Chapter LXVIII: Appendix: A. the Inquisition (3)

1864 War with Santo Domingo.

1865 A party formed for the union of Spain with Portugal.

1866 War with Peru. Rebellion in Catalonia, Valencia, and
Madrid. A new ministry under Narvaez and Gonsalez Bravo
endeavours to restrain rebellion by a reign of terror.

1868 The liberal union, progressists, and democrats unite
against the government. Revolution. Insurgents’ victory at the
bridge of Alcolea. Flight of Isabella. Provisional government
under Prim, Topete, and Olozaga. Disputes as to the form
of government. Religious orders abolished and toleration
proclaimed. Cuban insurrection.

1869 Monarchist majority in constituent cortes. Various
candidates for the throne proposed. New constitution drawn up.
Serrano becomes regent with Prim as minister. Republican and
Carlist risings suppressed.

1870 =Amadeo=, duke of Aosta and son of the king of Italy,
elected king of Spain. Prim assassinated.

1871 Serrano and Sagasta ministers.

1873 Amadeo abdicates. Republican government. Constituent
assembly meets to draw up a federal republican constitution.
Don Carlos (Charles VII) raises a Carlist rebellion with
guerilla warfare in the north. The intransigentes or extreme
republicans in opposition to the federalists erect independent
governments in the coast towns. Cartagena becomes the centre
of the extreme republicans. Cuba revolts in consequence of the
law releasing slaves and seeks union with the United States. A
party of Americans landing in Cuba to aid the insurgents seized
and many of them executed.

1874 General Pavia occupies the house of assembly with troops
and declares the cortes closed. Military dictatorship under
Serrano and Sagasta. Cartagena surrenders to the federalists.
General Martínez Campos proclaims =Alfonso XII=, son of
Isabella, king.

1875 Alfonso returns to Spain. Religious liberty abolished. The
law of civil marriage confined to non-Catholics. The Carlists
driven from Catalonia and Valencia. Urgel, Vitoria, and Estella
capitulate.

1876 New constitution with a minimum of religious toleration;
senate partly elective. The Carlist insurrection suppressed.

1879 Campos ministry. Inundations. Alfonso marries the Austrian
archduchess Maria Christina. Cánovas del Castillo ministry.

1880 Law for abolition of slavery in Cuba.

1881 Sagasta ministry. Riots in Catalonia over a projected
commercial treaty with France.

1882 The treaty concluded.

1883 Socialist and military outbreaks. Posada Herrera succeeds
Sagasta.

1884 Conservative ministry under Cánovas del Castillo.

1885 Dispute with Germany over Caroline Islands arbitrated by
the pope (1886). Death of Alfonso XII. Queen Maria Christina
regent. Sagasta ministry.

1886 Commercial treaty with England. Birth of =Alfonso XIII=.
Don Carlos protests against the proclamation of Alfonso.

1888 Ruiz Zorrilla issues a revolutionary manifesto demanding a
new form of government to be settled by the people. Republican
disturbances.

1889 Introduction of trial by jury. Great strike in Catalonia.

1890 Reform of the constitution. Cánovas del Castillo ministry.

1892 New commercial tariff and consequent break with France.
War with Morocco. Sagasta again minister.

1893 Explosions produced by anarchists in Barcelona.

1894 Legislation against anarchists. Consecration of the first
bishop of the Spanish reformed church.

1895 Peace with Morocco.

1896 The United States requests Spain to recognise the
independence of Cuba. Indignation in Spain.

1897 Cuban reform bill passed. Cubans recognised as
belligerents by the United States. Cánovas del Castillo
assassinated by an anarchist. Sagasta ministry.

1898 Armistice to the Cubans. The president of the United
States sends a message to congress requiring the end of the
Cuban War. Spain declares the message incompatible with Spanish
rights. Bread riots in Spain. War with the United States in
Cuba and the Philippines. The Spaniards defeated in the battles
of Manila, San Juan, and Santiago. Santiago surrenders. Martial
law proclaimed in Spain. Philippine Republic proclaimed. Treaty
between Spain and America. Spain resigns her rights in Cuba,
Porto Rico, and her other possessions in the Antilles and
Philippines.

1899 Spain left with embarrassed finances. The Sagasta ministry
resigns. Señor Silvela forms the modern conservative party.
Señor Villaverde effects many financial reforms. Caroline
Islands sold to Germany. Reform of the navy.

1900 A new conservative administration formed by General
Azcarraga.

_Twentieth Century_

1901 Anti-clerical riots in Madrid and other towns. A
Liberal government under Sagasta again goes into power. The
queen in opening the Cortes declares that a thorough social
reorganization of the country is necessary, that its finances
must be consolidated and its wealth developed.

1902 Alfonso XIII declared of age and crowned. Attempt to
assassinate Alfonso XIII. Silvela returns to power. Spain
concludes treaties of arbitration with all countries of South
America except Chile.

1903 Death of Sagasta. New cabinet headed by Señor Villaverdi.

A BRIEF RÉSUMÉ OF PORTUGUESE HISTORY

_Tenth Century_

997 Oporto and surrounding territory taken from the Moors by
Bermudo II of Galicia.

_Eleventh Century_

1055 Cea and other fortresses captured from the Moors by
Ferdinand the Great of Castile and Leon.

1057 Ferdinand takes Lamego and Viseu

1064 and Coimbra, and forms the conquered territory into a
country under Sesnando, a Moor.

1065 Death of Ferdinand. The suzerainty of the counties of
Coimbra and Oporto passes with Galicia to his son Garcia.

1073 Garcia’s territories reunited with Leon and Castile under
Alfonso VI.

1095 Alfonso VI gives Porto Cale (Portugal), consisting of
the fiefs of Oporto and Coimbra, to Count Henry of Burgundy
(Besançou), who married his daughter Theresa, 1072.

_Twelfth Century_

1109 Death of Alfonso. Urraca succeeds to Castile and Leon.
Henry interferes in the internal troubles of that kingdom.

1112 War with Almoravids. Death of Henry. Theresa regent for
her son Alfonso Henriques.

1117 Theresa besieged by Moors at Coimbra. She gives power to
her lover Ferdinand Peres de Trava.

1121 Urraca takes Theresa captive. Peace made.

1127 Alfonso VII of Castile conquers Theresa’s realm and
compels her homage.

1128 Alfonso Henriques assumes power, defeats and exiles
Theresa. In the next years he three times invades Galicia and in

1137 defeats Alfonso VII’s troops at Cerneja. Peace of Tuy.
Alfonso Henriques submits to the king of Leon.

1139 Battle of Ourique. Alfonso Henriques crushes the Moors. A
legend was formerly current that he was then hailed as king by
his soldiers.

1140 The Moors capture and destroy Leiria. Tourney of Valdevez.
The Portuguese knights defeat the Castilian. Alfonso Henriques
king of Portugal as =Alfonso I=.

1143 Peace of Zamora. Alfonso VII acknowledges Alfonso I as
king. The latter declares himself a vassal of the pope.

1144 The Moors defeat the Templars at Soure.

1147 Alfonso I captures Santarem and takes Lisbon with the aid
of English and other crusaders. Other Moorish cities surrender.

