Chapter XXXIII: Appendix: IV. History of the Greek Congress or Synedrion During the Persian (7)

1916 Liv. XLIII. 21. see above, § 2.

1917 Steph. Byz. in Παραυαῖοι. According to Arrian I. 7. the ἄκρα
Τυμφαίας and Παραυαίας, between Elimea and Thessaly. Plutarch Qu.
Gr. 13. cf. 26. places Parauæa in Molossis, Stephanus in Thesprotis,
as well as Tymphe. Comp. Thuc. II. 80. It is now called _Zagori_.
See _Geographische Ephemeriden_, vol. XVII. p. 429.

1918 Strab. VII. p. 325. cf. 326. The Paroræa in Pæonia, Liv. XLII. 51.
Plin. IV. 17. should be distinguished from it.

1919 Strab. VII. p. 327. cf. 326. Liv. XLV. 30. According to Marsyas in
Steph. Byz. in v. Αἰθικία, Æthicia lay between Tymphæa and
Athamania. In Liv. XXXII. 13. should probably be written, _in
Tymphæa terra Molottidis,_ where you would arrive by mounting the
course of the Aous. Plutarch Pyrrh. 6. connects Stymphæa and
Parauæa: τήν τε Στυμφαίαν καὶ τὴν Παραυαίαν τῆς Μακεδονίας. Comp.
Niebuhr’s Römische Geschichte, vol. III. p. 536.

1920 See particularly Polyb. II. 5. Scylax, p. 10. Comp. Thucydides,
Livy, and Strabo as above. In Proxenus ap. Steph. Byz. in v. Χαονία,
for Ταραύλιοι, Ἀμύμονες read Παραυαῖοι, Ἀτίντανες. It is mentioned
in Pseud-Aristot. Mirab. Auscult. p. 704. ed. Casaub. that Atintania
borders on Apolloniatis; and hence in p. 710. for Ἀτλαντίνων read
Ἀτιντάνων, or Ἀμαντίνων.

1921 In Liv. XXXI. 40. Sulpicius goes from Elimea to Orestis, and from
thence to Dassaretis (on the lake Lychnidus, XXVII. 32. near
Lyncestis, XXXI. 33. XXXII. 9. cf. Polyb. V. 108. Ptolem. p. 83,),
and conquers Pelion on the Erigon (see Arrian I. 5.).

1922 Μακεδόνων οἱ Ὀρέσται, Polyb. XVIII. 30. Liv. XXXIII. 34. cf. XLII.
38.

1923 Or Ὀρεστιὰς, Strab. VII. p. 326.

1924 Liv. XXXI. 40.

1925 Mannert denies this (VII. p. 519.); but without the authority of any
good map. See Pouqueville tom. II. p. 322. Orestia was beyond
Macedonia, according to Steph. Byz.

1926 This is evident from the following passages, Plin. H. N. IV. 15. _In
Thessalia autem Orchomenos Minyeus ante dictus, et oppidum Almon ab
aliis Salmon._ Schol. Apollon. II. 1186. δύναται δὲ καὶ Ὀρχομενοῦ
μνημονεύειν τοῦ μεθορίου Μακεδονίας καὶ Θεσσαλίας. Steph. Byz. Μινύα
πόλις Θεσσαλίας ἡ πρότερον Ἁλμωνία; Diod. XX. 110. where Orchomenus
and Dium are mentioned together as cities in existence in Olymp.
119. 3; Eustath. ad Il. IX. p. 661. 4. ed. Bas. (cf. II. p. 206.
22.) who states that the Thessalian _or_ Macedonian Orchomenus was
in his time called Charmenas. See _Orchomenos_, pp. 139, 249. where
it is also shown that the Halmopians, or Salmonians, were an ancient
tribe of the Minyæ.

1927 Livy XLV. 30. says of Eordæa, Lyncestis, Pelagonia, Atintania,
Tymphæa, and Elimiotis, _frigida hæc omnis duraque cultu et aspera
plaga est_.

1928 Among the Macedonian gentile-names, such as Lyncestæ, Orestæ, Diastæ
(Steph. Byz. in Δῖον), may also be included the Cyrrhestæ (Plin. H.
N. IV. 17.) of the region Cyrrhus (Thuc. II. 100. Diod. XVIII. 4.
Steph. Byz. in Μανδαραί).

1929 Thuc. IV. 83. 124, 129. Liv. XXVI. 25. XXXI. 33. see p. 459, note m,
[Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “Edessa and Pella,”
starting “Strab. VII. p. 323.”] p. 460, note x, [Transcriber’s Note:
This is the footnote to “Lyncestis,” starting “By the road.”] and §
27.

1930 Thuc. IV. 124. τὰς τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου κώμας. Heraclea Lyncestis appears
to have been a late settlement.

1931 Thuc. IV. 127.

1932 Strab. VII. p. 323. This road, which, according to the tab.
Peutinger. and the Itin. Anton. p. 318, 329, passes through
Lychnidus, Heraclea Lyncestis, Cellæ, Edessa, Pella, and Therma,
evidently in the higher parts followed the direction of an _ancient
pass_, the εὔπορος ὁδὸς διὰ τῆς Δασσαρήτιδος (see p. 458, note a
[Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “Illyrian
Dassaretians,” starting “In Liv. XXXI. 40.”]) κατὰ Λύγκον, Plut.
Flamin. 4. and also Liv. XXXII. 9. where for _Lychnidum_ read
_Lyncum_.

