Chapter XXIV: Summary (12)

[3097] Talamanca Indians (Bovallius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 249), Guaranies (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 59), Ostyaks (Ahlqvist, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 290), Kukis (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 255), Dyaks (Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 142), Sumatrans (Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 257), Australians (Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 137. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 81, _et seq._ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 780), Maoris (Angas, vol. i. p. 314), Tedâ (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 448), Mandingoes, (Park, _loc. cit._ p. 219), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p. 207).

[3098] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 143. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 147.

[3099] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 313.

[3100] _Cf._ Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs); Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 231 (Wintun); Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 413, note 2 (Indians of Guiana); Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 133 (Fuegians).

[3101] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 242.

[3102] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 141, _et seq._

[3103] Wood, ‘The Natural History of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 685.

[3104] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419.

[3105] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 259.

[3106] Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 254. Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 419.

[3107] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 220.

[3108] _Cf._ Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 196; Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 118.

[3109] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 512, note 120.

[3110] King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 153.

[3111] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 100.

[3112] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 47.

[3113] Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148.

[3114] Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 465.

[3115] St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 254.

[3116] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 388. Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 183.

[3117] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 271. _Cf._ Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312; Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 383.

[3118] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 104. Alcedo-Thompson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 416.

[3119] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 259.

[3120] Forbes, ‘Dahomey,’ vol. i. pp. 25, _et seq._

[3121] Inglis, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. p. 63. d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 395. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 94.

[3122] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 657.

[3123] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 106 (Brazilian aborigines). Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 147 (Greenlanders). Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 389 (Kafirs). Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424 (Arabs). v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ pp. 31, _et seq._ (Ainos). Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 72 (Chinese). Rein, _loc. cit._ p. 425 (Japanese).

[3124] Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 259, _et seq._

[3125] Livingstone, ‘Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi,’ pp. 284, _et seq._

[3126] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 259.

[3127] _Cf._ Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 93 (Fijians); v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p. 548 (Indians on Orinoco).

[3128] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 109.

[3129] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 512. Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12. Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 321 (Greenlanders).

[3130] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 125-127.

[3131] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 158.

[3132] _Cf._ Burdach, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 375.

[3133] Nansen, vol. ii. p. 329. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 321, 329, _et seq._

[3134] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 310. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 125.

[3135] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 301. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 102.

[3136] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 234, _et seq._ _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. iii. p. 236.

[3137] Brett, _loc. cit._ pp. 351, _et seq._ _Cf._ Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 270.

[3138] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. pp. 548, _et seq._

[3139] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 22, _et seq._

[3140] Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 131.

[3141] Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ pp. 152, _et seq._

[3142] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, _et seq._

[3143] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 282. _Cf._ Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 766; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 758, 781.

[3144] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 11.

[3145] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213.

[3146] St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 56.

[3147] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 185.

[3148] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 251.

[3149] Tod, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 258.

[3150] Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 14. d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ pp. 250, _et seq._

[3151] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 226.

[3152] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 253, _et seq._

[3153] Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 727.

[3154] Dutt, ‘The Social Life of the Hindus in the Rig-Veda Period,’ in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.

[3155] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 503. Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 134. Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 142. Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 189.

[3156] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 161.

[3157] For other instances of female jealousy, see Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419 (Kutchin); Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 355 (Eskimo at Igloolik); Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 70 (Crees); v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 392 (Mundrucûs); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97 (Samoans); Kubary, _loc. cit._ p. 61 (Pelew Islanders); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 269 (Tahitians); Yate, _loc. cit._ p. 97 (Maoris); Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 335, 448 (natives of Babber and Wetter); Cooper, _loc. cit._ p. 102 (Assamese); Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 72 (Reddies); Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 38 (Bhils); Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 288 (Kamchadales); Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 444 (Moors of the Sahara); Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 78; v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 329, _et seq._; Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 44 (Kafirs).

[3158] Domenech, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 306.

[3159] Eastern Tinneh (Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 310), Naudowessies (Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 367), Kaviaks (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 138), Northern Indians (Hearne, _loc. cit._ pp. 129, _et seq._), Crees (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ pp. xcvi. _et seq._), Indians of the Californian Peninsula (Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368), Minnetarees and Mandans (Lewis and Clarke, _loc. cit._ p. 307), Caribs (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 383).

[3160] Indians of Oregon (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 277. Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 654), Crows (Bastian, ‘Der Papua des dunkeln Inselreichs,’ p. 128, note 8), Blackfeet (_Idem_, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. pp. 403, _et seq._, note).

[3161] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 438.

[3162] Schoolcraft, vol. iii. pp. 195, _et seq._

[3163] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 338.

