Chapter LXVII: Appendix: A. the Inquisition (2)

1420 Joanna, queen of Naples, adopts Alfonso on condition of
his defending her dominions against the duke of Anjou, which he
does with success.

1423 Joanna quarrels with Alfonso and adopts Louis of Anjou in
his place.

1425 Death of Charles III of Navarre. He is succeeded by
Blanche and her husband Juan, brother of Alfonso of Aragon.

1432 Juan appointed regent of Aragon. Alfonso sets out to
recover Naples.

1435 Joanna of Naples dies, bequeathing her kingdom to René
of Anjou. Alfonso besieges Gaeta, but is defeated in a naval
battle. Himself, the king of Navarre, and his brother Henry
become the prisoners of the duke of Milan, who immediately
releases them. Don Pedro of Aragon takes Gaeta. In the next few
years Alfonso makes himself master of the kingdom of Naples.

1442 The office of justiciar declared tenable for life. Blanche
of Navarre dies. Juan retains the title of king of Navarre,
while her son, Charles of Viana, becomes ruler.

1443 Ferdinand, Alfonso’s illegitimate son, recognised as heir
of Naples by Pope Eugenius IV.

1447 Juan of Navarre marries Juana Henriquez and subsequently
appoints her co-regent of Navarre. She quarrels with Charles of
Viana.

1452 Battle of Aybar. Juan defeats and captures Charles.
Reconciliation of Juan and Charles. Birth of Juan’s younger
son, Ferdinand the Catholic.

1458 Death of Alfonso V. Aragon, Sicily, and Sardinia pass to
the king of Navarre, =Juan II=. Charles of Viana refuses to
supplant Ferdinand of Naples.

1461 Charles imprisoned by his father. The Catalans revolt in
his favour and compel his recognition as Juan’s heir. Death of
Charles.

1462 The Catalans declare a republic and besiege the queen and
Ferdinand in Gerona. Roussillon and Cerdagne pledged to Louis
XI of France, who comes to the help of Juan; whereupon the
rebels offer the Catalan crown first to Henry IV of Castile and
then to Pedro, constable of Portugal.

1466 Pedro dies. The Catalans offer the crown to René of Anjou
who

1467 sends his son John of Calabria to Barcelona.

1468 Ferdinand declared king of Sicily and associated with his
father in the government of Aragon.

1469 Marriage of Ferdinand with Isabella of Castile.

1470 Death of John of Calabria. Catalonia is gradually reduced.

1472 Barcelona submits.

1473 The inhabitants of Roussillon revolt against the French
and massacre them. Roussillon occupied by Juan. The French
besiege him in Perpignan, which is relieved by Ferdinand. By a
treaty with Louis the king of Aragon promises to pay within the
year the sum for which Roussillon was pledged.

1474 The French invade Roussillon.

1475 Perpignan surrenders to the French. The inhabitants
compelled to emigrate.

1479 Death of Juan II. =Ferdinand (II) the Catholic= inherits
his dominions which are henceforth united with those of Castile.

ANDORRA (805-1882 A.D.)

805 The valley of Andorra appears in history as a neutral
country, Charlemagne founding the free state and placing it
under the lordship of Urgel.

1170 Suzerainty of Andorra ceded by the counts of Urgel to the
counts of Castelbo. The heiress of Castelbo marries the count
de Foix.

1278 Suzerainty of Andorra divided between the counts de Foix
and the bishops of Urgel.

1512 On the extinction of the house of Foix by the death of
Count Gaston at the battle of Ravenna, the suzerainty of
Andorra passes to Henry d’Albret, titular heir of Navarre,

1553 and on the accession of the latter’s grandson to the
throne of France as Henry IV, becomes the prerogative of the
French crown.

1790 Independence of Andorra recognised. The republic
voluntarily returns to the French allegiance.

1866 The general council, hitherto composed of the aristocracy,
becomes elective.

1882 A permanent delegate appointed to represent French
authority in Andorra.

SPAIN AFTER THE UNION OF CASTILE AND ARAGON (1479-1902, A.D.)

1480 Cortes of Toledo. Recall of illegal grants by which in
Henry IV’s reign the public revenues had been alienated in
pensions and annuities. The nobles forbidden to erect castles
or assume the insignia of royalty. Duelling prohibited.

1481 The Inquisition issues an edict requiring the accusation
of heretics. _Autos da fé_ in Andalusia. Epidemic of plague.
Emigration of Jews.

1482 Alhama after being captured from the Moors by the marquis
of Cadiz is besieged by the king of Granada and relieved by
Ferdinand. Zahara seized and its inhabitants enslaved by Abul
Hassan, king of Granada. Bull of Pope Sixtus IV promising the
appointment of Castilians to church dignities in their country.
Loja unsuccessfully besieged by Ferdinand.

1483 Thomas de Torquemada inquisitor-general in Castile and
Aragon to reconstitute the holy office. An insurrection makes
Abu Abdallah (Boabdil) king of Granada. Ferdinand’s ambassadors
assist in negotiating a peace between Ferrara and Venice. The
pope declares a crusade against Granada. Rout in the Axarquia;
a small Spanish force is destroyed by the troops of Abul
Hassan. Boabdil invades the Christian territory. He is defeated
and taken at the Jenil, released and becomes a tributary of
Ferdinand. Ferdinand and Isabella begin a series of successful
campaigns against Granada and capture one fortress after
another.

1484 Inquisition revived in Aragon. Columbus arrives in Spain.

1485 _Ordenanças Reales_, a code of Castilian laws,
promulgated. _Autos da fé_ in Saragossa. Murder of the
inquisitor, Arbues, by Jewish converts. Sanguinary punishment
of all implicated.

1486 Catalan peasantry, called vassals _de remenza_, released
from serfdom under the obligation of an annual payment.

1487 Velez Malaga, Malaga, and other cities capitulate to
Ferdinand. He enslaves the Malagans.

1488 Alliance between Spain and Maximilian, king of the Romans,
against France.

1489 Baza besieged and taken. Almeria submits.

1491 Law to prevent the export of the precious metals. Siege
and capitulation of Granada. Boabdil confined to a narrow
district in the Alpujarras. The Granadans guaranteed the
preservation of their religion and their liberty.

1492 Expulsion of the Jews from Spain. Columbus persuades
Isabella to grant him assistance. He is made admiral, viceroy,
and governor-general of all territories he may discover. An
expedition is fitted out and he starts on the 3rd of August
with three vessels. Treaty with France. Charles VIII engages to
restore Roussillon and Cerdagne to Aragon.

1493 Return of Columbus reporting the discovery of Hispaniola.
Pope Alexander VI issues a bull confirming the sovereigns of
Spain in possession of all their discoveries, past and future,
in the west. A second bull divides the area for Portuguese and
Spanish discoveries by a line drawn one hundred leagues west
of the Azores. Second expedition of Columbus with seventeen
vessels.

1494 Agreement with Portugal at Tordesillas by which the
boundary of the Portuguese area of discovery is removed 370
leagues west of Cape Verd Islands. The pope confers the epithet
of “Catholic” on Ferdinand and Isabella.