1933 This follows from Liv. XLV. 29. _Quarta regio trans Boram montem_
(with respect to which the _tertia regio_ was _versus
septentrionem_, and therefore _versus meridiem_ of this), and XLV.
30. _Quartam regionem Eordæi et Lyncestæ et Pelagones incolunt._

1934 For example, the way in Livy XXVI. 25. cf. XXXI. 33. where the river
_Bevus_ is also mentioned, probably one of the branches, which,
according to Strabo VII. p. 327, fall into the Erigon ἐκ Λυγκηστῶν.

1935 In Liv. XLII. 53. Perseus goes from Pella through Eordæa to Elimea.
The _lacus Begorrites_ appears to be the lake Citrini.

1936 See above, note n. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to
“south of it,” starting “This follows from Liv.”]

1937 Arrian I. 7. The river Eordaicus, ibid. I. 5, probably runs from
Eordæa into the Erigon.

1938 Liv. XXXIX. 53. Strab. VII. p. 327. Places, Bryanium, Alcomenæ,
Stymbara (_Stubera_ Livy, Στύβερρα Polybius). In Livy XXXI. 39, 40.
Sulpicius follows a mountain-road from Stubera to Eordæa, and then
to Elimea; compare Polyb. XVIII. 6. 3.

1939 Liv. XXXIX. 53.

1940 See above, p. 459, note s. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote
to “along the Erigon,” starting “Liv. XXXIX. 53.”]

1941 By the road _per Pelagoniam et Lyncum et Bottiæam in Thessaliam_,
Liv. XXVI. 25. That it borders on Deuriopus is shown by Liv. XXXI.
39.

1942 Liv. XXXI. 28, 33. comp. Gatterer Commentat. tom. VI. p. 67.

1943 Thucyd. II. 99. τῆς Παιονίας παρὰ τὸν Ἀξιὸν ποταμὸν στενήν τινα
καθήκουσαν ἄνωθεν μέχρι Πέλλης καὶ θαλάσσης. The same strip of land
was included by Æmilius Paulus in his _tertia regio_, according to
Livy XLV. 29. _Adjecta huic parti regio Pæoniæ, qua ab occasu præter
Axium amnem porrigitur._

1944 See above, p. 454, note p. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote
to “from Bottiaïs,” starting “Herod. VII. 123.”]

1945 II. 99. where Sitalces is going to make a descent into Lower
Macedonia, the country of Perdiccas, from Doberus κατὰ κορυφήν. He
then invades (II. 100.) Eidomene, Gortynia, Atalante, and Europus
(_Europos ad Axium amnem_, Plin. IV. 17.), probably places in
Pæonia, but certainly not Bottiæa or Mygdonia.

1946 II. 98. Παίονες Δόβηρες, Herod. VII. 113.

1947 II. 98.

1948 Herod. V. 15. Concerning the settlements of the Sintians, see
Mannert. vol. VII. p. 502.

1949 Doberus coincides with the modern _Doiran_. The Κερκινῖτις λίμνη,
Arrian I. 11, is probably the lake near Doiran.

1950 τῶν γὰρ Μακεδόνων εἰσί.

1951 ὑπήκοα, as the Magnetes to the Thessalians.

1952 Those of Perdiccas.

1953 τὴν παρὰ (according to Bekker) θάλασσαν νῦν Μακεδονίαν.

1954 The substance of the clauses omitted is given below.

1955 VII. 128. cf. 131, 173.

1956 See book I. ch. 1. § 3.

1957 Above, p. 457, note s. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to
“Cambunian mountains,” starting with “Liv. XLII. 53.”]

1958 Thus Thuc. IV. 83. comp. Xenoph. Hell. V. 2. 38.

1959 Above, p. 458, note b. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to
“Orestian Macedonians,” starting “Μακεδόνων οἱ Ὀρέσται.”] Thucydides
II. 80. distinguishes the Orestæ from the Macedonians, viz., from
those of Perdiccas.

1960 Thuc. II. 80. Perhaps from his name he was of the family of the
Aleuadæ.

1961 Thuc. IV. 79. 83.

1962 Strab. VII. p. 326. Comp. book I. ch. 7. § 15.

1963 Περδίκκας ἦγεν ὧν ἐκράτει Μακεδόνων τὴν δύναμιν against Arrhibæus,
Thuc. IV. 124.

1964 Herod. VIII. 137, 138.

1965 II. 100. These were, according to Herodotus, Perdiccas, Argæus,
Philip, Aeropus, Alcetas, Amyntas, Alexander, and Perdiccas.

1966 Edessa on the Via Egnatia, 28. m. p. from Pella, 62-66. from
Heraclea Lyncestis (Antonin. Itinerar. pp. 319, 330; the tab.
Peuting. gives less accurately 45 and 77 m. p.) is probably the
modern _Vodina_.

1967 See Dexippus ap. Syncell. p. 262. Euseb. Scal. p. 47. cf. 37. Justin
VII. 1. Solin. IX. 14. Dexippus quotes Theopompus for Caranus.
Marsyas (perhaps the cotemporary of Alexander and Antigonus) related
a fable concerning Cœnus, the successor of Caranus, Etym. Mag. p.
523. 40. Etym. Gud. p. 332. 41.

1968 Diod. XIX. 52. XXII. p. 307. Bip. Plin. IV. 17. Solin. IX. 14. comp.
Justin. VII. 2.

1969 See below, § 17.

1970 Herod. V. 21. VIII. 136. Justin VII. 3.

1971 Consequently the story that Xerxes gave Alexander all the country
between mounts Olympus and Hæmus (Justin VII. 4.) is not entirely
fabulous.

