Chapter LXIX: Appendix: A. the Inquisition (4)

=Eckstein=, F., Espagne, considérations sur son passé, son présent, son avenir, 1836.--Elliot, F. M., Old Court Life in Spain, London, 1893, 2 vols.; La España del siglo XIX, Madrid, 1885-1887, 3 vols. A series of historical lectures delivered in the Atheneum of Madrid.--=Everhard Nidart=, P. J., Varias obras correspondientes á la regencia de la reina Doña Maria Ana de Neoburg; sucesos de Don Juan de Austria (in Semanario Erudito), 1788.

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=Fabricius=, A. K., La première invasion des Normands dans l’Espagne Musulmane en 814, Lisbon, 1892.--=Fernald=, J. C., The Spaniard in History, New York, 1898.--=Fernan-Nuñez=, Condé de, Vida de Carlos III, published by A. Morel-Fatio and A. Paz y Melia, Madrid, 1898, 2 vols.--=Ferrer del Rio=, A., Exámen histórico crítico del reinado de Don Pedro de Castilla, 1850; Historia del reinado de Carlos III de España, Madrid, 1856, 4 vols.--=Ferreras=, J. de, Synopsis histórica cronológica de España, Madrid, 1775-1781, 17 vols.--=Field=, H. M., Old Spain and New Spain, London, 1888.--=Flórez=, Enrique, Memorias de las reynas católicas, historia genealógica de la casa real de Castilla y de Leon, Madrid, 1761, 1790, 2 vols.; España Sagrada teatro geográfico-histórico de la iglesia de España, Madrid, 1747, 51 vols.; Llave historial, Madrid, 1743, 1790; España carpetana, Medallas de las colonias, municipios y pueblos antiguos de España, Madrid, 1757.

_El Padre Enrique Flórez_, historian, archæologist, theologian,
and numismatist, was born at Valladolid in 1701, and entered
the order of St. Augustine in his fifteenth year. His _España
Sagrada_ is the work most usefully consulted in studying the
history and antiquities of Spain, containing, as it does,
so many documents, notices and illustrations bearing on the
subject, and greatly valued for the high critical faculty and
scrupulous care exhibited by its author. Flórez left also
works on theology and a treatise on botany and the natural
sciences. He was corresponding member of the French Academy of
inscriptions and _belles-lettres_, and enjoyed the friendship
of many prominent men of his age. He died in 1773.

=Forneron=, Histoire de Philippe II, Paris, 1881-1882, 4 vols.--=Forster=, J., Chronicle of James I, translated from the Catalan, London, 1883, 2 vols.--=Foulché-Delbosc=, R., Bibliographie des voyages en Espagne et en Portugal, Paris, 1896.--=Foy=, M. S., Histoire de la guerre de la péninsule sous Napoléon, Paris, 1827, 4 vols.--=Froissart=, John, Chroniques de France, d’Angleterre, d’Écosse, d’Espagne, de Bretagne, Paris, 1869-1888, 8 vols. (trans. T. Johnes, London, 1857, 2 vols.).--=Froude=, J. A., The Spanish Story of the Armada, 1892.

* * * * *

=Gachard=, L. P., Correspondance de Philippe II sur les affaires des Pays-Bas, Brussels, 1848-1879, 5 vols.; Retraite et mort de Charles Quint, 1854-1855; Don Carlos et Philippe II, Brussels, 1863, 1867, 2 vols.; Relations des Ambassadeurs Vénitiens sur Charles V et Philippe II.

_Louis Prosper Gachard_, the Belgian historian, born at Paris
in 1800, died at Brussels, 1885, was keeper of the Belgian
archives, to which appointment he succeeded in 1826. Besides
putting in order the existing archives he greatly added to
the documents contained in them and caused researches to be
made throughout Europe for papers which might throw light on
Belgian history. His works are valued both for their impartial
historical spirit and their literary style as well as for the
fresh light they throw on the periods with which they deal.

=Gallenga=, A., Iberian Reminiscences, 1883, 2 vols.--=Garcia=, J. C., Castilla y Leon durante los reinados de Pedro I, Enrique II, Juan I, Enrique III, Madrid, 1891.--=Gardiner=, S. R., Narrative of the Spanish Marriage Treaty, Spanish and English, London, 1859; Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage, 1617-1623, London, 1869, 2 vols.--=Garibay y Zamálloa=, E., Los quarenta libros del compendio historial de las chrónicas y universal historia de España, Antwerp, 1571, Barcelona, 1628, 4 vols.

_Esteban de Garibay y Zamálloa_ (1525-1599) was appointed
by Philip II as chronicler of his reign. He was a laborious
collector of historical information, who, though extremely
credulous, served to some extent as a model to Mariana and
other historians.

=Gayangos=, P. de, History of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain, London, 1840, 2 vols.; Historia de los reyes de Granada, Paris, 1842; Cartas del Cardinal Cisneros, Madrid, 1867; Cartas y relaciones de Hernan Cortes al emperador Carlos V, Paris, 1870.--=Gebhardt=, Historia general de España, Barcelona, 1897, 7 vols.--=Geddes=, M., Wars of the Commons of Castile in the reign of Charles V, 1730.--=George=, A., Memoirs of the Queens of Spain, London, 1850.--=Gibbon=, E., Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London, 1853.--Giovio, P., Historia sui temporis 1494-1547, Florence, 1548, 2 vols.--=Godoy=, M., Mémoires, Paris, 1839-1841, 6 vols.; partial translation, London, 1836, 2 vols.--=Gómez de Arteche= y Moro, J., Guerra de la independencia 1808-1814, Madrid, 1868-1883, 5 vols.; Historia del Reinado de Carlos IV, Madrid, 1893.

General _José Gómez de Arteche y Moro_ was born at Madrid in
1821 and entered the artillery in 1840. He took an active part
in the events of July, 1856, siding with O’Donnell. He was
under-secretary in the ministry of war in 1865 and 1868, and in
1878 became aide-de-camp to Alfonso XII. In 1885 he was elected
senator for Guipuzcoa.

=Gonsalez=, T., Apuntamientos para la historia del rey Don Felipe Segundo por lo tocante á sus relaciones con la rein a Isabel de Inglaterra.--=Grabinski=, J. de, Amédée de Savoie, duc d’Aoste, roi d’Espagne.--=Graetz=, H., Geschichte der Juden, Berlin and Leipsic, 1853-1870, 11 vols.; 1888-1889, 3 vols.--=Granvella=, Cardinal A. P., Papiers d’état du Cardinal Granvella in Collection des documents inédits sur l’histoire de France, Paris, 1841-1861, 9 vols.; Correspondance du Cardinal Granvella, 1565-1586, Brussels, 1878-1892, 9 vols.--=Guardia=, J. M., La cour de Rome et l’église d’Espagne.--=Guerra=, Caida y ruina del imperio visigótico, Madrid, 1883.--=Guizot=, F. P. G., Un projet de mariage royal, 1863.--=Guzman=, F. Perez de, Crónica del serenissimo principe, Don Juan II, Logroño, 1517, Valencia, 1779.

* * * * *

=Häbler=, Die wirtschaftliche Blüte Spaniens im 16. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1888.--=Hale=, E. E. and S., The Story of Spain in Story of the Nations, New York, 1891.--=Harcourt=, Henri duc d’, Avènement des Bourbons au trône d’Espagne, Paris, 1875, 2 vols.--=Hare=, A., Wanderings in Spain, London, 1873.--=Havemann=, W., Darstellungen aus der innern Geschichte Spaniens während des 15., 16., und 17. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen, 1850; Das Leben des Don Juan d’Austria, Gotha, 1865.--=Hefele=, K. J., Der Kardinal Ximenes und die kirchlichen Zustände Spaniens am Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts, Tübingen, 1851.--=Henningsen=, C. F., The most striking events of a twelvemonth’s Campaign with Zumalacarregui, Philadelphia, 1836, 2 vols.--=Herrera y Tordesillas=, A. de, Historia general del mundo del tiempo del Señor Rey Don Felipe II, Madrid, 1601-1612, 3 vols.; Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y tierra firme del mar océano, Madrid, 1601-1615, 1728, 4 vols.; Tratado relación y discurso histórico de los movimientos de Aragon.

_Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas_ lived from 1559 to 1625. He
studied in Spain and Italy, where he attracted the attention of
Vespasiano di Gonzaga, who being appointed viceroy of Navarre
and Valencia, made Herrera his private secretary and afterwards
recommended him to Philip II, with the result that Herrera was
appointed chief chronicler for America and a chronicler for
Castile. He fulfilled these offices during the reigns of the
three Philips and acquired a European reputation for capacity
and exactitude. The second of the works above mentioned is the
chief of many. Part of it is merely a condensation of that of
Las Casas, but for the events of his own time he is a most
valuable authority, and he had the advantage of access to
documents of all kinds.

=Hidalgo=, D., Diccionario general de bibliografía española, Madrid, 1864-1879, 6 vols.--=Hill=, C., Story of the Princess des Ursins (Orsini) in Spain, New York, 1899.--=Hinojosa=, Eduardo de, Historia de los Visigodos.--=Höfler=, Kaiser Karls (V) erstes Auftreten in Spanien, Vienna, 1874.--=Houghton=, A., Les Origines de la Restoration des Bourbons en Espagne.--=Howard=, O. O., Isabella of Castile, New York, 1894.--=Hubbard=, N. G., Histoire contemporaine de l’Espagne, Paris, 1869-1883, 6 vols.--=Huber=, V. A., Die Geschichte des Cid, Bremen, 1829; Chrónica del Cid, Marburg, 1844.--=Huegel=, C. W., Spanien und die Revolution, 1821.--=Huerta=, F. M., Sobre qual de los reyes godos fué y debe contarse primero de las de su nación en España in Academia de la historia, Memorias, 1796.--=Hughes=, T. M., Revelations of Spain in 1845, London, 1845, 2 vols.--=Hume=, M. A. S., Philip II of Spain, London, 1845, 2 vols.; Spain, its Greatness and Decay, Cambridge, 1897; Modern Spain, 1788-1898, London and New York, 1899, in Story of the Nations; The Spanish People, their Origin, Growth, and Influence, New York, 1901.--=Hurtado de Mendoza=, D., see Mendoza, D. Hurtado de.

* * * * *

=Ibn Bassam=, Zakira, Tesoro ó cualidades de los habitantes de la península.--=Idatius=, Chronicum (379 A.D.-469 A.D.) in the Chronica Medii Aevi of Rösler, Tübingen, 1798.

The chronicle of _Idatius_ belongs to the fifth century. Its
author was a bishop of Chaves in Portugal, and a native of
Lamego, where he was born towards the close of the fourth
century. The work is brief, but supplies information not to be
found elsewhere.

=Irving=, W., Conquest of Granada, New York, 1850, 1880; Companions of Columbus, New York, 1880.--=Isidorus Hispalensis=, Historia Gotorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum, Madrid, 1599, in S. Isidori Hispalensis episcopi opera omnia, Rome, 1797-1803, 7 vols.

_Isidorus Hispalensis_ or _Saint Isidore_ of Seville was the
son of a wealthy citizen of Cartagena, where he was born about
570 A.D. His brother, St. Leander, Archbishop of Seville,
bestowed great pains on his education, but becoming jealous
of his remarkable learning shut him up in a monastery. On
Leander’s death Isidore became bishop of Seville. He was
regarded as the glory of his age for learning, and left
numerous works which, besides the _Historia_ and numerous
ecclesiastical writings, include a kind of general encyclopædia
of the science of the period, known as the _Origines_.

=Isidorus Pacensis=, Chronicon, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

_Isidor Pacensis_ was bishop of Pax Julia, whence his surname
of Pacensis. Pax Julia is identified with the Portuguese town
of Beja. The prelate wrote in the eighth century. The names of
three of his works have come down to us, but one of them only
is extant and is a _chronicon_ extending to the year 754 A.D.

* * * * *

=Janer=, F., Condición social de los Moriscoes de España causas de su expulsion y consecuencias que en el órden económico esta produjo, in Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1857.--=Jiménez de Rada=, R., see Ximenes Toletanus, Rodericus.--=Joannes= Biclarensis, Chronicon, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

_Joannes Biclarensis_ lived in the last half of the sixth
century. His birthplace was Santarem, but he derived his
surname from the Latin form of Valclara (in Catalonia), of
which he was abbot. He afterwards became bishop of Gerona. His
_Chronicon_ continues that of Idatius down to the year 590.

=Jones=, Sir J. T., Journals of sieges carried on under the Duke of Wellington in Spain, London, 1846, 3 vols.--=Jordanes=, De Origine Gothorum, Augsburg, 1515, Venice, 1729.--=Julian=, St., Historia Regis Wambæ in Flórez’s España Sagrada.--=Junta=, P. de, and J. B. Varesio (editors), Chrónica del famoso cavallero Cid Ruy Diez Campeador, 1593.

* * * * *

=Kaemmel=, O., Illustrierte Weltgeschichte, Darmstadt, 1890, 10 vols.--=Kayserling=, M., Geschichte der Juden in Spanien und Portugal, Berlin, 1861-1867, 2 vols.

* * * * *

=La Fuente=, V. de, Juana la loca vindicada de la nota de herejia.--=Lafuente y Alcantara=, M., Historia de Granada.--=Lafuente y Zamálloa=, M., Historia general de España, Madrid, 1795, 1854.

_Modesto Lafuente y Zamálloa_ (1806-1866) took his degree of
bachelor of theology at the university of Valladolid in 1832,
and afterwards successively filled chairs of philosophy,
rhetoric, and theology. In 1837 he removed to Madrid, where he
published a periodical entitled _Fray Gerundio_, through which
he attacked existing abuses, advocated reforms, and set himself
against the Carlist wars. This publication soon attained a wide
circulation, and was continued till 1849, after which Lafuente
turned his attention to his _Historia_. He subsequently became
a deputy to the cortes for Astorga, and in 1860 member of the
council of state. He was also a member of various academies.

=Landau=, M., Geschichte Kaiser Karls VI als König von Spanien, Stuttgart, 1889.--=Lane-Poole=, S., and =A. Gilman=, The Story of the Moors in Spain (Story of the Nations), New York, 1891.--=Las Casas=, see Casas.--=Lathbury=, T., The Spanish Armada, London, 1840.--=Latimer=, E. W., Spain in the Nineteenth Century, Chicago, 1897.--=Latour=, A. T. de, L’Espagne religieuse et littéraire, Paris, 1862.--=Laughton=, J. K., State Papers relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, London, 1894, 2 vols.--=Lauser=, W., Geschichte Spaniens vom Sturze Isabellas bis zur Thronbesteigung Alfonsos, Leipsic, 1877, 2 vols.--=Lavigne=, G. de L’Espagne et le Portugal, 1855.--=Lawrence=, E., Dominic, and the Inquisition, in Historical Studies, New York, 1873.--=Lea=, H. C., Chapters from the religious history of Spain connected with the Inquisition, Philadelphia, 1890.--=Legrelle=, A., La diplomatie française et la succession d’Espagne, 1659-1725, Paris, 1888-1892, 4 vols.--=Lembke=, F. W., and =Schäfer=, H., Geschichte von Spanien, Gotha, 1831-1890, 5 vols.--=Lemos=, D. A., Historia general de Portugal, 1715-1789.--=Leopold=, Spaniens Bürgerkrieg, Hanover, 1876.--=Lezo del Pozo=, J., Apologia del rey Don Pedro de Castilla conforme á la Crónica de Ayala.--=Limborch=, P. van, Historia Inquisitions, Amsterdam, 1692; History of the Inquisition (abridged), London, 1816.

