Chapter XXIV: Summary (9)

[1251] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 316.

[1252] Abyssinians (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 504), Barea (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 528), Negroes of Benin and Sierra Leone (Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 526. Griffith, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 308, _et seq._), Mandingoes (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 111), Bechuanas (Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 398), Kafirs (v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 218), Malays of Java (Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. p. 146), Indians of Peru (_ibid._, vol. i. p. 146).

[1253] Ploss, vol. i. p. 143.

[1254] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 316.

[1255] Macgillivray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 263.

[1256] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 383.

[1257] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 12, _et seq._

[1258] Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ p. 477.

[1259] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 267.

[1260] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 59.

[1261] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 301.

[1262] Ebers, ‘Durch Gosen zum Sinai,’ p. 45.

[1263] ‘Dr. E. Vogel’s Reise nach Central-Afrika,’ in Petermann’s ‘Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt,‘ 1857, p. 138.

[1264] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 172.

[1265] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209.

[1266] La Pérouse, ‘Voyage round the World,’ vol ii. p. 142.

[1267] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 85, _et seq._

[1268] Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 398. _Cf._ Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 279, _et seq._

[1269] Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. pp. 125, _et seq._

[1270] Bain, ‘The Emotions and the Will,’ p. 211.

[1271] Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 109.

[1272] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 305.

[1273] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 171.

[1274] _Ibid._, p. 171.

[1275] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 364, _et seq._ Dall, _loc. cit._ pp. 139, 397.

[1276] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 286.

[1277] Kane, ‘Arctic Explorations,’ vol ii. p. 114. On the East Coast of Greenland, according to Dr. Nansen (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 338; vol. ii. p. 277), the Eskimo, men and women alike, when indoors, are completely naked with the exception of the ‘nâtit,’ a narrow band about the loins, of dimensions ‘so extremely small as to make it practically invisible to the stranger’s inexperienced eye.’ Many, indeed, assume some covering when Europeans enter their dwellings, but Dr. Nansen thinks this must be rather from affectation, and a desire to please their visitors, than from any real feeling of modesty (_ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 277, _et seq._).

[1278] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 175.

[1279] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. pp. 330, _et seq._

[1280] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 356.

[1281] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 86.

[1282] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 99.

[1283] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 105.

[1284] Semper, ‘Die Palau-Inseln,’ p. 68.

[1285] Since the appearance of the first edition of this work I have become acquainted with Mr. Johnston’s book on ‘The River Congo,’ where he says (p. 418), ‘Clothing was first adopted as a means of decoration rather than from motives of decency. The private parts were first adorned with the appendages that were afterwards used by a dawning sense of modesty to conceal them.'

[1286] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 263. For early engagements among other Eskimo tribes, see Hall, ‘Arctic Researches,’ p. 567; ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698; Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 146; Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 308.

[1287] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 23. Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. cxxiii.

[1288] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 276, _et seq._ (Inland Columbians). Mayne, ‘Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island,’ p. 276 (Nutkas).

[1289] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 322.

[1290] Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 124. King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 152, _et seq._

[1291] Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, ‘Travels to the Source of the Missouri River,’ p. 307), Arawaks (Schomburgk, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 460. Brett, _loc. cit._ pp. 99, _et seq._), Macusís (v. Martius, vol. i. p. 645).

[1292] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 314.

[1293] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 424.

[1294] Burchell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 58, 564. Beecham, ‘Ashantee and the Gold Coast,’ p. 126.

[1295] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol vi. p. 772. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195. Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 284, _et seq._ Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 129, 301. Cameron, _ibid._, vol. xiv. p. 352.

[1296] Finsch, _loc. cit._ pp. 102, 116. Guillemard, _loc. cit._ p. 389.

[1297] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 314.

[1298] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 267, 270.

[1299] In the Kingsmill Islands (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 102), Fiji (_ibid._, vol. iii. p. 92), Hudson’s Island (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 290), Nukahiva (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 127), Solomon Islands (Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 90), New Caledonia (Turner, p. 340), New Britain (Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 85), Java (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 569), Buru (Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 21), and among the Bataks, Sundanese, and other Malay peoples (Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 270. Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. pp. 161-167).

[1300] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167.

[1301] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 109.

[1302] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.

[1303] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 209.

[1304] Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 141.

[1305] Kutchin (Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 157), Iroquois (Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 320), Simoos (Bovallius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 301).

[1306] Guarayos (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 217), Hos (Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 201, _et seq._), Maoris (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 125), Fijians (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 91).

[1307] See _ante_, p. 40.

[1308] Forbes, ‘On the Ethnology of Timor-laut,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 11.

[1309] Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 248.

[1310] Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian in his Wigwam,’ p. 72. _Cf._ Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 120; Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 141.

[1311] Buchanan, _loc. cit._ p. 184.

[1312] Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 177. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 314. Macfie, ‘Vancouver Island and British Columbia,’ p. 447. Wilkes, vol. iv. p. 457 (Indians of the Interior of Oregon).

[1313] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 157, _et seq._

[1314] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158.

[1315] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 269.

[1316] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 549, note 206.

[1317] Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 249), Comanches (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 216), Patagonians (Musters, _loc. cit._ p. 186).

[1318] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 92.

[1319] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 91.

[1320] Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 184. _Cf._ King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 182.

[1321] Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 111 (Greenlanders). Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 354 (Caribs). Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207 (Abipones). King and Fitzroy, vol. ii. p. 153 (Patagonians).

[1322] Hannon, _loc. cit._ p. 341 (Blackfeet, Chippewyans, Crees, &c.). Schoolcraft, vol. v. p. 683 (Comanches).

[1323] Schoolcraft, vol. iii. p. 238.

[1324] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 108.

[1325] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 10.

[1326] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 234, 242.

[1327] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407. Cf. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 34 (tribes of Western Victoria); Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213 (natives of Northern Queensland).

[1328] Fison and Howitt, pp. 276, 280, 289, 348-354.

[1329] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 299.

[1330] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167. _Cf._ Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 456.

