Chapter XXIV: Summary (8)

[635] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158. Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 383. Hardisty, ‘The Loucheux Indians,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 312. Dixon, ‘Voyage round the World,’ pp. 225, _et seq._ Harmon, ‘Journal of Voyages and Travels,’ p. 293. Franklin, ‘Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea,’ p. 67. _Cf._ Waitz, vol. iii. p. 328; Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 310; Mackenzie, _loc. cit_. p. 147; Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 390.

[636] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 343.

[637] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 412.

[638] Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 143.

[639] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 209.

[640] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 693.

[641] v. Schütz-Holzhausen, ‘Der Amazonas,’ p. 70.

[642] v. Martius, vol i. p. 322. Keane, ‘On the Botocudos,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206.

[643] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 241.

[644] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 128.

[645] _Ibid._, i. p. 82.

[646] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 239.

[647] Moncelon, in ‘Bull Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 368. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 115.

[648] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 329.

[649] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194.

[650] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315.

[651] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 5, 335, 448. _Cf._ Modigliani, ‘Un viaggio a Nías,’ p. 471 (Nias).

[652] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.

[653] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 348, et seq.

[654] Chavanne, _loc. cit._ p. 315.

[655] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. xx. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 516.

[656] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 479.

[657] Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p. 25. _Cf._ Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iv. p. 498; ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 237; Bosman, p. 480.

[658] Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 434. This rule is not, however, strictly observed among the lower classes in Arabia (Palgrave, ‘Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia,’ vol. i. pp. 271, _et seq._), nor by the Mohammedans of Africa (d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 63. Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 511. Chavanne, p. 349).

[659] Lane, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians,’ vol. i. p. 138.

[660] Polak, ‘Persien,’ vol. i. p. 224.

[661] Balfour, ‘The Cyclopædia of India,’ vol. iii. p. 252.

[662] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 361 (New Caledonians).

[663] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 201.

[664] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 661.

[665] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 61.

[666] Some Californian tribes (Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 75, 246, 270), the Comanches (Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 132), Guanas (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 95), Patagonians (Falkner, ‘Description of Patagonia,'p. 126), Kaupuis in Manipur (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Ladrone Islanders (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 187), the ancient people of Honduras (de Herrera, ‘The General History of the West Indies,’ vol. iv. p. 140).

[667] North American Indians (Schoolcraft, vol. i. p. 236; vol. ii. p. 132; vol. v. pp. 683, 684, 686. Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 375. Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 145. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 514), Africans (Wake, ‘The Evolution of Morality,’ vol. ii. p. 128, note 2. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 115), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 149), Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 358), inhabitants of Nepaul (Smith, ‘Five Years’ Residence at Nepaul,‘ vol. i. p. 153), South Slavonians (Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 569, _et seq._), Egyptians (Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 304).

[668] Liebich, _loc. cit._ p. 50, note 3.

[669] ‘Uplands-Lagen,’ Aerfdæ Balkær, ch. vi.

[670] Adair, pp. 144, _et seq._ Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 245.

[671] Crees (Schoolcraft, vol. v. p. 167), Chibchas (Waitz, vol. iv. p. 367), Abyssinians (Lobo, ‘Voyage to Abyssinia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xv. pp. 25, _et seq._), Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst,’ vol. xvi. p. 358), &c.

[672] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 95.

[673] Keating, ‘Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River,’ vol. ii. pp. 169, _et seq._

[674] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 339. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 505.

[675] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 632.

[676] Squier, ‘The Archæology and Ethnology of Nicaragua,’ in ‘Trans. Am. Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 127. Acosta, ‘The Natural and Moral History of the Indies,’ vol. ii. p. 370.

[677] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen tot te taal-, land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. pp. 446-448. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397.

[678] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 95. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 80. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 127.

[679] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 547. _Cf._ Waitz, vol. ii. p. 389; Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 740; Park, ‘Travels in the Interior of Africa,’ p. 221 (Mandingoes); Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 151, note * (Arabs of Upper Egypt).

[680] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 113. Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 396, _et seq._ Johnston, ‘The People of Eastern Equatorial Africa,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 11. _Cf._ Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 45.

[681] Grade, in ‘Aus. allen Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 5.

[682] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 522.

[683] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 192.

[684] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxii. vv. 15-17.

[685] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209.

[686] Manzoni, quoted by Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 555. _Cf._ Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63.

[687] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 461

[688] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 213.

[689] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 26.

[690] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 79, 104, 237, 238, 283.

[691] _Ibid._, p. 232.

[692] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xix.

[693] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 133.

[694] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 226; vol. v. p. 217.

[695] Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. xcviii.

[696] Seemann, ‘The Voyage of Herald,’ vol. i. p. 316.

[697] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 313.

[698] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 359. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 192, 193, 419.

[699] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 391.

[700] In Bali this practice was carried to the utmost excess (Crawfurd ‘History of the Indian Archipelago,’ vol. ii., p. 241. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 19).

[701] Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 77.

[702] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 130, 640, _et seq._

[703] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 96. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 359, 377. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 192, 398. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands,’ p. 557. Pritchard, _loc. cit._ p. 372.

[704] Inglis, ‘Missionary Tour in the New Hebrides,’ in ‘Journal of the Ethnological Society of London,’ vol. iii. p. 63.

[705] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 435. _Cf._ Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 31.

[706] Hardisty, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 319.

[707] Bouche, ‘La Côte des Esclaves,’ p. 218.

[708] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 280.

[709] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ p. 173.

[710] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191; vol. vi. p. 130.

[711] de Rubruquis, ‘Travels into Tartary and China,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. vii. p. 33. Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 57.