1152 Alfonso repulsed at Alcacer-do-Sal.

1158 Alfonso captures Alcacer-do-Sal.

1161 Alfonso is defeated by the Moors.

1166 The Moors take Evora.

1167 Alfonso invades Galicia.

1168 Alfonso besieges Badajoz, is taken prisoner and compelled
to relinquish Galician conquests.

1170 Alfonso loses to the Moors in Alemtejo.

1171 Alfonso victorious at Santarem, makes seven years’ truce
with Moors.

1172 Makes his son Dom Sancho co-ruler, who fights the Moors
constantly.

1184 Dom Sancho crushes and kills Yusuf at Santarem.

1185 Alfonso dies and is succeeded by =Sancho I, O Povoador=
(“City Builder”).

1189 Sancho, aided by crusaders on their way to Palestine,
takes Algarve and Silves from the Moors.

1192 The Moors reconquer Alemtejo, but are repulsed at
Santarem, and peace is made. Dom Sancho wages constant war with
Alfonso IX of Leon. He builds many cities.

_Thirteenth Century_

1209 Sancho’s quarrels with Pope Innocent III, respecting
jurisdiction over priests, culminate in the siege and escape of
the bishop of Oporto.

1210 Dom Sancho grants the pope’s demands, retires to a convent
and dies.

1211 =Alfonso II “the Fat”= succeeds, and summons the first
real parliament; he wars with his brothers and sisters and
Alfonso IX of Leon.

1212 Portuguese take part in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.

1217 Alcacer-do-Sal recovered from the Moors. Alfonso II is
excommunicated for seizing church lands.

1223 Alfonso II dies and is succeeded by the thirteen-year-old
=Sancho II=.

1226 Sancho II captures Elvas from the Moors.

1227 Sancho reinstates officials hostile to the clergy and
fights the Moors.

1228 The pope reconciled.

1237 The pope lays an interdict on Portugal, but is pacified.

1239-1244 Sancho II takes several cities from the Moors.

1245 The pope deposes Sancho II. The clerical party sets up
Sancho’s brother,

1248 Alfonso, who drives Sancho II into exile, where he dies.
=Alfonso III= completes the conquest of Algarve.

1254 Alfonso marries Beatrice de Guzman, the natural daughter
of Alfonso the Learned of Castile, so alienating the papal
faction. Alfonso III summons a cortes at Leiria.

1261 The cortes forces the king to recognize the necessity of
obtaining the people’s consent to taxation.

1262 The pope legalizes the king’s marriage and legitimates his
son Dom Diniz, who

1263 is made king of Algarve.

1277 Dom Diniz rebels against his father.

1279 Alfonso III dies, leaving Portugal fully established and
its boundaries defined. =Dom Diniz El Ré Lavrador=, established
after war with his brother. Period of internal progress and
prosperity.

1294 Commercial treaty with Edward I of England.

1297 Peace settled with Castile and Leon.

1300 University founded at Lisbon.

_Fourteenth Century_

1319 Diniz founds the order of Christ to replace the Templars.

1323 His wife, St. Isabella, prevents a battle between Diniz
and his son Alfonso.

1325 Diniz dies and is succeeded by =Alfonso IV=.

1336 Alfonso invades Castile; peace made by St. Isabella.

1340 The Portuguese and Castilians defeat the Moors at the
river Salado.

1348 The Black death invades Portugal.

1355 Iñes de Castro, wife or mistress of the infante Dom Pedro,
murdered.

1357 Alfonso dies and is succeeded by =Dom Pedro (I) the
Severe=.

1361 Pedro the Cruel of Castile surrenders the murderers of
Iñes in exchange for Castilian fugitives. The murderers put to
death with torture.

1367 Pedro dies and is succeeded by =Ferdinand the Handsome=,
who

1369 claims the throne of Castile and Leon, and combats Henry
of Trastamara.

1371 Ferdinand resigns his claims to Castile.

1373 Henry of Trastamara invades Portugal.

1374 Ferdinand promises to support John of Gaunt’s claims to
Castile, but again makes peace with Henry of Trastamara.

1383 The English, angry at Ferdinand’s fickleness, ravage
Portugal. Ferdinand dies, leaving his wile Leonora regent,
against whom the people rise.

1384 Juan I of Castile allies himself with her, but is repulsed
at Lisbon.

1385 The Portuguese proclaim Dom João, grand master of Aviz and
son of Pedro the Severe, king, as =João (I) the Great=. The
Portuguese defeat the Castilians at Aljubarrota and Valverde.

1386 A perpetual treaty of alliance signed with England.

1398 Iñes de Castro’s son, Diniz, attempts to overthrow João,
but, with English assistance, he is defeated.

_Fifteenth Century_

1411 Peace made with Castile.

1415 The Portuguese take Ceuta in Africa, their first foreign
possession.

1418 Prince Henry’s captains discover the Madeiras.

1420 Madeiras colonised.

1432 Azores occupied by Portuguese.

1433 A Portuguese ship passes Cape Bojador. João dies and is
succeeded by =Duarte= (Edward), who calls a cortes at Evora and
passes the Lei Mental ordaining the reversion to the crown of
lands granted to nobles on failure of male descendants of the
grantee.

1437 Duarte sends an expedition against Tangier. The Portuguese
surrounded and saved only by Prince Ferdinand’s offering
himself as hostage.

1438 Duarte dies, =Alfonso V the African=, a minor, succeeds.
Pedro, son of João I, regent.

1441 Slave-trade begun by Portuguese.

1447 Alfonso V comes of age and dismisses Pedro.

1449 Alfonso V defeats and kills Pedro at Alfarrobeira.

1458 Alfonso takes Alcacer-Seguier, Africa.

1460 Prince Henry the navigator dies. Cape Verd Islands
discovered and settled.

1462 Pedro de Cintra discovers Sierra Leone.

1464 Alfonso repulsed in Africa.

1471 Tangier captured by the Portuguese.

1475 Alfonso marries Juana (Beltraneja) of Castile and claims
the Castilian crown,

1476 but is defeated at battle of Toro and concludes with
Castile the treaty of Alcantara (1479). Juana retires to a
convent.

1481 Alfonso dies. =João II the Perfect.= The cortes of Evora
determines on an inquiry into titles to estates and the
abrogation of the judicial powers of the nobles.

1483 The duke of Braganza and other nobles oppose these
measures. Braganza executed.

1484 Diogo Cam discovers the Congo and Angola.

1487 Bartholomeu Dias discovers the Cape of Good Hope.

1488 Commercial treaty with England.

1490 Covilhão enters Abyssinia.

1493 Pope Alexander V declares the boundary between Portuguese
and Spanish areas of discovery.

1494 By the treaty of Tordesillas the boundary is readjusted.

1495 João II dies without heirs and is succeeded by =Emmanuel
the Fortunate=, who expels the Jews from Portugal as the
condition of his marriage with the daughter of

1497 Ferdinand of Spain. Vasco da Gama discovers Natal.

1498 Vasco discovers Calicut.

1500 Cabral discovers Brazil. Factories established at Kananur
and Cochin.

_Sixteenth Century_

1501 Ascension Island discovered. Vespucci discovers Rio de la
Plata and Paraguay.

1502 St. Helena discovered. Vasco visits India and establishes
a factory at Mozambique.

1505 De Almeida, the first Portuguese viceroy, sent to India.
His son Lourenço discovers Ceylon. Mombasa occupied.

1506 Massacre of the New Christians in Lisbon.

1508 Albuquerque supersedes Almeida as viceroy in India.

1510 Albuquerque is repulsed in an attack on Calicut and
conquers Goa

1511 and Malacca.