1495 League of Venice between Spain, Austria, Rome, Milan, and
Venice for the expulsion of the French from Italy.

1496 Spanish troops under Gonsalvo de Cordova, the Great
Captain, restore Ferdinand II of Naples to his throne and expel
the French. Juana, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, marries
Philip, son of the emperor Maximilian. Militia ordinance
requiring one-twelfth of the male population between the ages
of twenty and forty-five to enlist for the military and police
service of Spain. Santo Domingo founded. Columbus returns from
his second voyage.

1497 Death of Juan, only son of Ferdinand and Isabella.

1498 Third voyage of Columbus. He lands on the South American
continent. The Santa Hermandad, having restored order in Spain,
reduced to the position of an ordinary police.

1499 Ximenes de Cisneros, archbishop of Toledo, sets about
the conversion of the Moors of Granada. He burns their books.
Insurrection in Granada. Many Moors quit Spain. The remainder
forcibly converted.

1500 Francisco Bobadilla sent out to investigate affairs in
Hispaniola. He imprisons Columbus and sends him home in irons.
Revolt of the Moors in the Alpujarras severely repressed.
Treaty with France for the partition of Naples. Gonsalvo de
Cordova recovers St. George in Cephalonia which the Turks had
wrested from Venice. A navigation act prohibits the exportation
of goods in foreign ships when Spanish are procurable, and
forbids the sale of ships to foreigners. Columbus restored to
his honours.

_Sixteenth Century_

The Moors of Ronda revolt and

1501 destroy a Spanish force under Alonso de Aguilar.
On Ferdinand’s approach they submit and are granted the
alternative of exile or baptism. Gonsalvo de Cordova conquers
Calabria.

1502 Expulsion from Spain of all unconverted Moors. Nicholas
de Ovando sent to replace Bobadilla. Tarentum occupied by the
Great Captain after a long siege. Fourth voyage of Columbus.
The French declare war against the Spaniards and conquer all
Calabria.

1503 Treaty of peace with France signed at Lyons. Battle of
Cerignola. Gonsalvo defeats the French and occupies Naples.
The French invade Roussillon, but are forced to retreat by
Ferdinand, who takes several frontier fortresses. Gonsalvo
defeats the French at the Garigliano.

1504 Peace of Lyons. The French abandon Naples to Spain. Death
of Isabella. =Philip I= and =Juana la Loca= or =the Mad=
proclaimed her successors in Castile. Ferdinand assumes the
administration in accordance with Isabella’s will and on the
ground of Juana’s mental incapacity. Columbus returns from his
last voyage.

1506 Death of Columbus. Ferdinand resigns the government of
Castile to Philip, who excites discontent by his extravagance
and his Flemish favourites. The proceeding of the Inquisition
excite disturbances in Andalusia. Death of Philip. Ferdinand
receives the homage of the Neapolitans.

1507 Ferdinand resumes the government of Castile. Ximenes
appointed inquisitor-general of Castile.

1508 Ferdinand joins the league of Cambray formed by the French
king and the emperor against Venice and retakes five Neapolitan
cities pledged to Venice.

1509 An expedition led to Africa by Ximenes conquers Oran.

1511 Holy League between Pope Julius II, Ferdinand, and Venice
to drive the French from Italy. Conquest of Cuba.

1512 Battle of Ravenna. The allies defeated by the French
under Gaston de Foix. Gaston slain; the French retreat from
Italy. Venice makes peace with France. Ferdinand demands a free
passage through Navarre for the invasion of France. Alliance
between France and Navarre. Pamplona taken by the Spaniards.
Jean d’Albret, king of Navarre, fails to recover it.

1513 Navarre submits to Ferdinand. Florida discovered by Ponce
de Leon. Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean.

1515 Navarre formally incorporated with Castile.

1516 Ferdinand dies. Ximenes regent of Castile, and the
archbishop of Saragossa regent of Aragon. =Charles I=
(afterwards the emperor Charles V) proclaimed king in Castile.
French invasion of Navarre repulsed. The Inquisition is
established in Oran, the Canaries, and the New World. Las
Casas obtains the sending of a commission to inquire into the
ill-treatment of the Indians in Hispaniola. It effects little.
Peace of Noyon. France abandons her claims to Naples.

1517 Charles lands in Spain and dismisses Ximenes.

1518 The Castilian cortes acknowledge Charles as joint ruler
with his mother. Aragon and Catalonia delay to do this. The
favour shown his Flemish favourites and their exactions disgust
the Spaniards.

1519 Ferdinand Cortes begins the conquest of Mexico. Several
leading Castilian cities form a confederation to defend their
privileges. Death of the emperor Maximilian. Charles elected
emperor of Germany.

1520 The citizens of Valencia revolt against the oppressions
of the nobles and are authorised by Charles to continue in
arms. They form an association called the Germandada (Germania)
or brotherhood. Luther burns the papal bull excommunicating
him. The Castilian cortes with difficulty induced to grant a
subsidy. Charles, having appointed Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht
his viceroy, leaves Spain without redressing the grievances
submitted to him. Several of the cities of Castile, under the
leadership of Juan de Padilla, revolt against their deputies,
appoint their own magistrates, levy troops, and league together
as the “holy junta.” Padilla goes to Juana at Tordesillas.
The junta acts in her name. The royalists rescue Juana. The
Germandada in Valencia carries on a successful and desolating
war against the nobles.

1521 Battle of Villalar. Padilla defeated, taken, and executed.
Valencia taken and the leaders of the Germandada executed.
Charles opens the Diet of Worms. Treaty of Charles with the
pope for the expulsion of the French from the Milanese. The
junta breaks up; Toledo holds out for a time under Padilla’s
widow. Its fall signalises the end of the freedom of the
Castilian cities. Conquest of Mexico completed by Cortes.
Navarre occupied by the French. They invade Castile. The
Castilians recover Navarre. The populace of Majorca, having
revolted against the nobles, are subdued after a long struggle.
Treaty with Henry VIII of England. Charles agrees to invade
France from Spain. The emperor’s troops drive the French from
Milan. Death of Leo X.

1522 Adrian of Utrecht elected pope as Adrian VI. The French
fail in an attempt to recover the Milanese. League between
Charles, the pope, Venice, and other Italian cities against
France.

1523 The cortes grant supplies before presenting their
petitions. Adrian VI dies. Clement VII pope. Ferdinand Cortes
empowered to conquer all New Spain.

1524 The council of the Indies formed for the administration
of the Spanish colonies. The Moors of Valencia request
permission to exercise their own worship. On being refused many
emigrate, and others revolt and are not finally subdued till
1526. Expulsion of the French from the Milanese. Francis I of
France attempts to recover it and is defeated and taken by the
imperial troops at the

1525 battle of Pavia.

1526 The Moors of Granada permitted to purchase freedom from
the worst penalties of the Inquisition. Treaty of Madrid.
Francis resigns his claims in Italy, Flanders, and Artois and
concludes a perpetual league with Charles. Holy League of
Cognac between the pope, France, England, Venice, and Sforza,
duke of Milan, to restore Sforza to the Milanese. The pope and
the French attack Naples.