[1331] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 295, _et seq._

[1332] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 267, 270, _et seq._ _Cf._ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 99, _et seq._

[1333] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 172. Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 105.

[1334] Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ix. p. 10.

[1335] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol ix. p. 368. In Samoa (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 95, _et seq._ _Cf._ _ibid._ pp. 92, 132; Turner, ‘Nineteen Years in Polynesia,’ p. 188; Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 135, _et seq._) and the Kingsmill Islands (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 101), elopements frequently take place, and the parents, however mortified they may be, have to submit. In Fiji, according to Wilkes (vol. iii. p. 92. _Cf._ Pritchard, pp. 269, _et seq._; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 632), forced marriages are comparatively rare in the higher classes.

[1336] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 159.

[1337] Boyle, ‘Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo,’ p. 236. _Cf._ Brooke, ‘Ten Years in Sarawak,’ vol. i. p. 69.

[1338] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 90.

[1339] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 272.

[1340] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 447, 302.

[1341] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 235. Crawfurd, vol. iii. pp. 129, _et seq._

[1342] Colquhoun, ‘Burma and the Burmans,’ p. 12. Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 69. MacMahon, ‘Far Cathay,’ p. 275 (Indo-Burmese border tribes).

[1343] Anderson, ‘Mandalay to Momien,’ p. 301.

[1344] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 347. _Cf._ _ibid._, pp. 145, 146, 179, 285.

[1345] Kols, Abors (Rowney, _loc. cit._ pp. 67, 159), Santals (_ibid._, p. 76. _Cf._ Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 215; ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. xxiv.; Man, _loc. cit._ p. 102; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. pp. 205, _et seq._), Todas (Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 242. _Cf._ Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 212).

[1346] Miris, Khasias, Koch, Muásís (Dalton, pp. 29, 57, 91, 125), Oráons (Rowney, p. 81), Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. pp. 358, _et seq._), Butias (Cunningham, ‘Notes on Moorcroft’s Travels in Ladakh,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p. 204).

[1347] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis). Dalton, pp. 192, 299, _et seq._ (Hos, Boad Kandhs). Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology, Asiatic Races,’ p. 8 (Savaras of Jeypore).

[1348] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 254.

[1349] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 393.

[1350] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 30.

[1351] Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 345.

[1352] Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 127.

[1353] v. Haxthausen, _loc. cit._ p. 402.

[1354] Usbegs (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 369), Kalmucks (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 181), Aenezes (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 61).

[1355] Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 315.

[1356] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 181.

[1357] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 408. _Cf._ Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 260, 390, 453, 554.

[1358] Beecham, _loc. cit._ p. 125 (Ashantees). Soyaux, ‘Aus West-Afrika,’ pp. 152, 161 (Negroes of Loango). Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 236 (Negroes of Sogno). Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 419 (Negroes of the Gold Coast).

[1359] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 61.

[1360] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 103.

[1361] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 293, 298. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 206.

[1362] Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 261. Leslie, ‘Among the Zulus and Amatongas,’ p. 194. According to other authorities, however, the Kafir girl herself is seldom or never consulted about the matter (Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 69), though it generally happens that, after repeated elopements with the man of her own choice, the father gives up his original intention as to the disposal of her (Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 57, 60. _Cf._ v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 331, _et seq._; vol. ii. p. 217).

[1363] Thunberg, ‘Account of the Cape of Good Hope,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 141.

[1364] Burchell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 59. Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 444. Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 258.

[1365] Strabo, _loc. cit._ book xv. ch. i. p. 699.

[1366] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 93.

[1367] v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 148, 367, _et seq._ Klemm, ‘Die Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 281. Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ p. 196. Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 421, note *.

[1368] ‘The Younger Edda,’ p. 158.

[1369] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 378.

[1370] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ pp. 149, et seq.

[1371] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 136. The same view is taken by Mr. Howitt (_ibid._, p. 358).

[1372] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 291.

[1373] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 354.

[1374] _Ibid._, pp. 343, 348-354.

[1375] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 61.

[1376] That the male children also are so disposed of appears, for instance, from v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 393 (Mundrucûs), 690 (Arawaks); Lansdell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 225 (Gilyaks).

[1377] ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 403. _Cf._ Guillemard, _loc. cit._ p. 389 (Nufoor Papuans).

[1378] Ahts (Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 97) and other Indians (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 103), Maravi (_ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 419, et seq.).

[1379] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ pp. 321, 323.

[1380] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 186.

[1381] Kisáns, Mundas, Santals, Máriás (Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 132, 194, 215, 279), Mishmis (Rowlatt, ‘Expedition into the Mishmee Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiv. pt. ii. p. 488), Bhils (Malcolm, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc.,’ vol. i. p. 83), Yoon-tha-lin Karens (Stoll, ‘Notes on the Yoon-tha-lin Karens,’ in ‘The Madras Journal of Literature and Science,’ N. S. vol. vi. pp. 61, _et seq._).

[1382] Dalton, p. 252 (Oráons).

[1383] _Ibid._, p. 132.

[1384] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 72.

[1385] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 83.

[1386] Clavigero, ‘The History of Mexico,’ vol. i. p. 331.

[1387] Clavigero, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 332.

[1388] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 251.

[1389] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 3.

[1390] Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 334, _et seq._

[1391] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 666.

[1392] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 667. Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 127.

[1393] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207.

[1394] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 739.

[1395] Wells Williams, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 646.

[1396] Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 75. _Cf._ ‘The Lî Kî,’ book xxvii. v. 33.

[1397] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 11.

[1398] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 205.

[1399] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 189.

[1400] Rein, ‘Japan,’ p. 422.

[1401] Griffis, ‘The Mikado’s Empire,’ pp. 124, 147, 555.

[1402] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. pp. 117-119.

[1403] Amír’ Alí, ‘The Personal Law of Mahommedans,’ p. 179.

[1404] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 190.

[1405] ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxi. vv. 15, 17. ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xx. v. 9.

[1406] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxi. vv. 18-21.