[712] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 305.

[713] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 215.

[714] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 152.

[715] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 391.

[716] Dubois, _loc. cit._ pp. 99, 164.

[717] Malcolm, ‘Essay on the Bhills,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. Asiatic Soc. Gr. Britain and Ireland,’ vol. i. p. 86.

[718] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 578.

[719] Pausanias, ‘Ἑλλάδος περιήγησις,’ book ii. ch. 21.

[720] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 262.

[721] Fulton, ‘The Laws of Marriage,’ pp. 204, _et seq._ St. Paul, ‘1 Timothy,’ ch. v. vv. 11, 12, 14, _et seq._

[722] Gibbon, ‘The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,’ vol. i. p. 319.

[723] Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 186.

[724] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 269.

[725] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 621.

[726] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 488, 387.

[727] Schomburgk, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 227. Lord, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 235. Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 95.

[728] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 255. v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 34. Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 119. Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs). Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 383 (Yokuts). Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 208, 241 (Takue, Marea). Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 82 (certain Papuans).

[729] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 325 (Californians). Ashe, ‘Travels in America,’ p. 250 (Shawanese). Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 369 (Eskimo at Igloolik).

[730] Munzinger, p. 387.

[731] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63.

[732] Greenlanders (Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 148), Eskimo at Igloolik (Lyon, _loc. cit._ 369), Aleuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 93, note 133, Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 159), Indians of Oregon (Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 655), Dacotahs (_ibid._, vol. iii. p. 238), Yokuts (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 383), Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250), Chibchas (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 367), Macusís (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 649), Ainos (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 524. Bickmore, ‘Notes on the Ainos,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 20. v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 34), Igorrotes of Luzon (Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385. Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 28), Old Kukis (Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 620).

[733] Adair, _loc. cit._ pp. 186, _et seq._

[734] Fries, ‘Grönland,’ p. 76.

[735] _Cf._ Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 225 (Basutos); Rochon, _loc. cit._ p. 747 (people of Madagascar); Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 126 (natives of Northern Queensland); Letourneau, ‘L’évolution du mariage et de la famille,’ pp. 258, _et seq._

[736] In Fernando Po (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 61) and among the Fulah (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 472).

[737] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195.

[738] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 44. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1028.

[739] Franklin, _loc. cit._ pp. 67, _et seq._

[740] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 82.

[741] Bonwick, ‘The Last of the Tasmanians,’ p. 308.

[742] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 110. _Cf._ Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ pp. 345, _et seq._

[743] Grey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 252, _et seq._

[744] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 525.

[745] Lisiansky, p. 128.

[746] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 413.

[747] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 218.

[748] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 349.

[749] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 163.

[750] Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage et de la famille,’ p. 70.

[751] As a curious exception to this rule, Dr. Brehm (‘Bird-Life,’ p. 289) mentions a bereaved hen sparrow, who, though she had eggs to hatch and young to rear, would not take a second mate.

[752] Among the Kaniagmuts and Aleuts (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 402), as also occasionally among other North American tribes, certain men were dressed and brought up like women, and never married; whereas, among the Eastern Eskimo, there are some women who refuse to accept husbands, preferring to adopt masculine manners, following the deer on the mountains, trapping and fishing for themselves (_ibid._, p. 139).

[753] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 339.

[754] Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250.

[755] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238.

[756] Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 187.

[757] ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172.

[758] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 21.

[759] Burchell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 58. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 565.

[760] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 424.

[761] Caillié, ‘Travels through Central Africa,’ vol. i. p. 348.

[762] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p. 489.

[763] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 284.

[764] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 220, _et seq._

[765] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 193, 175.

[766] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 233.

[767] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 69, note.

[768] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 141.

[769] Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 256, _et seq._ _Cf._ Schellong, ‘Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. xxi. p. 17 (Papuans of Finschhafen, Kaiser Wilhelm Land).

[770] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 86.

[771] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 168.

[772] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. xxiv. Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 110.

[773] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 184.

[774] _Cf._ Lansdell, ‘Through Siberia,’ vol. ii. p. 226 (Gilyaks); Armstrong, ‘The Discovery of the North-West Passage,’ p. 192 (Eskimo); Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 633, note 2 (natives of the Indian Archipelago).

[775] Man, ‘Sonthalia and the Sonthals,’ p. 101.

[776] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 215.

[777] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 110.

[778] Southey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 240.

[779] Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 368, 372. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 399, _et seq._

[780] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 320.

[781] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 413. Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 121. _Cf._ Ross, ‘The Eastern Tinneh,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 305 (Chippewyans); Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 132 (Comanches); vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs).

[782] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 632.

[783] Bovallius, ‘Resa i Central-Amerika,’ vol i. p. 248.

[784] Morelet, ‘Reisen in Central-Amerika,’ p. 257.

[785] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 248.

[786] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 60, 61, 94.

[787] Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 132.

[788] Parkyns, ‘Life in Abyssinia,’ vol. ii. p. 41.

[789] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 324. Petherick, ‘Egypt, the Soudan and Central Africa,’ p. 396.

[790] Chavanne, _loc. cit._ p. 401. Krapf, ‘Travels in East Africa,’ p. 354. ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 168.

[791] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 145, _et seq._

[792] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 284.

[793] Hodgson, ‘The Kócch, Bodo and Dhimál People,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 734.

[794] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 205. _Cf._ Man, _loc. cit._ p. 20.

[795] Hunter, vol. iii. p. 82.

[796] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 125.

[797] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, _et seq._

[798] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 64.

[799] Neale, ‘Residence in Siam,’ p. 155.

[800] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 69.