1527 Charles’ troops ravage the papal territories and take
Rome. Sack of Rome. Clement taken prisoner. The cortes refuse a
grant to Charles.

1528 The French besiege Naples, but are driven by disease to
retreat.

1529 Battle of Landriano. Spaniards defeat the French. Francis
Pizarro commissioned to conquer and govern Peru. Treaty of
Cambray called “The Ladies’ Peace.” Francis I agrees to ransom
his sons and resign his pretensions to Flanders, Artois, and
all places in Italy. Charles goes to Italy, makes peace with
Venice, and with the dukes of Milan and Ferrara.

1530 Charles receives the iron crown of Lombardy and is crowned
emperor by the pope. Florence taken. Charles makes Alessandro
de’ Medici its absolute ruler. He summons the Diet of Augsburg
to settle religious questions and prepare for war with the
Turks.

1531 Ferdinand, brother of Charles, elected king of the Romans.

1533 Pizarro establishes his authority in the capital of Peru.

1535 Expedition to Tunis in conjunction with Portugal, Genoa,
the pope, and the knights of Malta. The usurper Barbarossa
is expelled and the king Mulei Hassan restored as a vassal
of Spain. Ten thousand Christian slaves released. Francis I
invades Savoy. Its duke appeals to Charles. Death of the duke
of Milan. Charles takes possession of the duchy. Colony of
Buenos Ayres founded by Pedro de Mendoza.

1536 Francis occupies Piedmont. Provence invaded by Charles,
who finds it already desolated by the French, and retreats in
disorder.

1537 French invasion of the Netherlands. Truce with France.

1538 It is extended for ten years (Truce of Nice). Mutiny
amongst Charles’ troops in Milan, Sicily, and Africa. Their
generals borrow money to pacify them. Cortes of Toledo. The
deputies protest against the extravagance of Charles’ foreign
wars, and the nobles claim their privilege of exemption from
taxation. Charles dismisses the estates. This was the last
occasion on which nobles and prelates were summoned. The cortes
was henceforth reduced to a meeting of the deputies of eighteen
cities.

1539 Revolt of the citizens of Ghent.

1540 Charles marches to Ghent and represses the rebellion with
great severity. Order of Jesuits, founded by Ignatius Loyola in
1534, is confirmed by the pope.

1541 The ambassadors of France murdered by Charles’ governor
of the Milanese. Francis I demands reparation and prepares for
war. Expedition led by Charles against the pirates of Algiers.
Great part of the fleet destroyed in a storm. The army returns,
having accomplished nothing. Conquest of Chili begun and
Santiago founded by Pedro de Valdivia.

1542 Perpignan besieged by the French and successfully defended
by the duke of Alva.

1543 Alliance with Henry VIII. War between Charles and Francis
in the Netherlands.

1544 Battle of Cerisole in Piedmont. The imperialists are
defeated by the French. Charles invades France in conjunction
with Henry VIII. Peace of Crespy. Charles renounces all claim
to Burgundy and Francis to Naples, Flanders, and Artois.

1545 The pope grants Charles half the ecclesiastical revenues
of Spain.

1547 Battle of Mühlberg. Charles defeats the Smalkaldic League.

1551 League between Henry II of France and the Protestant
princes of Germany.

1552 Charles compelled to fly from Innsbruck. The French seize
Toul, Verdun, and Metz. By the Peace of Passau, Charles grants
religious liberty to the German Protestants. Charles besieges
Metz but fails to take it.

1554 Charles cedes Naples to his son Philip. Philip marries
Mary, queen of England.

1555 Philip invested with the sovereignty of the Netherlands.

1556 Philip invested with the sovereignty of Spain as =Philip
II=. His possessions embrace Spain, Naples, Sicily, Milan,
Franche-Comté, the Netherlands, Tunis, the Barbary coast,
Canaries, Cape Verd Islands, Philippines, Spice Islands, West
Indian colonies and territories in Mexico and Peru. Truce of
Vaucelles arranges five years’ peace with France. Charles
resigns the empire to his brother Ferdinand and retires to San
Yuste. Pope Paul IV persuades Henry II of France to break the
truce of Vaucelles and excommunicates Charles and Philip. Alva
invades the papal states.

1557 Philip visits England and persuades Mary to declare war on
France. St. Quentin captured by Spaniards and English. Peace
with Paul IV.

1558 Spanish victory of Gravelines. Death of Charles V. Death
of Mary of England.

1559 Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis between Spain and England and
France. Philip marries Elizabeth of France. Margaret of Parma
regent of the Netherlands. Philip assembles a force to recover
Tripoli for the Knights of Malta.

1560 It captures Los Gelves in the Gulf of Khabes. A Turkish
fleet routs the Spaniards, and takes sixty-five vessels.

1561 A new fleet, collected to oppose the Turks, dispersed and
partly destroyed by a storm. Turks ravage the Spanish coast.

1563 The Castilian cortes protest in vain against the
Inquisition. The Moriscos forbidden to carry arms.

1564 The pirate stronghold of Peñon de los Velez in Fez
captured.

1565 Siege of Malta by the Turks. The Spanish fleet relieves
Malta.

1566 The Flemish nobles band together under the name of the
“Gueux” to resist the Inquisition. Tumult and wrecking of
Catholic churches. The rebellion suppressed.

1567 The prince of Orange goes over to the Protestants. The
duke of Alva succeeds Margaret of Parma as regent of the
Netherlands and institutes a reign of terror. The Spanish
Moriscos forbidden their distinctive costume, language, and
customs.

1568 The Aragonese cortes wring from Philip an act limiting
ecclesiastical interference in civil causes. Death of Philip’s
only son Don Carlos. The “Gueux” defeated at Jemmingen. Revolt
of the Moriscos in the Alpujarras. They devastate Granada and
are defeated by the governor, Mondejar, in the

1569 pass of Alfajarali; massacre of the rebels. The English
seize the Spanish treasure ships. Don John of Austria, son of
Charles V, commissioned to end the Morisco war.

1570 He takes Golera. Moriscos expelled from Andalusia.

1571 League of Spain, Rome, and Venice against the Turks.
Battle of Lepanto. The allies under Don John crush the naval
power of the Turks.

1572 Briel and Mons captured by the Gueux. The states of
Holland declare the prince of Orange stadholder of Holland,
Friesland, and Zealand. Successes of Alva.

1573 The supplies furnished by the Castilian cortes declared a
tribute legally due to the sovereign. Defeat of Alva’s fleet.
Alva recalled. Tunis captured by Don John. He adds to the
fortifications.

1574 The Turks recover Tunis and massacre the garrison.

1576 “Spanish fury” or sack of Antwerp by the Spaniards. By
the pacification of Ghent, the seventeen provinces of the
Netherlands agree to unite to defend their liberties and expel
the Spaniards. Don John sent to govern the Netherlands.

1577 By the Perpetual Edict Philip recognises the Pacification
of Ghent. The southern provinces of the Netherlands withdraw
from the union.

1578 Battle of Gembloux. Don John and Alessandro Farnese
defeat the revolted Netherlanders. Death of Don John. Death of
Sebastian, king of Portugal. Philip claims the throne.