1512 Serrão discovers the Moluccas.

1515 Albuquerque captures Ormus. Portuguese established at Diu.

1517 Andrade settles at Canton.

1518 Portuguese settlement established in Ceylon.

1520 Magellan discovers the straits of Magellan.

1521 Andrade reaches Pekin. Emmanuel dies, and is succeeded
by =João III=. He finds his countrymen too eager to gain
wealth by foreign adventure and emigration, thus threatening
depopulation.

1531 Daman taken and destroyed by Portuguese. Sousa founds São
Vicente in Brazil and receives a grant of the first hereditary
captaincy, or governorship of a province, in Brazil.

1536 Inquisition established in Portugal.

1539 Bishopric established at Goa.

1541 St. Francis Xavier sent to the Indies. Estevão da Gama,
governor of India, leads an expedition to the Red Sea.

1542 Japan discovered by Fernão Mendes Pinto.

1543 Xavier founds Christian settlements in Travancore.

1545 The Indian viceroy De Castro wins victory of Diu over the
king of Guzerat.

1548 St. Francis Xavier goes to Japan.

1549 Thomé de Sousa first governor-general of Brazil. He founds
Bahia and governs by aid of Jesuits.

1557 Factories established at Macao. João III dies, and is
succeeded by his three-year-old grandson =Sebastian=, under
the regency of his grandmother Catherine and his great-uncle
Cardinal Henry, but under the power of the brothers Camara.

1558 Portuguese settled at Daman.

1560 Inquisition introduced into India.

1567 Portuguese established at Rio de Janeiro after conflicts
with French settlers.

1568 Sebastian of age.

1578 He invades Africa, and is defeated and killed at
Kassr-el-Kebir. He is succeeded by his uncle =Henry=, who,
feeling that he cannot live long, calls the cortes to name his
successor.

1580 Henry dies. Philip II of Spain is chosen king as =Philip
I=, and defeats his rival Antonio, prior of Crato, at
Alcantara, and again in

1582 the Azores.

1584-1585 Two pretenders, who claim to be the dead Sebastian,
captured.

1585 São Thiago, Cape Verd Islands, captured by an English
fleet.

1586 Bahia plundered by the English.

1589 Combined English and Dutch expedition to “restore”
Antonio, wins successes, but retreats.

1594 Gabriel Espinosa, a third false Sebastian, executed.
Philip closes the Portuguese harbours to the Dutch.

1596 The English sack Faro and Fort Arguin and ravage the
Azores.

1597 The Dutch build a factory in Java and occupy other East
Indian possessions.

1598 =Philip II= (III of Spain) king.

_Seventeenth Century_

1603 Tullio, a fourth false Sebastian, captured.

1605 The Dutch take Amboyna and expel the Portuguese from the
Moluccas.

1615 The Portuguese defeat the king of Achin in Malacca.

1621 =Philip III= (IV of Spain).

1622 The Shah of Persia, aided by the English, recovers Ormus.

1624 Bahia taken by the Dutch and recovered.

1630 Olinda in Brazil taken by the Dutch. Maurice of Nassau
extends the Dutch power in Brazil.

1632 Military post of Tete in Mozambique established.

1634 An insurrection in Lisbon put down.

1637 An insurrection in Evora put down.

1638 The Dutch take Portuguese forts in Ceylon.

1640 The Dutch take Malacca. The Portuguese having been
alienated by the misfortunes of their country under Spanish
rule and by the bad faith of their kings, a sudden revolution
ousts the Spaniards and gives the crown to the duke of Braganza
as =João (IV) the Fortunate=. The assistance afforded by the
Jesuits in this revolution is rewarded by almost unlimited
power in ecclesiastical and great influence in civil affairs.

1641 The cortes assembles and accepts João IV. France and
Holland send fleets. England recognises the king. Caminha
conspiracy to restore Spanish power betrayed by the Spanish
marquis De Ayamonte. The leaders executed.

1644 Albuquerque defeats the Spaniards at Montijo.

1645 Revolts against Dutch rule in Brazil and consequent breach
with Holland.

1648 Benguela and Angola recovered from the Dutch.

1650 The revolted English fleet under Prince Rupert takes
refuge in the Tagus. The Portuguese refuse to allow the
parliamentary admiral Blake to enter the river. Blake attacks
Portuguese merchantmen.

1652 Commercial treaty with England, greatly in the latter’s
favour.

1654 The Dutch expelled from Brazil.

1656 João IV dies and is succeeded by his thirteen-year-old son
=Alfonso VI=. Marshal Schomberg with a picked band of French
officers comes to the assistance of Portugal.

1658 The Dutch take the last Portuguese stronghold in Ceylon.

1659 Menezes defeats the Spaniards at Elvas. In the treaty of
the Pyrenees, France promises Spain to abandon Portugal.

1661 Spaniards invade Portugal.

1662 English alliance secured by the marriage of the king’s
sister with Charles II and the cession of Tangier and Bombay
with a grant of free trade with Portuguese dominions. Alfonso
VI declares himself of age.

1663 The count of Villa Flor defeats Don John of Austria at
Amegial and recovers Evora.

1664 Magalhães defeats the Spaniards at Ciudad Rodrigo. The
Dutch take the Portuguese settlements on the coast of Malabar.

1665 The Portuguese crush the Spaniards at Montes-Claros.

1666 The king marries the French princess Marie d’Aumale.

1667 Alfonso’s excesses lead to a revolution in favour of his
brother Dom Pedro. Alfonso imprisoned. The queen granted a
divorce.

1668 Dom Pedro recognised as regent. Spain recognises
Portugal’s independence. The queen marries Dom Pedro.

1683 The king dies in prison. Dom Pedro succeeds as =Pedro II=.

1698 Portuguese expelled from Mombasa.

_Eighteenth Century_

1703 Paul Methuen, the English ambassador, negotiates the
Methuen treaty which secures preference to Portuguese over
French wines in England, and forms the basis of the subsequent
friendship between the two countries. Portugal recognises the
archduke Charles, the English candidate to the Spanish throne.

1704 Archduke Charles arrives in Lisbon with English forces and
with Portuguese aid successfully invades Spain.

1706 Death of Pedro II. =João V= succeeds. João V under
influence of Cadaval continues the war with Philip V of Spain.

1707 The allied forces of Portuguese, Dutch, and English
defeated by the Spaniards at Almansa.

1709 Portuguese under Fronteira defeated at Caia.

1711 A French fleet under Duguay-Trouin bombards and pillages
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

1715 Peace with Spain.

1717 Portuguese fleet defeats Turks off Cape Matapan.

1728 Mombasa recovered by Portuguese.

1739 Bassein and Thana on the west coast of India lost to
Portugal.

1740 Mombasa again lost.

1750 João dies and is succeeded by =José= who leaves the chief
government to Pombal. The latter checks the Inquisition,
improves the navy and finance. Colonia del Sacramento ceded to
Spain in exchange for territory in Paraguay.

1753 Revolt against the transference of territory in South
America attributed to Jesuit instigation. Revolt suppressed.

1755 The great earthquake at Lisbon destroys forty thousand
inhabitants. Chartered company established to trade with Brazil.

