defeated with much loss.

1815. JUAN DIEZ PORLIER, a celebrated Spanish partisan general, hanged at Corunna. He distinguished himself at the battle of Trafalgar, and rendered the king important services in the war with the French.

1826. LEVIN AUGUSTUS BENNINGSEN, a German military officer of great abilities, died. He entered the Russian service, and was in several important campaigns against the French.

1838. BLACKHAWK (_Muck-ker-ta-me-scheck-ker-kirk_), a celebrated Indian chief and warrior, died at his camp on the river Des Moines.

1843. LEWIS F. LINN, senator of the United States from Missouri, died at St. Genevieve.

1848. The emperor of Austria dissolved the Hungarian diet, proclaimed martial law for that province, and appointed the Ban Jellachich to the supreme government.

1852. A severe gale swept over the Atlantic ocean and English channel, causing a great destruction of property and loss of life.

1853. JAMES TALMADGE died in New York, aged 75. He was lieutenant-governor of New York in 1824, and devoted the last twenty years of his life to the American institute as its president.

1855. ROBERT ADAIR, a British ambassador to various courts of Europe, died at London, aged 92.

OCTOBER 4.

633. EDWIN (_the Great_), king of Britain, killed at Hatfield. He wielded the sovereignty 17 years, during which the _cumulus_ of heathenism began to break up in large masses.

1226. FRANCIS, of Assisi, died; founder of the order of Franciscans, or gray friars.

1253. ROBERT GROSSETESTE, an English prelate, died. He wrote several voluminous works, possessed great learning, and a clear and vigorous intellect.

1434. COSMO DE MEDICI reentered Florence from exile, and was received with the most extravagant demonstrations of public joy, and became, in fact, the prince of the state, accumulated enormous wealth, and lived in regal magnificence.

1489. JOHN WESSELIUS, a Dutch ecclesiastic, died. His learning and abilities were so great, that the pope sent for him to Rome, and offered him what he should ask for. He merely requested a Greek and Hebrew Bible in the Vatican.

1535. Was published the first edition of the _Whole Bible_ in the English language, being the translation of Miles Coverdale.

1590. JAMES CUJACIUS, an eminent French lawyer, died. He rose from obscurity, and by his indefatigable industry, without the assistance of a master, perfected himself in Greek and Latin literature, and particularly in civil law. His works were published at Paris, in 10 vols. folio.

1595. JOHN MAITLAND, lord Thirlstane, an eminent statesman under James VI of Scotland, died.

1609. HENRY HUDSON, having explored the river to where it divided itself into several branches, returned to its mouth on this day--put to sea with all sails set, to report the tidings of his valuable discovery.

1660. FRANCIS ALBANO, an eminent Italian painter, died at Bologna, aged 82. He particularly excelled in expressing the delineations of female and infantine beauty; his pieces are dispersed in the cabinets of Europe, and highly esteemed.

1691. LOUIS ABELLY died; a French ecclesiastic, who devoted himself principally to literature, and left numerous works behind him.

1692. CHARLES FLEETWOOD, lord deputy under Cromwell, died, aged 74. He married the widow of the gloomy Ireton; hesitating to declare at once for the king, he was allowed to end his days in obscurity.

1693. Battle near Marseilles, in France, between the French under Catinat, and the allies under Victor Amadeus and Eugene of Savoy. The allies were defeated, with the loss of all their artillery, and 8,000 men; the duke of Schomberg was mortally wounded.

1704. ALEXANDER SELKIRK, a Scottish mariner, put ashore on the desert island of Juan Fernandez, by orders of captain Pradling, with whom he had a quarrel. He was allowed a fowling piece and ammunition, and a very few necessaries. In this desolate situation he continued three years, subsisting on goats, fish and fruits.

1743. JOHN BAPTIST DU HALDE, a learned French Jesuit, died. He is the author of a description of China and Tartary, a valuable work, compiled from the curious and interesting observations of the missionaries of his fraternity.

1744. HENRY CAREY, an English dramatic poet, and music composer, died by suicide. Besides his poems, he wrote _Chrononhotonthologos_, to ridicule the style of tragedy then in vogue, and produced the _Dragon of Wantley_, as a burlesque on Italian opera.

1777. Battle of Germantown, in which the Americans were defeated, with the loss of 200 killed, 600 wounded, and 400 taken. British loss, killed and wounded, 600. The disastrous termination of this affair, was owing to the darkness of the day, which embarrassed the operations of the Americans.

1780. The ships Resolution and Discovery, the circumnavigating ships which sailed under Cook and Clerke, returned, but without either of their original commanders. Both were dead.

1790. ANN LETTS died, at South river, N. J., aged 107.

1794. Battle of Maciejowice, in Poland; the forces under Kosciusko overthrown.

1795. The Parisians attacked the national convention, on account of the re-election of two-thirds of the members of that body. They were repulsed by the troops under Bonaparte, who now first signalized himself. About 8,000 of the citizens were killed.

1799. Brunnen, in Switzerland, taken from the French by the Russians under Suwarrow. This affair, however, terminated the progress of the invaders.

1806. SAMUEL HORSLEY, a learned English prelate, died. He engaged in a sectarian controversy with Priestley.

1812. Ogdensburgh attacked by the British, who were repulsed.

1812. American entrenched camp of Col. Newman attacked by the Indians, who were repulsed, with the loss of 30 warriors, among them three principal chiefs and their young king.

1813. American general HARRISON attacked by the Indians, at Chatham, whom he repulsed, and pursued four miles. He took on this occasion 2,000 stand of arms, a quantity of clothing, and several cannon; also three vessels laden with munitions.