1579 Union of Utrecht between the seven northern provinces of
the Netherlands.

1580 Death of Henry of Portugal. Portugal conquered and reduced
to a province of Spain. Spaniards join a papal invasion of
Ireland and are massacred at Smerwick.

1581 The Netherlands declare their independence.

1584 Farnese takes Ghent.

1585 The Catholic party in France, headed by the Guises, forms
a league with Philip for the extirpation of heresy in France
and the Low Countries. Farnese reduces Antwerp. England sends
help to the United Provinces.

1587 Drake burns the shipping at Cadiz.

1588 The Spanish Armada sails, is defeated by the English, and
dispersed by storms.

1589 Farnese repulsed from Bergen-op-Zoom. An expedition from
England under the Portuguese claimant Don Antonio invades
Portugal, pillages Corunna, and retreats. Perez arraigned for
the murder of Escovedo. He escapes to Aragon and appeals to its
_fueros_ (privileges). His prosecution abandoned.

1590 Increase of the excise on food, termed “the millions.”
Battle of Ivry; Henry IV of France defeats the league and its
Spanish auxiliaries. Philip claims the French throne for his
daughter by Elizabeth of Valois. A Spanish force under Farnese
is sent to the relief of Paris, but quarrels with the league.

1591 Perez arrested by the Inquisition. The mob rise against
it. Perez escapes to France. Philip punishes the rioters who
had attacked the Inquisition. Its power increases. Part of
_fueros_ of Aragon abolished.

1592 Farnese relieves Rouen, is deserted by the league, and
escapes from Henry IV with heavy loss.

1594 Groningen, the last stronghold of the Spaniards in the
United Provinces, taken by the stadholder.

1596 Cadiz sacked by Essex.

1597 The stadholder defeats the Spaniards at Turnhout. Philip
repudiates his debts.

1598 Peace of Vervins with Henry IV. Death of Philip. The
Netherlands pass to his daughter Isabella, and the rest of his
possessions to his son =Philip III=.

1599 A second armada sails for England and is beaten back by a
storm.

_Seventeenth Century_

1601 Increase of “the millions.” An expedition sent to assist
Tyrone in Ireland fails.

1602 Persia joins Spain in a war against Turkey. Plundering of
the coast and islands in the Mediterranean.

1604 Peace with England. The “archdukes” (Isabella and her
husband Albert) capture Ostend after a three years’ siege.

1605 First part of _Don Quixote_ published.

1607 Spanish fleet destroyed in a fight with the Dutch off
Gibraltar. Eight months’ truce with the United Provinces. Spain
and the “archdukes” resign their claims to the provinces.

1609 Twelve years’ truce with the United Provinces. The
Moriscos expelled from Spain with the loss of all property save
what they could carry with them. With them Spain loses her most
industrious inhabitants. Henry IV of France organises a league
against Spain in conjunction with the Italian states, England,
the German Protestants, and the United Provinces.

1610 Murder of Henry IV.

1612 Philip’s daughter Anne married to Louis XIII and his son
Philip to Elizabeth de Bourbon. The princesses renounce their
respective claims to the kingdoms of Spain and France.

1615 The duke of Savoy invades Lombardy and is defeated by
Hinojosa, viceroy of Milan. The war continued to 1617, when
peace was signed at Pavia. Second part of _Don Quixote_
published.

1617 Alsace ceded to Spain by Ferdinand of Austria.

1618 Battle of Gravosa. The duke of Osuna, viceroy of Naples,
defeats the Venetian fleet. Fall of Lerma, Philip’s favourite.
The war with Venice continues till the recall of Osuna.

1620 Battle of the White Hill. Spanish troops aid the
imperialists to defeat the elector palatine. The Spaniards
under Spinola overrun the Palatinate and expel the elector.

1621 =Philip IV= succeeds his father. Olivares becomes
all-powerful. The cortes of Castile calls attention to the
extravagance of the administration, the appalling misery in the
country, and the ruinous system of taxation. Attempts to curb
official corruption. Expiration of the truce with the United
Provinces. Spinola sent to conquer the Netherlands. He takes
Juliers.

1622 Negotiation with England for the marriage of the infanta
Maria to Prince Charles. James I asks for a Spanish army to
assist the elector palatine. Charles arrives in Madrid.

1623 Enormous subsidy demanded by Olivares. The cities resist.
Increase of taxation. Marriage-treaty signed. Charles leaves
Spain.

1624 Franco-Dutch alliance. The French drive the Spanish
garrisons from the Valtelline. Spain allied with Tuscany,
Parma, Modena, and Genoa.

1625 Spinola takes Breda. Genoa threatened by the French and
saved by Spain.

1626 Peace of Monçon between France and Spain. The Valtelline
relinquished to the Grisons.

1628 Spanish treasure fleet captured by the Dutch.

1629 Peace with England. France and Spain support rival
candidates to the duchy of Mantua. French successes. Spinola
sent to Lombardy.

1630 He lays siege to Casale. Death of Spinola. The Buccaneers
seize the island of Tortuga and make it the headquarters of
their pirate bands.

1631 Treaty of Cherasco with France.

1632 Frederick Henry of Orange expels the Spaniards from the
United Provinces. The archduchess Isabella resigns in favour of
Philip IV. Orange captures Maestricht. Philip makes a treaty
with the duke of Orléans, in rebellion against France.

1633 A Spanish army sent to aid the emperor.

1634 Battle of Nördlingen. The Spaniards under the cardinal
infante, brother of Philip, aid in defeating the Protestant
Swedes and Germans. Treves attacked and the elector carried
off by the Spaniards. France declares war on Spain and forms
an alliance with the United Provinces. Joint invasion of the
Spanish-Netherlands repelled by the cardinal infante. The
Milanese invaded by the French.

1636 The French expelled from the Milanese.

1637 Leucate unsuccessfully besieged by the Spaniards. Breda
captured by Orange.

1638 The French under Condé invade Spain and are totally
defeated before Fuenterrabia. The Spaniards take Bremi and
Vercelli and ravage Piedmont.

1639 Alsace falling to France on the death of Bernard
of Saxe-Weimar, the communication between Italy and the
Netherlands is interrupted. Salsas in Roussillon taken by Condé
and recovered by the Spaniards. The Spanish fleet takes refuge
in the Downs under the neutral flag of England but is attacked
and destroyed by Van Tromp. Spaniards expelled from Piedmont.

1640 Troops billeted on the Catalans and levies demanded from
them. Revolt in consequence. The insurgents seize Barcelona.
Revolution in Portugal. João of Braganza assumes the crown.
He enters into relations with France, Holland, and the rebels
in Catalonia. Los Velez sent to subdue the Catalans. He takes
Cambrils and Tarragona, but is repulsed before Barcelona.

1641 Discovery of a plot of the duke of Medina Sidonia and
the marquis de Ayamonte in concert with the king of Portugal
to erect Andalusia into a separate sovereignty. The revolted
Catalans swear fealty to France.

1642 French troops sent to aid the Catalans invade Aragon, take
Perpignan and occupy Roussillon. Indecisive battle of Lerida.