_Philip van Limborch_, a prominent Dutch theologian, was born
in 1633 and died in 1712. He was professor of theology at the
seminary of the remonstrants in Amsterdam. His _Historia_
consists of a record of sentences given by the Inquisition
of Toulouse, and is preceded by an account of the origin and
methods of the Inquisition.

=Llorente=, J. A., Opinion de l’Espagne sur l’inquisition, 1812; Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de la révolution d’Espagne, Paris, 1817, 3 vols.; Histoire critique de l’inquisition d’Espagne, Paris, 1817-1818, 4 vols.; History of the Inquisition of Spain (abridged), London, 1827.

_Juan Antonio Llorente_, born 1756, was a Spanish priest who
became general secretary to the inquisition in 1789. A scheme
for the reform of that tribunal which he drew up was about to
be executed when the fall of the liberal minister Jovellanos
prevented its realisation. In the war with France Llorente
sided with the Bonapartists and became a member of the council
of state of King Joseph. On the abolition of the inquisition
(1809) Llorente was commissioned to investigate its archives
and write its history. Thus he had access to materials now
no longer in existence. On the restoration of the Bourbons
Llorente was banished, and it was while in exile at Paris that
his celebrated _Histoire critique de l’Inquisition_ appeared
in French and was soon translated into German, English, Dutch,
Italian and Spanish. Its success was great, but it drew down
a persecution of the author who on the publication of a book
called _Portraits politiques des papes_ (1822) was ordered to
quit France. He died from the effects of the hurried journey to
Madrid.

=Londonderry, Marquis of=, see Stewart.--=Lorenzana, Cardinal=, Collectio Sanctorum Patrum ecclesiæ Toledanæ, Madrid, 1782-1793.--=Louville=, C. A. d’A., Mémoires secrets sur l’établissement de la maison de Bourbon en Espagne, 1818.--=Lowell=, J. R., Impressions of Spain.--=Lucas Tudensis=, Chronicon Mundi, in Schott’s Hispaniæ Illustratæ, Frankfort, 1608.

_Lucas de Tuy_, or _Lucas Tudensis_, was a Spanish prelate who
died in 1288. His _Chronicon_, which was finished in 1236, was
written by command of the great queen Berengaria. It consists
of four books: the first contains the _Six Ages of the World_
of St. Isidore, with additions; the second, Isidore’s treatise
on the origin of the Goths, Spaniards, and Suevi; the third,
the spurious chronicle of San Ildefonso and St. Julian’s
history. The fourth extends from the time of Pelayo to the
conquest of Cordova. When the work was translated into Spanish,
in the end of the thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth
century, a continuation extending to 1252 was added.

=Luna=, M. de, La verdadera historia del rey Don Rodrigo, Valencia, 1606.

_Miguel de Luna_ was a Morisco who embraced Catholicism and
became interpreter to Philip II. His history purports to be a
translation from an Arab chronicler of the eighth century, but
was really based on old romances and has no authoritative value.

* * * * *

=MacCrie=, T., History of the Progress and Suppression of the Reformation in Spain in the Sixteenth Century, 1829.--=Mahon, Lord=, see Stanhope, P. H.--=Maistre=, J. de, Lettres à un gentilhomme Russe sur l’inquisition espagnole, 1837.--=Maldonado=, J. M., Historia de la revolución de España, Madrid, 1833, 2 vols.--=Malo de Molina=, M., Rodrigo el Campeador, Estudio histórico, Madrid, 1857.--=Malvezzi=, V., Sucesos principals de la monarquía de España en el tiempo de Felipe IV, Madrid, 1640.--=Mariana=, Juan de, Historia general de España, Valencia, 1783-1796, 9 vols.; in Biblioteca de autores españoles, Madrid, 1854, published in various later editions; English translation by J. S. Stephens, London, 1699.

_Juan de Mariana_, one of the most famous of Spanish
historians, was born near Talavera in 1536, and in 1554 became
a member of the Society of Jesus. Two years later he went to
Rome, where he filled a chair in the Jesuit college. After
visiting Sicily and lecturing on theology at Paris during five
years, he returned to Spain in 1574 and devoted himself to his
_Historia de España_, which was first written in Latin and then
translated by himself into the Castilian tongue. The variety
of his talents and acquirements is exhibited in his writings
on philosophy, politics, finance, and religion, and in the
last mentioned the freedom of his opinions exposed him to some
suspicion from his order, and he was even brought before the
inquisition. His history has enjoyed immense popularity and is
still much admired, though it is acknowledged that he often
confuses fact and fable.

=Marineo=, Lucio, Obra de las cosas memorables de España, Alcalá, 1533.--=Marliani=, M. de, Histoire politique de l’Espagne moderne, Paris, 1840, 2 vols.--=Marmol Carvajal=, L. del, Historia del rebelión y castigo de los Moriscos del reyno de Granada, Madrid, 1600, and in Biblioteca de autores Españoles.

_Luis del Marmol Carvajal_ was a native of Granada who
flourished in the sixteenth century. In 1535 he accompanied
Charles V to Tunis. He was captured by the Moors, and both
during and after his captivity made long journeys and voyages
in and about Barbary and Egypt. His _Historia del rebelión_
is the narrative of an eye-witness, and the language is pure
though the style suffers from the too great length of the
sentences.

=Martínez de la Rosa=, F., Hernan Perez del Pulgar, Madrid, 1834.--=Martínez Marina=, F., Teoria de las Cortes de Leon y Castilla, Madrid, 1821, 3 vols.; Ensayo histórico-crítico sobre la antigua legislación y principales cuerpos legales de los reynos de Leon y Castilla, Madrid, 1834, 2 vols.--=Masdeu=, J. F., Historia crítica de España, Madrid, 1783-1805, 20 vols.

_Juan Francisco Masdeu_, a celebrated Spanish historian, was
born in 1744 and died in 1817. Educated under the care of the
Jesuits, he entered their order in 1759, and on their expulsion
from Spain retired to Ferrara. His _Historia_ was commenced
in 1781. It extends only down to the end of the eleventh
century. It is a work of much learning and destroys many fables
previously current, though in many instances the author carries
his scepticism too far.

=Mas-La Trie=, J. M., Trésor de chronologie, d’histoire et de géographie, 1837.--=Mazade=, C. de, l’Espagne moderne, Paris, 1855; Les revolutions de l’Espagne contemporaine, 1868.--=Medina=, J. T., Historia del tribunal del Santo Oficio de la inquisición de Cartagena de las Indias, Santiago, 1899.--=Melo=, F. M., Historia de los movimientos separación y guerra de Cataluña en tiempo de Felipe IV, Lisbon, 1645, Paris, 1840.--=Mendoza=, D. Hurtado de, Guerra de Granada hecha por el rey Felipe II, Madrid, 1610, 1852.

_Diego Hurtado de Mendoza_ belonged to an illustrious Spanish
family and was born in Granada about 1503. His earliest teacher
was the celebrated Peter Martyr of Angleria (Pietro Martire
d’Anghiera). He served in the Italian wars and was employed
by Charles V in various important diplomatic missions. Having
displeased Philip II he was compelled to retire to Granada.
He was already pre-eminent for his learning and had taken
advantage of his position as ambassador to the Grand Turk to
make a valuable collection of manuscripts which he presented
to Philip II for the Escorial library. When no longer permitted
to engage in affairs of state he devoted himself to literary
works which include poems and translations from Aristotle. For
collecting information for his _Guerra de Granada_ he had the
advantage of residence on the spot and a knowledge of the inner
workings of the government. The book also ranks high for its
literary style.

=Menéndez y Pelayo=, M., Historia de los Heterodoxos españoles, Madrid, 1880.