[801] Huc, ‘Travels in Tartary,’ vol. i. p. 184.

[802] Batchelor, ‘The Ainu of Japan,’ p. 141.

[803] Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ pp. 111, _et seq._

[804] Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 278. _Cf._ Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 143.

[805] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195.

[806] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107.

[807] Stone, ‘Port Moresby and Neighbourhood,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xlvi. p. 55. Ploss, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 392.

[808] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pp. 46, _et seq._ Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 251, _et seq._

[809] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 306, _et seq._

[810] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 882.

[811] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 186.

[812] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 216, _et seq._

[813] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 234, _et seq._

[814] Ross, ‘History of Corea,’ p. 313.

[815] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 67.

[816] Niebuhr, ‘Travels in Arabia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. x. p. 151. _Cf._ Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 64 (Arabs).

[817] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 205.

[818] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 213.

[819] Andree, ‘Zur Volkskunde der Juden,’ pp. 140, _et seq._

[820] Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p. 471.

[821] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten, Athener und Römer,’ pp. 286, 353. Lichtschein, ‘Die Ehe nach mosaisch-talmudischer Auffassung,’ p. 6.

[822] Fustel de Coulanges, ‘The Ancient City,’ p. 63. Hearn, ‘The Aryan Household,’ pp. 69, 71. Mayne, ‘Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage,’ pp. 68, _et seq._

[823] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ii. vv. 66, _et seq._ Monier Williams, ‘Indian Wisdom,’ p. 246. _Cf._ Mayne, p. 69.

[824] Muir, ‘Religious and Moral Sentiments,’ p. 110.

[825] Dubois, _loc. cit._ pp. 99-101.

[826] Geiger, ‘Civilization of the Eastern Irānians,’ vol. i. p. 60.

[827] Müller, ‘The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race,’ vol. ii. pp. 300, _et seq._ Smith, ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,’ p. 735. Fustel de Coulanges, _loc. cit._ pp. 63, et seq. Hearn, _loc. cit._ p. 72.

[828] Plato, ‘Νόμοι,’ book vi. p. 773.

[829] Isaeus, ‘Περὶ τοῦ Ἀπολλοδώρου κλήρου,’ p. 66.

[830] Mommsen, ‘The History of Rome,’ vol. i. p. 62.

[831] Cicero, ‘De Legibus,’ book iii. ch. 3. Fustel de Coulanges, _loc cit._ p. 63.

[832] Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 432; vol. iii. p. 440; vol. iv. p. 547.

[833] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 418.

[834] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 104.

[835] Cæsar, ‘De Bello Gallico,’ book vi. ch. 21.

[836] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xx.

[837] _Ibid._, ch. xix.

[838] _Cf._ Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. x. p. 79.

[839] Mackenzie Wallace, ‘Russia,’ vol. i. p. 138.

[840] _Cf._ v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 216 (Kafirs).

[841] Campbell, ‘The Wild Tribes of Khondistan,’ p. 143.

[842] Watson and Kaye, _loc. cit._ vol. i. no. 18. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 192.

[843] Romilly, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ix. p. 8.

[844] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 383 (Kutchin). Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 126 (Tahitians). Chavanne, ‘Reisen im Kongostaate,’ p. 399 (Bafióte tribes). Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 313 (Coreans). Ahlqvist, _loc. cit._ pp. 203, _et seq._ (Tartars). _Idem_, ‘Unter Wogulen und Ostjaken,’ in ‘Acta. Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 291 (Ostyaks).

[845] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 102.

[846] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 291. Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 281. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 35. Mr. Curr states (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 110) that, as a rule, wives are not obtained by the Australian men until they are at least thirty years of age.

[847] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312.

[848] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 224.

[849] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 125. Wilkes, vol. v. p. 74. Romilly, ‘The Western Pacific,’ pp. 69, _et seq._

[850] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 420.

[851] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. pp. 171, _et seq._

[852] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 131. _Cf._ Bosman, _loc. cit._ pp. 419, 424 (Negroes of the Gold Coast).

[853] Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 256, _et seq._

[854] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 140, note.

[855] Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 267.

[856] Haushofer, ‘Lehr-und Handbuch der Statistik,’ pp. 404-406.

[857] Wilkens, in ‘Nationaloekonomisk Tidsskrift,’ vol. xvi. p. 90.

[858] Haushofer, p. 396. Wappäus, vol. ii. p. 229. v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 120.

[859] ‘Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Registrar-General,’ pp. viii. _et seq._

[860] v. Oettingen, pp. 125, _et seq._ Block, ‘Statistique de la France,’ vol. i., p. 69.

[861] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 60.

[862] Haushofer, _loc. cit._ pp. 400, _et seq._ ‘Forty-seventh Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen., p. viii. _Cf._ Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 216.

[863] Speaking of the Santals, Sir W. W. Hunter remarks ('Rural Bengal,’ vol i. p. 205), ‘In the tropical forest, a youth of sixteen or seventeen is as able to provide for a family as ever he will be; and a leaf hut, with a few earthen or brazen pots, is all the establishment a Santal young lady expects.’ This holds good not only for the savages of the tropics.

[864] Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 278.

[865] Niebuhr, _loc. cit._ p. 151.

[866] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 337.

[867] ‘Forty-sixth Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen.,’ p. ix.

[868] A report, in ‘Nya Pressen,’ 1887, no. 339, of a lecture delivered by Professor Vallis at Helsingfors.

[869] ‘Forty-ninth Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen.,’ p. viii.

[870] Haushofer, _loc. cit._ pp. 404, _et seq._

[871] Ploss, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 384.