1757 Pombal expels the Jesuits from court.

1758 Pombal persuades the pope to decree the confiscation of
merchandise belonging to Jesuits. Mysterious Tavora plot, and
attempt on José’s life.

1759 The Jesuits charged with the plot and expelled from
Portuguese territories. New Goa replaces Old Goa as capital of
the Portuguese Indies.

1760 The pope permits José’s daughter to marry her uncle Pedro.

1762 The Spaniards invade Portugal and capture Braganza
and Almeida with aid of English under Burgoyne and Count
Schaumburg-Lippe. The Spaniards are beaten at Valencia de
Alcantara and Villa Velha and

1763 peace made. Schaumburg-Lippe remains to reorganise the
Portuguese army.

1769 Pombal saves José from assassination.

1773 Pombal issues a decree providing for the future abolition
of slavery in Portugal. Clement XIV abolishes the Jesuit order.

1777 José dies leaving the throne to his daughter =Maria I=
with her husband =Pedro III=.

1781 José’s widow obtains the power and drives Pombal from
court.

1786 Maria’s husband and eldest son die and

1788 her mind gives way.

1792 Her son Dom João acts as regent and puts down sympathisers
with the French Revolution.

1793 Portugal joins Spain in the disastrous war with France.

1795 By the treaty of Bâle, Spain makes a separate peace with
France.

1796 War with Spain averted by the arrival of English aid.

1799 Dom João declared regent.

1800 Lucien Bonaparte at Madrid offers Portugal impossible
terms of peace with Spain and France.

_Nineteenth Century_

1801 Olivenza, Campo Mayor, etc., taken by the French and
Spaniards. Franco-Spanish victories of Arronches and Flor
da Rosa. Peace with Spain and France with large cessions by
Portugal. Napoleon sends Lannes as minister, and Portugal
consents to all demands. Portugal’s neutrality recognised by
France.

1804 Napoleon requires Portugal to join the Continental System
and exclude British vessels from her ports. The Portuguese
government hesitates.

1807 France and Spain sign the treaty of Fontainebleau,
agreeing to conquer and divide Portugal. Junot and Caraffa
invade Portugal; Taranco and Solano occupy the south. The
people welcome them. On English advice, Dom João names a
council of regency, and sails for Brazil just as the French
enter Lisbon.

1808 Junot declares that the house of Braganza has ceased
to reign, and divides Portugal into military provinces.
Junot leaves Lisbon, and the regency calls on the people to
rise; revolts against the French in many places and appeal
to England. Sir Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington)
arrives with English troops. Wellesley defeats La Borde at
Roliça and Junot at Vimeiro. Convention of Cintra by which
Junot agrees to evacuate Portugal.

1809 Soult takes and plunders Oporto, but is expelled by
Wellesley, who invades Spain but retreats after winning the
battle of Talavera. Beresford organises the Portuguese army.
The English ambassador added to the regency.

1810 Masséna commissioned to reconquer Portugal; he takes
Almeida. Wellington defeats Masséna at Busaco and retires to
the lines of Torres Vedras, which he defends for more than a
year against all attacks

1811 till Masséna is compelled to retreat, when he is followed
by Wellington and defeated at Fuentes de Onoro. Wellington
withdraws to Portugal.

1812 Wellington again invades Spain.

1814 End of Peninsular War. England grants Portuguese sufferers
£100,000. The Portuguese court remains in Brazil, while
Portugal is left in the hands of Beresford and the English.
Great discontent excited by the treatment of Portugal as a
province of England.

1815 Portuguese monarchy given the title of the United Kingdom
of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves. Patriotic agitations
and secret societies formed to restore the Portuguese to their
position as a nation.

1816 Maria I dies, and the regent becomes king as =João VI=.

1817 Monte Video occupied by the Portuguese. General de
Andrade’s plot for revolt against the English betrayed and the
leaders executed. Revolts in Brazil put down.

1818 Severe edicts against clubs and secret societies in
Portugal. The agitation against foreign rule increases.

1820 Beresford goes to Brazil. Rising in Oporto. The English
are expelled and a new regency and assembly formed, which
abolishes the Inquisition and draws up a constitution,
afterwards known as the constitution of 1822, constituting the
cortes as one elective chamber.

1821 João VI returns from Brazil. The queen Carlota Joaquina
and her second son Dom Miguel become the centre of absolutist
reaction and are expelled from Lisbon. Disputes between
Portuguese and Brazilian deputies in the cortes.

1822 Brazil secures independence under João’s son Pedro, who is
chosen emperor as Pedro I.

1823 A rebellion in Tras-os-Montes. João revises the
constitution. A Brazilian fleet defeats the Portuguese.

1824 The king’s son Miguel revolts, but the revolt is
suppressed by the energy of the foreign ambassadors, and a new
constitution establishes the cortes in their ancient form,
divided into three estates.

1825 The royal family goes to Brazil, where João is accepted as
emperor, then abdicates in favour of Pedro, acknowledging the
independence of Brazil.

1826 João VI dies. =Pedro IV= grants a constitutional charter.
He abdicates the throne of Portugal in favour of his daughter
=Maria II= (Maria da Gloria) aged seven, who is under the
regency of her aunt Isabella Maria. Miguel swears fidelity to
the constitution. Marquis of Chaves raises an insurrection for
Miguel. Miguel is betrothed to Maria. English troops called in
to keep order.

1827 Miguel made regent and English troops withdraw.

1828 Miguel exiles his enemies. =Miguel= proclaims himself king
and abolishes parliament. Miguel’s forces capture Madeira.

1829 Miguel defeated by constitutionalists at Terceira.

1830 A council of regency under Villa Flor (Terceira),
Palmella, etc., appointed for Maria in the Azores.

1831 Dom Pedro resigns the crown of Brazil to his son,
and meeting Maria in London prepares to overthrow Miguel.
Insurrection against Miguel put down.

1832 Pedro takes Oporto and is besieged there by Miguel who is
defeated. Miguel’s fleet beaten by Sartorius.

1833 Saldanha victorious at Oporto. Pedro’s fleet under Napier
defeats Miguel at Cape St. Vincent. Lisbon occupied for Pedro.
=Maria II= proclaimed queen and the charter of 1826 restored.

1834 Quadruple alliance of Portugal, Spain, England, and
France to expel Miguel and the Spanish pretender Don Carlos.
Saldanha defeats Miguelites at Torres and Novas. Napier reduces
Beira. Villa Flor overruns Tras-os-Montes and is victorious at
Asseiceira. Miguel surrenders at Evora and goes into exile. The
cortes abolishes the orders of friars. Massacres in Lisbon.
The queen declared of age. Dom Pedro dies. The ministry under
Palmella deals severely with Miguelites, causing frequent
insurrections. The ministry by repudiation destroys national
credit.

1835 Maria da Gloria marries Prince Augustus of Leuchtenberg.
Prince consort dies.

1836 Maria marries Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg. September
revolution at Lisbon under Caldeira

1838 compels the grant of the new constitution of 1838, based
on that of 1822.

1842 Costa Cabral succeeds in abolishing the constitution of
1838, and substituting the charter of 1826.

1846 Sá da Bandeira leads an insurrection of the Septembrists
(or partisans of the constitution of 1838), called the war of
Maria da Fonte or “patuleia.” Costa Cabral flees to Spain.
Royal troops victorious at Evora. English ships arrive.
Bandeira defeated by Saldanha at Torres Vedras.