[1407] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 188. _Cf._ Gans, ‘Erbrecht,’ vol. i. p. 134.

[1408] Michaelis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 444.

[1409] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxiv. v. 4; ch. xxviii. vv. 1, _et seq._ ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxxiv. v. 16. ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. vii. v. 3. ‘Judges,’ ch. xiv. vv. 1-3.

[1410] Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 320.

[1411] ‘The Precepts of Ptah-Hotep,’ ch. xlii. xxxix. _Cf._ _ibid._, ch. xliv.

[1412] ‘Duodecim Tabularum Fragmenta,’ table iv. § 2.

[1413] Plutarch, ‘Ποπλικόλας,’ ch. vii.

[1414] Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 64.

[1415] ‘Duodecim Tabularum Fragmenta,’ table iv. § 2. Justinian, ‘Institutiones,’ book i. title ix. § 3.

[1416] Justinian, book i. title x. Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 393. Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 104.

[1417] Mackenzie, p. 104, note 4.

[1418] Fustel de Coulanges, _loc. cit._ p. 116.

[1419] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 138. Fustel de Coulanges, pp. 115, _et seq._ Hearn, _loc. cit._ p. 92.

[1420] Justinian, book i. title ix. § 2.

[1421] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 122, _et seq._

[1422] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. viii. v. 416.

[1423] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 123.

[1424] Nelson, ‘View of the Hindū Law,’ pp. 56, _et seq._

[1425] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala i. súkta lxx. v. 5.

[1426] Zimmer, ‘Altindisches Leben,’ pp. 327, _et seq._

[1427] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 32. _Cf._ Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 208.

[1428] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. vv. 39-41.

[1429] Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 678.

[1430] v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 146.

[1431] Spiegel, vol. iii. pp. 677, _et seq._

[1432] Fustel de Coulanges, _loc. cit._ p. 115.

[1433] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ pp. 136, _et seq._

[1434] Cauvet, ‘De l’organisation de la famille à Athènes,’ in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. 1845, p. 138.

[1435] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 446. Hermann-Blümner, ‘Lehrbuch der griechischen Privatalterthümer,’ p. 261.

[1436] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 147.

[1437] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 298.

[1438] Grimm, ‘Deutsche Rechts Alterthümer,’ pp. 461, 487, _et seq._ Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 473.

[1439] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches sur la condition civile et politique des femmes,’ p. 80.

[1440] Koenigswarter, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille en France,’ p. 140.

[1441] Pardessus, ‘Loi Salique,’ p. 456.

[1442] Koenigswarter, p. 139.

[1443] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xxv.

[1444] Olivecrona, ‘Om makars giftorätt i bo,’ p. 143.

[1445] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.

[1446] Weinhold, ‘Die deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter,’ vol. i. p. 303. Wilda, ‘Das Strafrecht der Germanen,’ p. 802. Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 48.

[1447] Accurse, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, says, ‘Aliæ vero gentes quædam, ut servos tenent filios, ut Sclavi, aliæ ut prorsus absolutos, ut Francigenæ’ (Koenigswarter, _loc. cit._ p. 224, note 2).

[1448] Macieiowski, ‘Slavische Rechtsgeschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 404.

[1449] v. Haxthausen, ‘The Russian Empire,’ vol. ii. pp. 229, _et seq._

[1450] Mackenzie Wallace, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 134-136.

[1451] Macieiowski, vol. ii. p. 189.

[1452] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 244, note.

[1453] Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 313, 314.

[1454] _Ibid._, p. 320.

[1455] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 190.

[1456] Lichtschein, _loc. cit._ p. 41.

[1457] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ p. 179.

[1458] _Ibid._, pp. 180-183.

[1459] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ pp. 179, 180, 184.

[1460] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 137.

[1461] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 141. Koenigswarter, _loc. cit._ p. 86. Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 47, _et seq._

[1462] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 138. Rossbach, p. 396

[1463] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 396, 400, _et seq._

[1464] Koenigswarter, p. 93.

[1465] Pardessus, _loc. cit._ p. 666.

[1466] Guizot, ‘The History of Civilisation,’ vol. ii. p. 467. A Council at Orleans, in 541, also forbids ‘any one to marry a girl without the consent of her parents’ (_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 464).

[1467] Cnut, ‘Dômas,’ Leges Saeculares, ch. lxxiv.

[1468] ‘Westgöta-Lagen,’ Codex Recentior, Kirkyu Balker, ch. lii. Additamenta, § 8.

[1469] ‘Uplands-Lagen,’ Aerfdæ Balkær, ch. i. § 4.

[1470] Nordström, ‘Svenska samhälls-författningens historia,’ vol. ii. pp. 15, _et seq._ Wilda, _loc. cit._ p. 803. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 304. According to Saxo Grammaticus (‘Historia Danica,’ book v. vol. i. p. 186), a woman was allowed to dispose of her own hand before the days of King Frotho.

[1471] ‘Der Schwabenspiegel,’ Landrecht, § 55.

[1472] Kraut, ‘Die Vormundschaft,’ vol. i. p. 326.

[1473] Weinhold, vol. i. p. 305.

[1474] Quoted in Spencer’s ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ France, p. 38.

[1475] Quoted by de Ribbe, ‘Les familles et la société en France avant la Révolution,’ p. 51.

[1476] Bodin, ‘De Republica,’ book i. ch. iv. p. 31.

[1477] Sully, ‘Memoirs,’ vol. v. p. 180.

[1478] Koenigswarter, _loc. cit._ p. 231.

[1479] de Goncourt, ‘La Femme au dix-huitième siècle,’ p. 20.

[1480] ‘Code Civil,’ art. 374.

[1481] _Ibid._, art. 375-383.

[1482] _Ibid._, art. 148.

[1483] ‘Code Civil,’ art. 151.

[1484] Kent, ‘Commentaries on American Law,’ lecture xxvi.

[1485] Diderot and d’Alembert, ‘Encyclopédie,’ vol. xiii. p. 255.