1643 Disgrace of Olivares. Luis de Haro succeeds him. The
Spaniards invade Champagne and are severely defeated at Rocroi.
The Spaniards victorious at Lerida.

1646 Failure of a plot to deliver Barcelona to Philip.

1647 The Neapolitans revolt under Masaniello who is
assassinated. Don John of Austria sent to quiet the city. Fresh
revolt. The duke of Guise aims at the crown but is captured and
the insurrection suppressed.

1648 Lerida successfully resists the French. The French defeat
the Spaniards at Lens. On the termination of the Thirty Years’
War by the Peace of Westphalia, Spain concludes peace with the
United Provinces, acknowledging their independence and leaving
them their conquests in Brabant and Flanders, with Maestricht
and Breda and their acquisitions in America and the Indies.

1651 Battle of Iviza. Don John of Austria destroys the French
fleet and besieges Barcelona.

1652 Barcelona capitulates. Catalonia returns to her allegiance
to Spain. The Great Condé goes over to the Spaniards and leads
their armies in the Spanish Netherlands against France.

1654 Spaniards defeated before Arras. The buccaneers sack New
Segovia in Honduras and Maracaibo and Gibraltar on the Gulf of
Venezuela.

1655 Jamaica captured by the English.

1656 Valenciennes, besieged by Turenne, is relieved by Don John
and Condé.

1657 Oliver Cromwell sends troops to aid Turenne. The English
exiles join the Spaniards.

1658 Battle of the Dunes. The Spaniards defeated. Dunkirk,
Furnes, Gravelines and Oudenarde surrender to the French.

1659 Battle of Elvas. The Portuguese defeat De Haro.
Devastating war on the frontiers. The treaty of the Pyrenees
ends the French war. Louis XIV is to marry the infanta Maria
Theresa, who renounces her claims to the Spanish crown. Spain
abandons Roussillon, Cerdagne, Artois, and several border
fortresses. Burgundy, Charolois, and Franche-Comté restored to
Spain. France abandons the Portuguese.

1661 Don John invades Portugal. Death of De Haro.

1662 Don John occupies Alemtejo and

1663 takes Evora. Spaniards defeated at Amegial.

1664 Portuguese capture Valencia de Alcantara and defeat the
Spaniards at Villaviciosa. Don John disgraced.

1665 Battle of Montes-Claros won by the Portuguese. They invade
Andalusia. Revolt in Valencia and other provinces. Philip dies
and is succeeded by his son =Charles II=, a child of four
years, under the regency of his mother Maria Anna of Austria.
The Jesuit Nithard becomes supreme.

1666 Louis XIV lays claim to Franche-Comté, Hainault, Brabant,
Artois, etc., in right of his wife.

1667 He invades the Netherlands, and takes several fortresses.

1668 Treaty with Portugal. Spain recognises the house of
Braganza. Franche-Comté conquered by France. England,
Sweden, and the Dutch form a triple alliance to preserve the
Netherlands to Spain. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen).
Spain abandons to Louis his Flemish conquests. Louis restores
Franche-Comté.

1669 Disputes between the regent and Don John. Aragon and
Catalonia declare for Don John. Nithard dismissed. The queen
forced to share the government with Don John.

1671 Panama sacked by the buccaneers.

1672 Louis XIV invades Holland. Spain joins Germany in sending
troops to Holland.

1674 Louis reconquers Franche-Comté. Indecisive battle of
Seneffe between the allies and the French. Spanish victory in
Roussillon. The victorious troops proceed to the siege of the
revolted city of Messina. The French relieve Messina.

1675 Indecisive action off Messina between the French and the
Spaniards and Dutch under De Ruyter. De Ruyter is killed. The
French defeat the allied fleet off Palermo and rout a Spanish
army in Sicily.

1677 Valenciennes and Cambray taken by the French. The Prince
of Orange (William III of England) defeated at Mont-Cassel.
Catalonia invaded by the French. Charles II declared of age.
Don John contrives the disgrace of the queen-mother and her
favourite Valenzuela. He suppresses the Council of the Indies,
and introduces a few reforms.

1678 Cerdagne occupied and Ghent and Ypres taken by the French.
They evacuate Sicily. Peace of Nimeguen. Spain surrenders
Franche-Comté and fourteen fortresses of the Netherlands.

1679 Death of Don John.

1680 Eighty-five persons suffer at an _auto-da-fé_. Raiding
expedition of buccaneers on the isthmus of Darien and the coast
of Peru.

1683 The French renew the war.

1684 They are repulsed before Gerona and take Luxemburg. Truce
with France. Plague in Andalusia.

1685 Oropesa replaces Medina-Celi as prime minister. Cadiz
blockaded by France to enforce payment for goods confiscated
from French merchants. Earthquakes in various places.

1686 League of Augsburg between Spain, the empire, England and
Sweden against France.

1689 Revolt in Catalonia. Villa-Hermosa defeats the rebel army
under Antonio de Soler. French invasion of Catalonia repulsed.

1690 Battle of Fleurus. The French defeat the allies.

1691 Melgar succeeds Oropesa. Attempt to reform the finances.
Mons and Namur taken by the French. Barcelona bombarded by
Noailles. Urgel taken by Noailles.

1693 The allies defeated at Neerwinden and Marsaglia. Charles
appoints the elector of Bavaria hereditary governor of the
Netherlands.

1694 Noailles takes Gerona.

1695 German mercenaries arrive in Catalonia, but are defeated
at Llobregat.

1697 Cartagena de las Indias sacked by the French and
buccaneers. Peace of Ryswick. Spain recovers Luxemburg, Mons,
Courtrai, and the towns lost in Catalonia. Charles’ declining
health draws the attention of Europe to the question of his
successor.

1698 Secret treaty between France, England, and Holland for the
partition of the Spanish dominions. Spain, the Netherlands,
Sardinia and the colonies to go to the prince of Bavaria;
Naples, Sicily, Finale, and Guipuzcoa to the dauphin; Lombardy
to the archduke Charles, second son of the emperor Leopold
I. Charles appoints as his heir the prince of Bavaria, who
dies immediately afterwards. French intrigues rouse Spanish
opposition to the archduke.

1700 Second partition treaty between France, England, and
Holland for the division of the Spanish dominions. Spain, the
Netherlands, Sardinia, and the colonies to go to the archduke
Charles. To the dauphin, Naples, Sicily, Finale, Guipuzcoa,
and the Milanese. Charles appoints as his heir, Philip, duke
of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV. Death of Charles II. Anjou
succeeds as =Philip V=.

_Eighteenth Century_

1701 Philip arrives in Spain. The emperor protests against
his accession. The nobles alienated by attempts at financial
reform. Philip marries Maria Louisa of Savoy. The princess
Orsini obtains supreme influence over Philip and Maria.
_Fueros_ restored to Catalonia.

1702 Philip goes to Naples. Indecisive battle of Luzzara
between Philip and Prince Eugene. Grand Alliance between
England, Holland, Denmark, Austria, and Prussia, against Spain
and France. The allies fail before Cadiz, but destroy the
Spanish plate fleet at Vigo.