[872] ‘Why is Single Life becoming more General?’ in ‘The Nation,’ vol. vi. p. 190.

[873] Walker, ‘Beauty,’ pp. 34, _et seq._

[874] Forel, ‘Les Fourmis de la Suisse,’ quoted in Darwin’s ‘Life and Letters,’ vol. iii. p. 191.

[875] Ribot, _loc. cit._ p. 150.

[876] ‘The Nation,’ vol. vi. p. 191.

[877] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 367.

[878] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 181.

[879] Cook, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 164.

[880] Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250.

[881] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 31.

[882] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 113.

[883] Guillemard, ‘The Cruise of the _Marchesa_,’ p. 389. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 372.

[884] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 32. Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 245.

[885] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 130.

[886] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Reichtswiss.,’ vol. v. p. 343.

[887] v. Schroeder, ‘Die Hochzeitsgebräuche der Esten,’ pp. 192-194.

[888] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 261.

[889] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 143, note.

[890] Seemann, ‘Mission to Viti,’ p. 191.

[891] Lafitau, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 576.

[892] _Cf._ Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 241 (Naudowessies); Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 345 (natives of Queensland); Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 172 (people of Radack); Schellong, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xxi. p. 18 (Papuans of Finschhafen); Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 96 (Alfura of Ceram); Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 94 (Andamanese).

[893] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 387.

[894] Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 117.

[895] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 734. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 152.

[896] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 291-299, 305.

[897] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 333, _et seq._

[898] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 307.

[899] Pomponius Mela, _loc. cit._ book iii. ch. 6.

[900] Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ pp. 88, 99.

[901] Rhys Davids, ‘Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion,’ p. 148.

[902] Oldenberg, ‘Buddha,’ pp. 350, _et seq._

[903] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 213.

[904] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 18.

[905] Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ p. 88.

[906] Dubois, _loc. cit._ pp. 99, _et seq._

[907] Josephus, ‘Ἰουδαϊκή ἅλωσις,’ book ii. ch. 8, § 2. Solinus, _loc. cit._ ch. xxxv. §§ 9, _et seq._

[908] St. Paul, ‘1 Corinthians,’ ch. vii. v. 38.

[909] _Ibid._, ch. vii. vv. 1, 2, 9.

[910] Mayer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 289, _et seq._

[911] Lecky, ‘History of European Morals,’ vol. ii. p. 122. Milman, ‘History of Latin Christianity,’ vol. i. p. 152.

[912] Gibbon, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 318, _et seq._

[913] Draper, ‘History of the Intellectual Development of Europe,’ vol. i. p. 415.

[914] Fulton, _loc. cit._ pp. 140, 142.

[915] Lea, ‘Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church,’ p. 66.

[916] Gieseler, ‘Text-Book of Ecclesiastical History,’ vol. ii. p. 275.

[917] Sachs, ‘Text-Book of Botany,’ p. 897.

[918] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 343, _et seq._

[919] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 343.

[920] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 344.

[921] ‘Sir R. Heron states that with pea-fowl, the first advances are always made by the female; something of the same kind takes place, according to Audubon, with the older females of the wild turkey’ (_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 134).

[922] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 86.

[923] Rengger, _loc. cit._ p. 11.

[924] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 261.

[925] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 64. _Cf._ _ibid._, pp. 142, 233 (Bhúiyas, Muásís).

[926] Batchelor, _loc. cit._ p. 324.

[927] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 127.

[928] Shooter, ‘The Kafirs of Natal,’ p. 52.

[929] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 457.

[930] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 459, 501.

[931] Haeckel, ‘Generelle Morphologie,’ vol. ii. p. 244.

[932] Hearne, _loc. cit._ pp. 104, _et seq._

[933] Richardson, _loc. cit._ v. ii. pp. 24, _et seq._ _Cf._ Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. 145; Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 310.

[934] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 303. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 319 (Greenlanders).

[935] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 224. Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 221, _et seq._

[936] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 132.

[937] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 94.

[938] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 412, 509.

[939] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 176, note 1. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 279.

[940] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213.

[941] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 184.

[942] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 36. _Cf._ Ridley, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ p. 6.

[943] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 601.

[944] Dieffenbach, ‘Travels in New Zealand,’ vol. ii. pp. 36, _et seq._

[945] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 337.

[946] Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 55, 269.

[947] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 72.

[948] Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 48.

[949] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 352.

[950] Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 348. _Cf._ ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 738 (Tanguts).

[951] Samuelson, ‘India, Past and Present,’ p. 48.

[952] Pausanias, _loc. cit._ book iii. ch. 12.

[953] Pindar, ‘Πύθια,’ ode ix. v. 117.

[954] Pausanias, book iii. ch. 12.

[955] Homer’s ‘Odyssey,’ Books xxi.-xxiv. (edited by Hamilton), Preface, p. 5.

[956] Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 163, _et seq._

[957] Young, ‘Tour in Ireland,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. iii. p. 860.

[958] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 257.

[959] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 174. _Cf._ Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 445 (Bushmans).

[960] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 390.

[961] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 238, _et seq._

[962] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 601, _et seq._

[963] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 90.

[964] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207.

[965] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 64.

[966] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 443.

[967] Hawkesworth, ‘Voyages,’ vol. ii. p. 55.

[968] Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 209.

[969] Spencer, vol. i. p. 64.

[970] Sherwill, ‘Tour through the Rájmahal Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xx. p. 584.

[971] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 17.

[972] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 62.

[973] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 514. Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 577.

[974] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 115. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 351. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 514.

[975] Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 39. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 26. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 569, _et seq._

[976] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 227.