[1486] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 384.

[1487] Nicholson, _loc. cit._ p. 1. _Cf._ a criticism of ‘The Descent of Man,’ in ‘The Athenæum,’ 1871, March 4th.

[1488] Darwin, vol. ii. p. 252.

[1489] Müller, ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers,’ p. 14.

[1490] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 223.

[1491] ‘The Colours of Plants and the Origin of the Colour-Sense,’ in ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 221-248. ‘Darwinism,’ ch. x.

[1492] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 193-195.

[1493] _Ibid._, p. 187.

[1494] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 213.

[1495] _Idem_, ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ pp. 73, _et seq._

[1496] _Ibid._, pp. 259-261.

[1497] Fraser, in ‘Nature,’ vol. iii. p. 489.

[1498] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 485.

[1499] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 270.

[1500] The Gallinaceæ, however, form an exception; though almost wholly terrestrial, they have the most pronounced sexual colours. But they are active and wander much.

[1501] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 230, _et seq._

[1502] Gould, ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 383.

[1503] Wood, _loc.cit._ vol. ii. p. 257.

[1504] Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ pp. 92, 94.

[1505] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 94.

[1506] Gould, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 382, _et seq._

[1507] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 62.

[1508] Burdach, ‘Physiologie,’ vol. i. p. 277.

[1509] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 284.

[1510] _Ibid._, p. 294.

[1511] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 293.

[1512] Mr. Belt (_loc. cit._ p. 112) has seen the female of _Florisuga mellivora_ sitting quietly on a branch, and two males displaying their charms in front of her. ‘One would shoot up like a rocket, then suddenly expanding the snow-white tail like an inverted parachute, slowly descend in front of her, turning round gradually to show off both back and front.... The expanded white tail covered more space than all the rest of the bird, and was evidently the grand feature in the performance.'

[1513] See Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 285.

[1514] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 67, 74.

[1515] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 102-104.

[1516] According to Professor Vogt (‘Lectures on Man,’ p. 421), the aversion between allied species in the wild state is more frequently overcome by the males than by the females; and, in crosses between wild and domesticated animals, the female generally belongs to the domesticated species or race (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle générale,’ vol. iii. p. 177).

[1517] Taylor, _loc. cit._ pp. 293, _et seq._

[1518] Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 236.

[1519] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 141.

[1520] de Quatrefages, ‘The Human Species,’ p. 267.

[1521] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 8, note 8.

[1522] Nott and Gliddon, ‘Types of Mankind,’ p. 401.

[1523] Kerry-Nicholls, ‘The Maori Race,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 195.

[1524] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 612.

[1525] Leguével de Lacombe, ‘Voyage à Madagascar,’ vol. ii. pp. 121-123.

[1526] Apollodorus Atheniensis, ‘ Βιβλωθήκη,’ book iii. ch. ix. § 2.

[1527] _Cf._ Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 12.

[1528] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 216. _Cf._ Wilkes, _loc. cit.__ vol. v. p. 363; Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 40, _et seq._ (Nagas of Upper Assam).

[1529] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 251.

[1530] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 310.

[1531] Mitchell, ‘Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia,’ vol. i. p. 307.

[1532] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 233.

[1533] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 161.

[1534] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 373, _et seq._

[1535] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213.

[1536] Hume, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. p. 268.

[1537] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 227. _Cf._ Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 29; Heriot, l_oc. cit._ p. 348.

[1538] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 280, note.

[1539] Williams, ‘Narrative of Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 539. _Cf._ Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 81; King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 527.

[1540] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.

[1541] Prichard, ‘Researches into the Physical History of Mankind,’ vol. iv. p. 519.

[1542] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 493. For other instances of different ideas of beauty, see Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 374-381.

[1543] Bombet, ‘The Lives of Haydn and Mozart,’ p. 278.

[1544] Spencer, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. pp. 156, 162. Mr. Spencer’s view on this point bears a close resemblance to that of Vischer, the Hegelian, according to whom the Indo-European race alone is really beautiful (Vischer, ‘Aesthetik,’ vol. ii. pp. 175, _et seq._).

[1545] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 29.

[1546] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 174; vol. ii. p. 200. Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 390.

[1547] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 74.

[1548] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 186.

[1549] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 340.

[1550] This rule does not hold good for all races. Speaking of the natives of King George’s Sound, Cook remarks (‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 303) that ‘the women are nearly of the same size, colour, and form, with the men; from whom it is not easy to distinguish them.’ Ellis states (‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 81) that, among the Tahitians, the difference between the stature of the male and female sex is not so great as that which often prevails in Europe. Diodorus Siculus says (_loc. cit._ book v. ch. xxxii. § 2) that the Gallic women were as tall as the men; and Dr. Fritsch asserts (_loc. cit._ p. 398) the same with reference to the Bushman women of South Africa. Among the Californian Shastika, according to Mr. Powers (_loc. cit._ p. 244), the women are even ‘larger and stronger-featured, and in every way more respectable,’ than the men. _Cf._ Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 118 (Somals).

[1551] Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. pp. 9, _et seq._

[1552] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 236, _et seq._

[1553] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. p. 268. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 381. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la Plata e Tenerife.’ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 27.

[1554] Martineau, ‘Types of Ethical Theory,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Delaunay, ‘Sur la beauté,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 198.

[1555] Davy, _loc. cit._ pp. 110, _et seq._

[1556] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. p. 268.

[1557] Castrén, ‘Nordiska resor och forskningar,’ vol. i. p. 229.

[1558] Prichard, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 434, _et seq._

[1559] de Rubruquis, _loc. cit._ p. 33.

[1560] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 543.

[1561] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 38; 259, note *.

[1562] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain,’ vol. i. p. 154, note. For other evidence for v. Humboldt’s theory, see—besides Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man’—Waitz, l_oc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 62, _et seq._; vol. vi. pp. 543, 571; _Idem_, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305; Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 11.