1704 The archduke Charles lands at Lisbon, and in union with
the king of Portugal declares war on Spain. A French army under
Berwick invades Portugal. Charles lands at Barcelona, but
effects nothing and retreats. Gibraltar taken by Sir George
Rooke. Indecisive battle off Malaga.

1705 An attempt to recover Gibraltar fails. The allies take
Barcelona. Catalonia, Valencia, and Murcia declare for Charles.

1706 Philip fails at the siege of Barcelona. Portuguese
invasion. Marlborough’s victory at Ramillies leads to the loss
of nearly the whole Spanish Netherlands. Charles enters Madrid.
Aragon declares for him. The French driven from the Milanese
and Charles proclaimed. The allies expelled from Castile.

1707 Berwick defeats the allies at Almansa. The Austrians
conquer Naples; Valencia and Aragon recovered for Philip. Their
_fueros_ abolished, and their government assimilated to the
Castilian.

1708 Attempt to exact a loan from the clergy. The pope forbids
its payment, but offers a tax on church property, which Philip
declines. The allies win the battle of Oudenarde. The plate
fleet captured by the English. Minorca, Majorca, and Sardinia
conquered by the allies, and Oran by the Moors.

1709 Amelot, the French ambassador, dismissed. Medina-Celi
prime minister. Barrier treaty between England and Holland
regulating the northern boundary of the Spanish Netherlands,
and providing for their government in the name of Charles, and
eventual transfer to Austria.

1710 Insincere negotiations of Gertruydenberg between France
and the allies. War in Spain renewed. Philip defeated at
Almenara and Saragossa. Charles re-enters Madrid, but leaves to
repel an invasion of Catalonia, and Philip returns and wins the
battle of Villaviciosa.

1711 Death of the emperor Joseph I. The archduke Charles
succeeds him as Charles VI.

1712 England withdraws from the Grand Alliance, and recalls
her troops from Catalonia. Philip renounces his rights to the
French crown, and changes the law of succession to the Spanish
crown, excluding females while one of his male descendants
shall survive.

1713 The imperial troops withdraw from Catalonia. Orry becomes
finance minister, and reforms the administration. Death of
Queen Maria Louisa. The clergy resist an attempt to curb
the power of the Inquisition. Spain accedes to the Peace of
Utrecht between France and England, Holland, Prussia, Savoy,
and Portugal, by which Philip is recognised as king of Spain;
the Spanish Netherlands, Sardinia, the Milanese, and Naples are
ceded to Austria, and Sicily to Savoy; while England retains
Gibraltar and Minorca.

1714 France and England send troops to reduce Catalonia.
Barcelona taken by storm. The privileges of Catalonia
abolished, and the Castilian constitution established there.
Majorca submits. Philip marries Elizabeth Farnese. She gains
unbounded influence over him, and makes Alberoni, an Italian
priest, her chief adviser. He turns his attention to the
revival of commerce and industry, economical reforms, and the
reorganisation of the army and navy.

1715 Peace with Portugal. Colonia del Sacramento on the Rio de
la Plata ceded to her.

1716-17 Triple alliance between France, England, and Holland to
preserve the provisions of the treaty of Utrecht.

1717 Sardinia occupied by the Spaniards.

1718 Triple alliance between the emperor, France, and England.
The Spaniards invade Sicily. Their fleet is destroyed by Byng
in a battle off Cape Passaro. Alberoni concerts with count
Görtz, minister of Charles XII of Sweden, a scheme for a joint
invasion of Scotland by Sweden and Russia, which is frustrated
by the death of Charles XII.

1719 Spain invaded by the French. A Spanish fleet, sent to
restore the English pretender, dispersed by a storm. The allies
ravage the Spanish coasts. Spanish reverses in Sicily. Holland
accedes to the Triple, now the Quadruple, Alliance. Alberoni
disgraced. Patiño succeeds him.

1720 Philip accedes to the Quadruple Alliance. Sicily ceded
to Austria, and Sardinia to Savoy. Successful campaign on the
Barbary coast.

1721 Defensive alliance with France and England.

1724 Philip abdicates in favour of his son =Luis=. Death of
Luis. =Philip V= resumes the crown.

1725 The Spanish infanta, the intended queen of Louis XV,
sent back to Spain. Philip’s agent, Ripperdá, concludes with
the emperor the treaty of Vienna, securing the succession of
Charles, son of Philip and Elizabeth Farnese, to Parma and
Tuscany and arranging a commercial alliance.

1726 England joins France in the league of Hanover.
Administration and disgrace of Ripperdá.

1727 Gibraltar besieged by the Spaniards. The emperor makes
peace with England and France, referring the questions of
Parma, Tuscany, and Gibraltar to a congress.

1728 Philip accepts the terms in the convention of the Pardo.

1729 Treaty of Seville between Spain, England, and France. The
commercial treaty with the emperor abrogated. Philip’s son
Charles recognised as heir to Parma and Tuscany.

1731 The emperor annexes Parma, but in the second treaty of
Vienna accedes to the treaty of Seville. Charles succeeds to
Parma and Piacenza.

1732 Oran recovered from the Moors.

1733 Perpetual Family Compact between France and Spain. France,
Spain, and Sardinia agree to assert the claims of Stanislaus
Leczinsky to Poland.

1734 Charles of Parma takes possession of Naples and is
declared king of the Two Sicilies. The retiring Germans
defeated at Bitonto. Sicily reduced for Charles. The Germans
beaten at Parma.

1735 Preliminaries of Vienna. France and Sardinia make peace
with the emperor. Parma to be ceded to Austria and Tuscany to
Francis of Lorraine.

1736 Philip and Charles of Sicily accede to the Peace of
Vienna, Charles retaining Sicily.

1739 War of Jenkins’ Ear occasioned by the disputes of Spanish
and English traders in the West Indies. To meet the expense of
the war, government pensions and payments are suspended for a
year, and the interest on the public debt reduced. Porto Bello
captured by the English.

1740 Death of the emperor Charles VI. Philip claims the
succession for his son Don Philip.

1741 Unsuccessful siege of Cartagena de las Indias by the
British. They fail to conquer Cuba. Anson plunders Payta and
captures a Spanish treasure ship.

1742 Philip sends troops to invade Austrian Lombardy. The
king of Sardinia suddenly goes over to the emperor and drives
the Spaniards from Lombardy. The British fleet compels the
neutrality of Naples.

1743 Alliance of Austria, England, and Sardinia. Spain renews
the French alliance in the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

1744 Indecisive battle of Hyères between the English, French,
and Spanish fleets. Unsuccessful siege of Coni by the
Spaniards.

1745 The French and Spanish overrun the Milanese.

1746 The French and Spaniards routed at Piacenza and expelled
from Lombardy. Death of Philip. His son, =Ferdinand VI=,
succeeds.

1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Don Philip receives Parma,
Piacenza, and Guastalla. Maria Theresa recognised as successor
of Charles VI.

1749 Commercial treaty of Aquisgran between Spain and England.
Under the administration of Carvajal and Ensenada, Spain begins
to recover her prosperity.

1752 Treaty of Aranjuez between Spain, Maria Theresa, and the
dukes of Tuscany, and Parma guarantees the neutrality of Italy.