1814. SAMUEL JACKSON PRATT, a once popular English novelist and miscellaneous writer, died.

1815. CHRISTOPHER PHILIP OBERKAMPF died; founder of the manufactory of printed linens at Jouy, and of the cotton manufacture of Essonne, in France. He commenced a small business under great disadvantages, and in a short time collected a population of 1500 in a spot which had been almost a desert. His manufactures became of so much importance to the country, that the king granted him letters of nobility, and a statue was decreed him by the council-general, a mark of generosity which he declined.

1821. JOHN RENNIE died; a celebrated Scottish civil engineer and mechanist. The canals, bridges, and other public works in England, attest his abilities.

1830. YORK, count von Wartenburg, a Prussian field-marshal, died. He was one of the most distinguished generals in the wars against Napoleon.

1830. The independence of Belgium declared by the central committee at Brussels: "The provinces of Belgium, violently separated from Holland, shall constitute an independent state."

1833. RICHARD HEBER died; an Englishman of talents and learning, distinguished for his zeal in collecting books, a business which he followed assiduously during the last thirty years of his life. He left immense collections of rare and valuable works in various languages, in various cities in Europe.

1835. Third centenary, or three hundredth year from the printing of the first English Bible, that of Coverdale, generally celebrated in the different churches and chapels in England. This Bible, as appears from the colophon, was finished on this day, 1535.

1835. TELESFORO DE TRUEBE Y COSIA, a Spanish dramatist, died at Paris, aged 30. He resided principally in England, where he produced several dramas and novels. He wrote dramas in English, Spanish, and French, which were successfully produced at the several national theatres.

1851. EMANUEL GODOY (_Prince of Peace_), minister of Charles VI and VII of Spain, died at Paris, in the 87th year of his age.

1853. The Great Republic, a mammoth clipper of 4000 tons, and the largest merchant vessel in the world, was launched at East Boston, Mass.

1854. The greater part of the town of Memel, a Prussian seaport, was destroyed by fire, including its churches, custom-house, bank, and court-houses; loss estimated at $5,000,000.

OCTOBER 5.

678. JUSTIN II, emperor of the east, died. He was a weak prince, but had a wife to govern him and the empire with ability.

610. PHOCAS, a Chalcedonian noble who seized on the empire of the east by the murder of the emperor Maurice and his children, beheaded by Heraclius, governor of Africa, who conspired against him.

1056. HENRY III, emperor of Germany, died. After making war against Poland, Hungary and Bohemia, he passed into Italy, expelled three popes, and was crowned by a fourth.

1540. ELIAS EOBANUS died; an elegant German scholar and good poet.

1555. EDWARD WATTON, an English physician, died. He took his decree at Padua and practiced with great success in London. He is said to have been the first who paid particular attention to natural history.

1571. CLAUDE D'ESPENCE, an eloquent French ecclesiastic, died.

1582. The Gregorian, or _new style_, commenced in Spain, Portugal and part of Italy, this day being accounted the 15th.

1675. Springfield, Mass., attacked by the Indians. The Springfield Indians had so resolutely resisted the persuasions of Philip to join his exterminating expeditions, that the inhabitants felt the greatest security. They were not aware of any defection, till news was received from Windsor that 300 of Philip's Indians were concealed in their fort. The timely arrival of forces from the neighboring towns alone saved the village from entire destruction.

1690. Sir WILLIAM PHIPPS arrived before Quebec with a British force. He summoned the place on the following day, but the French governor, count Frontenac, refused to surrender; the fleet being dispersed in a storm, the expedition failed in consequence.

1710. An expedition of British and provincials appeared before Port Royal, in Canada, with 5 frigates and a bomb ketch. The force being equal to its reduction, Subcrease, the French governor, only waited the compliment of a few shot and shells as a decent pretence for surrender, when the place fell into new hands, and was called Annapolis in honor of the queen.

1733. _Zenger's Weekly Journal_ (2d paper at New York), was issued.

1740. JOHN PHILIP BARATIER, a German youth of most extraordinary genius, died at the age of 20. At the age of 4, besides his native language, he spoke French and Latin; at 6 Greek; at 8 Hebrew. He acquired also various branches of learning, and prepared a large work on Egyptian antiquities.

1759. Battle of St. Francis, an Indian village on the St. Lawrence, in lower Canada. Innumerable expeditions had been fitted out from this place to massacre and plunder the English settlements in New England, and the village was enriched by the scalps taken at those times. Major Rogers, an intrepid soldier, with 200 rangers, was despatched by general Amherst from Crown point to destroy the place. After a fatiguing march of twenty-one days he came upon the village when the savages were holding a dance, and made a grand assault at break of day, after their own manner. The Indians were taken so unexpectedly that little resistance could be made.

1763. AUGUSTUS III, king of Poland, died.

1768. Great hurricane at Havana, destroyed 96 public edifices, and 4,048 houses; 1,000 inhabitants perished almost instantaneously.

1789. The estates general of France met at Versailles. This was indisputably the first day of the revolution, although the object of the meeting was to prevent such a catastrophe.

1803. The Constitution and Nautilus anchored in the bay of Tangiers, within half a mile of the circular battery, and amused the emperor of Morocco with the sound of their guns. This procured the release of the American consul, who had been confined to his house, guarded by two sentinels; and also the discharge of the American brig Hannah, of Salem, which had been wrongfully seized at Mogadore.

1804. A British squadron under Com. Moore attacked and captured Spanish ships La Medee 42 guns, La Fama 36 guns, and La Clara 36 guns; a frigate of 36 guns, La Marcedes, blew up, on board of which were several families returning to Spain, 280 men, and $811,000. On board the captured ships were found, besides a very valuable cargo of merchandise, 2,538,885 dollars, 3,593 bars tin, and 774 pigs copper.

1805. CHARLES CORNWALLIS, governor-general of India, died. Although overthrown at Yorktown, his character for courage, prudence and sagacity was unaffected, and he was afterwards sent as civil and military governor to Ireland.