_Marcellino Menéndez y Pelayo_, a contemporary literary
critic, historian, and philosopher, born in 1856, and noted
for his prodigious memory. His work exhibits a decided
tendency to ultramontanism, and he has written in defence of
the Inquisition. His talents were early developed and he had
already a scholar’s reputation before he was out of his teens.
At 21 he was appointed to the chair of critical history of
Spanish Literature of the Faculty of philosophy and letters at
Madrid. In 1880 he became a member of the Spanish Academy of
Language, in 1882 of that of History, and afterwards of those
of moral sciences, of politics, and of the fine arts. Since
then he has become director of the national library in Madrid,
and of the entire system of public archives, museums, and
libraries in Spain.

=Mérimée=, P., Histoire de Don Pedre I, Paris, 1865; Translation 1849.--=Mignet=, F. A. M., Négociations relatives à la succession d’Espagne sous Louis XIV, Paris, 1835-1842, 4 vols.; Antonio Perez et Philippe II, Paris, 1845; Translation, London, 1846; Charles Quint, son abdication, son séjour et sa mort au monastère de Yuste, Paris, 1854; Rivalité de François I et de Charles Quint, Paris, 1875, 2 vols.

_François Auguste Marie Mignet_, the French historian, was
born in 1796 at Aix where he subsequently studied for the law.
In the earlier part of his career he made a reputation as a
liberal journalist and was associated with the _National_,
but after 1830 he devoted himself wholly to history. Here his
studies were by no means confined to Spanish subjects, his
chief work being a history of the French Revolution.

=Mingote y Taragona=, P., Geografia de España y sus Colonias, Leon, 1887.--=Minutoli=, J. M. von, Spanien und seine fortschreitende Entwickelung, Berlin, 1852.--=Miraflores=, Marques de, Apuntes históricos-críticos para escribir la historia de la revolución de España desde el año 1820-1823 [Madrid], 1834; Memorias para escribir la historia de los siete primeros años del reinado de Isabel II, Madrid, 1843-1844, 2 vols.; Continuación de las memorias del reinado de Isabel II.--=Miro=, M. J., Las Constituciones de España, Madrid, 1821, 2 vols.--=Modoz=, P., Diccennario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar, Madrid, 1848-1850, 11 vols.--=Moncada=, F. de, Condé de Osuna, Expedición de los Catalanes y Aragoneses contra Griegos y Turcos, Barcelona, 1623, 1842; Madrid, 1883.

_Francisco de Moncada_, Condé de Usuna, a member of an old
Catalan family, was born in 1586 and died in 1635. He filled
various important public offices as councillor of war, governor
of Flanders, and ambassador to the emperor Ferdinand II. In
the low countries he twice defeated the Prince of Orange. His
_Expedición de catalanes y aragoneses_ is an account of the
expedition under Roger de Flor (died 1305) on behalf of the
Byzantines. He derived his materials from Zurita and Muntaner,
the latter a contemporary of Flor. Many of the adventures
described appear quite incredible. The language is pure and the
style flowing.

=Mondejar=, G. I., Marques de, Memorias históricas del rei Alonso el Sabio, Madrid, 1777.--=Monresa Sanchez=, J. Mᵃ., Historia legal de España desde la dominación goda hasta nuestros dias, Madrid, 1841, 2 vols.--=Montejo=, B., Sobre la independencia de Castilla, in Memorias de la Real Academia de la Historia.--=Montesa y Manrique=, Historia de la legislación de España, Madrid, 1861, 1864, 7 vols.--Morales, A. de, Crónica General de España, Alcalá, 1574-1577, Madrid, 1791; Opusculos Castellanos, Madrid, 1793, 3 vols.

_Ambrosio de Morales_ (1513-1591) was appointed in 1574
chronicler of the kingdoms of Castile and continued the
_Crónica general de España_ of Florián de Ocampo. His work
lacks arrangement.

=Morel-Fatio=, A., l’Espagne au XVI et XVII siècle, Paris, 1878; Études sur l’Espagne, Paris, 1890-1895, 2 vols.; Catalogue des manuscrits espagnoles du Bibliothèque National, Paris, 1881.--=Morel=, J., Lettres sur l’inquisition.--=Motley=, J. L., The Rise of the Dutch Republic, London, 1856, 1889, 3 vols.--=Moüy=, C. de, Don Carlos et Philippe II, Paris, 1888; Jeanne la Folle (Revue des deux Mondes).--=Müller=, W., Politische Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, 1876-1890, Stuttgart, 1890.--=Muñoz Maldonado=, J., Historia de la guerra de la independencia de España contra Napoléon Bonaparte desde 1808 á 1814, Madrid, 1833, 3 vols.

_José Muñoz Maldonado_ (1807-1875) was fiscal minister in the
Royal Council of the Orders during ten years. Under Isabella
II he was several times elected deputy for Guadalajara, Jaen
and Ciudad Real, and afterwards became senator, but was more
distinguished as a jurisconsult and as a writer, though rather
industrious than brilliant.

=Muñoz y Romero=, Diccionario bibliográfico histórico, Madrid, 1865.--=Muntaner=, R., Chrónica del rey Don Jaume primer, Rey D’Arago e de molts de sos descendents, Valencia, 1558, Stuttgart, 1844.

_Ramón Muntaner_ is the rival of Bernardo Desclot as chief of
Catalan historians. He lived in the reign of James I of Aragon
and took part in the expedition of the company or army which
Roger de Flor led against both Turks and Greeks and in other
military enterprises. His chronicle therefore describes events
in which he himself shared. He was still alive in 1330.

=Muriel=, A., Historia de Carlos IV, Madrid, 1894-1895, 6 vols.; Constitutes, vols. 29-34 of the Memorial-historico-españal, published by the Real Academia de la Historia.

* * * * *

=Napier=, W. F. P., History of the War in the Peninsula, 1807-1814, London, 1828-1840, 6 vols., 1890.--=Navarrete=, M. Fernandez de, Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, Madrid, 1842, etc.--=Nervo=, G., Baron de, Histoire d’Espagne, Paris, 1870, 4 vols.; Isabelle la catholique reine d’Espagne, Paris, 1874; Translation by T. Temple West, London, 1897.--=Norman=, W. W., Philip II king of Spain, with an account of the condition of Spain, the Netherlands and the American colonies in Historical Studies, New York, 1898.--=Novissima= Recapilación de los leges de España, Paris, 1846, 5 vols.--=Nueva= Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España y de sus Indias, edited by F. de Zabalburu and others, Madrid, 1892 ff., 6 vols.--=Nuñez de Castro=, A., Corónica Góthica, Castillana y Austriaca, Madrid, 1789-1790, 7 vols.

* * * * *

=Ober=, F. A., History for young readers; Spain, New York, 1899.--=Ocampo=, F. de, Los cincos libros primeros de la crónica general de España, Zamora, 1541.

_Florián de Ocampo_, whose life covers the period between 1513
and 1590, was commissioned by Charles V to write the general
chronicle of Spain, but as he commenced with the time of the
flood he only managed to bring it down to the time of the
Scipios. In spite of much credulity and an unpleasing style the
book has been much esteemed by antiquarians. Together with the
works of Morales and Sandoval it was published at Madrid in
1791, under the title of _Corónica General de España_.

=Olivart=, Marques de, Colección de los tratados ... internacionales celebrados per nuestros gobiernos con los estados extranjeros, desde el reinado de Doña Isabel II, Madrid, 1890 ff., 10 vols.--=Oman=, C. W. C., History of the Peninsular War, London, 1901, 2 vols. (work not completed).--=Ortiz y Sanz=, J., Compendio cronológico de la historia de España, Madrid, 1795-1803, 7 vols.--=Oviedo y Valdés=, G. Fernandez de, Quinquagenas, in Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1880.