1972 Gatterer Commentat. vol. IV. p. 96. vol. VI. p. 15. is more accurate
on this point than Poppo Thucyd. vol. II. p. 421.

1973 Herod. VII. 112. Although Ἠιὼν ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης in Thuc. IV. 7. cannot be
that on the Strymon, yet Eustathius ad Il. II. 566. p. 217. ed. Bas.
is incorrect in distinguishing Ἠιὼν in Pieria from that on the
Strymon (comp. Steph. Byz. in Ἠιὼν, Schol. Thuc. I. 98.); and
Raoul-Rochette, Histoire des Colonies Grecques, tom. III. p. 207,
should not have followed him, since Pieria, viz. New-Pieria, reaches
in this point to the Strymon. But the Ἠιὼν of Thucydides is not in
Pieria, but in Chalcidice.

1974 Thuc. II. 99.

1975 The expression of Thucydides, καὶ ἔτι καὶ νῦν Πιερικὸς κόλπος
καλεῖται, proves that the circumstance had taken place long before.
Hence arose the fabulous genealogies of Pierus and Emathius, the
sons of Macednus, &c; Marsyas ap. Schol. Il. XIV. 226. comp. Pausan.
IX. 29. 1.

1976 VIII. 127. Thucydides also includes the Bottiæans, I. 57. (cf. IV.
57.) among those ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης. Βοττιαῖοι ἐν Θρᾴκῃ, Callimachus fragm.
75, 41.

1977 Herod. V. 94. Concerning the position of Anthemus, see Plin. H.N.
IV. 17. Hence the τάγμα Ἀνθεμουσία of the Macedonian army, Hesychius
in v. Ἴλη ἑταίρων Ἀνθεμουσία, Arrian II. 9. [See Thirlwall’s Hist.
of Greece, vol. V. p. 194. note.]

1978 An objection which might be derived from Thucyd. I. 58. where,
according to the old reading, Mygdonia is distinguished from the
kingdom of Perdiccas, is removed by omitting the τε after Μυγδονίας,
which Bekker and Poppo have expunged, with good MSS.

1979 The distinction taken by Tzetzes ad Lycoph. 419. between the Ἤδωνες
and Ἠδωνοὶ, viz., that the former dwelt on the coast, the latter
inland, cannot be supported. For instance, Thucyd. I. 100. calls
those by Amphipolis Ἠδωνοί.

1980 VII. 114.

1981 Herod. V. 11, 24.

1982 Thuc. IV. 107.

1983 But τὰ ἐντὸς Μακεδόνουν ἔθνεα, Herod. VI. 44, are not the nations in
Macedonia (Heyne Opuscul. Acad. IV. p. 164.), but those between
Macedonia and Persia. See Boeckh’s Economy of Athens, vol. II. p.
483. note.

1984 Forty stadia beyond Pydna, Strabo.

1985 Plutarch Qu. Gr. 11.

1986 Aristot. ap. Strab. X. p. 447. Conon Narr. c. 20. Raoul-Rochette,
Histoire des Colonies Grecques, tom. III. pp. 198 sqq.

_ 1987 Pydna_, however, early belonged to the Macedonians, Thucyd. I. 137.
Diod. XIII. 49. Scylax, p. 26. calls Pydna and Methone Greek cities;
but that proves nothing for their independence.

1988 Above, p. 455, note g. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to
“according to Herodotus,” starting “VII. 127.”] No one surely will
distinguish between γῆ ἡ Μακεδονὶς and ἡ Μακεδονία.

1989 Above, § 16. Herodotus also mentions together, among the allies of
Xerxes, VII. 185, the Eordians (in Physca, see below, p. 468. note k
[Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “Physca in Mygdonia,”
starting “According to Ptolemy, p. 83.”]), the Bottiæans (near
Olynthus), and the Chalcideans. Concerning the Brygians, see below,
§ 30.

1990 Besides VII. 127. see also VII. 173. concerning the road from _Lower
Macedonia_ to Thessaly.

1991 πρῶτοι (πρῶτον Bekker) ἐκτήσαντο.

1992 Near the pass Volustana, Liv. XLIV. 2, which led to Elimea, p. 457,
note s. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “Cambunian
mountains,” starting with “Liv. XLII. 53.”]

1993 VII. 131.

1994 V. 17.

1995 Herod. V. 15, 16.

1996 See Poppo Thucyd. vol. II. p. 434. Mannert, vol. VII. p. 495.

1997 Herod. VIII. 116.

1998 In Syncellus and Eusebius Scal. the reading is Dardanians for
Eordians; the latter, which is evidently the correct reading, is
preserved in the Armenian Eusebius, p. 168. ed. Mai. who follows
Diodorus.

1999 According to Ptolemy, p. 83. In Steph. Byz. it should probably be
written, Ἐορδαῖαι, δύο χῶραι, Μακεδονίας καὶ Μυγδονίας.

2000 Thuc. II. 100. cf. I. 57. VI. 7.

2001 Thuc. I. 57.

2002 I. 59.

2003 According to Schol. Thuc. I. 57.

2004 Hence perhaps we might separate ξύμμαχα καὶ ὑπήκοα in the beginning
of the chapter, and refer the former rather to Lyncus, the latter to
Elimea.