[977] v. Martius, vol. i. pp. 319, 620.

[978] Johnston, _loc. cit._ pp. 429, et seq.

[979] Beechey, ‘Voyage to the Pacific,’ vol. i. p. 38. For the artificial enlargement of the ear-lobe, see also Park Harrison, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. pp. 190-198.

[980] Crawford, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 216, _et seq._

[981] Sturt, ‘Expedition into Central Australia,’ vol. ii. pp. 9, 61. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 570.

[982] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 259.

[983] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 301.

[984] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 308.

[985] Baker, ‘The Albert N’yanza,’ vol. i. p. 198.

[986] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 306, note.

[987] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 23.

[988] Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 343. King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 138. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 271. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 483.

[989] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 351.

[990] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 185.

[991] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 227.

[992] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 230.

[993] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 738.

[994] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 356.

[995] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 316. Labillardière, ‘Voyage in Search of La Pérouse,’ vol. ii. p. 266.

[996] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 369.

[997] Lacassagne, ‘Les tatouages,’ p. 9. Cæsar, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 14. Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 6.

[998] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 39.

[999] Parkyns, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 29.

[1000] Agassiz, ‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 320.

[1001] Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 580. _Cf._ Beechey, vol. i. p. 140.

[1002] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 210.

[1003] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 310.

[1004] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 475.

[1005] Williams and Calvert, ‘Fiji and the Fijians,’ p. 137.

[1006] Gason, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Dieyerie Tribe,’ in Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 267.

[1007] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. pp. 317, _et seq._

[1008] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 129.

[1009] Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ p. 138. Pritchard, _loc. cit._ p. 391. Seeman, ‘Viti,’ p. 113. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355.

[1010] Wilkes, vol. v. p. 88. v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 15.

[1011] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 132, et seq. Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 468.

[1012] ‘A totem is a class of material objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect, believing that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate and altogether special relation’ (Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 1).

[1013] Frazer, _loc. cit._ pp. 26-30.

[1014] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 36-39.

[1015] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 38.

[1016] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 72.

[1017] Colquhoun, _loc. cit._ p. 213.

[1018] Keyser, ‘Our Cruise to New Guinea,’ pp. 44, _et seq._

[1019] Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. cxx. Powers, loc. cit. p. 109. Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 401. Agassiz, _loc. cit._ p. 318. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 484, 501, &c. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 434. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 38.

[1020] Quoted by Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 293, note.

[1021] Spencer, vol. ii. pp. 183-186.

[1022] _Cf._ v. Barth, ‘Ostafrika,’ p. 32.

[1023] v. Martius, vol. i. pp. 321, 738. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 89. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of the Tasmanians,’ p. 24. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 159. Heriot, p. 305.

[1024] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 237, _et seq._

[1025] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 249, _et seq._

[1026] Colquhoun, _loc. cit._ p. 76.

[1027] Meyer, _loc. cit._ p. 189.

[1028] Anderson, ‘Notes of Travel in Fiji and New Caledonia,’ p. 136.

[1029] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 275.

[1030] Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 194. Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 243. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 301. Dixon, _loc. cit._ p. 187. v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 115. Holmberg says expressly that the men undergo this operation to make themselves agreeable to the young women.

[1031] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 118. Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 35. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. p. 225.

[1032] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 250, 365.

[1033] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 224. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 317. Powell, ‘Wanderings in a Wild Country,’ p. 254.

[1034] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 533. Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 285. Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 328. Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 62. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 16. Andersson, _loc. cit._ p. 226. Ploss, ‘Das Kind,’ vol. ii. p. 264. Breton, _loc. cit._ p. 233. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 786, _et seq._

[1035] Man, ‘Account of the Nicobar Islanders,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 441.

[1036] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 215, _et seq._

[1037] Tuckey, ‘Expedition to Explore the River Zaire,’ pp. 80, _et seq._

[1038] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 211.

[1039] _Cf._ Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 493; v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 197.

[1040] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 240.

[1041] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 292.

[1042] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 288.

[1043] Moseley, ‘On the Inhabitants of the Admiralty Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 400. Short hair is often regarded as a symbol of chastity. Every Buddhist ‘novice’—that is, a person admitted to the first degree of monkhood—has to cut off his hair, in order to prove that ‘he is ready to give up the most beautiful and highly-prized of all his ornaments for the sake of a religious life’ (Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ p. 306); and, in Mexico, the religious virgins, as also men who decided upon a life of chastity, had their hair cut (Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 333; Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 251, _et seq._). A similar idea probably underlies the custom which requires that women, when they marry, shall be deprived of their hair, the husband trying in this way to preserve the fidelity of his wife (see Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 354; Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 567; Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 286; de Rubruquis, _loc. cit._ p. 32; Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 335); whilst many men in New Guinea and Bornu deprive their wives of all ornaments (‘Ymer,’ vol. vi. p. 154; Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 31, note). Even at Sparta and Athens, as well as among the Anglo-Saxons, the bride or newly-married wife had her hair cut short (Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 290). Mr. Wright suggests (‘Womankind in Western Europe,’ p. 68) that, among the people last mentioned, this was done in order to show that she had accepted a position of servitude towards her husband, as the cutting of hair in either sex indicated slavery. But that this explanation cannot be applied to every case of hair-cutting appears from the fact, reported by Heriot (_loc. cit._ p. 333), that, among the Tlascalans, it was customary to shave the head of a newly-married couple, both man and woman, ‘to denote that all youthful sports ought in that state to be abandoned.'

[1044] Sparrman, ‘Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope,’ vol. ii. p. 80.

[1045] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of the Tasmanians,’ pp. 25, _et seq._

[1046] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 217.