1813. Battle of the Thames; the combined British and Indian forces under Proctor and Tecumseh, defeated by the Americans under general Harrison. On this occasion the celebrated Tecumseh was slain, as was believed in a personal rencounter with colonel R. M. Johnson; the latter received five wounds in this battle. American loss 7 killed, 22 wounded.

1813. Action on lake Ontario between the American fleet under commodore Chauncey, and the British squadron; five schooners of the latter were captured, and one sloop burnt.

1821. CLAUDIUS JOHN RICH, a learned English orientalist, died at Shiraz, in Persia, a victim to his ardor in the pursuit of science. He wrote _Memoirs of Ancient Babylon_, whose ruins he explored with indefatigable industry. His manuscripts, coins and gems were purchased by government, and are deposited in the British Museum.

1825. BERNARD GERMAIN STEPHEN DE LACEPEDE, a French naturalist, died. He was unmolested during the reign of terror, and Bonaparte heaped honors upon him. He holds a high station among modern naturalists.

1835. HORTENSE EUGENIE, duchess of St. Leu and ex-queen of Holland, died. She was the daughter of Josephine by her first husband, and married Louis Bonaparte.

1839. Destructive fire in Philadelphia, destroyed 52 buildings; said to have been the greatest fire ever known in Philadelphia.

1839. A fire at Aikin, S. C., destroyed 36 houses and stores, forming the whole business portion of the village.

1847. The first election of officers in Liberia, under the new constitution, took place. Gov. Roberts was chosen president of the republic.

1853. MAHLON DICKERSON, a New Jersey statesman, died, aged 83. He filled a great variety of public offices with distinguished ability.

1855. WILLIAM HENRY PERCY, a British rear admiral, died at London, aged 67.

1855. THOMAS LIVINGSTON MITCHELL, surveyor-general of New South Wales, died, aged 63. He surveyed the battle fields of the Peninsular war, in which he served, and was knighted in 1839 for his discoveries and surveys.

1855. Two asteroids, being the 36th and 37th, were discovered, one by Luther, at Bilk, the other by Goldsmith, in Prussia.

OCTOBER 6.

877. CHARLES II (_the Bald_), of France, poisoned. He succeeded to the French crown 840, and was elected emperor by the pope 875. The feudal government may be said to have begun under him.

1274. The English parliament restrained usury. The Jews in consequence were obliged to wear a badge.

1285. PHILIP III (_the Bold_), of France, died. He was proclaimed king while in Africa with his father on a crusade, where he defeated the Saracens, and concluded a truce with them for 10 years.

1470. HENRY VI, of England, released from the tower of London and again proclaimed king. He was imprisoned the second time in the following year and murdered.

1552. IVAN IV, czar of Russia, took the city of Kazan, and added that kingdom to his empire.

1713. _The Englishman_ appeared, conducted by the same authors as _The Spectator_, but was more political in its character.

1748. The British under admiral Boscawen raised the siege of Pondicherry, in Hindostan, after a loss by battle and sickness of 1,065. Loss of the French garrison 200, and 50 sepoys.

1761. WILLIAM PITT, the British statesman, having resigned the ministry, a pension of £3,000 was settled upon him for three lives, and the title of baroness of Chatham conferred upon his wife.

1762. The British under admiral Cornish and general Draper, took Manilla, the capital of the Philippine islands, by storm. Several ships and a large quantity of military stores fell into their hands. The town was ransomed by four millions of dollars.

1767. FRANCIS WISE, an English divine and antiquary, died. His researches led to the publication of several learned works.

1777. The British under sir Henry Clinton, about 3,000 men, attacked and carried forts Clinton and Montgomery, defended by governor Clinton. The post having been designed principally to prevent the passing of ships, the works on the land side were incomplete and untenable, and were carried by the bayonet. Most of the garrison effected their escape, with the loss of 300; British lost about an equal number. Count Grabouski, a Polish nobleman in the American service, was killed.

1778. WILLIAM WORTHINGTON died; an English prelate and theological writer of merit.

1780. HENRY LAURENS, who had been taken on his passage from America to Holland, was committed to the tower of London for high treason. He was afterwards liberated.

1783. Treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States proclaimed.

1789. LAFAYETTE preserved the royal family from the popular excitement. The king was then conducted to Paris, where he accepted the "declaration of the rights of man."

1794. British, general Graham, surrendered Guadaloupe by capitulation to the French.

1794. Fall of the _mountain party_ in the French national convention.

1802. SIMON DE MAGISTRIS died at Rome; well known for his deep acquaintance with the Hebrew, Greek and Latin, and whose services to literature were liberally rewarded by the pope.

1813. Moravian town, on the river Thames, destroyed by the Americans under general Harrison, after which he marched to Detroit, where peace was negotiated with a number of vanquished tribes of Indians.

1821. ALEXANDER MURRAY, a distinguished naval officer, died. He fought in 13 battles in the army and navy during the war of the revolution. On the organization of the navy under the new government, he was one of the first officers recalled into service. To the highest firmness and resolution he united a remarkable mildness and serenity of temper.

1836. WILLIAM MARSDEN, a learned English orientalist, died. He published a dictionary and grammar of the Malayan language, and other works of acknowledged merit.

1839. JESSE BUEL, an eminent agriculturist, died. He was several years member of the legislature and a candidate for governor of New York in 1836. He was also a practical printer, and had filled the office of printer to the state. He was a useful citizen, and highly esteemed in public and private life.

1841. A revolution in Mexico; Santa Anna entered the capital at the head of 10,000 men; displaced Bustamente, and established himself at the head of the government.

1843. JAMES LEONARD CATHCART died at Washington, aged 77. He entered the continental navy at an early age, was a midshipman during the revolution, and was captured by the Algerines and held eleven years in captivity. He turned his knowledge of that country to good account afterwards in the service of the government in quelling piracies, &c.