1753 Pope Benedict XIV acknowledges by a concordat the Spanish
king’s right to make ecclesiastical appointments.

1754 Death of Carvajal. Richard Wall, an Irishman, succeeds him.

1755 Earthquake in Spain.

1759 Death of Ferdinand. His half-brother, Charles of Naples,
succeeds as =Charles III=. Naples is handed over to Charles’
younger son, Ferdinand. Charles restores Aragon and Catalonia
some of their privileges and remits arrears of taxes. Squillaci
(Esquilache) appointed minister of finance.

1761 Third family compact with France for mutual defence.
Consequent war with England.

1762 Portugal refuses to join the family compact and is invaded
by the French and Spaniards. England sends troops to Portugal.
The Spaniards defeated at Valencia de Alcantara and Villa
Velha. Havana and Manila captured by the English. Colonia del
Sacramento taken from Portugal.

1763 Peace with England. Spain cedes Florida and her fishing
rights on the Newfoundland banks. England restores Havana and
Manila. Grimaldi succeeds Wall. Louisiana ceded to Spain by
France. The inhabitants refuse to accept the transfer.

1765 Reorganisation of the Spanish colonies. Discontent and
revolts.

1766 Discontent roused against Squillaci by sumptuary laws,
foreign innovations, and the high price of bread. Sanguinary
revolution in Madrid called the “Revolt of Esquilache.” De
Aranda minister. He continues the policy of innovation, and

1767 expels the Jesuit fathers from Spain and the colonies, as
aiders and abettors of revolution.

1769 Louisiana subdued.

1770 The Spaniards assert their claim to the Falkland Islands
and expel the English. Preparations are made for war, but
France withdrawing her support,

1771 Spain is compelled to apologise and restore the Falklands.
De Aranda dismissed.

1773 The pope, Clement XIV, compelled by Spain to order the
suppression of the Jesuits. The pursuit of trade declared to
involve no loss of rank or privilege.

1774 The final blow given to the Inquisition by a decree making
civil offences punishable by civil tribunals only.

1775 Ceuta and Melilla attacked by the Moors. The aggressors
defeated. A Spanish army routed in Algiers.

1776 The Portuguese attack the Spaniards on the Rio Grande.
Colonia del Sacramento and the neighbouring colonies occupied
by Spain.

1777 Grimaldi replaced by Florida-Blanca. Peace with Portugal.
Spain retains Colonia del Sacramento.

1778 Perpetual alliance with Portugal. Privilege of free
trade with all American colonies save Mexico granted to seven
principal Spanish ports. The privilege was afterwards extended
to all the provinces save Biscay.

1779 Spain offers to mediate between England and her revolted
American colonies. On her refusal Spain declares war. Gibraltar
besieged by the Spaniards. Failure of a Franco-Spanish naval
expedition against England.

1780 The principle of the Armed Neutrality announced by Russia
and accepted by Spain. Rodney defeats the Spanish fleet off
Cape St. Vincent. English transport fleet captured.

1781 Pensacola taken by the Spaniards. Rebellions in Peru and
Mexico.

1782 Minorca taken by the French and Spaniards. Gibraltar
relieved by Howe. Treaty with Turkey containing commercial
provisions, arranging for the exchange of slaves and protection
for Spanish pilgrims.

1783 Peace with England concluded at Versailles. Spain retains
Minorca and Florida. Increase of duties on foreign manufactures.

1784 The proceedings of the Inquisition against grandees and
officials subjected to the king’s approval.

1786 Treaty with Algiers. The Algerian government guarantees
the suppression of piracy.

1788 Death of Charles III. He is succeeded by his son =Charles
IV=.

1791 Spain protests against the foundation of the English
settlement at Nootka Sound, but being unsupported by France
has to recognise it. This humiliation being attributed to
the French Revolution leads to a reaction against liberalism.
Florida-Blanca urges the European powers to restore Louis XVI.

1792 Dismissal of Florida-Blanca. Manuel de Godoy, the queen’s
favourite, becomes supreme. The Spanish government intercedes
for Louis XVI.

1793 Execution of Louis XVI. Spain joins the First Coalition
against France. Failure of the invasion of France.

1794 The Spaniards are defeated with the loss of nine thousand
men and surrender Figueras. The French invade Spain.

1795 Treaty of Bâle. Spain surrenders her territory in Santo
Domingo. The French evacuate Spain.

1796 Alliance between France and Spain in the treaty of San
Ildefonso. Spain joins

1797 the war against England, and her fleet is defeated in the
battle of Cape St. Vincent.

1800 Louisiana ceded to France.

_Nineteenth Century_

1801 Successful invasion of Portugal. Portugal agrees to
exclude English forces from her ports. Napoleon exacts a large
payment from Portugal and insists on Spain’s ceding Trinidad to
England.

1803 Napoleon compels Spain to pay a large subsidy for the war
with England and to undertake to secure Portuguese neutrality.

1805 Spain joins France in the war. The English defeat the
French and Spaniards at Cape Finisterre and Trafalgar. British
invasion of Buenos Ayres.

1806 Ferdinand, king of Naples, expelled from Naples. Spain
prepares for war, but after Napoleon’s victory at Jena renews
the

1807 French alliance in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, arranging
for the partition of Portugal. Ferdinand, prince of Asturias,
conspires against the government. Charles asks help from
Napoleon. The French march into Spain. Reconciliation of
Ferdinand and Charles.

1808 Murat sent to command the French troops in Spain.
Barcelona, Pamplona, and the northern fortresses of Spain
occupied by the French. Indignation in Spain and riots against
Godoy. Charles IV is constrained to abdicate in favour of
=Ferdinand VII=. Murat occupies Madrid. Charles declares his
abdication compulsory. Meeting of Napoleon and the Spanish
royal family at Bayonne. Murat assumes the Spanish government
in the name of Charles IV. Ferdinand restores the crown to
Charles IV, who resigns his rights to Napoleon and retires to
Rome. Napoleon makes =Joseph Bonaparte= king. General revolt
against the French throughout Spain. The French sack Cordova.
Saragossa and Valencia successfully resist them. Savage
guerilla warfare. Capitulation of Baylen; twenty thousand
French surrender. Flight of Joseph. The central junta assumes
the government. French victories of Burgos, Espinosa, and
Tudela. Napoleon enters Madrid, abolishes feudalism and the
Inquisition and restores Joseph. The Spanish colonies of Buenos
Ayres, Mexico, Chili, and Venezuela revolt.

1809 Battle of Corunna and retreat of an English army. Napoleon
quits Spain. Joseph returns. Marshal Lannes takes Saragossa
by storm. French victories of Medellin and Ciudad-Real. Soult
commander-in-chief of the French in Spain. Wellington is sent
to aid the Spaniards and defeats the French at Talavera.
Wellington returns to Portugal. Spaniards defeated at Ocaña.
Flight of the central junta from Seville to the isle of Leon.
Joseph enters Seville.