* * * * *

=Palacios=, Cura de los, see =Bernáldez=.--=Paquis=, A., and Dochez, Histoire d’Espagne et de Portugal, Paris, 1844-1848, 2 vols.--=Parmele=, M. P., A Short History of Spain, New York, 1898.--=Pellicer de Ossav y Tovar=, J., Annales de la monarquía de España después de su pérdida, Madrid, 1681.--=Perez del Pulgar=, Hernán, Breve parte de las hazañas del Gran Capitán, printed as Brevo sumario de los hechos del Gran Capitán, Seville, 1527, Madrid, 1834.--=Perez Pujol=, E., Historia de los instituciones de la España goda.--=Perez y Lopez=, A. X., Teatro de la legislación universal de España é Indias, Madrid, 1791, 28 vols.--=Philippson=, M., Heinrich IV und Philipp III, Berlin, 1870-1876, 3 vols.; Ein Ministerium unter Philipp II. Kardinal Granvella am spanischem Hofe 1579-1586, Berlin, 1894.--=Pichot=, A., Chronique de Charles Quint, 1853.--=Pidal=, P. J., marques de, Historia de las alteraciones de Aragon en el reinado de Felipe II, 1862-1863, 3 vols.

_Pedro José Pidal_ (1800-1865), distinguished both in
literature and in politics, studied law and philosophy at
Oviedo. The activity with which he supported the liberal
party, 1820-1824, caused him to be condemned to imprisonment
in the reaction of 1824, but he escaped his sentence, and in
1828 was pardoned. In 1838 he was elected to the cortes where
he was distinguished for his oratory. Successively president
of the congress, minister of the interior and of justice,
he was active in reforming the administration and in 1851
was instrumental in bringing about an understanding between
the Spanish and Papal courts. He left numerous works on
jurisprudence, language, and literature.

=Pirala=, A., Anales de la guerra civil, 1853; Historia de la guerra civil y de los partidos liberal y carlista (with an account of Espartero’s regency), Madrid, 1890, 3 vols.; Historia contemporánea, Madrid, 1875-1880; 1893-1895, 6 vols.; El rey en Madrid y en provincias, 1871.

_Antonio Pirala_, a contemporary historian, born 1824. He
filled various minor offices in the administration and was
secretary to King Amadeo. His writings include contributions
to various large publications as well as some insignificant
ones on religious subjects; but the most important are those
historical works mentioned above.

=Plummer=, M. W., Contemporary Spain as shown by her novelists, New York, 1899.--=Polybius=, General History, London, 1693, 2 vols.--=Pradt=, D. D., Mémoires historiques sur la révolution d’Espagne, Paris, 1816.--=Prescott=, W. H., History of Ferdinand and Isabella, Boston and London, 1838, 1889; History of the Reign of Philip II, Boston and London, 1855-1858, 3 vols.

_William Hickling Prescott_ was born in Salem, Massachusetts,
in 1796. He was educated at Harvard College and in 1814 began
to study for the law, but an accident having affected his sight
he was temporarily obliged to give up all work, and was never
again able to use his eyes for long at a time. He devoted
himself to the study of history and literature, having books
read aloud to him. George Ticknor was the first to direct
his attention to Spanish history which attracted him as an
unexplored as well as rich field. For the composition of his
_Ferdinand and Isabella_ he had collected a great number of
original documents and its publication brought him immediate
fame, not only in America and England, but in the greater part
of Europe. Continuing his labours he produced the _Conquest of
Mexico_, the _Conquest of Peru_, and two volumes of a history
of Philip II and revised Robertson’s Charles V. He died in
1859, before the publication of the third volume of Philip II.

=Procopius=, De Bello Gothico, Augsburg, 1676; Translation by H. Holcroft, London, 1863.--=Pulgar=, Fernando del, Crónica de los reyes católicos Don Ferdinando y Doña Isabel, Saragossa, 1567, Valencia, 1780; Los Claros varones de España y las treinta y dos cartas, Madrid, 1775.--=Puyol y Alonso=, J., La vida política en España, Madrid, 1892.

* * * * *

=Quintana=, M. J., vidas de españoles célebres, Madrid, 1807-1834, 3 vols.

* * * * *

=Ramiro II=, Ilustración del reynado de Ramiro II de Aragon, in Academia de la historia, Memorias.--=Raynal=, G. T. F., Histoire des éstablissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes, Paris, 1771, 4 vols.--=Real Academia de la Historia=, Memorias, Madrid, 1796-1888; Memorial histórico español: Colección de documentos, opúsculos y antigüedades, Madrid, 1851-1898; Catálogo de las obras publicadas por la Real Academia, Madrid, 1907.--=Reynald=, H., Histoire d’Espagne depuis la mort de Charles III, Paris, 1882.--=Rico y Amat=, Historia política e parlamentaria de España, Madrid, 1860-1862, 3 vols.--=Ríos=, J. Amador de los, Los Judíos en España, Madrid, 1792; Las razas históricas de la península Iberica; Historia Critica de la literature española, Madrid, 1861-1865, 7 vols.

_José Amador de los Ríos_ (1818-1878) was educated at Cordova
and afterwards at San Isidro de Madrid, during which time
he supported his whole family by painting. He afterwards
distinguished himself at the university of Seville. His
_Estudios sobre los judíos de España_, published 1848, won
him admission into the Academia de la Historia, and also the
appointment to the chair of critical history of literature at
the Universidad Central. Besides his historical works he wrote
on architecture and on Spanish literature and published some
volumes of poems.

=Risco=, R. P. M., La Castilla y el mas famoso Castellano, Madrid, 1792, 3 vols.; Gesta Roderici Campidocti.--=Robertson=, W., History of the reign of Charles V, London, 1769, 1856.

_William Robertson_, a Scotch minister and the son of a
Scotch minister was born at Borthwick, Midlothian, in 1721.
He attained considerable eminence in the Scotch church as
leader of the “moderate” party. His first historical work, _The
History of Scotland_, was published in 1758, when he at once
became famous. In 1759 he was appointed chaplain of Stirling
Castle, in 1762 principal of Edinburgh University, and in 1764
king’s historiographer. His _History of Charles V_ appeared in
1769. It is his greatest work, the fruit of a careful study of
that monarch’s reign, and was a standard book; but its value is
now greatly diminished owing to the fact that Robertson had not
access to many sources of information which are open to modern
research.

=Rocca=, A. J. N. de, Mémoires sur la guerre des Français en Espagne, Paris, 1814, 1815.--=Rodriguez Villa=, A., La reina Doña Juana la loca, Madrid, 1892.--=Romey=, C., Histoire d’Espagne, Paris, 1839-1850, 9 vols.--=Rose=, H. J., Among the Spanish People, London, 1877, 2 vols.--=Rosell=, C., Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla, in continuation of Mariana, in Biblioteca de autores, españoles, Madrid, 1875-1878.--=Rosseeuw Saint-Hilaire=, N., Histoire d’Espagne jusqu’à la mort de Ferdinand VII, Paris, 1844-1879, 14 vols.--=Rousset de Missy=, J., Histoire publique et secrète de la cour de Madrid depuis l’avènement du roi Philippe, 1719.--=Rule=, W. H., History of the Inquisition.