1848. Insurrection in Vienna; the emperor with his family left the city, escorted by a few troops.

1853. SIMEON GREENLEAF, a distinguished law teacher, died at Cambridge, Mass., aged 70. His law works attest his diligence and ability in his profession.

1857. SAMUEL HUESTON, for many years publisher of the _Knickerbocker Magazine_, died in New York.

OCTOBER 7.

929. CHARLES III (_the Simple_), of France, died. His abilities were unequal to his station; he was defeated in battle by Hugh, and confined seven years in prison, in the castle of Peronne, where he died.

1492. The ship Nina, rigged with latteen sails and usually ahead of the others, supposing she had discovered land, hoisted her flag and fired a Lombardo. This was soon found to be an illusion; the insubordination broke forth among the crews, when Columbus, with the two Pinzons, commanders, was compelled to enter into an _agreement_ with those murmurers, to return in case land was not discovered in three days.

1521. Date of king Henry VIII's diploma from the pope as Defender of the Faith, for his treatise _De Septem Sacramentis_.

1565. THOMAS CHALONER, a noted English ambassador, died. He wrote a work on _The right ordering of the English Republic_, and has the honor of having discovered the first alum mines in England.

1571. Battle of Lepanto, a naval action between the Turks, and Venitians assisted by the Germans and Spaniards under Don John of Austria. The Turks were utterly defeated with the loss of 25,000 killed, 10,000 taken, and all their great commanders slain, and 200 galleys taken or destroyed. The Christians lost about 10,000 men. This was the greatest sea fight of modern times, and being the first signal victory achieved over the Turks, diffused the greatest joy over Christendom.

1577. GEORGE GASCOINE, a celebrated English poet in the time of Elizabeth, died. He served with credit in the wars of the Low Countries; and wrote the first English comedy in prose.

1612. GIOVANNI BATTISTA GUARINI, a celebrated Italian poet, died. The _Pastor Fido_ has immortalized his name.

1651. JAMES SIRMOND died; a French Jesuit and a voluminous theological writer.

1681. NICHOLAS HEINSIUS (_the Swan of Holland_), died. He was eminent as a statesman, poet and critic.

1708. Battle near Lesno, between 40,000 Russians under Peter the great, and 16,000 Swedes under Lewenhaupt, who was marching with men and supplies to relieve Charles XII. He was defeated after five engagements, which were fought in three days, and reached Charles with only 5,000 men. The Russians took 5,000 carriages, and much of the artillery and baggage.

1753. Sir DANVERS OSBORN arrived at New York from England, to supersede Clinton as governor of the province. (See Oct. 12.)

1759. JOSEPH AMES, a celebrated typographical historian, died. He was originally a ship chandler, who late in life took to the study of antiquities, and became secretary of the society of antiquaries.

1763. The king of France, viewing the extensive and valuable acquisitions in America secured by the treaty with Great Britain, granted letters patent under the great seal, to erect within the countries and islands ceded to him, four distinct and separate governments, namely, Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and Granada.

1765. First congress of American colonies met at New York.

1777. Second battle of Stillwater, which was an attempt of the British to secure a retreat to the lakes. Darkness put an end to the action, after the Americans had gained decisive advantages. A great number of the enemy were killed; 200 taken, including several officers of distinction; 9 cannons and the encampment of a German brigade, with all their equipage. The loss of the Americans was inconsiderable. British general Frazer and lieutenant-colonel Breyman were killed.

1780. Battle of King's mountain, South Carolina, in which 300 British were killed and wounded, and 800 prisoners, and 1500 stand of excellent arms taken. Maj. Ferguson, who commanded the British, was killed, gallantly defending his post.

1787. HENRY MELCHIOR MUEHLENBERG died; pastor of the first Lutheran church in Pennsylvania, and distinguished for his learning.

1788. JOHN BROWN, an English physician, died; known as the founder of the Brunonian system of medicine, which classes all diseases under two heads, those of deficient and those of redundant excitement.

1792. GEORGE MASON, a distinguished Virginia statesman, died at his domain of Gunston hall.

1794. ANTOINE JOSEPH GORSAS, a Girondist, guillotined at Paris. He was a school master, a man of letters, and the editor of a paper, through which he became one of the first instigators of the revolution, and actively promoted some of its important events.

1794. Bois-le-duc, one of the strongest bulwarks of the famous Dutch barrier along the left bank of the Meuse, surrendered to the French revolutionary army; by which several other fortresses were hemmed in and rendered useless.

1795. JOHN GEORGE ZIMMERMAN, a Swiss philosopher, died at Hanover, where he was first physician to his Brittanic majesty. His work on _Solitude_ is a popular book in our own language.

1796. THOMAS REID, professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow, died, aged 89; highly distinguished as a mathematician and metaphysician.

1807. BONAPARTE called for a second conscription of 80,000 men for this year.

1810. Coimbra in Portugal, held by the French, was attacked by the British under colonel Trant and carried. Trant took 80 officers and 5,000 men prisoners, mostly sick and wounded.

1812. Battle of the Moskwa. The French army of 150,000 under Napoleon was opposed by a Russian army of about the same number, under Kutusoff. The attack began early in the morning and continued until late in the afternoon, when the Russian army retreated, no pursuit being made by the French; while the field of battle was strewed with 50,000 dead and dying. The Russians acknowledged a loss of 25,000, among whom was Bagration.

1840. WILLIAM I, king of the Netherlands, published a proclamation announcing his voluntary abdication of the throne in favor of his son William II. He is said to have retired with a private fortune of nearly forty-three millions of dollars, and abdicated in consequence of his determination to marry the countess d'Oultremont, a lady of the Roman catholic faith.

1841. FREDERICK JOHN, lord Monson, died, aged 32; a patron and amateur of art, a lover of literature and science, and a truly benevolent and public spirited man. A journal of his _Tour in Germany_ was privately printed in 1839, and some beautiful views of the passes of the Tyrol were drawn on stone from his sketches.