2005 Aristot. Pol. V. 8.

2006 Xen. Hell. V. 2. 38.

2007 Athen. XIII. p. 557. C. cf. X. p. 436 C.

2008 To be inferred from Lycophron. Cass. 802. with Tzetzes.

2009 Diod. XVII. 7.

2010 Arrian VI. 28.

2011 Pliny H. N. IV. 17. mentions _Almopians_, together with Eordians, on
the banks of the Axius; and in Ptolemy p. 83. Almopia is the country
near Europus; it was to this place that the Almopians probably fled.
This also explains the genealogical connexion with Pæon and Edonus.
_Orchamenos,_ p. 250, note 2.

2012 Of ancient wars of the Macedonians, not mentioned by Thucydides, I
may mention the fabulous battle between Caranus and _Cisseus_
(Pausan. IX. 40. 4.), probably a king of _Cissus_, near Therma,
which is the explanation given by Strabo VII. exc. 10. p. 330. of
Cisseus the Thracian in Il. XI. 221. Euripides transferred this war,
as well as the story of the goats, into his tragedy called
Archelaus, perhaps only written from flattery, fragm. 33. ed. Musgr.
Hyginus Fab. 219. See also Lycophr. 1237. Concerning the supposed
war with the Phrygians, see below, § 30.

2013 See Mannert, vol. VII. p. 281. In the catalogue of nations, however,
in Appian Illyr. 2. Pæonian and Thracian (Mædi, Triballi) are mixed
with Illyrian tribes.

2014 Herod. IV. 93. V. 3. Menander ap. Strab. VII. p. 297. The language
of the Getæ was Thracian, Strab. VII. p. 303.

2015 Herod. VII. 75, &c.

2016 According to Strabo VII. p. 305, 315. cf. VII. p. 323.

2017 Strab. VII. p. 316. According to which passage they extended more to
the north as far as the Illyrian Dardanians. The Thracians beyond
Crestona, mentioned by Herodotus V. 3. are probably the same people.

2018 Conon Narr. c. 20. calls the Bisaltæ Thracians (Ἄργιλος was also a
Thracian name according to Heraclid. Pont. 41); and the Panæans,
whom Thucydides II. 101. calls Thracians, were an Edonian nation
according to Stephanus Byz.

2019 Strabo X. p. 471. does not appear to make this supposition, but
perhaps in VII. p. 321.

2020 By Thucydides II. 29. and by earlier writers.

2021 See above, p. 11.

2022 Iliad XIV. 225. sqq.

2023 Gatterer Commentat. VI. p. 37. Mannert, vol. VII. p. 487.

2024 Solin. IX. 2, &c.

2025 See particularly Appian Illyr. I. But as in later times Pæonians and
Illyrians were confounded (Appian Illyr. 14.) the Paunonians also
were called Illyrians.

2026 Herod. V. 13. comp. VII. 20, 75, and see _Prolegomena zur
Mythologie_, p. 351. The legend concerning the great expedition of
the Teucrians is well given in Lycophron v. 1341.

2027 Yet Strabo VII. p. 295. has the contrary tradition of the Mysians.

2028 I. 196.

2029 Gottleber ad Thucyd. I. 57.

2030 Herod. V. 20.

2031 Herodot. V. 22. and see Valckenaer’s note. The Attic orators
evidently exaggerate; there is, however, perhaps a slight hyperbole
in what Weiske _de Hyperbole_, p. 19. says on the other side.

2032 See Scylax, p. 12. and the metrical Dicæarchus, p. 3. Comp. Salmas.
Exercit. Plin. p. 100 A.

2033 The passage of Hesiod appears to be from the Ἠοῖαι (above p. 4. note
n [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “Hesiod and
Hellanicus,” starting “Ap. Constant.”]), and these poems come down
as late as the 40th Olympiad (_Orchomenos_, p. 358). After Hesiod
Solinus IX. 13. calls _Macedo Deucalionis maternus nepos._ comp.
Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 427.

2034 The account of the Greeks living on the Pontus, according to Herod.
IV. 8-10.

2035 Although Mannert, vol. VII. p. 492. considers the Macedonians to be
of Illyrian and Pæonian descent, Comp. p. 421.

2036 See above, p. 460. note z. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote
to “and the coast,” starting “Thucyd. II. 99.”] Pliny H. N. IV. 17.
appears to say that the Eordi were Pæonians; and it is not
improbable that this was the fact, though the passage of Pliny is
corrupt. Herodotus VII. 185. mentions together Thracians, Pæonians,
Eordians, Bottiæans, Chalcidians, Brygians, Pierians, Macedonians,
and Perrhæbians.

_ 2037 E.g._ Thuc. IV. 124.

_ 2038 E.g._ Thucydides II. 96. mentions Thracians between mounts Hæmus
and Rhodope, Getæ and mountain Thracians together, as if the Getæ
were not Thracians. Instances of this use are very common; _e.g._
the common case of Ionians _and_ Athenians.

2039 Il. XIV. 226. And hence in the Hymn to the Pythian Apollo, v. 39.
(according to Matthiä’s and Ilgen’s conjecture), although Emathia
does not suit very well there, and the preceding word (neither
Λεύκον nor Λίγκον is in its place) remains uncertain. The Roman
poets, as is well known, use the name in a very wide sense, Heyne ad
Virg. Georg. I. 492.

2040 Plin. H. N. IV. 17. Justin. VII. 1. Gell. XIV. 6. 4. Solinus IX. 1.
distinguishes between the Edonian, Mygdonian, Pierian, and Emathian
territory, and IX. 12. derives the name of Emathia, as being that of
the most ancient Macedonia, from an Autochthon _Emathius_. Tzetzes
ad Hesiod. Op. I. Chiliad. VI. 90. states, from the Delphica of
Melisseus, that Aëropus, the eldest son of Emathion, had reigned
over Lyncus, which had previously been called Pieria,—a very
confused account.