[1563] Macfie, _loc. cit._ p. 441. Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 348. Catlin, ‘Last Rambles amongst the Indians,’ pp. 145, _et seq._

[1564] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 81. Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 272. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 27.

[1565] Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 44, _et seq._

[1566] Andersson, _loc. cit._ p. 196.

[1567] Welcker, ‘Die Füsse der Chinesinnen,’ in ‘Archiv. f. Anthr.,’ vol. v. p. 149. Katscher, ‘Bilder aus dem chinesischen Leben,’ p. 51.

[1568] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 377.

[1569] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 280, 304.

[1570] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.

[1571] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 111, 210.

[1572] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 23. For additional evidence, see Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 183; Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 92; Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 452, 455.

[1573] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 383.

[1574] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 307.

[1575] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ pp. 381, _et seq._ Cheyne, _loc. cit._ p. 105.

[1576] Crawfurd, vol. i. p. 23.

[1577] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 291.

[1578] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ p. 141.

[1579] _Cf._ Lawrence, ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ &c., p. 474.

[1580] Godron, ‘De l’espèce et des races,’ vol. ii. p. 310.

[1581] _Ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 175, _et seq._

[1582] Quetelet, _loc. cit._ pp. 59, _et seq._ _Cf._ Ranke, ‘Der Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 77-79, 116, _et seq._

[1583] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 86.

[1584] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. pp. 158, 159, 182-185. _Cf._ Ranke, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 131-136.

[1585] Lawrence, _loc. cit._ p. 400.

[1586] Virchow, ‘Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung des Schädelgrundes,’ p. 121.

[1587] Spencer, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. pp. 153, _et seq._

[1588] Schaaffhausen, ‘On the Primitive Form of the Human Skull,’ in ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. vi. p. 416.

[1589] _Ibid._, p. 419.

[1590] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ pp. 53, _et seq._ _Cf._ de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 254.

[1591] ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. xxxi. pt. ii. p. 852.

[1592] Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 475. _Cf._ Peschel, _loc. cit._ pp. 19, _et seq._

[1593] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 377.

[1594] _Cf._ Pouchet, ‘The Plurality of the Human Race,’ p. 92; Virchow, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 213.

[1595] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 475, note.

[1596] Squier, ‘The States of Central America,’ p. 56.

[1597] Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 276.

[1598] Mayer, ‘Die Mechanik der Wärme,’ p. 98.

[1599] Tylor, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 86.

[1600] de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 255.

[1601] Rohlfs, ‘Henry Noël von Bagermi,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 255.

[1602] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 526.

[1603] _Ibid._, p. 526.

[1604] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 92.

[1605] Wallace, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. ii. p. 182.

[1606] Quoted by Schaaffhausen, in ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. vi. p. 418.

[1607] _Cf._ Schaaffhausen, ‘Darwinism and Anthropology,’ _ibid._, vol vi. pp. cviii., _et seq._

[1608] M. Elisée Reclus (quoted by de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 255) makes a curious mistake when he asserts that, at the end of a given time, whatever be their origin, all the descendants of whites or of negroes who have immigrated to America will become Redskins.

[1609] Weismann, ‘Essays upon Heredity,’ &c., p. 81.

[1610] Weismann, _loc. cit._ pp. 81, &c. Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 299.

[1611] Rauber, ‘Homo sapiens ferus,’ pp. 69-71.

[1612] Poiret, ‘Voyage en Barbarie,’ vol. i. p. 31.

[1613] Mr. Wallace (‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ Essay ix.), so far as I know, is the only investigator who has tried to explain, by the principle of natural selection, the origin of human racial distinctions.

[1614] A negro child is not born black, but becomes so after some shorter or longer time (Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 342. Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 351). The children of dark races are usually fairer than the adults (Darwin, vol. ii. p. 342. Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 385).

[1615] Camper, ‘Kleinere Schriften,’ vol. i. p. 44.

[1616] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 384, _et seq._

[1617] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 383.

[1618] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 316.

[1619] Speaking of the Rejangs of Sumatra, Marsden says (_loc. cit._ p. 206), ‘The quick, and to them inexplicable, revolutions of our fashions are subject of much astonishment, and they naturally conclude that those modes can have but little intrinsic merit which we are so ready to change.'

[1620] Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 48.

[1621] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ pp. 538, _et seq._

[1622] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 403, _et seq._

[1623] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 410.

[1624] Mr. Wallace, in his ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection’ (p. 359), believes that ‘a superior intelligence has guided the development of man in a definite direction,’ and considers (pp. 348, _et seq._) that the hairless condition of the skin comes under this head. Again, Mr. Belt’s experience in tropical countries has led him to the conclusion that, in such parts at least, there is one serious drawback to the advantage of having the skin covered with hair:—‘It affords cover for parasitical insects, which, if the skin were naked, might more easily be got rid of’ (Belt, _loc. cit._ p. 209).

[1625] Collins, who wrote sixty years before ‘The Origin of Species,’ makes the following observation regarding the natives about Botany Bay and Port Jackson (New South Wales):—‘Their sight is peculiarly fine, indeed their existence very often depends upon the accuracy of it; for a short-sighted man ... would never be able to defend himself from their spears, which are thrown with amazing force and velocity’ (Collins, ‘Account of the English Colony in New South Wales,’ vol. i. pp. 553, _et seq._).

[1626] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ vol. i. pp. 152, _et seq._ Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ pp. 113, _et seq._ Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 30, note; Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ pp. 274, _et seq._; Collins, vol. i. p. 553 (Australians). Rengger, _loc. cit._ pp. 9, _et seq._ (Indians of Paraguay).

[1627] Lawrence, _loc. cit._ pp. 422, _et seq._

[1628] Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 545, 549. Johnston, _loc. cit._ p. 436.

[1629] Duvernoy, art. ‘Propagation,’ in ‘Dictionnaire universel d’histoire naturelle,’ vol. x. p. 546.

[1630] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle générale,’ vol. iii. p. 180.