1841. Revolutionary movement in Spain in favor of Christina and absolute government. By the prompt movement of the regent Espartero the insurrection was entirely quelled, and general Diego Leon was executed.

1849. EDGAR A. POE, favorably known as an American poet and magazine writer, died at Baltimore, aged 37.

1849. LOUIS BATTHYANYI, prime minister of Hungary, was shot at Pesth, at the sole urgency of general Haynau.

1850. Disunion meetings were held at Natchez and Yazoo city, at both of which the disorganizing resolutions were opposed and voted down.

1854. CALEB BUTLER died, aged 78; principally known by his history of the town of Groton, Mass.

OCTOBER 8.

66. CESTIUS, the Syrian prefect, in his fatal retreat, was defeated by the Jews at the pass of Bethhoron. Nero received this disastrous news at Achaia, and called in Vespasian.

451. Fourth œcumenical council assembled at Chalcedon, where the heretic Eutyches was finally condemned.

622. MAHOMET made his public entry into Medina. He was mounted on a she camel, and an umbrella shaded his reverend shoulders.

1200. JOHN, king of England, and his _new_ queen, Isabella, were inaugurated. The devil was to be released at that year's close, said the _lipticians_ on the canon.

1202. The Venetian crusade sailed, under Boniface, of Montferrat.

1635. JOHN WINTHROP, son of the governor of Massachusetts, arrived from England with a commission from the patentees as "governor of the river Connecticut, and places thereto adjoining," bringing men, ordnance, ammunition, and £2000 sterling for the erection of a fort.

1636. JOHN EVERARD, better known by his bibliographical name, Johannes Secundus, a Dutch _Latin_ poet, died. His works have gone through many editions, and the _Kisses of Johannes Secundus_ have been translated into various languages. He also distinguished himself by his skill in painting, sculpture, and engraving.

1684. GERAUD DE CORDEMOI died; a French academician, and a great partisan of Descartes' systems.

1729. RICHARD BLACKMORE, an English physician, died. He was an indefatigable writer, and has left a great number of works, theological, poetical, and medical.

1744. JOHN BALCHEN, a celebrated English admiral, perished at sea, in the Victory man-of-war, 110 guns, and 1100 seamen, all of whom were lost.

1754. HENRY FIELDING, an eminent English novelist, died, aged 48.

1755. The remains of Braddock's army, in 33 transports, passed the city of New York on their way to winter quarters at Albany.

1767. BURCHARD CHRISTOPHER DE MUNICH died; a German who learned the art of war under Eugene and Marlborough, and distinguished himself in the service of Peter I of Russia.

1774. Congress resolved to support Massachusetts, if the acts of parliament were attempted to be carried into execution by force. The general court of Massachusetts met at Salem on the same day, although general Gage had ordered them not to assemble, resolved themselves into a provincial congress, and chose John Hancock president.

1785. L'EVESQUE DE BURIGNY, a French author, died, aged 94. He wrote a work on the authority of the pope, a learned history of pagan philosophy, and several other works, historical and biographical.

1785. _The Lounger_ appeared at Edinburgh, conducted principally by Henry Mackenzie.

1791. A jury at Sudberry, England, not being able to agree, oppressed by hunger, broke open the doors and went home.

1792. PIETRO ANTONIO CREVENNA, an Italian bibliographer, died. He collected a choice library, which he sold by auction in 1790. The learned catalogues of his books, prepared by himself and others, have given to the works which belonged to him, great value, in the eyes of amateurs, and the catalogues themselves have bibliographical authority.

1793. JOHN HANCOCK, the master spirit of the American revolution, died. He was president of the congress which issued the declaration of independence, and his name stands out in bold relief on that document.

1793. Lyons, in France, surrendered to the republicans, and a most terrible massacre of the inhabitants ensued. The convention decreed that the walls should be razed, and Lyons called La ville affranchie.

1795. ANDREW KIPPIS, a very celebrated English biographer, died. His connection with the publication of the _Biographia Britannica_, will carry down his name with distinguished reputation to posterity.

1809. JAMES ELPHINSTONE, a Scottish grammarian, died. He undertook the reformation of English orthography by spelling words as they are pronounced.

1820. HENRY CHRISTOPHE, king of Hayti, shot. He was a slave, and served in the American war. His activity in the revolution of the slaves in the island of St. Domingo, led to his elevation.

1822. Eruption of mount Galongoon, in the island of Java. It commenced at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of a fine day, by a loud explosion, which was followed by a thick cloud, that wrapped the whole country in darkness, while immense columns of mud, boiling hot, and mixed with burning brimstone, were projected from the mountain like a water spout, with such prodigious violence, that large quantities fell at the distance of 40 miles. The destruction was at its height at 4 o'clock, and had ceased at 5, having in the short space of three hours, laid a fruitful and thickly peopled country under a crust of boiling mud, in some places to the depth of sixty feet. Five millions coffee trees were destroyed, 87 canals, numerous rice fields, 114 villages, and upwards of 4000 inhabitants. The scene presented a bluish, half-liquid waste, where bodies of men, women and children, partly boiled and partly burned, were strewed about in every variety of death. It was followed by a rain storm of four days' duration, which inundated the country, when another eruption took place, more violent than the first.

1822. The first boats passed from the west and the north, through the Erie and Champlain canals, into the tide waters of the Hudson at Albany, amidst the acclamations of thousands of spectators.

1831. Great earthquake in South America. The town of Arica was utterly ruined, and the shock was felt along the coast, including seven degrees of latitude, shaking to its centre the immense breadth of the main Cordillera. It was attended by a violent vertical movement of the earth, during about 70 seconds, which threw down or shattered the houses, and in some cases pieces were detached from the middle of walls, leaving the rest of the edifice uninjured.