1847 Insurgents take Oporto. England, France, and Spain agree
to intervene. Bandeira surrenders. Oporto yields to royal
troops. Convention of Granada arranges amnesty.

1850 American fleet collects claims.

1851 Saldanha raises an insurrection. Oporto declares for
Saldanha. He is made prime minister.

1852 The Cortes revises the constitution, and queen and prince
royal swear allegiance to it. Public debt funded.

1853 Maria II dies, leaving her husband as regent for her son
=Pedro V=.

1854 Royal slaves freed.

1855 The king comes of age.

1856 Saldanha ministry resigns. First railway opened.

1857 Fever ravages Lisbon. The French slave-ship
_Charles-et-Georges_ seized.

1858 The French government threatens war; the ship is released
and Portugal compelled to pay compensation.

1861 Pedro dies of cholera and is succeeded by his brother
=Luiz I=.

1862 Duke of Loulé prime minister. Luiz marries the daughter of
the king of Italy.

1864 Portugal protects Confederate privateers and has
difficulties with the United States.

1865 The colonies receive constitutional privileges.

1866 The Spanish general Prim ordered out of Portugal.

1869 Saldanha, objecting to the Duke of Loulé, compels his
dismissal (1870) and forms a ministry. He is soon after sent as
ambassador to England.

1876 Financial panic.

1878-1883 The house of peers loses hereditary privileges.

1880 Celebration in honour of Camoens and Vasco da Gama.

1883 Fontes Pereira de Mello prime minister.

1887 Macao, hitherto leased to Portugal, formally ceded by
China. Delagoa Bay Railway confiscated by Portuguese government.

1889 Riots at Oporto. King Luiz dies and is succeeded by
=Carlos I=. Difficulties with England over rival claims in East
Africa.

1890 England threatens war and Portugal yields under protest.
Riots result. England and United States remonstrate against
seizure of Delagoa Railway. The question submitted to Swiss
arbitration. Collisions between English and Portuguese troops
in East Africa.

1891 Military revolt in Oporto. British steamer seized and
stopped. Agreement arrived at with Great Britain. Financial
panic.

1892 Large reductions in expenditures. Great storms.

1893 Renewed activity among the Miguelistas--supporters of Dom
Miguel.

1894 Railway dispute with France. Celebration of 500th
anniversary of birth of Prince Henry the Navigator. War with
nations near Lourenço Marques.

1895 Electoral reforms. House of peers remodelled and made to
consist of twelve bishops, the princes of the blood royal, and
ninety members nominated by the king. Portuguese under Colonel
Galhardo victorious in the war near Lourenço Marques.

1897 400th anniversary of Vasco da Gama’s first voyage.

1899 Portugal remains neutral during the Boer War, but permits
the British to search for contraband of war imported via
Lourenço Marques.

1900 Delagoa Bay Railway award. The Portuguese government
retains the railway, but has to pay compensation.

_Twentieth Century_

1901 The king, to commemorate the opening of the new century,
grants a general amnesty to all convicted of political and
press offences. The king visits London in order to attend
Queen Victoria’s funeral ceremony in London, but on account of
disturbances at home has to hurry back. Riots at Oporto.

1902 Dom Carlos visits the king of England and on his return
the king of Spain, and re-enters Lisbon amid acclamation.
Financial conditions cause much trouble throughout Portugal.

1903 The cabinet resigns, February 27th. A new cabinet is
formed on the following day. King Edward of England visits
Lisbon. Portuguese troops at Oporto mutiny and proclaim the
Republic.

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SPANISH HISTORY

BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRESENT HISTORY; WITH CRITICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

=Abarca=, Pedro de, Los Reyes de Aragon, 1684.--=Addison=, J., Charles the Third of Spain, London, 1900.--=Alberoni=, G., Cardinal, Testament politique du Cardinal Alberoni recueilli de divers mémoires, lettres et entretiens de Son Éminence traduit d’ l’Italien par le comte de R. B. M., Lausanne, 1753.--=Alfaro=, Compendio de la historia de España, Madrid, 1860-1862, 3 vols.--=Alfonso X=, Las quatro partes enteras de la crónica de España, edited by Florián de Ocampo, Zamora, 1541; Los quatro libros primeros de la crónica general de España; Documentos de la época de Don Alfonso el Sabio, Real Academia de la historia, Madrid, 1851.

To _Alfonso X_, known as the Learned, Spanish language and
literature owe an enormous debt. He was the first to take the
Castilian tongue, as the official language, and he made use of
it in his own writings. Numerous are the literary works which
bear his name and were, some written by him, some compiled
under his direction. The chief that concern us here are of two
classes, historical and legislative. Of the former class the
principal is the _Estoria de Espanna_ or _Crónica general_.
There is a dispute as to how much of this was written by
Alfonso himself. Some authorities credit him with the whole.
It extends from the creation to Alfonso’s own accession and is
based partly on older histories, partly on tradition and poetic
legends of which it is a perfect storehouse. Of the _Siete
Partidas_, which belong to the second class and were called
by Alfonso _El Setenario_, Ticknor says that they “do not
always read like a collection of statutes.... They often seem
rather to be a series of treatises on legislation, morals, and
religion divided with great formality into Parts, Titles, and
Laws.”

=Al Makkari=, Analectos de la historia literaria y política de los árabes de España, Leipsic, 1855-1858, 4 vols.; History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, translated, with notes by Pascual de Gayangos, London, 1840-1843, 2 vols.

_Abul-Abbas Ahmad ibn Mohammed Al Makkari_, the Arab historian,
was born about 1585 at Tlemcen in Algeria. About 1620 he
settled at Cairo, having been exiled from his own country,--why
is not known. His history was undertaken in response to a
request from his friends at Damascus who had been deeply
interested by the oral descriptions of the doings of the
Spanish Arabs with which he had entertained them when on a
visit to Damascus in 1628. He died in 1631.

=Altamira y Crevea=, R., Historia de España y de la civilización española, Barcelona, 1900-1902. The two volumes thus far completed extend to 1479.--=Amicis=, E. de, Spain, New York, 1881.--=Anghiera=, Pietro Martire d’, Opus epistolarum, Alcalá, 1530, Strasburg, 1891.--=Annales Complutenses=, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

_Annales Complutenses._ The word Complutenses is derived from
Complutum, the Roman name for Alcalá de Henares. The anonymous
writer of this brief historical summary wrote in the twelfth
century.

=Annales Toledanos=, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

_Annales Toledanos._ The author of the early portion of these
annals of Toledo lived in the thirteenth century.

=Antonio=, N., Bibliotheca Hispana nova, 1500-1684, Madrid, 1783-1788, 2 vols.; Biblioteca Hispana vetus, Madrid, 1788, 2 vols.

_Nicolás Antonio_ was born at Seville in 1617, and educated
there and at the university of Salamanca. He afterwards
returned to Seville where he drew on the treasures of the
library of the monastery of San Benito in the composition of
his _Bibliotheca Hispana_ which forms a literary history, the
first part of which extends to 1500, the second (which appeared
in 1672) to 1670. In 1654 Philip IV sent Antonio to Rome as his
general agent. He afterwards filled the office of agent to the
Spanish Inquisition. He died in 1684.