2041 See Justin VII. 1.

2042 Pag. 84.

2043 In Ptolemy the word is Κύριος. See above, p. 458. note h.
[Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “Macedonian inflexion,”
starting “Among the Macedonian.”]

2044 II. 100. comp. Plin. H. N. IV. 17. The tabula Peuting. which places
Idomenæ 53 m. p. from Therma, and 35 from Stoboi (Istip), agrees
very well with Thucydides, Ptolemy, and Pliny.

2045 Since he entirely separates Bottiæa from Pieria.

2046 XXIV. 8. Liv. XV. 3. Justin VII. 1. says of Emathia, _Populus
Pelasgi, regio Bœotia dicebatur_, where _Bottiæa_ is a more probable
correction than _Pæonia_, and is confirmed by the Vatican fragments
of Diodorus, p. 4. Mai.

2047 I. 56. cf. VIII. 43. and see book I. ch. 1. § 10.

2048 I. 56. Δωρικὸν ἐκλήθη. And yet, according to Herodotus himself, they
were governed by Dorus in Hestiæotis.

2049 Constantin. Porphyrog. II. 2. λέγεται δὲ καὶ Μακεδονίας μοῖρα
Μακέτα, ὡς Μαρσύας ἐν πρώτῳ Μακεδονιακῶν. καὶ τὴν Ὀρεστιάδα (vulg.
Ἠρέστειαν δὲ) Μακέταν λέγουσιν. See above, p. 458. note c.
[Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to “valley of Orestis,”
starting “Or Ὀρεστιὰς.”] Scymnus calls the Macedonians γηγενεῖς, and
makes them come from Macessa and Emathia, v. 657.

2050 Appian Syr. 63. Ἄργος ἐν Ὀρεστείᾳ (ὅθεν οἱ Ἀργέαδαι Μακεδόνες).
Concerning the name of the Argeadæ see Pausan. VII. 8. 5. and the
note of Siebelis. Perhaps the entire legend of the Argive origin of
the Macedonian kings properly refers to this Argos Orestikon.

2051 VII. p. 324. sqq.

2052 Bulini, near the modern _Valona_, Mannert, vol. VII. p. 388.

2053 Near Epidamnus, according to Thuc. I. 24. Appian. Bell. Civ. II. 39.
and extending as far as the Dalmatians according to Appian Illyr.
24.

2054 Also near Epidamnus according to Liv. XXIX. 12. XLIII. 21. to the
south of the Taulantians according to Plin. H. N. III. 26. Mela. II.
3. The country of the Parthini was called ἡ Πάρθος, Polyb. XVIII.
30. 12. as ἡ Λύγκος (Thuc. IV. 83.) ἡ Δευρίοπος above, § 11. ἡ
Κύρρος.

2055 See below, p. 481, note k. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote
to “with the Dassaretians,” starting “Scymnus Chius.”]

2056 Read πλησέον δέ που κατὰ (vulg. καὶ) τὰ ἀργύρια.

2057 Besides this passage Damastium is only known by its silver coins,
Eckhel D. N. I. II. p. 164. Mionnet Descript. tom. II. p. 54.

2058 Here those in the neighbourhood of Apollonia are meant, see below,
p. 483, note a. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to
“strange deities,” starting “As the Encheleans.”]

2059 Probably the Dassaretians (Sesarethians) near Lychnidus.

2060 In Northern Sicily.

2061 Not mentioned elsewhere.

2062 See particularly Thuc. II. 80. Scymn. 444. Concerning their
ἐκβάρβαρωσις see Plutarch Pyrrh. 1.

2063 Scylax, p. 12. Dicæarchus, p. 3.

2064 Pag. 10.

2065 Illyr. 7.

2066 See above, p. 458, note b. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote
to “Orestian Macedonians,” starting “Μακεδόνων οἱ Ὀρέσται.”]

2067 Polyb. XVIII. 30. Liv. XXXIII. 34. _Liberi Amantini et Orestæ_,
Plin. H. N. IV. 17. Hence Steph. Byz. makes Orestis reach to
Molossia, in v. Ὀρέσται. These have been generally followed by
modern geographers. Lyncus alone is mentioned by Steph. Byz. in v.
πόλιν Ἠπείρου.

2068 According to the probable supposition of Mannert, vol. VII. p. 390.

2069 Strab. VII. See Exc. 3. p. 329.

2070 This usage first occurs in Cæsar Bell. Civ. III. 34. although there
it is not quite clear; on the other hand, Dio Cassius XLI. 49.
distinctly says, ἐν τῇ γῇ τῇ πρότερον μὲν Ἰλλυριῶν τῶν Παρθινῶν, νῦν
δὲ καὶ τότε γε ἤδη Μακεδονίᾳ νενομισμένῃ: the boundaries are given
by Pliny N. H. III. 26. (from Lissus to Oricum) and
Ptolemy.—Dexippus also, quoted by Constantinus Porphyr. de Them. II.
9. includes Epidamnus in Macedonia, and the tabula Peuting, has only
Macedonia between Dalmatia and Epirus.

2071 See _e.g._ Thuc. I. 24. Liv. XLV. 26.

2072 It would lead me too far to treat here of the Thesean, Abantian,
Laconian, and ancient Ionian κουρά.

2073 Book IV. ch. 2. § 4. The proper Thessalian appellation was,
according to the Great Etymologist, ἄλληξ, whence _allicula_.