[3164] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 685.

[3165] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 661.

[3166] Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 62. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 28.

[3167] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 363.

[3168] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 282.

[3169] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.

[3170] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 28.

[3171] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 369.

[3172] Man, ‘Sonthalia,’ p. 15.

[3173] Macpherson, _loc. cit._ p. 69. Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 744.

[3174] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454.

[3175] _Ibid._, p. 181. _Cf._ _ibid._, pp. 209, _et seq._

[3176] Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 447.

[3177] Bain, _loc. cit._ pp. 136, _et seq._

[3178] _Ibid._, p. 137.

[3179] Müller, ‘Am Neste,’ p. 102. Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pt. iv. ch. ii. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 293-295.

[3180] Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pp. 288, _et seq._

[3181] Houzeau, ‘Études sur les facultés mentales des animaux,’ vol. ii. p. 117.

[3182] Gibbs, _loc. cit._ p. 198.

[3183] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 102.

[3184] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 273.

[3185] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 117.

[3186] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 45. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 192. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 267.

[3187] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 756. For other instances, see _ibid._, vol. vi. p. 125; ‘Das Ausland,’ 1857, p. 888.

[3188] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 33 (Miris). Cunningham, ‘History of the Sikhs,’ p. 18 (Tibetans). Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 227 (Damaras). Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 388.

[3189] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 134. _Cf._ Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 287.

[3190] Gordon Cumming, _loc. cit._ p. 406 (Tibetans). Beauregard, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 264, _et seq._ (Massagetæ). See _ante_, p. 116.

[3191] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 429.

[3192] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. p. 460.

[3193] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.

[3194] Quoted by Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 191.

[3195] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 341.

[3196] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 440, 442.

[3197] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 28.

[3198] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 253.

[3199] _Ibid._, p. 343.

[3200] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 677.

[3201] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 315, 317.

[3202] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 191.

[3203] _Ibid._, p. 231.

[3204] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 5, 406.

[3205] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’ p. 71.

[3206] Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. pp. 19, _et seq._ Smeaton, _loc. cit._ p. 81.

[3207] Dutt, in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.

[3208] Goguet, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 22.

[3209] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 252.

[3210] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 101. _Cf._ the myths of the Nishinam (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 339), Thlinkets (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 421), Nicaraguans (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 280), Caroline Islanders (_ibid._, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 136).

[3211] As, for example, by Post, ‘Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 27, and Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 664, _et seq._

[3212] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 334; vol. ii. pp. 394, _et seq._ Mr. Reade thinks (_loc. cit._ p. 214) we may infer that Gorillas are polygamous, like stags, cocks, pheasants, and other animals that battle for mates, from the fact that a trustworthy informant had seen two Gorillas fighting. But it is not only polygamous animals that fight for females.

[3213] Hartmann, _loc. cit._ p. 214.

[3214] Among the Bechuanas, says Mr. Conder (‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 86), a man formerly became richer the more wives he had, because they used to hoe his mealies; ‘now, however, ploughs have been introduced, and the men take pride in driving a team of eight oxen in a plough.'

[3215] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 752.

[3216] Le Bon, ‘La Civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.

[3217] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 378.

[3218] McLennan, ‘The Levirate and Polyandry,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ N.S. vol. xxi. pp. 703-705. _Idem_, ‘Studies,’ pp. 112, _et seq._

[3219] Bellabollahs (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 169, note 34), Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon (Gibbs, _loc. cit._ p. 199), Miwok (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 356), Iroquois, Wyandots (Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 330), Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250), Azteks, Mayas, Mosquitoes (Bancroft, vol. ii. pp. 466, 671; vol. i. p. 730), Arawaks (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol iii. p. 392), Warraus (Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 275), Tupis (Southey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 241), Australians (Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 776. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 135. Palmer, _ibid._, vol. xiii. p. 298. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 278. Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 87. Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 164), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98), New Caledonians (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), people of New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. xi. p. 9), Caroline Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106), peoples of New Guinea (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 66) and the Malay Archipelago (_ibid._, pp. 32, 39, 54, 57-60. Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 228, 229, 260, _et seq._ Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 70), Mrús (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 234), Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Kakhyens (Anderson, _loc. cit._ p. 142), Pahárias (Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 273), Bilúchis (Postans, ‘The Bilúchi Tribes Inhabiting Sindh,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 105), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403), Ostyaks (Latham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 457), Kamchadales (Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 347), Ainos (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 524. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol xi. pt. i. p. 44), Arabs (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 64. Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 406), Gallas (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 516), Kûri (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 375), Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 488), Negroes of Senegambia (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 455), the tribes in the interior of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429), Bechuanas, Zulus (Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85), Eastern Central Africans (Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 135), people of Madagascar (Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 246), Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), ancient Egyptians (‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 293). For other instances, see _infra_, note 3.