=Armstrong=, E., Elisabeth Farnese, “the termagant of Spain,” London, 1892.--=Aschbach=, J., Geschichte der Westgoten, Frankfort, 1827; Geschichte der Ommaïjaden in Spanien, Vienna, 1860, 2 vols.; Geschichte Spaniens und Portugals zur Zeit der Almoraviden und Almohaden, Frankfort, 1833-1837, 2 vols.--=Aulnoy=, M. C. J. de B. d’, Relation du voyage d’Espagne, Paris, 1690; reprint as La cour et la ville de Madrid à la fin du 17ᵉ siècle, Paris, 1876, 2 vols.--=Avila=, G. G. de, Historia de Salamanca, Salamanca, 1606; Historia de la vida y hechos del rey Don Henrique III de Castilla, Madrid, 1638; Teatro eclesiastico de la primitiva iglesia de las Indias Occidentales, Madrid, 1649-1656, 2 vols.; Historia de la vida y hechos del monarca Don Felipe III, in Mendoza’s Monarquía de España, Madrid, 1770.--=Avila y Zuñiga=, Luis de, Comentario de la guerra de Alemaña hecha por Carlos V en 1546 y 1547, Madrid, 1548, 1852.--=Ayala=, P. López de, Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla, Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III, Madrid, 1781, 2 vols.; in Biblioteca de autores Españoles, Madrid, 1875.

_Pedro López de Ayala_, celebrated as knight, poet, and
historian, was born in 1332, and died in 1407. He entered the
service of Pedro the Cruel of Castile and sided with the king
in the latter’s earlier struggles with his revolted brothers
and nobles, distinguishing himself chiefly by his exploits on
the sea. When King Pedro was driven out by his brother Henry
of Trastamara, Ayala joined Henry. He was taken prisoner by
the English at Navarrete, but afterwards ransomed. Under Henry
II and Juan II he filled important offices. At the Battle of
Aljubarrota he was captured by the Portuguese and released only
on payment of an enormous ransom. Translations from Isidore of
Seville, Boccaccio, Titus Livius, etc., are among his writings
as well as a treatise on the duties of kings and nobles, called
_El Rimado de Palacio_, but the chief of his works is the
_Crónicas_. This is written with elegance and simplicity of
style and much skill in delineation of character. He is accused
of unduly blackening the character of King Pedro.

* * * * *

=Bacallar y Sanna=, Marques de San Felipe, Vicente, Comentarios de la guerra de España hasta el Año 1725, Genoa, 2 vols.

_Vicente Bacallar y Sanna_ was a Spaniard born in Sardinia
about 1660. Under Charles II he held various diplomatic posts.
In the war of the Spanish Succession he sided with Philip V
and was created Marquis of San Felipe by that monarch. Besides
his history of the war of succession he left a history of the
Jewish monarchy.

=Bakhuyzen van den Brink=, R. C., Analyse d’un manuscrit contemporain sur la retraite de Charles Quint, The Hague, 1842.--=Baronius=, C., Annales ecclesiastici, Antwerp, 1601-1605, 12 vols.

_Cæsar Baronius_, the great ecclesiastical historian, was born
in the kingdom of Naples in 1538, and died at Rome, 1607. His
_Annales Ecclesiastici_ were written as an answer on behalf
of the Church of Rome to the Protestant history called the
_Magdeburg Centuries_. Baronius became a cardinal in 1596 and
subsequently librarian of the Vatican.

=Baumgarten=, Hermann, Geschichte Spaniens zur Zeit der französischen Revolution, Berlin, 1851; Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch der französischen Revolution, Leipsic, 1865-1871, 3 vols.; Geschichte Karls V, Stuttgart, 1885-1892.

_Hermann Baumgarten_ was born at Lesse in Brunswick in 1825,
and between the years 1842 and 1848 studied philology and
history at no less than five universities, namely Jena, Halle,
Leipsic, Bonn, and Göttingen. He then became a teacher in
the gymnasium at Brunswick, and from 1850-1852 was editor of
the _Reichszeitung_ in that city. But in 1852 he resumed his
historical studies at Heidelberg and subsequently at Munich.
Here he was associated with the starting of the _Süddeutschen
Zeitung_. In 1861 he became professor of history and literature
at the Karlsruhe Polytechnicum and in 1872 in the university of
Strasburg. His works include various political writings, but
those on Spanish history here cited are his chief title to fame.

=Baumgartner=, A., “Der Cid in der Geschichte,” in Stimmen aus Maria Laach, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1898.

_Alexander Baumgartner_ was the son of the celebrated statesman
and savant, Andreas Baumgartner. In 1860 he entered the Order
of Jesuits and subsequently taught in their colleges at
Feldkirch and Stonyhurst. After the abolition of the order he
retired to Holland and devoted himself to literature, becoming
part editor of the periodical, Stimmen aus Maria Laach.

=Baudier=, M., Vie de Ximènes, Paris, 1635.--=Baudrillart=, A., Philippe V et la cour de France, Paris, 1890, 2 vols.--=Beccatini=, Storia del regno di Carlo III, Venice, 1796.--=Benavides=, Memorias del rey Ferdinand IV de Castilla, Madrid, 1860, 2 vols.--=Bergenroth=, G., and =de Gayangos= (P.), Calendar of State Papers, relating to negotiations between England and Spain, 1485-1543, London, 1862-1895, 6 vols.--=Bermejo=, I. A., Historia anecdotica y secreta de la Corte de Carlos IV, Madrid [1894-1895], 2 vols.--=Bermudez de Castro=, S., Antonio Perez, Madrid, 1842.--=Bernáldez=, A., Historia de los reyes católicos Fernando y Doña Isabel in Bibliofilos Andaluces, Seville, 1870, 2 vols.

_Andrés Bernáldez_, known as “the Curate of Los Palacios,”
lived in the last half of the fifteenth and the beginning
of the sixteenth century, and was _Cura_ of the town of Los
Palacios from 1488-1513, and afterwards chaplain to Archbishop
Diego de Deza. He was present at many of the scenes he
describes and acquainted with many of the great men of his
day, including Columbus. He shows considerable knowledge of
foreign affairs, and gives many details not reported by his
contemporaries.

=Bersani=, Storia del Cardenale Alberoni, Piacenza, 1872.--=Berwick=, duke of, Mémoires, Paris, 1778.--=Biblioteca= de autores españoles, Madrid, 1846, etc.--=Blaquière=, E., Historical Review of the Spanish Revolution, London, 1822.--=Bleda=, J., Crónica de los moros de España, Valencia, 1618, 2 vols.

_Jaime Bleda_ (1550-1622) was the _cura_ of a town which
contained many Moriscos to whom he was vehemently opposed. It
was he who, in conjunction with the archbishop of Valencia,
persuaded Philip III to issue the decree of 1609, ordering the
Moriscos to leave Spanish territory.

=Bofarull=, A. de, Historia crítica de Cataluña, Barcelona, 1876-1879, 9 vols.--=Bollaert=, W., Wars of Succession of Portugal and Spain from 1826 to 1840, London, 1870, 2 vols.--=Borrego=, A., Anales del reinado de Isabel II; Historia de las cortes de España durante el siglo XIX, Madrid, 1885.