1832. OTHO proclaimed and installed king of restored Greece, at the palace of Preysing, in Bavaria.

1837. CHARLES FOURIER, founder of the system of social and industrial reform which bears his name, died at Paris.

1841. JOHANN HEINRICH DANNECKER, the Nestor of German sculptors, died at Stuttgardt, aged 82.

1848. The populace of Vienna, which had been in a state of insubordination two days, became calm, and the emperor was invited to return.

1851. The Hudson river rail road was opened throughout, from New York to Albany.

1853. THOMAS CHILDS, one of the bravest and most distinguished officers in the United States army, died at Tampa bay.

1854. GIDEON TOMLINSON, a Connecticut statesman, died, aged 74.

1854. The steam boat E. K. Collins, from Sault St. Marie to Cleveland, took fire on the lake and was burned, by which 23 persons lost their lives.

1855. SAMUEL DICKINSON HUBBARD, sometime post master general of the United States, died at Middletown, Ct., aged 55.

1855. The grand jury in New York city returned indictments against several city officers, for corruption and malversation in office.

OCTOBER 9.

1047. CLEMENT II, pope, died. He was a Saxon, elected the year previous, and distinguished for his zeal against Simony.

1192. King RICHARD of England embarked from Palestine in a single ship for Europe.

1253. ROBERT GREATHEAD, bishop of Lincoln, and a learned and voluminous writer, died.

1326. HUGH SPENCER, a favorite of Edward II, hanged at Bristol, which city he defended against the forces of queen Isabella.

1555. JUSTUS JONAS died; a learned coadjutor of Luther and the other reformers, and author of a _Defence of the Marriage of the Priests_, and other works.

1563. GABRIEL FALLOPIUS, a celebrated Italian physician and anatomist, died at Padua. He possessed great powers of mind, which he cultivated by intense application.

1642. The first commencement was held at Harvard college, when nine candidates took the degree of A. B.

1646. The whole order of English bishops abolished by an ordinance of parliament.

1665. GOV. STUYVESANT submitted to the states general his report in relation to the surrender of New York to the English.

1682. HENRY BLOUNT died; an English traveler, who made the tour of Europe and part of Asia, and published an account of his travels on his return.

1688. CLAUDE PERRAULT, a distinguished French physician and architect, died.

1690. JOHN MAYNARD, an eminent English lawyer, died; celebrated for his eloquence, integrity and public spirit.

1705. JOHN CHRISTOPHER WAGENSEIL died; a learned German polemical writer, and professor of history and oriental languages at Altorf.

1707. A fleet of English merchantmen attacked off the Lizard point; the Devonshire man-of-war blown up.

1711. The British fleet returning from its unsuccessful expedition against Canada, arrived at Portsmouth, N. H., when in addition to their other misfortunes, the Edgar 70 gun ship blew up, having on board 400 men besides many persons who came to visit their friends.

1718. RICHARD CUMBERLAND, a learned English divine and mathematician, died.

1733. Seven hundred British troops withdrawn from Gibraltar to defend the planters of Jamaica from their runaway slaves.

1745. Ath surrendered to the French after a severe and destructive bombardment. This gave France the command of Flanders.

1747. DAVID BRINARD, an eminent American missionary among the Indians, died at Northampton, a victim to his extreme mortification and inextinguishable zeal for the success of his mission. He rode about 4,000 miles in 1744, on pastoral duties.

1747. JONAS SURRINGTON died near Bergen in Norway, aged 159, retaining the perfect use of his faculties to the last.

1759. The architect SMEATON finished the Eddystone light house; not an accident occurred to sadden the joy.

1760. Berlin in Prussia, taken and sacked by the Russians and Austrians.

1772. CHRISTIAN JACOBSON DRACKENBURG died at Aarhus, Denmark, aged 146; "a celebrated and well-known character."

1779. The people of Manchester rioted on account of Arkwright's machinery for spinning.

1779. The French and Americans, about 4,500 men under count d'Estaing and Gen. Lincoln, made an unsuccessful assault upon Savannah, and were compelled to retreat with considerable loss. The brave count Pulaski was mortally wounded in this affair. (Holmes says Oct. 11.)

1781. The French and Americans opened their batteries upon the British at Yorktown.

1791. ABRAHAM J. LANSING, the original proprietor of Lansingburgh, N. Y., died, aged 72, at his seat in that town.

1803. Deluge in the island of Madeira; the city of Funchal, with all its inhabitants, was swept into the ocean, leaving the rocky basis of the island bare. But one human being escaped, which was an infant. The event is supposed to have been occasioned by a water spout, which had burst against the side of a mountain, and discharged itself down the declivities upon the city.

1805. Battle of Guntzburg; the Austrians under prince Ferdinand, defeated by the French under Bonaparte, with the loss of 2,000 prisoners, besides killed and wounded.

1806. Battle of Schleitz in Saxony; 10,000 Prussians defeated by Bernadotte; being the recommencement of hostilities between the French and Prussians.

1809. Great storm at Boston and vicinity, by which a vast number of vessels were lost.

1812. Lieut. ELLIOTT, of the United States navy, with 50 volunteers, attacked and carried two British vessels, the Caledonia and Detroit, on lake Erie. One of these was burnt, with a cargo valued at $200,000.

1813. British broke up their cantonments before fort George, and marched rapidly for Burlington bay.

1822. RICHARD EARLOM, an English engraver of great skill, died. His flower pieces are highly valued.

1826. CHARLES MILLS, an eminent English historian, died. His histories of the crusades, of chivalry and of Muhammedanism, are valuable acquisitions to literature.

1831. CAPO D'ISTRIAS, president of Greece, assassinated by one of his own countrymen.

1836. JAMES SAUMAREZ, an English admiral, died; distinguished in the naval history of his country, and eminent for his private virtues.

1842. JOSHUA STOW, sometime chief judge in Middlesex county court, Conn., died at Middletown.

1845. DAVID BAILLIE WARDEN died at Paris, aged 67. He was a native of Ireland, was sometime consul of the United States at Paris, where he collected a valuable library of American history, was a member of the French academy, and a man of letters and varied learning.