[3220] _Cf._ Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 649.

[3221] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 488 (Kunáma). v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 117, 118, 691 (Brazilian aborigines, Arawaks). Gibbs, _loc. cit._ p. 199 (Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).

[3222] Atkha Aleuts (Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 170, _et seq._), Eskimo (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, pp. 698, _et seq._), Crees (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 110), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198), tribes of Western Victoria (Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 27), people of Nitendi and the New Hebrides (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634), Nufoor Papuans of New Guinea (Guillemard, _loc. cit._ p. 390), Santals (‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. xxiv.). Among the Gonds it is the duty of a younger brother to take to wife the widow of an elder brother, though the converse is not permitted (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 150).

[3223] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 416.

[3224] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., pp. 112, _et seq._

[3225] Fijians, Samoans (Prichard, _loc. cit._ p. 393), Papuans of New Guinea (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 77. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 661), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 209. Waitz-Gerland, vol v. pt. ii. p. 117), the tribes in the interior of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429). Among many other peoples the right of succession belongs in the first place to the brother.

[3226] Man, _loc. cit._ p. 100.

[3227] Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 316, 325), Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 484, 488).

[3228] Miris (Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 154), Tartars (Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 221. de Rubruquis, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, _et seq._), Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49), Wakamba (Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 406), Baele (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 176), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p. 208), Negroes of Fida, &c. (Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 480. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 115).

[3229] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 97, note.

[3230] Bosman, p. 528.

[3231] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 16.

[3232] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 86.

[3233] McLennan, ‘The Patriarchal Theory,’ p. 89.

[3234] _Cf._ Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 241.

[3235] Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), Hindus (‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 59-63), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403), Bechuanas (Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 185), people of Madagascar (Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 246). Among the Hindus, the ‘levir’ did not take his brother’s widow as his wife; he only had intercourse with her. This practice was called ‘Niyoga.'

[3236] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 113.

[3237] Starcke, _loc. cit._ ch. iii.

[3238] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 395.

[3239] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98.

[3240] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 86.

[3241] McLennan, p. 91.

[3242] Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 355.

[3243] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 287.

[3244] Moorcroft and Trebeck, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 321.

[3245] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 228.

[3246] Fraser, _loc. cit._ p. 208.

[3247] Bogle, _loc. cit._ p. 123.

[3248] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 212.

[3249] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 292.

[3250] Fraser, _loc. cit._ p. 209.

[3251] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. i. p. 83.

[3252] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iv. p. 20.

[3253] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 33.

[3254] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.

[3255] Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 83. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 66.

[3256] Peoples of Watubela (Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 206) and Lampong in Sumatra (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58), Igorrotes and Italones of the Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ pp. 28, 33). Professor Wilken thinks (pp. 46, _et seq._) the same was the case among the Niasians and Bataks.

[3257] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 293.

[3258] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105.

[3259] Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 319, _et seq._

[3260] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pp. 272, _et seq._

[3261] Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol xiii. p. 206.

[3262] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634.

[3263] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 328. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 101. Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ pp. 193, 213.

[3264] Quoted by Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 73.

[3265] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.

[3266] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 88.

[3267] St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.

[3268] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 75.

[3269] Rosset, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 169.

[3270] Quoted by Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 253.

[3271] Bourien, ‘The Wild Tribes of the Interior of the Malay Peninsula,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80.

[3272] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370. Yule, ‘Notes on the Kasia Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. p. 624. Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 186.

[3273] Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 13. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 603.

[3274] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.

[3275] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150.

[3276] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 207, _et seq._

[3277] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 247, 251.

[3278] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 444.

[3279] Lobo, _loc. cit._ p. 26.

[3280] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 122.

[3281] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 114.

[3282] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1027.

[3283] Rawlinson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 353.

[3284] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 488, _et seq._ Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._ p. 264.

[3285] Nordström, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 34.

[3286] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 125.

[3287] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 371.

[3288] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 173.

[3289] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 161, 250.

[3290] de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 171.

[3291] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxiv. v. i. Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 203.

[3292] Meier and Schömann, _loc. cit._ p. 511.

[3293] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ pp. 123, _et seq._

[3294] Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 454.