1810 Napoleon converts Catalonia, Aragon, Navarre, and Biscay
into military governments. Juntas formed in the colonial cities
govern in Ferdinand’s name, but work for independence. The
cortes meet at the isle of Leon, swear fealty to Ferdinand VII

1811 as a constitutional monarch and declare the abolition
of feudalism, the privileges of the nobles and the tithes of
the church, declare the sovereignty to reside in the people,
and draw up a constitution called the “constitution of the
year 12.” The cortes refuse to grant the colonies equality of
representation and free trade. Most of the colonies declare
their independence and successfully assert it against Spanish
troops. The cortes conclude a treaty with England, granting her
free trade in America, and make Wellington commander-in-chief
of the Spanish troops in the western provinces. The French take
Tarragona, Murviedro, and Valencia.

1812 Wellington captures Badajoz, defeats Marmont at Salamanca,
and enters Madrid.

1813 Wellington defeats Joseph at Vitoria. Napoleon recalls
Joseph and names Soult governor of Spain. Wellington takes San
Sebastian and Pamplona. Wellington invades France.

1814 =Ferdinand VII= returns. He imprisons the liberal leaders
and restores absolutism with the privileges of the nobles and
clergy. The Inquisition re-erected. Persecution of partisans
of Joseph, leaders of the liberal party, and guerilla captains.
A camarilla or court party rules supreme and organises a reign
of terror. Wars for independence in the South American colonies.

1815 Porlier’s rebellion at Corunna suppressed. Morillo sent to
Venezuela. He crushes rebellion and governs vigorously.

1816 Rio de la Plata asserts its independence.

1817 Lacy rebels in Catalonia, is captured and shot.

1819 Florida sold to the United States. Secret societies formed
against the government.

1820 Venezuela and New Granada declare their union as the Free
State of Colombia. An army, assembled to conquer Colombia,
rebels under Riego and Quiroga. The revolt spreads throughout
Spain. Ferdinand compelled to swear to the constitution and
abolish the Inquisition. Cortes and liberal government. The
moderate party fails to restrain the radicals. The priests stir
up the people against the constitution. Disorder throughout the
country.

1821 Mexico becomes independent.

1822 Triumph of the radical party. Riego president of the
cortes. The clerical and servile (royal) party sets up a
regency in Urgel and arms for the king. Civil war in Catalonia
and Aragon between serviles and radicals. Congress of
Verona, France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia agree for armed
intervention in Spain in favour of Ferdinand. Victory of the
Liberals under Mina and flight of the regency to France.

1823 The government withdraws to Seville. Invasion by the
French. The serviles and common people join them. The French
erect a provisional government in Madrid and restore the
“legitimate order” of things. The cortes withdraw to Cadiz, but
surrender it to the French. Ferdinand resumes despotic power.
Execution of Riego and other liberals. Many go into exile.
President Monroe declares the United States’ intention to
oppose the interference of European powers for the restoration
of Spanish absolutism in America.

1824 Battle of Ayacucho. Chili and Peru achieve independence by
the defeat of the Spaniards.

1825 “Commissions of purification” persecute all opponents of
despotism. Bessières’s revolt suppressed.

1830 Ferdinand publishes the Pragmatic Sanction of 1789 which
abrogated the Salic law of 1713. Birth of Ferdinand’s daughter
Isabella.

1832 Illness of Ferdinand. The queen Christina appointed
regent. Ferdinand recalls the Pragmatic Sanction, thus
restoring the rights of his brother Don Carlos. The queen
recalls the exiled constitutionalists. Ferdinand cancels his
revocation of the Pragmatic Sanction. Disturbances in favour of
Don Carlos. Don Carlos exiled.

1833 Death of Ferdinand. Christina regent for =Isabella II=.
The northern provinces revolt for Carlos. France and England
recognise Isabella. Don Carlos assumes the title of Carlos V
king of Spain.

1834 Ministry of Martínez de la Rosa, including moderate
royalists and moderate liberals. The cortes summoned. Quadruple
Alliance. France and England agree to support the young queens
of Spain and Portugal against the pretenders Carlos and Miguel.
A Spanish army invades Portugal and expels the Portuguese
pretender. Carlos escapes to England. A savage guerilla war
between Carlists and Christinos begins in Biscay and Navarre.
Carlos returns. Mina given command of the queen’s troops.

1835 Mutiny of the guards in favour of the constitution of
1812. The Carlists become masters of all northern Spain.
Dissension between the rival parties of moderates and radicals,
or progressists, and anarchy in the southern provinces.
Cloisters attacked and monks murdered by the Christinos.
Semi-republican juntas formed in the cities. The Carlists
defeated at Mendigorria. The war continues with increased
savagery. Mendizabal minister.

1836 The convent law of Mendizabal suppresses the monastic
orders, confiscating their goods. Mendizabal retires. The
moderates in power. A British legion defeats the Carlists
at Bilbao. At La Granja the soldiers force Christina to
promulgate the constitution of 1812 and dismiss her ministers.
The Christino general Espartero relieves Bilbao. The “royal
expedition” of Don Carlos to Madrid is driven back to the north.

1837 The constitution modified by the cortes and made less
democratic. Carlos enters Castile, but is expelled by Espartero.

1838 The moderates in power. Attempts at absolutist reaction.

1839 Maroto becomes Don Carlos’ chief adviser and opens
negotiations with Espartero which lead to the treaty of
Bergara, by which the insurgents agree to lay down their arms
in return for an amnesty and confirmation of the _fueros_ of
Navarre and Biscay. Carlos escapes to France. The war continues
two years longer in Catalonia and Valencia.

1840 The liberals force Christina to accept Espartero as chief
minister. She abdicates.

1841 Espartero regent. Insurrections in favour of Christina.

1843 Revolt of Barcelona. General Narvaez occupies Madrid for
Christina. Espartero flees to England. Isabella’s majority
declared. Christina returns. Reactionary policy under French
influence.

1844 Insurrection of the coloured population of Cuba.

1845 New constitution increasing the power of the crown.

1846 Louis Philippe procures the marriage of Isabella with
Francis de Asis and of her sister with the duke of Montpensier.

1847 Cabrera fails to excite a Carlist rising.

1850 Amnesty to the Carlists. Revolt in Cuba in favour of union
with the United States suppressed.

1851 Fall of Narvaez. Concessions to the clergy.

1852 The constitution changed in favour of absolutism.
Limitation of the freedom of the press.

1854 The moderates and radicals join in a liberal union.
Revolts in Barcelona and Madrid. Espartero minister. Attempts
to revive internal prosperity. Sale of the property of the
church, of institutions, and of the state ordered.

1856 New constitution. Espartero retires. Riots in Madrid and
Barcelona. The old moderate party under Narvaez in power.

1858 Union of moderates and radicals under the O’Donnell
ministry.

1860 Successful expedition to Morocco. The Spaniards win the
battles of Tetuan and Guad Ras. Ortega proclaims Don Carlos’
son as Charles VI. Ortega captured and shot. Don Carlos’ sons
captured and compelled to renounce their pretensions.

1861 Santo Domingo declared reunited to Spain. Convention of
London. At the instigation of Spain, England, France, and Spain
agree to force Mexico to fulfil her obligations. Spanish troops
under Prim join in the Mexican expedition.

1863 Prim’s attitude brings about a misunderstanding with
France. Dissolution of the O’Donnell cabinet.