1847. Sweden abolished slavery in the island of St. Bartholomew and all her dependencies.

1849. TIMOTHY DWIGHT SPRAGUE, editor of the _American Literary Magazine_, died at Andover, Mass., aged 30.

1849. A riot in Philadelphia, between a set of whites called killers, and some negroes. It was continued the next day, until put down. Four houses were burned, 4 persons killed, and 11 wounded.

1854. WILLIAM DARBY, an eminent American geographer and statistician, died at Washington, aged 79.

1855. A treaty was ratified between Japan and Great Britain, by admiral sir James Stirling.

OCTOBER 10.

432 B. C. Battle of Potidæa, on its revolt from the Athenians, in which Socrates and Alcibiades were nobly distinguished for their prowess and friendship. In that year Anaxagoras, Phidias and Aspasia were prosecuted, the first for his impiety.

324. CONSTANTIUS, the second and favorite son of Constantine, was installed by his father _cæsar_ of the Gallic provinces.

1571. "The field of Tulliangus was stricken" between Adam Gordon and Arthur Forbes, brother of lord Forbes, where the said Arthur was slain, with sundry others of his kin; on the other side John Gordon of Buckie, with divers hurt on both sides. A Scottish foray.

1582. The new style adopted in France, this day being made the 20th.

1615. Battle between Champlain and the Iroquois, in western New York.

1632. THOMAS ALLEN died; an Englishman illustrious for his knowledge of mathematics and philosophy. He published, among other works, the second and third books of Ptolemy on the judgment of the stars.

1706. PAUL PEZRON, a learned Frenchman, died. He occupied himself with the study of the Greek and Latin historians, and in tracing the origin of the language of the Goths, and made up a new system of chronology.

1710. DAVID GREGORY, an eminent Scottish mathematician, died. He displayed great powers in the elements of optics, and physical and geometrical astronomy, improving the discoveries of others by new and elegant demonstrations. He proposed to publish all the works of the ancient mathematicians, but did not live to finish the series.

1742. Sixty persons killed by the falling of the roof of the church in Fearn Russhire, in the time of worship.

1744. JOHN HENRY SCHULZE, a German physician, died; professor of medicine at Halle, and author of a history of medicine from the creation to the year of Rome 535.

1747. JOHN POTTER, primate of England, died. Besides theological and other works he wrote _Antiquities of Greece_, two vols., which have passed through several editions.

1747. British fleet of 14 ships, admiral Hawke, engaged the French fleet under M. de Letender, and captured 7 ships of the line, and a 50 gun ship.

1772. WILLIAM WILKIE died; a Scottish divine and poet, and professor of philosophy at St. Andrews.

1774. Battle between the Americans, 1400 men, from Virginia, under colonel Lewis, and about 600 Ohio Indians. The Indians made the attack; 400 of the Virginians were killed and 100 wounded.

1775. British general GAGE sailed from Boston for Great Britain, and the command of the army devolved upon general Howe.

1775. LOUIS NICHOLAS VICTOR MUYS, minister of war and marshal of France, died. He signalized himself at several important engagements, which led to his promotion.

1780. Hurricane in the West Indies, which continued about 48 hours. Several towns were leveled with the dust, and many thousand persons lost their lives. Several hundred vessels in the different ports were driven to sea or dashed to pieces.

1783. HENRY BROOKE, an eminent Irish writer, died. His tragedy of Gustavus Vasa, though forbidden the stage for its tone of freedom and liberty, met with a rapid sale.

1787. The Prussians under the duke of Brunswick took the city of Amsterdam by capitulation. It is said that before the surrender water sold for an English shilling a quart.

1792. Lord MULGRAVE died at Liege, aged 48. He was captain Phipps in the British service, and was celebrated for his voyage towards the North pole.

1794. Battle of Fersen, or Mackowieze, between the Russians and the Poles under Kosciusko. The contest was bloody and fatal to the patriots. The victory was wavering, and the expected reinforcements not appearing, Kosciusko at the head of his principal officers, made a furious charge and plunged into the midst of the Russians. He had three horses killed under him, and finally fell covered with wounds, and was captured.

1797. CARTER BRAXTON died; a signer of the declaration of independence from Virginia.

1800. Explosion of an infernal machine intended to have destroyed Bonaparte, then first consul, as he proceeded to the opera. The coachman being intoxicated, drove faster than was his custom, and the engine exploded half a minute after the carriage had passed, killed 20 persons, and wounded 53, and shattered the windows on both sides of the street.

1806. JEREMIAH JAMES OBERLIN, an eminent archæologist of Strasburg, died. He was an accurate and industrious scholar, and besides various original works, published good editions of several of the Latin classics.

1806. Sanguinary battle at the bridge of Saalfeld in Saxony; the French under Suchet defeated the Prussians, and their general, prince Ferdinand Louis, was killed.

1812. Veraya, in Russia, garrisoned by the French, taken by the Russians under Dorochoff; 500 French were killed and 400 captured. The standard of Westphalia and 500 muskets were taken, and the place having been made a depot for provisions, great quantities fell into the hands of the Russians.

1824. FRANCIS BALTHAZAR SOLVYNS, a celebrated Dutch painter and engraver, died. He spent 15 years in Hindostan, studying the languages, manners and customs of the east, on which he published a work in folio.

1832. JAMES STEPHEN, an English statesman and philanthropist, died. He suggested and arranged the whole system of continental blockade, which for a long time occasioned great embarrassment to Bonaparte.

1834. THOMAS SAY, an eminent naturalist, died at New Harmony. He early abandoned his mercantile pursuits to devote himself to the study of nature. Perhaps no man has done more to make known the zoology of this country than he.