[3295] Chinooks (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 241), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 157), Chippewyans (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. cxxiii.), Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 249), Macusís (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 391), Mundrucûs and other Brazilian tribes (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 104), Minuanes, Pampas, Mbayas, Payaguas (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 32, 44, 114, 132), Catalanganes of the Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 41), Siamese (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 169), Burmese (Colquhoun, ‘Burma,’ pp. 12, _et seq._), Chukmas (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 187), Yakuts (Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 129), Chuvashes, Votyaks, Cheremises, Mordvins, Voguls (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 42), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 404), Takue (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 209), Beni-Mzab (Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 315, _et seq._)

[3296] Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 148.

[3297] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 239.

[3298] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 375.

[3299] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 342.

[3300] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 324.

[3301] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497.

[3302] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 23. Faulkner, _loc. cit._ p. 126.

[3303] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167.

[3304] Dieffenbach, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 40.

[3305] Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95.

[3306] Lawes, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 614. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397.

[3307] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 129.

[3308] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 78.

[3309] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 68.

[3310] _Cf._ Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 210; Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 278; Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 70; Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 261, 264.

[3311] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 203. Among the Samaritans, divorce, though permitted, does not occur (Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 217).

[3312] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 151. Meier and Schömann, _loc. cit._ p. 510.

[3313] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.

[3314] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 276.

[3315] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 64.

[3316] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 33.

[3317] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 208. Lewin, p. 210.

[3318] Peoples of Ceram, Aru, Sermatta, Babber, Letti, Moa and Lakor, Wetter (Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 134, 263, 325, 351, 390, 448), Buru (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 51).

[3319] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 110. _Cf._ Proyart, _loc. cit._ p. 569 (Negroes of Loango).

[3320] Kolben, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 157.

[3321] Casalis, _loc. cit._ pp. 184, et seq.

[3322] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 219.

[3323] Mantras (Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80), Butias of Ladakh (Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p. 204), Toungtha (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 194), Timorese (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 54).

[3324] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 263, 265. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 132.

[3325] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 278.

[3326] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 25, _et seq._ Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 219. Müller, ‘Reise der Novara,’ Ethnographie, p. 164.

[3327] Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 73.

[3328] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 27.

[3329] Rein, _loc. cit._ pp. 424, _et seq._

[3330] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ p. 332.

[3331] Lane, _loc. cit_ vol. i. pp. 139, 247. Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 13.

[3332] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 80, _et seq._ This, however, was not a divorce in our sense of the term. ‘Neither by sale nor by repudiation,’ says Manu (ch. ix. v. 46), ‘is a wife released from her husband.'

[3333] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 95.

[3334] Glasson, _loc. cit._ pp. 204, _et seq._

[3335] Glasson, pp. 213, 215.

[3336] _Ibid._, pp. 367, _et seq._

[3337] _Ibid._, pp. 437, 452.

[3338] _Ibid._, p. 403.

[3339] Carpentier, ‘Traité théorétique et pratique du divorce,’ p. 52. For the laws of divorce in the States of Europe and America, see Neubauer, ‘Ehescheidung im Auslande,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vols. v.-ix.

[3340] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 254.

[3341] Greenlanders (Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 509), Damaras (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 416), Marea (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 241), Kafirs of Natal (Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 85, _et seq._), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97), Dyaks (St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237).

[3342] This is especially the case when the wife is superior to the husband in rank [_cf._ Soyaux, _loc. cit._ p. 162 (Negroes of Loango); Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 284 (Negroes of Sierra Leone); Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 140, _et seq._ (Eastern Central Africans); Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 254 (Tanàla of Madagascar); Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106; vol. vi. p. 128 (Caroline Islanders, Tahitians); ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333 (Pelew Islanders); Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 289 (Natchez)]; but also when they are of equal rank, as among the Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 249), Macassars, Bugis (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 76), Rejangs (Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 235), Malays of Perak (McNair, _loc. cit._ p. 236), Galela (Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78), Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Badagas (Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117), Kerantis (Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 136), Mongols (Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 70), Beni-Amer, Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 320, 321, 489), Touaregs Chavanne, (‘Die Sahara,’ p. 209), Ashantees (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 120), Masai (Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. v. p. 533), Kafirs (Maclean, _loc. cit._ pp. 69, _et seq._).

[3343] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 277.

[3344] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 223, _et seq._

[3345] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 214.

[3346] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 93.

[3347] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 127, _et seq._

[3348] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 256. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397. Chalmers, _loc. cit._ p. 167. Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 106, _et seq._

[3349] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 134, 173, 263, 325, 390, 448.

[3350] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295.

[3351] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 73.

[3352] Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 92.

[3353] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 83.

[3354] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 140.