_Andrés Borrego_, born in 1801, was minister of finance in
Spain in 1840. He was one of those who supported the idea of
a union between Spain and Portugal. Besides the books here
mentioned, he wrote works on political economy.

=Briz Martínez=, J., Historia de los reyes de Sobrarbe, Aragon y Navarra.--=Burgos=, F. J. de, Anales del reinado de Doña Isabel II, 1850-1852, 6 vols.

_Francisco Javier de Burgos_, born 1778, died 1849, was a
Spanish politician distinguished as a writer in the two
opposite fields of poetry and economics. Being expelled from
his seat in the upper house on a charge afterwards disproved,
he devoted himself to the composition of a history of the reign
under which he had held office.

=Burke=, U. R., History of Spain till the death of Ferdinand the Catholic, London, 1895, 2 vols.--=Buron=, R., Compendio de la historia crítica de la inquisición de España, Paris, 1823, 2 vols.--=Busk=, M. M., The History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1833.

* * * * *

=Cabrera de Córdoba=, L., Relaciones de las cosas suredidas en la corte de España desde 1599 hasta 1614, 1857; Felipe Segundo, Madrid, 1619, 1876-1878, 4 vols.--=Calderon de la Barca=, F. E. J., The Attaché in Madrid, or, Sketches of the Court of Isabella II (trans. from the German), New York, 1856.--=Calvo Marcos=, M., Regimen parlementario de España en el Siglo 19, Madrid, 1883.--=Camden=, T., History of the War in Spain and Portugal, 1814.--=Campana=, C., Vida de Don Filippo (II) 1605.--=Campos=, J. de, Le Siege de Bilbao par l’armée carliste en 1874, Paris, 1876.--=Cánovas del Castillo=, A., Historia de la decadencia de España desde el advenimiento al trono de Don Felipe III hasta la muerte de Carlos II; Discurso. La dominación de los españoles en Italia, 1860; Estudios del reinado de Felipe IV, 1880-1890, 2 vols.; Historia General de España, Escrita por individuos de la Real Academia de la historia bajo la dirección de, Madrid, 1890. Completion retarded by the death of Cánovas.

The statesman, _Antonio Cánovas del Castillo_, was born in
Malaga in 1828 and was the son of a professor in the naval
college of San Telmo. He was not eighteen when he attempted
to start a periodical called _la Jóven Malaga_, but it failed
and he had to accept a small post on the Madrid Aranjuez
railway. But he soon turned again to journalism and published
his first and chief historical work. Cánovas is credited with
a considerable share in a periodical called _El Murciélago_,
of which only a few numbers appeared, but in which the most
violent attacks were directed against various prominent persons
not excluding royalty. Cánovas was credited with a considerable
share in this as well as with the authorship of the manifesto
of Manzanares (1854). He now entered the cortes and filled
various offices of state in succession. He held aloof from the
revolution of 1868 and during the reign of King Amadeo, though
he made a brilliant speech in defence of the exiled sovereigns;
but after Amadeo’s retirement he was chiefly instrumental in
bringing about the return of Alfonso XII, during most of whose
reign he was premier. He again held office from 1890-1893, and
in 1895, when he devoted his attention to the severe repression
of the Cuban insurrection. In the midst of the struggle he was
murdered by an anarchist (August, 1897).

=Capefigue=, B. H. R., Isabelle de Castille, 1869.--=Carbajal=, L. G. de, Historia de España M. S.; Anales del rey Don Fernando el Católico.--=Carvajal=, La España de los Bórbones, 1844, 4 vols.--=Casado=, F. S., Historia de España.--=Casas=, B. de las, Historia general de las Indias, Madrid, 1875-1876; Brevissima relación de la destrucción de las Indias, Seville, 1552, in Colección de documentos inéditos, vol. 7, Madrid, 1879.

_Bartolomé de las Casas_ or _Casaus_ was of French descent.
His father, Francisco Casaus, was in Hispaniola with Columbus
in 1493, and returned to Seville with a fortune in 1500. In
the same year Bartolomé, who had been born in 1474, went to
Salamanca, where he studied jurisprudence. He then went to
Hispaniola with the governor, Nicolás Ovando, and in 1510
took holy orders. In 1515 he returned to Spain to protest
against the ill treatment of the natives of the West Indies by
the Spaniards. Through the influence of Cardinal Ximenes he
obtained the nomination of special commissioners to inquire
into the abuses of authority. He was himself appointed to
act as their adviser. The colonists proved too powerful and
the mission failed in its object. Las Casas, expelled from
Hispaniola, returned to Spain. After some difficulty he
obtained the acceptance of his suggestions for improving the
government of the West Indies, the chief of which was the
unfortunate one of the substitution of negro for native labour.
He returned to America and this time succeeded in obtaining
better treatment for the Indians, who were finally declared
free by a royal edict of 1543. He died at Madrid in 1569.

=Casiri=, M., Bibliotheca arabigo-hispana escurialensis, Madrid, 1750-1770, 2 vols.

_Michael Casiri_ was born in Tripoli, Syria, in 1710. By birth
he was a Syro-Maronite and his life was chiefly devoted to
oriental studies though in 1734 he took holy orders. In 1749
he was appointed librarian of the Escorial. His _Bibliotheca_
consists of extracts from and articles on the Arabian documents
in the library of the Escorial.

=Castelar=, E., Historia del año 1883, Madrid, 1884; Discursos Parlamentarios, Madrid, 1885, 4 vols.

_Emilio Castelar y Ripoll_, celebrated as orator, writer, and
statesman, was born at Cadiz in 1832. He took his degree of
doctor of philosophy in his twenty-second year. He was editor
of various newspapers in succession and an eloquent exponent
of republican ideas which he continued to be after succeeding
to the chair of Spanish History in the Universidad Central
(1858), till the government forced him to resign. He shared in
the revolution of 1866 and was consequently condemned to death.
He escaped to Paris, where he remained till the revolution of
1868 made possible his return to Madrid, when he became one of
the leaders of the republican party and headed the opposition
during the reign of King Amadeo, on whose resignation Castelar
attained the chief power under the republic. He governed ably,
but his republicanism became suspected, and early in 1874 he
was overthrown by a vote of want of confidence. He retired for
a time to Paris, but soon returned to Spain and resumed his
political career as deputy to the cortes. His numerous works
include novels and speeches on various political questions.

=Castillo=, D. Enriquez de, Crónica del rey Don Henrique el Quarto, Madrid, 1787.--=Castro=, A. Gómez de, De rebus gestis Francisci Jimenii.--=Castro y Rossi=, A. de, El conde duque de Olivares y el rey Felipe IV, Cadiz and Madrid, 1846; Historia de los judíos en España, Cadiz and Madrid, 1847; Historia de los protestantes Españoles, Cadiz and Madrid, 1851; Exámen filosófico sobre la decadencia de España. Cadiz and Madrid, 1852.--=Cavanilles y Centi=, A. C., Historia de España (to the reign of Philip II), Madrid, 1860-1864, 5 vols.--=Cespedes y Meneses=, G. de, Historia de Don Felipe III, Lisbon, 1631.--=Cevallos=, P., Exposición de los hechos y maquinaciones que han preparado la usurpación de la corona de España, Madrid, 1808; History of the practices and machinations which led to the usurpation of the crown of Spain, London, 1808.--=Chaby=, C. de, Excerptos historicos e collecçào de documentos relativos á guerra denomenada da peninsula, Lisbon, 1863.--=Châteaubriand=, F. R. A. de, Guerre d’Espagne de 1823, Paris, 1838; Le Congrès de Vérone, Paris, 1838, 2 vols--=Cherbuliez=, V. C., L’Espagne politique, Paris, 1874.--=Chronica Albeldensis= in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

_Chronicon Albeldensis._ This is the work of two authors;
the first, an anonymous monk of Albelda, wrote in the ninth
century. His portion extends from the foundation of Rome to the
reign of Alfonso III. The second author was the monk Vigila, of
the same monastery, who coming a century later continued the
narrative down to the year 976. He is the earliest authority
for the history of Navarre.