1836. MARTHA RANDOLPH, last surviving daughter of Thomas Jefferson, a lady of distinguished talents and virtues, died in Albemarle county, Va., aged 70.

1840. The Egyptian army under Ibrahim Pacha and Soliman Pacha defeated near Beyrout, in Syria, by the allied British and Turkish troops under Selim Pacha, com. Napier and colonel Hodges, with the loss of 7000 men.

1841. JOHN BAYLEY, a noted justice of the King's bench and baron of the exchequer, died in England, aged 78.

1841. CARL FREDERICH SCHINKEL, the most eminent architect in Prussia, died at Berlin, aged 61.

1849. A memorial for the annexation of Canada to the United States, received in five hours the signatures of 300 merchants, land owners, and professional men, at Montreal.

1849. The _initial point_ of the boundary line between the United States and Mexico settled, and a monument with inscriptions erected in north latitude 32° 31´ 59´´.58, and in longitude 119° 35´ 0´´.15 west from Greenwich.

1854. GORDON DRUMMOND, a British officer who saw much service in the war with the United States in 1812, died in London, aged 82. He commanded the British troops at the battle of Niagara.

OCTOBER 11.

1347. LOUIS V, emperor of Germany, killed by a fall from his horse. This event prevented a new civil war, which threatened the happiness of Germany.

1441. The government of Venice prohibited the printing and vending of playing cards by foreigners in those dominions.

1492. COLUMBUS discovered the Bahama islands, his first discovery of land.

1521. LEO X issued a decree, conferring upon Henry VIII of England the title of Defender of the Faith.

1531. ULRICUS ZUINGLIUS, an able and zealous Swiss reformer, killed in a skirmish with his popish opponents.

1611. JOHN COWELL, an English lawyer and antiquary, died; author of some works on the law.

1612. The remains of MARY, queen of Scots, removed to a vault in Henry VIII's chapel, where a most magnificent monument was erected to her memory.

1614. Charter granted to "the United New Netherland company," giving it the exclusive right to visit and trade with the countries in America, lying between the 40th and 45th degrees of north latitude. This country was now for the first time called New Netherland.

1643. JOHN DU VERGER DE HAURANE died; an eminent French ecclesiastic, who formed a new system of faith, which becoming popular, drew upon him the resentment of Richelieu.

1698. Treaty between England, France and Holland, for the partition of Spain.

1698. WILLIAM MOLYNEUX, an eminent Irish mathematician, died. He was ardently devoted to science, founded the philosophical society of Ireland, and invented a telescope dial.

1702. Battle of Vigo; the British admiral Rooke attacked the French fleet and Spanish batteries. The French destroyed 8 ships, and the British burnt 6 galleons richly laden with goods and plate, valued at 14,000,000 pieces of eight; they also razed the fortifications, and brought off 10 ships of war and 11 galleons, with 7,000,000 pieces of eight.

1705. WILLIAM AMONTONS, an eminent French mechanic, died. He suggested some improvements in barometers and thermometers, and invented a method of communicating intelligence, which has since been adopted under the name of telegraph.

1709. Mons taken by the allies.

1727. EDWARD COLSTON, an English philanthropist, died. He acquired wealth by commerce with Spain, with which he endowed numerous charitable institutions.

1736. Great storm on the river Ganges; 300,000 lives are supposed to have been lost.

1750. JOHN BAPTIST JOSEPH LANGUET died; the celebrated vicar of St. Sulpice at Paris, who refused all preferments, and devoted the revenues which he collected to the institution and support of judiciously planned charitable establishments.

1752. THOMAS STACKHOUSE, a learned, pious but necessituous divine, died.

1776. The Americans under general Arnold attacked on lake Champlain by the British under captain Pringle. Arnold lost two gondolas taken and one blown up, and was forced to retreat, owing to the inferiority of his force.

1779. Several individuals who had voluntarily remained in King's bench prison, London, for the purpose of letting their rooms, were turned out.

1790. HENRY CULLEN, an eminent physician of Edinburgh, died.

1791. The bank of Providence, the first bank in Rhode Island, began to discount.

1797. Battle off Camperdown, between the British fleet, 17 vessels, admiral Duncan, and Dutch fleet, 23, admiral Winter. The Dutch were defeated with the loss of 9 ships.

1808. JOHN PAGE, governor of Virginia, died; a patriot, statesman and philosopher.

1817. ANDREW PICKENS, a distinguished revolutionary officer, died, aged 78. He commenced his military career in the French war which terminated in 1763. He was one of those who indefatigably kept up the spirit of resistance in South Carolina, till the enemy was expelled.

1820. The printers of London went in grand procession to Brandenburgh house to present an address to queen Caroline. It was printed on white satin, and was a superior specimen of typographical skill.

1837. SAMUEL WESLEY, a distinguished English musician, died. "His compositions are grand and masterly; his melodies sweet, varied and novel; his harmonies bold, imposing, unexpected and sublime; his resources boundless."

1841. WILLIAM LIDDIARD, an admired and popular English writer in prose and verse, died at Clifton, aged 68.

1841. GEORGE MAIRS, an eminent preacher of the Associate reformed presbyterian church, died at Argyle, N. Y., aged 81.

1846. Great hurricane in Havana, which began on the previous evening, wrecked or severely injured nearly 100 vessels, destroyed 1275 houses, and injured as many more.

1848. The Hungarian army advanced to within six miles of Vienna; their videttes being visible from the city towers.

1855. The propeller Arctic and the barque Release, under command of Lieut. Hartstene, forming the arctic expedition in search of Dr. Kane and his companions, arrived in New York, bringing with them the objects of their search.

OCTOBER 12.

638. HONORIUS I, pope, died. He presided over the church with great zeal and wisdom.

1303. BONIFACE III (_Benedict Cajetan_), pope, died. His ambition and insolence were unbounded, and he hurled the thunders of the Vatican against the kings of France and Denmark; but the former despising his threats, had him seized.