[1631] _Ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 175, 185, _et seq._ de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 67.

[1632] Vogt, ‘Lectures on Man,’ p. 414.

[1633] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. p. 191.

[1634] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle,’ vol. iii. pp. 169-175.

[1635] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 189.

[1636] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. p. 208. Blumenbach, ‘Anthropological Treatises,’ p. 73.

[1637] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. pp. 213, _et seq._

[1638] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ pp. 160, _et seq._

[1639] Darwin, ‘The Origin of Species,’ vol. ii. pp. 44, &c. _Cf._ Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209.

[1640] The greater or less degree of sterility of hybrids, although, as Mr. Darwin remarks (‘The Origin of Species,’ vol. ii. p. 46), a very different case from the difficulty of uniting two pure species, yet, to a certain extent, runs parallel with it.

[1641] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle,’ vol. iii. pp. 168, 169, &c.

[1642] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 180.

[1643] ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxii. v. 19. ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xviii. v. 23; ch. xx. v. 15. ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxvii. v. 21. Pliny, _loc. cit._ book viii. ch. 42. Virgil, ‘Bucolica,’ Ecloga iii. v. 8.

[1644] Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 276. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. xcvii. v. Kraft-Ebing, ‘Psychopathia sexualis,’ pp. 135, _et seq._

[1645] See Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 125, 126, 128.

[1646] _Cf._ Blumenbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 80, _et seq._; Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 289, note.

[1647] Périer, ‘Essai sur les croisements ethniques,’ in ‘Mémoires Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. i. p. 216. Jacquinot, in Dumont d’Urville, ‘Voyage au Pole Sud,’ Zoologie, vol. ii. p. 92.

[1648] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 102, _et seq._

[1649] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 381.

[1650] de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 273.

[1651] Topinard, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 371.

[1652] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 238.

[1653] Topinard, p. 372.

[1654] Périer, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. ii. p. 340.

[1655] Topinard, _loc. cit._ p. 383.

[1656] Prichard, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 149.

[1657] Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 360, note 2.

[1658] Knox, ‘The Races of Men,’ pp. 497, &c.

[1659] Nott and Gliddon, _loc. cit._ pp. 397, _et seq._

[1660] Broca, ‘The Phenomena of Hybridity,’ p. 60. Pouchet, _loc. cit._ p. 101.

[1661] Prichard, ‘The Natural History of Man,’ p. 18.

[1662] Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 363.

[1663] de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 264.

[1664] Broca, p. 48.

[1665] _Ibid._, p. 48.

[1666] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 264. _Cf._ Topinard, ‘Note sur les métis d’Australiens et d’Européens,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ vol. iv. pp. 243-249.

[1667] Dr. T. R. H. Thomson says ('On the Reported Incompetency of the “Gins,”‘ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. pp. 244, _et seq._) that the Australian woman, when she places herself under the roof of a European settler as his concubine or wife, appears to become less fertile, although she has more regular diet, comfort, and covering.

[1668] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 148-160.

[1669] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 9. Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 324. Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 273.

[1670] Meyer, _loc. cit._ p. 186.

[1671] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 14.

[1672] Broca, _loc. cit._ p. 36.

[1673] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 8.

[1674] v. Görtz, ‘Reise um die Welt,’ vol. iii. p. 288.

[1675] Hensen, ‘Die Physiologie der Zeugung,’ in Hermann, ‘Handbuch der Physiologie,’ vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 191.

[1676] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 182, _et seq._

[1677] Jacobs, ‘On the Racial Characteristics of Modern Jews,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. pp. 26-28.

[1678] Agassiz, ‘Essay on Classification,’ pp. 249-252.

[1679] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 105, 181, 190, _et seq._

[1680] Vogt, _loc. cit._ p. 421.

[1681] Sebright, _loc. cit._ pp. 17, _et seq._

[1682] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 64.

[1683] Ross, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 310.

[1684] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 22. _Idem_, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 151. Riedel, quoted by Post, ‘Entwickelungsgeschichte des Familienrechts,’ p. 221. Garcilasso de la Vega, describing the Indians of Peru before the time of the Incas, says (_loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 58, _et seq._), ‘In many nations they cohabited like beasts, without any special wife, but just as chance directed. Others followed their own desires, without excepting sisters, daughters, or mothers. Others excepted their mothers but none else.’ It is said, according to Dr. Hickson (_loc. cit._ pp. 277, _et seq._), that in olden times, in the southern districts of Minahassa, in the neighbourhood of Tonsawang, father and daughter, mother and son, brother and sister, frequently lived together in bonds of matrimony. As regards the Chippewas, Mr. Keating states (_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 170) that ‘incest is not unknown to them, but it is held in great abhorrence.'

[1685] Hübschmann, ‘Ueber die persische Verwandtenheirath,’ in ‘Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellsch.,’ vol. xliii. p. 308.

[1686] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 83.

[1687] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 276.

[1688] Heifer, ‘The Animal Productions of the Tenasserim Provinces,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856.

[1689] Cameron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 70.

[1690] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49.

[1691] ‘The Kalevala’ (translated by Crawford), vol. ii. p. 548.

[1692] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 340.

[1693] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 367.

[1694] Krasheninnikoff, ‘The History of Kamtschatka,’ p. 215.

[1695] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. pp. 294, _et seq._

[1696] Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 276.

[1697] Liebich, _loc. cit._ p. 49.

[1698] Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 51.

[1699] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198. _Idem_, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie,’ &c., vol. i. pp. 115, _et seq._

[1700] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala x. súkta 10.

[1701] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 392, note.

[1702] ‘Ynglinga Saga,’ ch. iv.; in ‘Heimskringla’ (edited by Unger), p. 6.

[1703] _Ibid._, p. 6.

[1704] Nordström, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 18. Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 435.

[1705] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 173.

[1706] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 169.

[1707] Forbes, ‘British Burma,’ p. 48, note.

[1708] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 459.

[1709] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 131.