=Chronicon Conimbricense= in Flórez’s España Sagrada.--=Chronicon Moissacense.=--=Churton=, E., Góngora, an historical and critical essay on the times of Philip III and Philip IV, London, 1862, 2 vols.--=Circourt=, A. M. J. E., Histoire des Mores Madejares et des Moresques, ou des Arabes d’Espagne sous la domination des chrétiens, Paris, 1845-1848, 3 vols.--=Clarke=, Letters concerning the state of Spain, London, 1763.--=Clarke=, H. B., The Cid Campeador and the Waning of the Crescent in the West, New York, 1897, in Heroes of the Nations.--=Clemencin=, D., Elogio de la reina católica Doña Isabella, in Mem. Academia, 1821.--=Clinton=, H. R., The War in the Peninsula, London, 1878.--=Colección= de documentos inéditos para la historia de España por M. Fernandez Navarrete, et al., Madrid, 1842-1895, 112 vols.; vol. 30 contains an index of the volumes preceding.--=Colección= de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y colonizacion de las antiguas posesiones españolas de America y Oceanía, Madrid, 1864-1890, first series, 42 vols. Also Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones españoles de Ultramar. Second series published by the Royal Academy of History, Madrid, 1885-1900, 13 vols.--=Colección= de libros españoles raros y curiosos, Madrid, 1871-1892.--=Colección= legislativa de España, Madrid, 1816 (in progress), 330 vols.--=Colmeiro=, M., Reyes cristianos desde Alfonso VI hasta Alfonso XI, Madrid, 1893.--=Colmenares=, D. de, Historia de Segovia y compendio de la historia de Castilla, Segovia, 1637-1847.--=Condé=, J. A., Historia de la dominación de los Arabes en España, Madrid, 1820-1821, 3 vols.; English translation by Mrs. J. Foster, London, 1860, 3 vols.; History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Spain, London, 1854, 3 vols.

_José Antonio Condé_ (1765-1820), was at one time regarded as
the great authority on the history of the Spanish Arabs. He was
educated at the University of Salamanca, a member of various
learned societies, and for long _conservador_ of the Escorial
library. In 1814 he was exiled for political reasons and he
died in great poverty. Modern students of the history of the
Spanish Arabs have convicted Condé of many errors and faults
of judgment, but it is acknowledged that he was a laborious
scholar.

=Coppée=, H., History of the Conquest of Spain by the Arab Moors, Boston, 1881, 2 vols.--=Cos-Gayon=, F., Historia de la administración pública de España, Madrid, 1851.--=Coxe=, W., Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon, London, 1815, 5 vols.--=Crónica= de Don Alvaro de Luna, Milan, 1546, Madrid, 1784.--=Crónica= del rey Don Rodrigo, Alcalá, 1587.--=Curry=, J. L. M., Constitutional Government in Spain, New York, 1889.--=Cushing=, Caleb, Reminiscences of Spain, 1833, 2 vols.--=Custine=, M. de, L’Espagne sous Ferdinand VII, Paris, 1838, 4 vols.

* * * * *

=Dahn=, F., Die Könige der Germanen, Würzburg and Leipsic, 1861-1895.--=Danvila y Collado=, M., Historia del Reinado de Carlos III, Madrid, 1893-1896, 6 vols.--=Daumet=, G., Étude sur l’alliance de la France et de la Castille au XIVᵉ et au XVᵉ siècles, Paris, 1898.--=De Labra=, R. M., Historia de las relaciones internacionales de España, Madrid, 1897; La Crisis colonial en España, Madrid, 1902.--=De la Escosura y Hevia=, A., Inicio crítico del feudalismo en España, Madrid, 1856.--=Del Cantillo=, A., Tratados, convenios y declaraciones de paz y de comercio que han hecho cen las potencias extranjeras los monarcos españoles de la Casa de Bourbon, 1700-1842, Madrid, 1843.--=Desclot=, B., Crónica del rey En Pere in Chroniques étrangères relatives aux expéditions françaises pendant le XIIIᵉ siècle, Orléans, 1876.

_Bernardo Desclot_, one of the greatest of Catalan historians,
lived in the reigns of James I and Pedro III of Aragon. Little
is known of his life. He wrote the story of the events of his
own day in the Catalan language, and prefixed the narrative by
a short account of the counts of Barcelona and kings of Aragon
preceding James I.

=Desdevises du Degert=, G., L’Espagne de l’ancien régime, Paris, 1897 (in progress, 2 vols. already published).--=Desormeaux=, J. L. R., Abrégé chronologique de l’histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, 1758, 5 vols.--=Diercks=, G., Geschichte Spaniens, Berlin, 1895-1896, 2 vols.--=Dillon=, J. T., History of the Reign of Pedro the Cruel, 1788, 2 vols.--=Dochez=, and Paquis, A., Histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, Paris, 1844-1848, 2 vols.--=Dormer=, D. J., Progresos de la historia en Aragon, Saragossa, 1680.--=Dozy=, R. P., Recherches sur l’histoire et la littérature de l’Espagne, Leyden, 1845, 1860, 1881, 2 vols.; Le Cid d’après de nouveaux documents, 1860; Histoire des Musulmans d’Espagne jusqu’à la conquête de l’Andalousie par les Almoravides, Leyden, 1861, 4 vols.

_Reinhart Dozy_, an eminent Dutch orientalist of French
extraction was born in Leyden in 1820 and died there in 1883.
He was an extraordinary linguist and wrote almost equally well
in every European language beside being deeply versed in most
of the Semitic languages but especially the Arabic. In 1850 he
became professor in the University of Leyden. He was the first
to shake the high reputation of the historian Condé by pointing
out his numerous errors. Dozy’s historical investigations were
made in the archives of various countries, especially of course
in Spain. He edited a number of the works of Arab writers with
commentaries and glossaries and published a dictionary of the
names of Arab garments.

=Ducasse=, Mémoires et correspondance politique du roi Joseph, Paris, 1853-1855, 10 vols.--=Du Hamel=, V., Historia constitucional de la monarquía española, translated from the French by B. A. y Espinosa, Madrid, 1848, 2 vols.--=Duncan=, F., The English in Spain; or, the Story of the War of Succession between 1834-1840, London, 1877.--=Dunham=, S. A., History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1832, 5 vols.--=Dunlop=, J., Memoirs of Spain during the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II, Edinburgh, 1834, 2 vols.--=Duran=, A., Romancero General, Madrid, 1857-1861.--=Duro=, C. F., La armada invincible, Madrid, 1884-1885, 2 vols.

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