2074 See _Etrusker_, vol. I. p. 265.

2075 Theophrast. Hist. Plant. III. 9.

2076 Schneider’s Lexicon in πέτασος.

2077 Plutarch Amat. 16. Pyrrh. 11. Herodian. IV. 8. 5. Dio Chrysostom.
Or. 72. p. 628. ed. Reisk. Pollux X. 162. Valer. Max. V. 1. ext. 4.
Antipater Thessal. apud Brunck. n. 10. Suidas in Καυσίν. Compare
Valcknaer ad Adoniaz. p. 345.

2078 Polyb. IV. 4. 5.

2079 Heracl. Pont. 17.

2080 Eckhel Doct. Num. I. 2. pp. 83. 155. 158. A clear notion of the
causia may be obtained from the representations of Macedonian coins
in Pellerin Recueil de M. de Rois Pl. 1. n. 1. of Ætolian in Combe
Numi Mus. Britann. Pl. 5. 24. 25. and of Illyrian in Eckhel Numi.
Vet. Anecd. (1775.) Pl. I. tab. 6. 22. 23.

2081 Philip, the son of Amyntas, first conquered the country as far as
the lake Lychnitis, Diod. XVI. 8. The Taulantians in the time of
Alexander had their own king, Arrian I. 5. The Illyrian king Argon
ruled (about 240 B.C.) as far as Epirus, and the Atintanes were his
subjects, Appian Illyr. 7. 8. When the Romans first went to Illyria
they were joined by the Parthini and Atintanes, Polyb. II. 11.
Atintania was first conquered by Philip the son of Demetrius,
Schweighæuser ad Polyb. II. 5. p. 356. In the peace he only lost
Lychnidus (with Dassaretis, Polyb. V. 108.) and Parthus (_i.e._ the
Parthini), Polyb. XVIII. 30. 12. Liv. XXXIII. 34. The only countries
which even Perseus possessed beyond the mountains were Atintania and
Tymphæa, Liv. XLV. 30. See also Palmer Græc. Ant. I. 14. p. 78.

2082 From ἄμαθος, sea-sand.

2083 V. II. 1.

2084 Suppl. 257.

2085 Apollod. III. 8. 1. Ælian de Nat. An. X. 48. Steph. Byz. in Ὠρωπός.

2086 σύνοικοι, Herod. VII. 73.

2087 Herod. VIII. 138. Conon Narr. I. Concerning these roses see also
Nicand. Fragm. 2. p. 278. ed. Schneider. Conon ibid. and Apollodorus
ap. Strab. XIV. p. 680. also speak of ancient mines near mount
Bermius.

2088 It might be inferred from Thuc. I. 61. that Berœa had not even
_then_ become a Macedonian possession; but it seems that
ἀπανίστανται merely signifies “they prepare to leave Macedonia.”

2089 In Herod. VII. 73. Conon ubi sup. Xanthus placed it after, but
probably _soon_ after the Trojan war.

2090 Justin VII. 1.

2091 Scymnus Chius v. 433. Strab. pp. 326, 327. There were Βρίγες in
Dyrrhachium, according to Appian B.C. II. 39. who states that they
returned from Phrygia; comp. Steph. Byz. in Βρύξ. Herodotus indeed
plainly distinguishes from the Βρίγεσφρύγες (VII. 73.) the Βρύγοι
Θρήικες (VI. 45. VII. 185.) in Macedonia, who revolted to Mardonius
and came with Xerxes; and Strabo also appears completely to separate
the Βρύγοι as an Illyrian people (in p. 327. write Βρύγων) from the
Thracian Βρίγες, who are said to have entirely left Europe (VII. p.
295): still their names and settlements seem to establish a national
affinity.

2092 Mygdon, a prince of the Phrygians, is mentioned in Iliad III. 186.
Comp. Strabo VII. p. 295.

2093 Aristotle ἐν τῇ Βοττιαίων πολιτείᾳ ap. Plutarch. Thes. 16. Qu. Gr.
35. A similar, though still stranger, legend concerning the
Bottiæans may be seen in Strabo VI. pp. 279. 282. Compare Etymol.
Magn. in Βόττεια. The Cretan traditions may perhaps have found a
resting-place in the temple at Ichnæ.

2094 Thuc. II. 100. Plin. H. N. IV. 17. The name Europus (Justin. VII. 1.
speaks of an ancient king Europus in this country, and according to
Steph. Byz. Εὐρωπὸς and Ὠρωπὸς were the sons of Macedon) reminds us
of Demeter Europa, the Hermionean Europs, and the Cretan Europa. The
Cretan Ἰδομενεὺς implies the existence of a place named Ἰδομένη.

2095 I. 57. Compare _Orchomenos_, p. 444. note 1.

2096 See above, p. 458, note f. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote
to “far from Pieria,” starting “This is evident.”]

2097 Πύδνα occurs again in the sacred Pytna of Crete. The poetical
associations chiefly clung to the district above Dium, where Pimple
and Leibethrum were situated.

2098 See above, p. 472, note a. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote
to “narrow strip of land,” starting “See above.”] Strabo, who calls
the Eordi Illyrians (above, § 26.), yet speaks only of the
Macedonian inhabitants of Eordia. Hesychius and Tzetzes ad Lycophr.
1342. call the Eordi Macedonians. Stephanus Byz. in Ἄμυρος has a
confused passage on the Amyri, who, according to Suidas, were Eordi.