[1710] Ellis, ‘Hawaii,’ pp. 414, _et seq._ Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 32.

[1711] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 252.

[1712] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book iii. ch. 31. Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 678, _et seq._

[1713] Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 319.

[1714] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 318, _et seq._

[1715] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 308.

[1716] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 425. Prescott, ‘History of the Conquest of Peru,’ p. 9, note 3.

[1717] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 160. Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ p. 31.

[1718] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406, note.

[1719] Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 221, _et seq._.

[1720] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xx. v. 12.

[1721] Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 163.

[1722] Michaelis, ‘Abhandlung von den Ehegesetzen Mosis,’ p. 128.

[1723] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 448. In Homer, the marriage of brother and sister, strictly speaking, is to be found only in myth (Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 392, note).

[1724] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 664, _et seq._

[1725] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 147. _Idem_, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 22.

[1726] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 289. _Cf._ v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 116, 393 (certain Brazilian tribes).

[1727] The Rev. B. Danks mentions (‘Marriage Customs of the New Britain Group,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 283) that in the New Britain Group, where upon theoretical grounds a man may without law-breaking marry his niece, as belonging to another clan, there is, nevertheless, a great repugnance to such unions, among the natives, and in one case where such a union was brought about, the natives utterly condemned it.

[1728] Tartars (Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 298), Somals (Burton, ‘First Footsteps in East Africa,’ p. 120), Negroes of Bondo (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1027).

[1729] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.

[1730] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 880.

[1731] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 422.

[1732] Huth, ‘The Marriage of Near Kin,’ pp. 123, 137.

[1733] _Ibid._ pp. 123, 139.

[1734] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 27.

[1735] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 399. Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158.

[1736] Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 353.

[1737] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 325.

[1738] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 276.

[1739] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ pp. 30, _et seq._

[1740] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 64. Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 82.

[1741] ‘The Marriage Customs of the Moors of Ceylon,’ in ‘The Folk-Lore Journal,’ vol. vi. p. 140.

[1742] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vi. p. 406.

[1743] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 8.

[1744] Shortt, ‘The Wild Tribes of Southern India,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 187.

[1745] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 141.

[1746] Rink, ‘The Eskimo Tribes,’ p. 23.

[1747] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 196.

[1748] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 171.

[1749] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 655.

[1750] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 192.

[1751] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 99.

[1752] Dall, p. 138.

[1753] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 59.

[1754] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 315.

[1755] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 60.

[1756] Morgan, ‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 90, _et seq._

[1757] _Ibid._, pp. 91-93. _Cf._ Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ pp. 79, 81, 83.

[1758] Frazer, pp. 60-62.

[1759] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 665.

[1760] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 665. de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 171.

[1761] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 251.

[1762] Im Thurn, _loc. cit._ pp. 175, 185.

[1763] Agassiz, ‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 320.

[1764] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 172.

[1765] Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 63; vol. ii. p. 212.

[1766] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107. _Cf._ Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 299.

[1767] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 65. Curr, vol. i. p. 112.

[1768] Frazer, p. 65. Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, p. 800.

[1769] Curr, vol. i. p. 112. _Cf._ Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. xxiii. p. 402.

[1770] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 118. Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 58. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 399. For the Australian exogamy, see also Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, pp. 797-824; Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._; Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 86-92; Ridley, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ pp. 7-10; _Idem_, ‘Kámilarói,’ pp. 161, _et seq._; Breton, _loc. cit._ p. 202; Schürmann, _loc. cit._ p. 222; Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 26; Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 772; Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 128, _et seq._; Cameron, _ibid._, vol. xiv. p. 351.

[1771] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 112; vol. ii. p. 245. Schürmann, _loc. cit._ p. 222. Cameron, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 351.

[1772] Curr, vol. i. p. 106.

[1773] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 546.

[1774] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 107, 111. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 26.

[1775] Dawson, p. 27.

[1776] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 386. Cf. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 62.

[1777] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 80. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 131.

[1778] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 92.

[1779] Codrington, _loc. cit._ pp. 21, 29.

[1780] Danks, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. pp. 282, _et seq._ _Cf._ Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 86.

[1781] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 181, _et seq._

[1782] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106.

[1783] Kubary, _loc. cit._ p. 35.

[1784] St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 198. _Cf._ Low, _loc. cit._ p. 300; Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 23.

[1785] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 139.

[1786] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 227. Wilken, pp. 21, _et seq._

[1787] Wilken, pp. 18, 21.

[1788] Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 33.

[1789] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 147.

[1790] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 206.

[1791] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. pp. 145, _et seq._

[1792] Riedel, p. 416.

[1793] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 146.

[1794] _Ibid._, p. 146.

[1795] _Ibid._, p. 148.

[1796] Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ pp. 26, _et. seq._ Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 460.

[1797] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 18.

[1798] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 640.

[1799] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 359.

[1800] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 186, _et seq._

[1801] Macpherson, quoted by Percival, ‘The Land of the Veda,’ p. 345. _Cf._ Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 81.

[1802] Man, _loc. cit._ p. 103.

[1803] Hale, ‘On the Sakais,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 291.

[1804] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 158, 189.

[1805] _Ibid._, p. 63.

[1806] Tod, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 145.

[1807] Lyall, ‘Asiatic Studies,’ p. 156.

[1808] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 280.

[1809] This relationship extends to six degrees where the common ancestor is a male. Where the common ancestor is a female, there is a difference of opinion; Manu and Âpastamba extending the prohibition in her case also to six degrees, while Gautama, Vishnu, Narada, &c., limit it to four degrees (Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 87).

[1810] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 5.

[1811] Weber, ‘Die Kastenverhältnisse in dem Brâhmana und Sûtra,’ in ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. x. pp. 75, _et seq._

[1812] Kearns, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, _et seq._ For the marriage restrictions of the Hindus,_ cf._ Steele, ‘The Law and Custom of the Hindoo Castes,’ pp. 26, 27, 163.

[1813] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. pp. 135, _et seq._

[1814] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 294.