* * * * *

=Saavedra y Fajardo=, D. F. de, Corona gótica Castellana y Austriaca, in Biblioteca de autores españoles, Madrid, 1853.--=Sainz de Baranda=, P., Clave de la España Sagrada, 1853.--=Sala=, G., Epitome de los principios y progresos de las guerras de Cataluña, 1640-1641.--=Salazar y Mendoza=, P. de, Monarquía de España; Origen de las dignidades reglares de Castilla y Leon, 1618.--=Salmon=, P., La revolución de España de 1808.--=Sampire Astoricensis=, continuation of _Chronicon_ of Sebastianus Salmanticensis in Flórez’s España Sagrada.--=Sanchez=, T. A., and others, Cantares del Cid Campeador conocidos con el nombre de poema del Cid, 1864.--=Sanchez de Toca=, J., Del poder naval en España, Madrid, 1898.--=Sandoval=, P. de, Historia de la vida y hechos del emperador Carlos V, Valladolid, 1604-1606; translated by John Stevens, London, 1703. Historia de los reyes de Castilla y de Leon, Pamplona, 1615, Madrid, 1792.--=San Felipe=, Marques de, see Bacallar y Sanna.--=San Miguel=, E., duque de, Relation de l’expédition de Riego.--=Schäfer=, see Lembke and Schäfer.--=Schirrmacher=, F. W., Geschichte von Spanien, Gotha, 1881-1902, 7 vols.--=Schlagintweit=, E. S., Der spanisch-marokkanische Krieg in den Jahren 1859-1860, Leipsic 1863.--=Schott=, A., Hispania illustrata, Frankfort, 1603-1608.--=Schurtz=, H., Die pyrenäische Halbinsel in _Helmolt’s Weltgeschichte_, Leipsic and Vienna, 1900.--=Sebastianus Salmanticensis=, Chronicon Regum Legionensium, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

_Sebastian_ was bishop of Salamanca (whence the epithet,
Salmanticensis) in the ninth century. He wrote his chronicle by
command of Alfonso III, whose reign is the last described in
it. It begins with the history of the Gothic king Recesuinto
(reigned 649-672 A.D.) and is the chief authority for the rise
of the kingdom of Asturias.

=Sédillot=, L. A., Histoire générale des Arabes, Paris, 1854.--=Sève=, E., La situation économique de l’Espagne, Paris, 1887.--=Shaw=, Sir Charles, Personal memoirs and correspondence ... comprising a narrative of the war for constitutional liberty in Portugal and Spain, London, 1837, 2 vols.--=Siguenza=, J. de, Historia de la orden de San Gerónimo, Madrid, 1600.--=Silos=, Monk of (Monachus Silensis) in Flórez’s España Sagrada.

_The Monk of Silos_ was admitted to that convent in the latter
half of the eleventh century. His real name is unknown. The
Chronicle which he wrote in Latin began with a short account
of the ancestors of Alfonso VI, followed by a history of that
sovereign’s reign, but the part relating to Alfonso VI is lost.
The fragment which remains is highly valued as the work of a
careful writer who had access to many ancient and authentic
documents. St. Isidore of Seville, Sebastian of Salamanca, and
Sampiro are his guides for the earlier portion.

=Sismondi=, J. C. L., De la littérature du midi de l’Europe, Paris, 1813-1829, 4 vols.; Translation by Roscoe, London, 1848, 2 vols.--=Sociedad de bibliófilos españoles=, Madrid.--=Somerville=, A., A Narrative of the British Auxiliary Legion with Incidents of the War in Spain, Glasgow, 1837.--=Southey=, R., Chronicle of the Cid, 1808, Lowell, 1846; History of the Peninsular War, 1823-1832, 6 vols.--=Stanhope=, P. H., The Court of Spain under Charles II, London, 1844; War of the Succession in Spain, 1850.--=Stewart=, C. W., marquis of Londonderry, Story of the Peninsular War, London, 1813, 1869.--=Stirling-Maxwell=, W., The Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles V, London, 1852; Don John of Austria, London, 1883.--=Strada=, F., De Bello Belgico ab excessu Carli V, Rome, 1632, Ratisbon, 1754.--=Strobel=, E. H., The Spanish Revolution, 1868-1875, Boston, 1898.--=Suchet=, L. G., duc d’Albuféra, Mémoires sur les campagnes en Espagne depuis 1808 jusqu’en 1814, Paris, 1834, 2 vols.; Translation, London, 1829.--=Symonds=, J. A., Renaissance in Italy, Catholic Reaction, London, 1886, 2 vols.; Renaissance in Italy, Italian Literature, London, 1882, 2 vols.

* * * * *

=Tapia=, E. de, Historia de la civilización española, Madrid, 1840, 4 vols.--=Ternaux-Compans=, H., Les Comuneros, Paris, 1834.--=Tessé=, J. B. R. de F., comte de, Mémoires, Paris, 1806, 2 vols.--=Ticknor=, G., History of Spanish Literature, New York, 1849; London, 1855, 3 vols.; 1872; Spanish translation by Gayangos and Vedia, Madrid, 1851-1856; German translation by Gelius, Leipsic, 1852-1867.--=Toreño=, J. M. Q., conde de, Historia del levantamiento, guerra y revolución de España, Madrid, 1835, 5 vols.; Madrid, 1872.--=Torquemada=, T. de, and others, Copilacion de las instrucciones del oficio de la sancta inquisición, 1576.--=Turba=, Über den Zug Kaiser Karls V gegen Algier, Vienna, 1890.

* * * * *

=Ulloa=, M. de, Disertación sobre el orígen y patria de los godos; sobre el principio de la monarquía goda en España, in Academia de la historia, Memorias, 1797.

* * * * *

=Valladares de Sotomayor=, A., Vida interior del rey Don Felipe II, 1788.--=Valles=, Baron de los, The Career of Don Carlos, London, 1835.--=Valras=, comte de, Don Carlos VII et l’Espagne Carliste 1872-1876, Paris, 1876, 2 vols.--=Varillas=, A., Politique de Ferdinand.--=Vault=, F. E. de, Mémoires militaires relatifs à la succession d’Espagne sous Louis XIV, Paris, 1835-1862, 11 vols.--=Vera Figueroa y Zuñiga=, A. de, Condé de la Roca, El rei Don Pedro defendido, Madrid, 1648.--=Viardot=, L., Histoire des Arabes et des Mores d’Espagne, Paris, 1851, 2 vols.--=Viollet=, A., Histoire des Bourbons en Espagne, 1843.--=Voiture=, V., Voyage d’Espagne.--=Vollmöller=, K., Poema del Cid, Halle, 1879.--=Vuillier=, Les Îles Oubliées (Balearic Isles), Paris, 1893 (trans. London, 1896).

* * * * *

=Wallis=, S. T., Spain: her institutions, politics and public men, Boston, 1853.--=Walton=, W., The Revolutions of Spain, 1808-1836, London, 1837, 2 vols.--=Watson=, R., History of the reign of Philip II, London, 1777, 1839; History of the Reign of Philip III, London, 1783, 1786, 2 vols.--=Watts=, H. E., The Christian Recovery of Spain, New York, 1894; Spain, from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall of Granada, London and New York, 1897.--=Weber=, G., Allgemeine Weltgeschichte, Leipsic, 1857-1880, 1882-1890, 15 vols.--=Weiss=, C., L’Espagne depuis le règne de Philippe II jusqu’ à l’avènement des Bourbons, 1844, 2 vols.--=Whitehouse=, H. R., The Sacrifice of a Throne, Life of Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, sometime King of Spain, New York, 1897.--=Wellesley=, Richard C., Marquis of, Despatches and correspondence ... during his ... mission to Spain ... in 1809, edited by Montgomery Martin, London, 1838.--=Wilkens=, Geschichte des spanischen Protestantismus im 16. Jahrhundert, Gütersloh, 1887.--=Williams=, L., Lendenand, The Land of the Dons, New York, 1898.--=Wilson=, The Downfall of Spain: Naval History of the Spanish-American War, London, 1899.--=Wolf=, F., Additions to Julius’ German Translation of Ticknor’s History of Spanish Literature, Leipsic, 1852-1867.--=Wright=, W., On the Authorities for the History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Spain.--=Wulsa=, Chronica Regum Gothorum.

* * * * *

=Ximenes Toletanus=, Rodericus, Chronica Rerum in Hispania Gestarum, published as Crónica de España del Arzobispo Don Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, vol. CV, Madrid, 1893.

_Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada_ was a warlike Spanish prelate born in
Navarre about 1170. In 1210 he became archbishop of Toledo, in
which capacity he took an active part in the crusades against
the Moors and especially distinguished himself at the great
battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. As a statesman he was also
eminent in the days of Ferdinand III, especially exercising the
chief influence in Castilian affairs. Notwithstanding he found
time to earn a great reputation for learning. The work known as
the _Chronica rerum in Hispania Gestarum_ was called by himself
_Historia Gothica_. Rodrigo died in 1247.

* * * * *

=Yriarte=, C., Les Tableaux de la guerre, 1870.

* * * * *

=Zamora y Caballero=, D. E., Historia general de España y de sus posesiones de Ultramar, Madrid, 1873-1874, 6 vols.--=Zurita y Castro=, Gerónimo de, Anales de la Corona de Aragon, Saragossa, 1562-1604, 1610-1621.

_Gerónimo Zurita y Castro_ belonged to a noble Castilian
family, and was born in 1512. He was employed by the Inquisitor
General on important missions and through his influence was
appointed first chronicler of the kingdom of Aragon (1548).
He visited Sicily, Naples, and Rome in search of material
for his work. On his return he was commissioned by Philip II
to put in order the documents in the archives at Simancas.
He devoted thirty years to the composition of his _Anales_.
The work covers the period from the Mussulman invasion to
1510, and gives an accurate picture of the development of the
constitution of Aragon. Zurita is accused of being stiff and
formal in style and too diffuse, but on the other hand his work
is noted for impartiality of judgment and for scholarship.

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PORTUGUESE HISTORY BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR CONSULTED

=Academia Real Das Sciencias=, Collecção dos Principæs auctores da Historia Portugueza, Lisbon, 1806, etc., 8 vols.; Historia Portugueza, Collecção de Noticias para a Historia e geografia das Naçoes ultramarinas, Lisbon, 1812-1856, 7 vols.--=Acenheiro=, C. R., Chronicon dos Reis de Portugal, Lisbon, 1824.--=Adamson=, John, Biblioteca lusitana, or Catalogue of books and tracts relating to the history, literature, and poetry of Portugal, Newcastle, 1836; Lusitana Illustrata, Newcastle, 1842-1846, 2 vols.--=Albuquerque=, A. de, Commentarios, Lisbon, 1557; 3rd edition, 1774, 4 vols.--=Albuquerque Ribafria=, Andre de, Relação da victoria que aleancor do Castelhano Andre de Albuquerque entre avonches e assumar.--=Alison=, Sir A., History of Europe, Edinburgh and London, 1833-1842, 10 vols.--=Almeida-Garrett=, J. B. da S. L., Portugal na Balança da visconde d’Europa.--=Alvares=, Da Cunha, Campania de Portugal pela provincia do Alemtego, 1663.--=Alvares=, Fr. João, Chronica dos feitos, vida e morte do Ifante Sanito Dom Fernando, Lisbon, 1527.--=Alves Noguiera=, E., Evoluçoes da civilisação em Portugal.--=Andrada=, F., Chronica de João III, Lisbon, 1613.--=Andrade=, Francisco, Chronica do Rey Dom João III, Lisbon, 1613.--=Andrade=, J. de, Vida de Dom João de Castro, Lisbon, 1671.--=Anonymous=, History of Kingdom of Portugal ... by a person of quality, London, 1661; Memoirs of the Court of Portugal and of the administration of Count d’Oezras, London, 1765; Le Portugal avant et après 1846, Paris, 1847; Le Portugal et la France au Congo, Paris, 1884; Explanation of the true and lawful right and title of the most excellent Prince Anthonie, first of that name King of Portugal, Leyden, 1585; Relation historique de la Découverte de l’Isle de Madère, Paris, 1671; Account of the Court of Portugal under the reign of Dom Pedro II, London, 1700; Anecdotes du Ministère de S. J. Carvalho sur le règne de Joseph I, Warsaw, 1784; Mémoires de Sébastien José de Carvalho, Marquis de Pombal, Brussels and Lisbon, 1784; Les Français en Portugal, Lisbon, 1808; Memoria para a Historia das Inquiraçoes dos primeiros de Portugal, 1816.--=Aranha=, Brito, Bibliographie des ouvrages portugais pour servir à l’étude des villes, des villages, des monuments ... du Portugal, Açores, Madère, Lisbon, 1900.--=Aubert de Bertaelt d’Aubery=, R., Histoire de la conjuration de Portugal en 1640, Amsterdam, 1689.--=Authors= (various), Papers respecting the relations between Great Britain and Portugal presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of his Majesty, June, 1829. Papers as to the succession, London, 1828-1830, 2 vols.--=Azevedo=, Z. de, Epitome da Historia Portugueza.--=Azurara=, Gómez Eanes de, Chronica d’El Rei Dom João I, Lisbon, 1644; Chronica de Senhor Rey Dom Pedro Menezes, in Correa de Serras’ Collecção, Lisbon, 1790-1824.

_Gómez Eanes de Azurara_ was born in the first half of the
fifteenth century. He was appointed Keeper of the Torre do
Tombo in 1454, and wrote numerous works relating to the voyages
and foreign conquests of Portugal. The date of his death is
unknown.

* * * * *

=Badcock=, Colonel, Civil War in Portugal and siege of Oporto, London, 1836.--=Barbosa Bacellar=, A., Relação da vittoria de Dom Affonso VI, Lisbon, 1659.--=Barbosa de Pinho Leal=, Portugal antigo e moderno, Lisbon, 1873-1877, 7 vols.--=Barbosa Machado=, see Machado.--=Barros Cunha=, J. G., Historia da Liberdade em Portugal, Lisbon, 1869.--=Barros=, P. Andre, Vida do Apostelico Padre Antonio Vieyra da Compania de Jesus, Lisbon, 1746.--=Barros=, João de, Decada Primeira da Asia, Lisbon, 1553-1563, vols. I, II, III; vol. IV, Madrid, 1615; 2nd edition, Lisbon, 1628.

_João de Barros_, called the Portuguese Livy, was born in
1496. He was educated in the palace of the king, Dom Manoel,
and at the age of twenty was honoured by the king’s command to
write the history of India. Under João III, he held important
offices, and completed the history begun during the reign of
Manoel. He died at Pombal in 1570.

=Bayam=, J. P., Chronica do Principe Dom Sebastião, decimo sexto Rey de Portugal, Lisbon, 1730; Chronica d’El Rey Dom Pedro I, Lisbon, 1735.--=Bayão=, J. P., Portugal Cuidadoso com a vida e perda do Rei Dom Sebastião, Lisbon, 1737.--=Beckford=, W., Italy, Spain and Portugal, London, 1839, 2 vols.--=Bégin=, Emile A., Voyage Pittoresque en Espagne et en Portugal, Paris, 1852.--=Bernades=, B. M., Portugal e os Estrangeiros, Lisbon, 1879.--=Bernardo da Cruz=, Fray, Chronica d’El Rei Dom Sebastião, Lisbon, 1837.--=Birago=, G. B., Historia della Disunione del Regno di Portogallo dalla Corona di Castiglia, Amsterdam, 1647.--=Blount=, E., The Historie of the uniting of the Kingdom of Portugal to the Crowne of Castell, etc., London, 1600.--=Bollaert=, W., The Wars of Succession of Spain and Portugal from 1820-1840, London, 1870.--=Borges=, C., Manuel Portugal regenerado.--=Borges de Castro=, =José Ferreira=, and =J. Judice Biker=, Collecção dos Tradados, Convençoes, etc., entre Portugal os outras potencias desde 1640, Lisbon, 1856-1858.--=Botelho de Moraes e Vasconcellos=, El Alphonso, o la fundaçion del reino de Portugal; poema epica, Paris, 1712.--=Bouchot=, Auguste, Histoire de Portugal, in Duruy’s “Histoire Universelle,” Paris, 1846; 1854.--=Bouterwek=, F., History of Spanish and Portuguese Literature, London, 1823, 2 vols.--=Branco=, M. B., Portugal e os estrangeiros, Lisbon, 1879-1895, 3 vols.--=Brandão=, F. A., Monarchia Lusitana, Parte III, IV, V, VI, Lisbon, 1690-1751.--=Brito=, Fr. Bernardo de, Monarchia Lusitana, Parte I, II, Lisbon, 1690.