[1047] Angas, ‘South Australia Illustrated,’ no. 22.

[1048] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 28.

[1049] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 10, 127, _et seq._ (Charruas and Payaguas). Ploss, ‘Das Kind,’ vol. ii. p. 259 (Manáos and Tamayos). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 45 (Zulus); &c.

[1050] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 246.

[1051] Nieuhoff, ‘Voyages and Travels into Brazil,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xiv. p. 878.

[1052] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 98.

[1053] Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 195. Bancroft, vol. i. p. 47.

[1054] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 276.

[1055] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 217.

[1056] Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 20.

[1057] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 97.

[1058] Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148.

[1059] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 189.

[1060] Schadenberg, ‘Die Negritos der Philippinen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 136.

[1061] Fijians (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355), Samoans (_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 141), Kingsmill Islanders (_ibid._, vol. v. p. 103), Tahitians (Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 262), natives of Eimeo (Montgomery, ‘Journal of Voyages and Travels,’ vol. i. p. 127), Tongans (Pritchard, _loc. cit._ p. 393), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 118), Gambier Islanders (Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 139).

[1062] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 739, 785, 787.

[1063] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 39. _Cf._ Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 314 (New Zealanders).

[1064] Mauch, ‘Reisen im Inneren von Süd-Afrika,’ in Petermann’s ‘Mittheilungen,’ Ergänzungsband viii. no. 37, pp. 38, _et seq._

[1065] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 321.

[1066] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 88.

[1067] Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 144, _et seq._

[1068] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 262 (Tahiti). Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 127 (Eimeo). Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 328 (Marquesas Islands). _Idem_, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 314 (New Zealand). Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 61 (Burma). Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 331 (Andaman Islands). St. John, ‘The Ainos,’ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 249 (Ainos of Yesso).

[1069] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 67.

[1070] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 72.

[1071] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 286.

[1072] Barrington, ‘The History of New South Wales,’ p. 11.

[1073] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 402.

[1074] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. pp. 308, _et seq._

[1075] Chalmers, _loc. cit._ p. 166.

[1076] Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 170.

[1077] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 90. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 266.

[1078] Ellis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 262, _et seq._

[1079] Wundt, ‘Ethik,’ p. 93.

[1080] _Cf._ Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 71; Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 170; Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 251; Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 331.

[1081] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 139. Yate, _loc. cit._ pp. 147, _et seq._

[1082] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 14, _et seq._

[1083] Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ pp. 481, _et seq._ Beechey, vol. i. p. 39.

[1084] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 573. Jones, ‘The Grammar of Ornament,’ p. 13, note. _Cf._ the tattooed circle round the mouth of the Jurís (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 510) and the female Arecunas (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 268); the rings round the eyes of the women in the Admiralty Islands (Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 401), of the Australians (Angas, ‘South Australia Illustrated’), and the Patagonians (King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 135); the cicatrices like parallel ridges upon the chest, thighs, and shoulders of the Tasmanians (Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 24); and the tattoos on the hands and feet of Egyptian women (Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 54, 57).

[1085] After this chapter had been prepared for the press, I became acquainted with Herr Joest’s magnificent work on tattooing (‘Tätowiren, Narbenzeichnen und Körperbemalen’). Herr Joest, who is an experienced ethnographer, has come to the same conclusion as myself regarding the origin of this practice. He says that ‘der hauptsächliche Trieb, welcher beide Geschlechter bewegt, sich zu tätowiren, _der_ ist, ihre Reize in den Augen des andern Geschlechts zu erhöhen’ (p. 56). He also observes:—‘Je weniger sich ein Mensch bekleidet, desto mehr tätowirt er sich, und je mehr er sich bekleidet, desto weniger thut er letzteres’ (pp. 56, _et seq._).

[1086] Mr. Walker observes (‘Beauty,’ p. 41) that ‘an essential condition of all excitement and action in animal bodies, is a greater or less degree of novelty in the objects impressing them.'

[1087] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.

[1088] Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 15.

[1089] Schweinfurth, ‘Im Herzen von Afrika,’ vol. ii. pp. 7, _et seq._

[1090] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 475.

[1091] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 197 (_cf._ Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. 126). Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 235.

[1092] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 281. _Cf._ v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 597.

[1093] d’Albertis, ‘New Guinea,’ vol. i. p. 200. _Cf._ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 570.

[1094] Moseley, ‘Notes by a Naturalist on the _Challenger_,’ p. 461. _Idem_, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 399. Romilly, _loc. cit._ p. 115.

[1095] Campbell, ‘A Year in the New Hebrides,’ p. 145. Strauch, ‘Bemerkungen über Neu-Guinea,’ &c., in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 43. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 105.

[1096] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 735. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 204. Breton, _loc. cit._ pp. 210, _et seq._

[1097] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 372, _et seq._ Lubbock, _loc. cit_. p. 54. Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 219. Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ pp. 126, _et seq._

[1098] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 35.

[1099] Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 411.

[1100] d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 415, 418. Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. pp. 43, 62.

[1101] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 120, 575, 626.

[1102] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 267. Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ p. 145. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 332.

[1103] Elliott, ‘Report on the Seal Islands of Alaska,’ pp. 21, _et seq._

[1104] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 138.

[1105] Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 129. Proyart, _loc. cit._ p. 575.

[1106] Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. xciv. _Cf._ Harmon, _loc. cit._ pp. 319, _et seq._

[1107] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 290-295.

[1108] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 275.

[1109] Tylor, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 243.

[1110] Moseley, _loc. cit._ p. 412.

[1111] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 121.

[1112] Wundt, _loc. cit._ p. 127.

