Chapter II: Part XV: The History of Spain and Portugal

BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE FOLLOWING AUTHORITIES

LOPEZ DE AYALA, BAKHUYZEN VAN DEN BRINK, H. BAUMGARTEN, F. DE
FONSECA BENEVIDES, G. BERGENROTH, ANDRES BERNALDEZ, ULICK
R. BURKE, E. CASTELAR, NUÑEZ DE CASTRO, PINHEIRO CHAGAS,
J. A. CONDE, W. COXE, R. DOZY, S. A. DUNHAM, FLOREZ Y
LAFUENTE, V. DE LA FUENTE, L. P. GACHARD, DAMIÃO
DE GOEZ, A. HERCULANO, A. DE HERRERA, N.
ROSSEEUW ST. HILAIRE, M. A.
S. HUME, H. C. LEA, DIOGO DE LEMOS, JUAN A. LLORENTE, R. H. MAJOR,
JUAN DE MARIANA, W. F. P. NAPIER, JOÃO P. OLIVEIRA-MARTINS,
J. ORTIZ Y SANZ, W. H. PRESCOTT, P. DE SANDOVAL, M.
SURIANO, A. DE VERTOT, GERONIMO ZURITA

WITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROM

PEDRO DE ABARCA, GIULIO ALBERONI, CRÓNICA GENERAL DE ALFONSO X,
ANNALES COMPLUTENSES, ANNALES TOLEDANOS, BARONIUS, IBN BASSAM,
M. BAUDIER, A. BAUMGARTNER, E. BÉGIN, A. BUCHOT, J. DE BURGOS,
M. M. BUSK, CESARE CANTÙ, L. G. DE CARBAJAL, F. S. CASADO,
BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, BERMUDEZ DE CASTRO, PEDRO
CEVALLOS, F. A. DE CHÂTEAUBRIAND, V. CHERBULIEZ,
N. DE LA CLÈDE, DIEGO DE CLEMENCIN,
CABRERA DE CORDOBA,
FELIX DAHN, F. DENIS, JOHN DUNLOP, EL-LAGI, ANTONIO ENNES, E.
GARIBAY, MANUEL DE GODOY, A. GOMEZ, H. GRAETZ, F. PEREZ
DE GUZMAN, GUSTAVE HUBBARD, VICTOR A. HUBER, MODESTO
LAFUENTE, P. VAN LIMBORCH, WILLIAM LITHGOW, FERNÃO
LOPES, J. M. ORTO Y LARA, LUCIO MARINEO, M.
DE MARLIANI, J. F. DE MASDEU, J. M.
MAS-LA TRIE, LUIS DE MENEZES,
CHARLES DE MOÜY, W.
MÜLLER, JAMES C. MURPHY, CHR. G. NEUDECKE, ISIDORUS PACENSIS,
AMÉDÉE PICHOT, RUY DE PINA, ANTONIO DE PIRALA, HERNANDO
DEL PULGAR, G. T. RAYNAL, H. REYNALD, W. H. RULE,
SEBASTIANUS SALMANTICENSIS, HEINRICH SCHURTZ,
MONACHUS SILENSIS, E. SILVERCRUYS, ROBERT
SOUTHEY, H. MORSE STEPHENS, W. C. SYDNEY,
JEAN B. R. DE TESSÉ, RODERICUS XIMENES
TOLETANUS, J. M. DE TORENO, OVIEDO
Y VALDES, A. VARILLAS, H. E. WATTS,
N. W. WRAXALL, WULSA,
ZANETORNATO

COPYRIGHT, 1904
BY HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS

_All rights reserved_

CONTENTS

VOLUME X

SPAIN

PAGE

CHAPTER I

LAND AND PEOPLE; AND GOTHIC SWAY (TO 711 A.D.) 1

The Celts and Celtiberians, 3. The Phœnician invasions,
4. The Greek colonies; the Carthaginian conquest, 5. The
Romans in Spain, 7. Roman administration, 10. Introduction
of Christianity, 11. Barbarian invasions, 14. The Goths
arrive, 15. Progress of the Gothic conquest, 17. Leuvigild
and Ermenigild, 21. Recared I and Catholicism, 23. Petty
monarchs, 24. The reign of Wamba, 25. Ervigius and Ergica, 28.
Witiza, 29. The fable of Roderic and Florinda, 31. Visigothic
civilisation, 32. Hardships of the Jews, 34. Burke’s estimate
of Gothic rule, 35.

CHAPTER II

THE TIME OF MOSLEM DOMINATION (711-1214 A.D.) 36

The Asturias and Leon under Pelayo, 38. Sebastian’s account of
the battle of Covadonga, 39. Alfonso the Catholic, 40. Alfonso
the Chaste and Bernardo del Carpio, 42. Alfonso the Great,
43. Alfonso’s successors, 43. Origin of Castile, 46. Sancho
el Mayor, 47. The history of Castile, 48. Origin and earliest
history of the kingdom of Aragon, 50. Burke’s estimate of the
Cid, 52. The historical Cid, 53. Christian Spain in the twelfth
century, 58. Foundation of the Spanish orders of knighthood,
59. Overthrow of the Moslems, 62.

CHAPTER III

THE HISTORY OF CASTILE TO THE DEATH OF PEDRO THE CRUEL
(1214-1369 A.D.) 63

Ferdinand (III) el Santo, 65. Burke’s estimate of Queen
Berengaria, 65. Ferdinand’s conquests, 66. Alfonso the Learned
(el Sabio) and his successors, 68. Mariana’s account of the
Divine judgment on Ferdinand IV, 71. Alfonso XI, 72. Mariana’s
account of Pedro the Cruel, 73. Ayala’s account of the king’s
honeymoon, 76. Pedro’s false marriage, 78. Ayala’s account of
the murder of Fadrique, 80. Other royal murders, 83. The war
with Henry of Trastamara, 84. Battle of Najera or Navarrete,
87. Ayala’s account of the quarrel between Edward and Pedro,
88. A new revolt; the end of Pedro the Cruel, 89. A final
estimate of Pedro the Cruel, 91.