[1815] ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 3-10, 23-25, 27, _et seq._

[1816] _Ibid._, vol. iv. pp. 21, _et seq._

[1817] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 24.

[1818] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 23. Jamieson, ‘Translations from the General Code of Laws of the Chinese Empire,’ in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. pp. 82, _et seq._ _Cf._ Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 186; Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 281.

[1819] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 27.

[1820] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 139. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 171.

[1821] Bastian, p. 172.

[1822] Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 168. Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 282. Finsch, ‘Reise nach West-Sibirien,’ p. 543.

[1823] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 31.

[1824] Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, pp. 12, _et seq._ _Idem_, ‘Nordiska resor och forskningar,’ vol. ii. p. 168. de Quatrefages, ‘Hommes fossiles et hommes sauvages,’ p. 604.

[1825] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406, note.

[1826] _Ibid._ p. 406.

[1827] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 181.

[1828] Reich, ‘Geschichte, Natur-und Gesundheitslehre des ehelichen Lebens,’ p. 333.

[1829] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 120.

[1830] Du Chaillu, ‘The People of Western Equatorial Africa,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. i. p. 307. Ashe, ‘Two Kings of Uganda,’ p. 285.

[1831] Burton, ‘Gorilla Land,’ vol. i. p. 75.

[1832] _Cf._ Fritsch, _loc. cit._ pp. 114, _et seq._; Bastian, ‘Ethnologische Forschungen,’ vol. i. p. xxvii.; Holden, ‘The Past and Future of the Kaffir Races,’ p. 200.

[1833] Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 45, _et seq._

[1834] Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 163.

[1835] Shooter, p. 45.

[1836] Maclean, p. 115.

[1837] Theal, _loc. cit._ pp. 16, _et seq._

[1838] Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85.

[1839] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 191.

[1840] Kolben, ‘The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope,’ vol. i. pp. 155, _et seq._

[1841] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 185, 248, _et seq._ Ellis, ‘History of Madagascar,’ vol. i. pp. 164, _et seq._

[1842] Marquardt and Mommsen, ‘Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer,’ vol. vii. pp. 29, _et seq._

[1843] Smith and Cheetham, ‘Dictionary of Christian Antiquities,’ vol. ii. p. 1727.

[1844] Smith and Cheetham, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 1727, 1729.

[1845] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 122.

[1846] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 127.

[1847] Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 353. Holm, ‘Ethnologisk Skizze af Angmagsalikerne,’ in ‘Meddelelser om Grönland,’ vol. x. p. 96.

[1848] Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 14.

[1849] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 27.

[1850] de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 171.

[1851] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 24, _et seq._ note.

[1852] Longford, ‘Summary of the Japanese Penal Codes,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 87.

[1853] ‘The Institutes of Vishnu,’ ch. xxxiv. vv. 1, _et seq._

[1854] ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xviii. vv. 8, 15, 17; &c.

[1855] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. vv. 26, _et seq._

[1856] Justinian, _loc. cit._ book i. title x. §§ 6, _et seq._

[1857] See Ewald, p. 197, note 6. _Cf._ Smith and Cheetham, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 1725, _et seq._

[1858] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 24.

[1859] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ pp. 75, _et seq._

[1860] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 614-619.

[1861] McLennan, ‘Exogamy and Endogamy,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 884, _et seq._

[1862] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 201.

[1863] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 94.

[1864] Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[1865] Keene, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206.

[1866] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 192, 271, 382. _Cf._ Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 106.

[1867] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 243. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. xcviii.

[1868] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 77.

[1869] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 399

[1870] Reich, _loc. cit._ pp. 457, _et seq._

[1871] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 280.

[1872] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 79. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 558. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 392.

[1873] Elton, ‘Natives of the Solomon Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 93.

[1874] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 211.

[1875] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 70.

[1876] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 272 (natives of Herbert River, Northern Queensland).

[1877] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 400, _et seq._

[1878] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 134-137. _Cf._ Farrer, ‘Primitive Manners and Customs,’ p. 244.

[1879] Mr. Bridges, in a letter. _Cf._ _Idem_, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 181; Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 331.

[1880] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 207. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 183.

[1881] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 249.

[1882] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ p. 160.

[1883] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 619-621.

[1884] _Ibid._, pp. 627, _et seq._

[1885] Mr. Huth, in the first edition of his work, ‘The Marriage of Near Kin,’ suggests (p. 157) that marriage between parents and children is considered incestuous because marriage between old men and young women in general is considered so. In the second edition, Mr. Huth seems to have given up this most unfortunate hypothesis, as he says (p. 18) that ‘the prohibition of marriage with those who were regarded as near of kin was derived from the same causes which made exogamy imperative,’ that is, the causes suggested by Mr. Spencer.

[1886] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ pp. 135, _et seq_. Professor Wilken (in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 612) accepts this explanation of the origin of exogamy, and considers it certain (_ibid._, pp. 618, 619, 623) that prohibitions of close intermarriage have everywhere originated in true exogamy.

[1887] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 345. Among the Australian Gournditch-mara, according to the Rev. J. H. Stähle, the man who captured a woman in war never kept her himself, but was compelled to give her to some one else (Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 276).

[1888] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 361, _et seq._ Professor Kohler also thinks (‘Krit. Vierteljahrschr. f. Gesetzg.,’ N. S. vol. iv. p. 181) that one of the chief causes of exogamy was the unpleasantly dependent position in which, in endogamous marriage, the husband stood to the family of his wife.

[1889] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 267.

[1890] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 100. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 403. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 28. Frazer, _loc. cit._ pp. 58, _et seq._ There seem to be two or three exceptions to this rule among the Australian tribes, but Mr. Curr (vol. i. p. 417) ascribes such cases to the influence of the whites.

[1891] Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 23.

[1892] Holm, _loc. cit._ p. 98.

[1893] Prichard, _loc. cit._ p. 125.

[1894] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.

[1895] Morgan, ‘Ancient Society,’ p. 424.