[1113] Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 361.

[1114] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 348.

[1115] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 210. Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 275. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 193, note. v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 230. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 513. v. Schütz-Holzhausen, _loc. cit._ p. 179. Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, ‘Travels in Brazil,’ p. 59. Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 83.

[1116] Charruas, Pampas, Tupis, Payaguas (Azara, vol. ii. pp. 12, 42, 74, 126), and often the Nutkas (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 182) and Patwin (Powers, p. 220).

[1117] Aborigines of Trinidad (Columbus, ‘The History of the Life and Actions of Christopher Colon,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xii. p. 101), Mundrucüs, Maurauás, Jurís (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 388, 427, 504), Uaupés, and Curetús (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 492, 509).

[1118] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 499. King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 23. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 121. Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 129. Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 33. Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ p. 228.

[1119] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. pp. 391, _et seq._ Breton, _loc. cit._ pp. 211, _et seq._ Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 27, _et seq._ Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ &c., pp. 104, _et seq._ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 737. Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 281, note. Sir G. Grey remarks that he never saw a cloak or covering worn north of lat. 29° (Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 93).

[1120] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ pp. 24, 104. Breton, p. 398. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 812.

[1121] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 183.

[1122] Forbes, ‘The Kubus of Sumatra,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 122.

[1123] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 5.

[1124] Labillardière, vol. ii. pp. 287, 289.

[1125] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 274.

[1126] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 277; vol. v. p. 46 (Drummond’s Island). Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 215, note (Pelew Islands).

[1127] Nukahiva (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 85), Pelli of the Caroline Group (Kotzebue, vol. iii. p. 191), New Britain (Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 250. d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 255), the Duke of York Group (Powell, pp. 74, _et seq._), many parts of New Guinea and neighbouring islands (d’Albertis, vol. ii. p. 380. Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 48. Gill, ‘Life in the Southern Isles,’ p. 203. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 568).

[1128] Gill, p. 230.

[1129] Forbes, ‘Tribes of Timor,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 406.

[1130] Man, _ibid._, vol. xii. p. 330.

[1131] Johnston, _loc. cit._ p. 433.

[1132] _Ibid._, p. 437. Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 299.

[1133] Kretzschmar, ‘Südafrikanische Skizzen,’ p. 225. Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 78. Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 276.

[1134] Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, ‘Tre år i Kongo,’ vol. i. p. 15.

[1135] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 305.

[1136] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 53.

[1137] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 36.

[1138] Wilson and Felkin, vol. ii. p. 96.

[1139] Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 322.

[1140] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 163.

[1141] Cameron, ‘Across Africa,’ vol. i. pp. 285, _et seq._

[1142] Last, in ‘Proceed. Royal Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. v. p. 530.

[1143] Johnston, p. 413, note.

[1144] Bontier and Le Verrier, _loc. cit._ pp. 138, 139, xxxv.

[1145] Wundt, _loc. cit._ p. 127.

[1146] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 233.

[1147] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 446.

[1148] Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 306, _et seq._

[1149] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 642; 702, 703, note; 579.

[1150] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 76.

[1151] Macgillivray, ‘The Voyage of _Rattlesnake_,’ vol. i. p. 146.

[1152] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 85.

[1153] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 16, _et seq._ _Idem_, ‘Journal of a Voyage round the World,’ p. 44.

[1154] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 168.

[1155] Cheyne, _loc. cit._ p. 144.

[1156] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 383.

[1157] New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Ulaua (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 561, 565).

[1158] Torres Islands, New Guinea (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 567).

[1159] Admiralty Islands (Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 279, _et seq._ Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. pp. 397, _et seq._).

[1160] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 52.

[1161] Godwin-Austen, ‘Gāro Hill Tribes,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 394.

[1162] Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 169.

[1163] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 155.

[1164] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 276, _et seq._

[1165] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 524.

[1166] ‘Nur das Verborgene reizt,’ says Dr. Zimmermann (_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 84), ‘und Diejenigen welche auf den Gesellschafts-Inseln die verhüllende Kleidung und den heimlichen Genuss und das Verbergen der natürlichen Gefühle einführten, haben gewiss die Sitten nicht verbessert.'

[1167] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 383.

[1168] Hunter, ‘Historical Journal,’ &c., p. 477.

[1169] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 296.

[1170] Rowley, _loc. cit._ p. 146.

[1171] Snow, ‘Two Years’ Cruise off Tierra del Fuego,‘ vol. ii. p. 51.

[1172] Speaking of the naked women of New Ireland, he says (_loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 103, _et seq._), ‘In der That muss ich auch sagen, dass nach kurzer Zeit, nach einer durchaus nicht lange dauernden Gewöhnung an diese Sache, man gar nichts anstössiges mehr in diesem gänzlichen Mangel an Kleidung findet.... Ich habe sehr häufig bemerkt, dass ein Kleid irgend einer Dame, welches nicht nach der allgemeinen Mode geschnitten war, mir stärker auffiel als mir der gänzliche Mangel an Bekleidung der Eingeborenen der tropischen Inseln aufgefallen ist; dazu kommt noch, dass die Leute dem Beobachter durchaus keine Veranlassung geben, an etwas unschickliches zu denken. Eine Europaërin, wenn sie auf eine so glückliche Insel verschlagen und ihrer Kleidung beraubt wäre, würde selbst nach jahrelangem Aufenthalt in solchen Regionen sich die Hände vor die Brust oder irgend einen anderen Theil halten und gerade durch dies Verbergenwollen würde sie die Aufmerksamkeit gegen das zu Verbergende lenken.'