2099 Liv. XLV. 30.

2100 Compare now Heyne Opusc. Acad. IV. p. 165. _Macedonas e multis
barbarorum populis, Thracum inprimis et Pelasgorum, quibus Græcorum
exigua pars accesserat, coaluisse._ Schlözer Weltgeschichte, vol. I.
pag. 290. _The Macedonians, brothers of the Thracians, and entirely
different from the Greeks, among whom they were long called
barbarians, wandered about their mountainous country, divided into
150 hordes, when a Heraclide, &c._

2101 Solinus, IX. 16.

2102 Thuc. II. 100.

2103 Solinus, IX. 17.

2104 XLV. 30. _ferociores eos et accolæ barbari faciunt, nunc bello
exercentes, nunc in pace miscentes ritus suos._ An intercourse in
peace, among free and hardy nations, presupposes a certain degree of
resemblance. At the present time the wild Orestæ are stated to be
very different from the mild and social Zagoriots (Parauæans),
_Geographische Ephemeriden_, vol. XVII. p. 430.

2105 As the Encheleans appear to have carried from the Bœotian incursion
(_Orchomenos_, p. 231.) the worship of Cadmus and Harmonia both to
the region of Buthoë (Scylax, p. 9. Steph. Byz. in Βουθόη), and to
the Ceraunian mountains (Dionys. Perieg. v. 391. Apoll. Rh. IV. 517.
for there were Encheleans in both places). Compare Apollodorus III.
5. 4. Scymnus Chius v. 437. Eustathius ad Dionys. Perieg. v. 389.
Interpret. Virg. Æn. I. 243. ed. Mai.

2106 Amerias ap. Hesych. in v.

2107 Hesychius in Δευάδαι.

2108 Hesychius et Favorinus in v.

2109 Hesychius in v.

2110 Plutarch Alex. 2. Polyæn. Stratag. IV. 1. Compare Athenæus V. p. 198
E. Etym. Mag. et Suidas in Κλώδονες, Lycoph. v. 1237. Conon Narr.
45. Creuzer’s Symbolik, vol. III. p. 194. sq.

_ 2111 Jovis templum, veterrimæ Macedonum religionis_, Justin XXIV. 2.
Archelaus established Olympic games (Arrian I. 11.), who had himself
been a conqueror at the Olympic games at Elis, Solin. IX. 18.
Perhaps also Musea in Macedonia, according to Arrian ubi sup.

2112 Hesych. in Ἐδεσσαῖος.

2113 Hesych. in Ἄρητος.

2114 See above, p. 455, note z. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote
to “an ancient temple,” starting “Of Apollo.”]

2115 Book II. ch. 11. § 2.

2116 Eckhel D. N. I. 2. p. 74. The Macedonian Venus, Zeirene (Hesyvch. in
v.) was perhaps the Zerynthian. Mars, according to Hesychius, was in
Macedonia called Thaumus or Thaulus.

2117 Herod. V. 6. Strab. VII. p. 315. Comp. Salmas. Exerc. Plin. p. 169
A.

2118 Polit. VII. 2. 6.

2119 According to Hegesander ap. Athen. I. p. 18 A.

2120 Herod. V. 4; according to Solinus X. 2. _apud plurimos_.

2121 Herod. V. 5. comp. Solinus X. 3.

2122 Solinus X. 1. concludes _Thracibus barbaris inesse contemtum vitæ ex
quadam naturalis sapientiæ disciplina_.

2123 See besides Herod. V. 5. Heraclid. Pont. Polit. 27. Strab. VII. p.
297. Salmas. Exerc. Plin. p. 112 A.

2124 Herod. V. 6. Heraclid. ubi sup. Solin. X. 4.

2125 Solin. X. 5.

2126 Thuc. II. 100. The ἄνω ξύμμαχοι are the Lyncestæ, &c.

2127 Xenoph. Hell. V. 2. 41. V. 3. 1. cf. Thuc. I. 61, 62.

2128 Polyb. V. 27. 6. Curtius VI. 8. 25. (with Freinsheim’s note) VI. 9.
34. Crophius Antiq. Maced. I. 6. II. 4.

2129 Hence, for example, it cannot be inferred from the distinction
between the Illyrian and Macedonian languages in Polyb. XXVIII. 8.
9. that the nations were originally of a different descent. Sturz
_De Dialecto Macedonica et Alexandrina_ has not sufficiently
distinguished the third period from the two first.

2130 For example, Steph. Byz. in v. Βορμίσκος—οὓς κύνας τῇ πατρῴᾳ φωνῇ
ἐστερικὰς καλοῦσιν οἱ Μακεδόνες. The barbarous word σκοῖδος,
signifying a kind of steward, which was used by Alexander in
letters, and adopted by Menander (Photius, p. 523. 5.) can hardly be
oriental. See also the collection of Sturz in the words ἄβαγνα,
ἄδδαι, ἀδῆ, ἀκρέα, ἄξος, &c.

2131 The Athamanes were Epirots according to Strabo, Illyrians according
to Steph. Byz. in v. The words are not Grecian.

2132 See above, Σανάδαι, and Athenæus III. p. 114 B. concerning the
Macedonian and Athamanian word δράμις or δράμιξ.

2133 This fact may be believed on the testimony of Curtius VI. 9. 35.

2134 Apollonius de Construct. III. 7. calls it the Macedonian or
Thessalian usage. Sturz, p. 28. 5. infers chiefly from this that the
Macedonian language was originally nearly the same as the Dorian.
The coins, I may remark incidentally, prove nothing, as they were
struck for intercourse with the Greeks. Adelung, on the other hand,
considers the Macedonians as Thracians (to which nation he also
refers the Illyrians), with a tinge of Greek civilisation,
Mithridat, vol. II. p. 359.