_Bernardo de Brito_ was born in 1569; died 1617. His life was
devoted to literary work.

=Brockwell=, C., The National and Political History of Portugal, London, 1726.--=Brown=, J. M. Historical Review of the Revolutions of Portugal since the close of the Peninsular War, 1827.--=Bulhoes=, L. de, Les Colonies Portugueses, 1878.--=Busk=, M. M., The History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1833.

* * * * *

=Cætano do Amarel=, Antonio, Memorias para a Historia da Legislação e costumes de Portugal.--=Calado=, O. P. Mestre Frei Manoel, O Valeroso Lucideno, Lisbon, 1648.--=Cantu=, Cæsare, Gli ultimi trenta anni, Turin, 1879, 3 vols.--=Cærnarvon, Earl of=, Portugal and Gallicia, London, 1836, 2 vols.--=Carneira=, Condé de, Correspondencia official de--com o duque de Palmella, Lisbon, 1874.--=Carnota, Count of=, Memoirs of the duke of Saldanha, London, 1880, 2 vols.--=Carte=, Thomas, History of the Revolutions of Portugal, London, 1740.--=Carvalho=, J. L. Freire de, Ensaio Historico-Politico sobre a Constituiças e Governo do reino de Portugal; Memorias para a Historia do tempo que duron a Usurpação de D. Miguel, Lisbon, 1841-1843.--=Castaneda=, Hernan Lopes de, Historia do Descobrimento e Conquista da India pelos Portuguezes, Coimbra, 1551-1561; English translation, The First Book of the History of the Discovery and Conquest of the East Indies, London, 1582.

_Hernan Lopes de Castaneda_ was born at Santarem, and
emigrating to India at an early age began his history, which
occupied him twenty years. He was the first historian of India
and his work has been translated into many languages. He died
at Coimbra in 1559.

=Castilho=, A. F. de, Quadros Historicos de Portugal.--=Castro=, João de, Vida do Rey Dom Sebastião, Paris, 1602.--=Centazzi=, G., O Estudante de Coimbra ou relampago da Historia Portuguesa 1826-1838.--=Chaby=, C. de, Excerptos historicos relativos a Guerra denominada da Peninsula, e a anteriores de 1801, de Roussilon e Cataluña, Lisbon, 1863.--=Chagas=, P. (see Cordeiro, L.).--=Chamberlayne=, E., Rise and Fall of Count Olivares, London, 1658.--=Chermont=, B. de, Summario Chronologico da Historia de Portugal, etc.--=Chronicon Complutense=, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.--=Chronicon Lusitanum=, in Flórez’s España Sagrada.--=Claudio da Conceição=, Fr., Cabinete Historico.--=Coelho da Rocha=, M. A., Ensaio sobre a Historia do Goveno e da Legislação de Portugal.--=Colbatch=, J., Court of Portugal under Reign of Pedro II, London, 1700.--=Conestaggio=, G. de F., Dell’ Unione del Regno di Portogallo alla Corona di Castiglia, Venice, 1592.--=Conto=, A. M. do, Relação Historica da revolução do Algarve contra os Francezes, etc.--=Cordeiro=, L., Historia de Portugal (in 37 parts by various authors), Lisbon, 1877-1883.--=Cordeiro=, R., Faitos de Historia Portugueza.--=Cornide de Saavedra=, J., Estado de Portugal en el anno de 1800.--=Correa de la Cerda=, Francisco, Catastrophe de Portugal, Lisbon, 1669.--=Correa da Serra=, José, Historia Portugueza, Lisbon, 1790-1816, 11 vols.; Collecção de Livros Ineditos de Historia Portugueza, Lisbon, 1790-1824, 5 vols.

_José Francisco Correa da Serra_ was born at Serpa, June 6th,
1750; died September 11th, 1823. He was distinguished as a
naturalist, politician, and historian, and in his collections
has preserved many of the ancient chronicles and biographies.

=Costa=, H. J. da, Historia de Portugal, London, 1809.--=Costa=, Quintela Ignacio da, Annæs du Marinha Portugueza.--=Coutinho=, M. de L., Reflexoes sobre a acclamacas de Alfonso Henriques Cortes de Lamego, etc.--=Couto=, Diogo de, Decadas da Asia, Lisbon, 1736, 3 vols.; Vida de Paulo de Lima Pereira, Lisbon, 1765; Dialogos Soldado Practico, Lisbon, 1790.

_Diogo de Couto_ was born at Lisbon in 1542. At the age
of 14 he went to India, where for ten years he especially
distinguished himself. He afterwards returned to literary
labours and was chosen to continue the _History of João de
Barros_, with the title of _Chronista Môr da India_. He died at
Goa, in 1616.

=Crawfurd=, O., Portugal (old and new), London, 1880.

* * * * *

=D’Antas=, M., Les Faux Don Sébastien, Paris, 1866.--=Danvers=, Frederick C., The Portuguese in India, London, 1894, 2 vols.--=Dauncey=, J., A Compendious Chronicle of the Kingdom of Portugal from Alfonso the first king, to Alfonso VI, London, 1661.--=Denis=, Jean-Ferdinand, Résumé de l’histoire littéraire du Portugal, Paris, 1826; Portugal, in L’Univers Pittoresque, Paris, 1846.

_Jean-Ferdinand Denis_ was born at Paris, August 13th, 1798.
Much of his early life was spent in travel and the study of the
literature of Spain and Portugal. In 1838 he became connected
with the administration of the libraries of Paris and passed
the remainder of his life in literary work. He was a voluminous
writer upon historical and literary subjects.

=Dumouriez=, Charles François, État présent du royaume de Portugal, Lausanne, 1766; Hamburg, 1797; Mémoires, Hamburg, 1794, 2 vols.; Campagnes de Maréchal de Schomberg en Portugal depuis l’année 1662 jusqu’en 1668, London, 1807.

_Charles François Dumouriez_ was born at Cambrai, France,
January 25th, 1739. He rose to high rank in the French army,
but in 1793 was driven into exile, and until his death in 1823,
resided in England. His Mémoires are a valuable contribution to
the military history of his period.

=Dunham=, S. Astley, History of Spain and Portugal, London, 1832-1833.

* * * * *

=Ennes=, Antonio, see Cordeiro, L.

* * * * *

=Falcay=, J. A., L’état actuel de la monarchie portugaise.--=Fanshaw=, R., Letters during his embassies in Spain and Portugal, London, 1702.--=Faria y Sousa=, M. de, Asia Portuguesa, Lisbon, 1666-1675, 3 vols.; Europa Portuguesa, Lisbon, 1678-1680, 3 vols.; Africa Portuguesa, Lisbon, 1681; Historia del reyno de Portugal, Brussels, 1730; History of Portugal from the first ages of the world to 1640; translated and continued to 1698 by John Stevens, London, 1698.

_Manoel de Faria y Sousa_ was born in 1590, and at an early
age evinced remarkable literary ability. He became secretary
to the Bishop of Oporto and afterwards went to Spain upon the
invitation of the Secretary of State of Philip IV. Returning
to Lisbon in 1628, he accompanied the Portuguese ambassador to
Rome and was received by the pope in a very flattering manner.
The last fifteen years of his life were spent at Madrid in
the composition of his history. He is also celebrated as a
commentator of Camoens and left numerous works. Died in 1643.

=Faria=, M. Severim de, Noticias de Portugal, Lisbon, 1624.

_Manoel Severim de Faria_, a celebrated Portuguese antiquary
was born at Lisbon. He studied at Evora, where he early
distinguished himself and became the possessor of a library
much celebrated at the time for the rare works it contained.