[3355] Arnot, ‘Garenganze,’ p. 194.

[3356] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 86.

[3357] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 672.

[3358] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 219. Rein, _loc. cit._ pp. 424, _et seq._

[3359] Glasson, _loc. cit. pp._ 149, _et seq._

[3360] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ ch. xii. _et seq._ Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 139.

[3361] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 386, _et seq._

[3362] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 187.

[3363] _Ibid._, p. 189.

[3364] _Ibid._, p. 195.

[3365] _Ibid._, pp. 152, _et seq._ Meier and Schömann, _loc. cit._ p. 512.

[3366] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 42, _et seq._

[3367] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.

[3368] Glasson, pp. 291, 298, 304.

[3369] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157.

[3370] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 92.

[3371] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315. _Cf._ Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 76 (Abipones); Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p. 258 (Touaregs of Rhāt).

[3372] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 469.

[3373] ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ 1883, p. 290. _Cf._ Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206 (Botocudos); Krauss, _loc. cit._ p 568 (South Slavonians).

[3374] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 150.

[3375] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 139 (Western Eskimo). Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 143 (Greenlanders). Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 141 (Zulus). Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 48 (Wanyoro). Buchner, _loc. cit._ p. 31 (Duallas). Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 218 (Persians). Krauss, pp. 532, 570, _et seq._ (South Slavonians); &c.

[3376] Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian in his Wigwam,’ p. 73. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 320 (Greenlanders); Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 48 (Bushmans); St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 66 (Sea Dyaks).

[3377] St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.

[3378] Bailey, _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 292. _Cf._ Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 141 (Zulus).

[3379] For exceptions, see _ante_ p. 19.

[3380] Nutkas, Inland Columbians (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 197, 277), Shans (Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295), Burmese (Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 73), Malays of Perak (McNair, _loc. cit._ p. 236), Beni-Amer, Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 320, 321, 489).

[3381] Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 20.

[3382] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 51.

[3383] Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 107.

[3384] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 187.

[3385] _Cf._ Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 244.

[3386] Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 129 (Jakuts). Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 401 (Wakamba). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48 (Zulus). Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno). Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315 (Thlinkets). _Cf._ Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 56 (Yurok); Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Mrús); Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 412 (Negroes of Angola).

[3387] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 404 (Ossetes). Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. pp. 26, _et seq._ (Circassians). Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117 (Badagas). Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 101 (Malays). Merolla da Sorrento, p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026 (Negroes of Bondo). Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol iv. p. 315 (Thlinkets).

[3388] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 184.

[3389] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[3390] Munda Kols (Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370), Todas (Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 218), Bedouins (Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150), Tartars (Georgi, _loc. cit_. p. 238), East Africans (Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 333).

[3391] Aleuts (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 370), Dacotahs (Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 240), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 153), Papuans of New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397).

[3392] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.

[3393] Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 253. _Cf._ Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 672 (Yucatan).

[3394] Greenlanders (Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 148), Thlinkets (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 328), Inland Columbians (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 277), Apaches (_ibid._, vol. i. p. 513), Iroquois (Buchanan, ‘North American Indians,’ pp. 338, _et seq._), Gallinomero in California (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 178), and other North American Indians (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105), Caribs (_ibid._, vol. iii. p. 383), Payaguas (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 132), Marianne Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 107), Tongans (Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 179), Khasias (Steel, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. vii. p. 308. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 57).

[3395] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 191.

[3396] Katscher, _loc. cit._ p. 91. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 401.

[3397] Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80. _Cf._ St. John, _ibid._, vol. p. 237; Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 20.

[3398] Lane Poole, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. v. p. 684.

[3399] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 215.

[3400] Mr. Crawfurd (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 79) points out the connection, in Java, between the frequency of women deserting their husbands and the abundance of food; the laboriousness and industriousness of the women, who can earn a subsistence independent of a husband, and the tameness and servileness of the men.

[3401] Crawfurd, vol. iii. p. 101 (Malays). Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Rejangs). Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78 (Galela). Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis). Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 136 (Kerantis). Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 217 (Todas). Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117 (Badagas). Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 120 (Negroes).

[3402] Mohammedans (Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 139), Badagas (Harkness, p. 117).

[3403] Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 279. _Cf._ ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 569; Raffles, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 81 (Javanese).

[3404] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 454, _et seq._

[3405] Of articles in periodicals only some of the more important have been included in this list.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.

Variations in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other spelling and punctuation remains unchanged.

The original contained at least eight unpaired double quotation marks that could not be corrected with confidence.

The precise location of footnote 372 is speculative since it is not indicated in the original.

Incomplete entries in the index remain as printed in the original.