2135 See above, p. 3. notes g and h. [Transcriber’s Note: These are the
footnotes to “native dialect,” starting “Compare, for example,” and
to “Æolic,” starting “_E.g._ the nominatives.”]

2136 Above, p. 467. note c. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to
“on Pieria,” starting “Near the pass Volustana.”] Hence the
Cambunian mountains are now called Volutza.

2137 Above, p. 453. note g. [Transcriber’s Note: This is the footnote to
“Candavian chain,” starting “Ptolemy.”] The first syllable of this
name appears to be the same as of _Cambunii montes_, in which the
second part is probably the word βοῦνος, which in modern Greek still
means “a hill.” In the names of Macedonian mountains, _Barnus_,
_Bermius_, and _Bertiscus_ (Ptolemy), there is probably the same
root.

2138 Pausan. X. 6. 5. οἱ μὲν δὴ γενεαλογεῖν τὰ πάντα ἐθέλοντες, &c.

2139 Ἕλληνος δ᾽ ἐγένοντο θεμιστοπόλον Βασιλῆες Δῶρός τε Ξοῦθός τε καὶ
Αἴολος ἱππιοχάρμης. Tzetzes ad Lycoph. 284. and Schol. Apoll. Rh.
III. 1085. Other poems of Hesiod are made use of by Schol. Hom. Od.
χ’. 2.

2140 Apollodorus I. 7, 3. Pausan. V. 1, 2. &c. from the circumstance that
Achæus and Ion are represented as the _only_ sons of Xuthus, I have
inferred above that the Ionians were probably of an Achæan race.

2141 Schol. Hom. Od. κ. 2. οἱ δὲ λέγουσιν ὅτι Ἕλλην γόνῳ μὲν ἦν Διὸς,
λόγῳ δὲ Δευκαλίωνος. Compare Pindar Pyth. IV. 167. who alludes to
this fable, and Eurip Melan. IV. 2.

2142 Il. II. 684. and compare IX. 395, 474. XVI. 595. The verse ἐγχείῃ δ᾽
ἐκέκαστο Πανέλληνας καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς, II. 530, has been properly
condemned by the Alexandrine critics.

2143 Or rather “_near_ Phthia.” Homer distinguishes Hellas and Phthia
(Il. IX. 395, 478, 479. Od. XI. 495.); the tetrarchy of Phthiotis in
later times included both.

2144 Æginetica, p. 155.

2145 Hesiod. Op. et Di. 526. Βράδιον δὲ Πανελλήνεσσι φαείνει. Compare
Strabo VIII. p. 370. It may be observed, that in the three most
ancient passages in which the collective name of the Greeks occurs,
viz., the verse in the Works and Days, the spurious line in the
Iliad, and the passage in the Ἠοῖαι referred to by Strabo, they are
called, not Ἕλληνες, but Πανέλληνες.

2146 Apollodorus I. 7. 6.

2147 Hes. Theog. 129. 371.

2148 Ap. Plutarch. Lycurg. 6. according to a certain emendation. See book
III. ch. 5. § 8.

2149 Book III. ch. 12. § 5.

2150 Book II. ch. 1. § 8.

2151 See book I. ch. 1. § 9.

2152 See particularly Plato de Leg. I. p. 636. VI. p. 752. Κνωσίους
πρεσβεύειν τῶν πολλῶν πόλεων.

2153 See Strabo X. p. 476. compare p. 481. after Ephorus.

2154 Archilochus ap. Heraclid. Pont. πολιτ. Κρητῶν. fragm. 86. Gaisford.

2155 Hom. Od. XIX. 175. sqq.

2156 See book III. ch. 1. § 8.

2157 The eclipse of the sun, however, mentioned by Herodotus, does not
agree, and must be an error. VII. 37.

2158 Συλλεγομένων ἐς τωύτὸ τῶν περι την Ἑλλαδα Ἑλληνων τῶν τὰ ἀμείνω
φρονεόντων, καὶ διδόντων σφίσι λόγον καὶ πίστιν, Herod. VII. 145.

2159 VII. 157. ἔπεμψαν ἡμέας Λακεδαιμόνιοί [τε καὶ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι] καὶ οἱ
τούτων σύμμαχοι. The words included in brackets are wanting in the
family of the Passioneus and Florence MSS., and appear to be
interpolated from c. 161.

2160 Herod. VII. 176. where the words οἱ Ἕλληνες include both the troops
and the congress.

2161 The former in the first full-moon after the solstice, the latter
about the second, Corsini Fast. Att. I. 2. p. 453.

2162 Diodorus speaks of a decree of this nature, but the oath on the
Isthmus is a rhetorical invention, XI. 29.

2163 Pericl. 39. παρὰ τὰ κοινὰ δίκαια καὶ τοὺς γεγενημένους ὅρκους τοῖς
Ἕλλησι.

2164 Aristid. 21. γενομένης ἐκκλησίας κοινῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἔγραψεν
Ἀριστείδης ψήφισμα, συνιέναι μὲν εἰς Πλαταιὰς καθ᾽ ἔκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν
τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος προβούλους καὶ θεωροὺς, ἄγεσθαι δὲ
πενταετηρικὸν ἀγῶνα τῶν Ἐλευθερίων.

2165 ἀναφορὰ εἰς τὸν πόλεμον, Plutarch. Aristid. 24.