CHAPTER IV

ARAGON TO THE UNION WITH CASTILE (1162-1475 A.D.) 93

James the Conqueror, 94. Pedro III and his Sicilian wars, 95.
Political growth, 98. Interregnum in Aragon, 106. Aragon under
rulers of the royal house of Castile, 107. Rising in Catalonia,
111.

CHAPTER V

HENRY OF TRASTAMARA AND ISABELLA OF CASTILE (1369-1479 A.D.) 114

Juan I and the Portuguese wars, 116. John of Gaunt in Spain,
118. The Good King Henry III, 119. Guzman’s portrait of Juan
and his minister, 122. Chronicle of the constable Don Alvaro
de Luna, 124. Internal dissensions, 124. The fall of Alvaro,
126. Hume’s estimate of Juan II, 127. The disasters of Henry
IV, 128. Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, 130. War of the
Succession, 132.

CHAPTER VI

FERDINAND AND ISABELLA (1474-1504 A.D.) 134

Resistance to papal encroachment, 139. The regulation of trade,
140. The pre-eminence of the royal authority, 141. Progress of
the war, 145. The siege of Malaga, 149. The capture of Granada,
151. End of Moslem sway in Spain, 154. Spanish explorers and
Christopher Columbus, 155. The expulsion of the Jews, 157.
Persecution and revolt of the Moors, 161. Spain in Italy;
the Great Captain, 163. Illness and death of Isabella, 166.
Prescott’s estimate of Isabella, 169. Burke’s estimate of
Isabella; Hume’s estimate, 176.

CHAPTER VII

THE REGENCIES OF FERDINAND (1504-1517 A.D.) 178

Philip enters Spain, 181, The reign of Philip I, 183. Death
of Philip; Juana’s madness, 185. The return of Ferdinand,
187. Was Queen Juana insane? 189. Ferdinand’s second regency,
192. Death and character of Ferdinand, 193. The regency of
Cardinal Ximenes, 196. Death and character of Ximenes, 198.
The two chief works of Ximenes, 200. Comparison of Ximenes and
Richelieu, 201. Review of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella,
202. Discovery and colonisation, 205. The golden age of Spain,
207.

CHAPTER VIII

THE EMPEROR CHARLES V (1517-1556 A.D.) 211

King Charles becomes emperor, 213. Charles’ struggle with the
cortes, 216. Revolt of the germaneros and the comuneros, 218.
Queen Juana released, 219. The Moors under Charles V, 223.
Charles retires from the world, 226. De Marliani’s review of
the influence of Charles V on Spain, 230.

CHAPTER IX

THE REIGN OF PHILIP II (1556-1598 A.D.) 233

Philip’s marriage with Mary Tudor, 234. Philip’s character,
235. War with the Turks, 239. Wars with France, 239. The
Netherlands, 240. English affairs and the Armada, 244.
Acquisition of Portugal, 246. Moriscos revolt, 247. Moorish
atrocities, 248. Christian atrocities, 249. The misfortunes of
Don Carlos, 251. Fate of the king’s secretary, Perez, 253. De
Castro’s estimate of Antonio Perez, 255. The death of Philip,
256. Dunham’s estimate of Philip II, 259. Watson on Philip’s
imprudences, 259.

CHAPTER X

THE LAST OF THE SPANISH HABSBURGS (1598-1700 A.D.) 261

Causes of Spain’s rapid decline, 262. Philip IV, “the Great,”
266. The Catalan insurrection, 267. The Thirty Years’ War and
the Treaty of the Pyrenees, 268. Death of Philip IV, 271. King
Charles II and the French War, 271. The fate of the young
queen, 274. Last years of Charles II, 275. The distresses of
Spain, 277.

CHAPTER XI

REVIVAL OF SPAIN UNDER THE FIRST BOURBONS (1700-1788 A.D.) 279

French influence dominates, 280. The new queen and the
princess Orsini, 282. War of the Spanish Succession, 283. The
Catalan revolt, 290. A new European war, 292. Philip abdicates
and returns, 294. The adventures of Ripperdá, 295. Spanish
account of the war with England, 298. The war of the Austrian
Succession, 300. The Good King Ferdinand VI, 301. The singer
Farinelli, 301. Charles III, 303. Expulsion of the Jesuits, 306.

CHAPTER XII

SPAIN AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1788-1808 A.D.) 310

The rise of Godoy, 311. Godoy as minister, and the war with
France, 313. Spain in alliance with France against England,
317. The autocracy of Godoy, 320. Napoleon schemes for Spain,
325. Charles IV abdicates; the Bourbons at Bayonne, 327.
Lafuente’s account of the Dos de Mayo, 329. The royal family at
Bayonne, 333.

CHAPTER XIII

THE PENINSULA WAR (1808-1814 A.D.) 336

War declared on France, 337. Joseph Bonaparte chosen king of
Spain, 337. The English appear, 340. Moore’s famous retreat,
343. Napier’s story of Moore’s retreat, 345. A Spanish opinion
of the retreat, 348. French successes, 348. Wellington resumes
control, 350. The lines of Torres Vedras, 353. Failures in
Spain, 357. Napier’s account of the assault on Badajoz, 359.
British progress, 365. Napier’s account of the retreat,
367. Affairs of 1812-1813, 367. Return of the Bourbons,
370. England’s share in the war, 372. Napier’s estimate of
Wellington, 373.