[1173] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 546.

[1174] Johnston, _loc. cit._ p. 437.

[1175] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 349.

[1176] Forster, _loc. cit_. vol. ii. pp. 230, 276, _et seq._

[1177] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 154.

[1178] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 116, _et seq._

[1179] Gumilla, ‘Histoire naturelle, civile et géographique de l’Orenoque,’ vol. i. pp. 188, _et seq._

[1180] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 230.

[1181] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 357.

[1182] Quoted by Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 174.

[1183] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. pp. 467, _et seq._

[1184] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 392.

[1185] Barrington, _loc. cit._ pp. 23, _et seq._

[1186] Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 748.

[1187] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 286; 281, note.

[1188] Snow, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 46.

[1189] Macgillivray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 49; vol. ii. pp. 19, _et seq._

[1190] Southey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 240, _et seq._ _Cf_ v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 111.

[1191] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 15. _Cf._ Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 275.

[1192] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 19.

[1193] Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49; ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 82), New Caledonians (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 342), Papuans of Dorey (Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 96), aborigines of Hayti (Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 275), Fuegians (Snow, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 46).

[1194] Wilson and Felkin, vol. ii. p. 62. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 97 (Baris); Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 6 (Kafirs).

[1195] Macgillivray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 263.

[1196] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 351.

[1197] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 280. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 562. Cf. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 27 (Abors).

[1198] Tacullies (Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 305), Uaupés (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 281), Oráons (Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 250), Ysabel Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 604), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 121), Papuans of Humboldt Bay (Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 139). As to the indecent character of savage dances, see, for instance, Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 754 (Australians); Turner, p. 95 (Samoans); Ehrenreich, ‘Ueber die Botocudos,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xix. p. 33 (Botocudos); Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 57 (Californians).

[1199] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ pp. 27, 38.

[1200] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 472.

[1201] Wallace, pp. 281, 493. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 597.

[1202] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 235.

[1203] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 269.

[1204] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 42. Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 463. Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 123. Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 128. Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 45, 245, _et seq._ Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 221. Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 36. Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 351. ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 237.

[1205] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 98, _et seq._ _Cf._ Bonney, ‘The Aborigines of the River Darling,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 127; Cameron, _ibid._, vol. xiv. p. 358; Bonwick, ‘The Australian Natives,’ _ibid._, vol. xvi. p. 209.

[1206] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 300.

[1207] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 10.

[1208] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 41.

[1209] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 473. _Cf._ Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, vol. i. p. 269.

[1210] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 207.

[1211] _Ibid._, p. 192.

[1212] Stricker, ‘Der Fuss der Chinesinnen,’ in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. iv. p. 243.

[1213] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 477, _et seq._

[1214] Man, _loc. cit._ pp. 80, _et seq._

[1215] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 289. Cf. Hearne, _loc. cit._ pp. 314, _et seq._

[1216] Moore, _loc. cit._ pp. 259, _et seq._ _Cf._ Buchanan, _loc. cit._ p. 323.

[1217] Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. pp. 397, _et seq._ Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 279, _et seq._

[1218] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 365. Dr. Brown, however, thinks that this custom serves another end.

[1219] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 211.

[1220] Atooi (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 192, 232), Tonga (Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 266), Samoa (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 34), Vaitupu (_ibid._, vol. v. pt ii. p. 188), Fiji (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol iii. p. 355). The natives of Ponapé have their lower extremities most richly tattooed, and, to quote Dr. Finsch (‘Die Bewohner von Ponapé,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. pp. 311, 314), ‘als Bassis und Mittelpunkt der Zeichnung dieser Partien ist ein viereckiges Feld zu betrachten, welches die Gegend des Venusberges bedeckt und von der Behaarung unmittelbar beginnend, etwas über denselben hinausreicht.'

[1221] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 293. _Cf._ Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 189, _et seq._ (Papuans).

[1222] Andree, ‘Die Beschneidung,’ in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. xiii. p. 74. The following statements, when other references are not given, are borrowed from this paper.

[1223] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 217.

[1224] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 560, _et seq._

[1225] Lafitau, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 412.

[1226] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 582, note.

[1227] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 517.

[1228] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.

[1229] Parkyns, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 38.

[1230] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 58.

[1231] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. p. 216.

[1232] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 75. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. xx.

[1233] See, for instance, Burton, ‘Notes on the Dahoman,’ in ‘Memoirs Read before the Anthr. Soc. of London,’ vol. i. p. 318; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 41, 784; Müller,‘Allgemeine Ethnographie,’ pp. 337, _et seq._; Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 539, _et seq._; Modigliani, _loc. cit._ p. 702.

[1234] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 78.

[1235] Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 140.

[1236] Spencer, ‘Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 67.

[1237] Galton, ‘The Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa,’ pp. 192, _et seq._ Andersson, _loc. cit._ p. 465.

[1238] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 160. Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 39.

[1239] Spencer, vol. ii. p. 67.

[1240] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 60. _Cf._ Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 315; Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 256.

[1241] _Cf._ Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 320 (Copts); Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 217 (people of Madagascar); Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 157 (Kafirs).

[1242] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 75.

[1243] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 65, note.

[1244] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 77.

[1245] Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 157.

[1246] Cook, ‘Journal of a Voyage,’ p. 106.

[1247] Atooi, of the Sandwich Islands (_idem_, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 233), Nukahiva (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 85, _et seq._), &c. (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 28, 565, 576).

[1248] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 96.

[1249] The same kind of mutilation, spoken of by Mr. Curr as ‘the terrible rite,’ occurs among several other Australian tribes (Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 75; Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 411).

[1250] Schürmann, _loc. cit._ p. 231.