Chapter XXIV: Summary (10)

[1896] Lubbock, ‘The Customs of Marriage and Systems of Relationship among the Australians,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 300. Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 124. Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 224.

[1897] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 228.

[1898] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 112.

[1899] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 21.

[1900] _Cf._ Lang, ‘Custom and Myth,’ p. 256.

[1901] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 342.

[1902] Plato, ‘Νόμοι,’ book viii. ch. vi. p. 838.

[1903] Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 10-14.

[1904] Moriz Wagner, in ‘Kosmos,’ 1886, vol. i. pp. 21, &c. v. Hellwald, _loc. cit._ pp. 179, _et seq._ Wake, “The Development of Marriage and Kinship,‘ p. 55. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 248, note. Speaking of the Australian tribes, Mr. Mathew says ('Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 403), ‘There may also be an auxiliary cause to exogamy among barbarians in what may be called an instinctive hankering after foreign women.'

[1905] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 141. _Cf._ Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 147.

[1906] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 330.

[1907] Macpherson, ‘Memorials of Service in India,’ p. 69.

[1908] Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 240.

[1909] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 268.

[1910] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198. _Idem_, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie,’ &c., vol. i. p. 117.

[1911] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, vol. i. p. 594.

[1912] Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, pp. 800, 810, 819, _et seq._ _Cf._ Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 399.

[1913] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ pp. 142, _et seq._

[1914] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 196. Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 347. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58.

[1915] Metz, ‘The Tribes Inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills,’ p. 131.

[1916] Riedel, ‘Galela und Tobeloresen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 77.

[1917] Bastian, ‘Inselgruppen in Oceanien,’ p. 61.

[1918] Mr. Eyles, in a letter.

[1919] Hildebrandt, ‘Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre Nachbaren,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 401.

[1920] Krasheninnikoff, _loc. cit._ p. 212.

[1921] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 172.

[1922] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 302, 335, 351.

[1923] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 81.

[1924] Kovalevsky, ‘Marriage among the Early Slavs,’ in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. p. 475.

[1925] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119.

[1926] Morgan, ‘Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines,’ p. 73.

[1927] _Ibid._, p. 64.

[1928] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 168.

[1929] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 147. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 291, 297.

[1930] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 153, 170, 171.

[1931] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 490, 497.

[1932] Mr. Bridges, in a letter.

[1933] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. xxiv.

[1934] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 186-188.

[1935] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ pp. 25, _et seq._

[1936] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 197.

[1937] Buchanan, ‘Journey from Madras,’ p. 738. Bachofen, ‘Antiquarische Briefe,’ pp. 271, _et seq._ Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 83.

[1938] Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 15, 47, 86. Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 200.

[1939] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 75.

[1940] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 237, 241, 254, 255.

[1941] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. p. 362.

[1942] Lewis, ‘The Ancient Laws of Wales,’ pp. 56, 57, 196.

[1943] Montesquieu, ‘De l’esprit des loix,’ book xxvi. ch. 14, vol. iii. pp. 47, 49.

[1944] Bertillon, ‘Mariage (hygiène matrimoniale),’ in ‘Dict. encycl. des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. v. p. 60.

[1945] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 507, _et seq._

[1946] Yate, _loc. cit._ pp. 103, 154.

[1947] _Ibid._, p. 114.

[1948] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 59, _et seq._

[1949] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 276.

[1950] Burchell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 56.

[1951] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 74.

[1952] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 278. Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 262, 265.

[1953] Ewald, _loc. cit._ pp. 197, _et seq._

[1954] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xvi.

[1955] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 421-423, 429, 439.

[1956] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 264.

[1957] Kearns, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, _et seq._

[1958] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 228.

[1959] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 24, note ‡.

[1960] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ pp. 285, _et seq._

[1961] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 22.

[1962] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.

[1963] ‘Codex Justinianeus,’ book v. title iv. § 26.

[1964] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 288.

[1965] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 257, _et seq._

[1966] Kohler, ‘Indisches Ehe-und Familienrecht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, _et seq._

[1967] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. v. 235; ch. xi. v. 55; ch. xii. v. 58. ‘The Institutes of Vishnu,’ ch. xxxv. v. 1.

[1968] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 66.

[1969] _Cf._ Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 169; Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 184, 192, _et seq._

[1970] Kubary, _loc. cit._ p. 62.

[1971] Robertson Smith, p. 170.

[1972] Heifer, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856.

[1973] Virchow, ‘The Veddás of Ceylon,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. pp. 355, 369. Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[1974] Virchow, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. p. 370.

[1975] Annamese (Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 276), Kamchadales (Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 289, note), Kaniagmuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 81, _et seq._).

[1976] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 606, _et seq._ Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 14, &c. Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 480. Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ pp. 24, _et seq._

[1977] Mr. Cupples, however, observes that among dogs, the male seems rather inclined towards strange females (Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 294); and I myself have been told by a thoroughly trustworthy person of a stallion that would not approach mares of the same stable. But such instincts seem to be exceptions at least among domesticated animals.

[1978] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 9.

[1979] _Ibid._, p. 9.

[1980] Müller, ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers,’ p. 8.

[1981] Darwin, ‘The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom,’ p. 436.

[1982] _Ibid._, p. 443.

[1983] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 116.

[1984] Sebright, ‘The Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals,’ pp. 12, _et seq._

[1985] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 161.

[1986] Crampe, ‘Zuchtversuche mit zahmen Wanderratten,’ in ‘Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbücher,’ vol. xii. pp. 402, 409, 418; quoted by Düsing, ‘Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses bei der Vermehrung der Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen,’ p. 246. ‘Die Kreuzungsproducte der Familien waren mit ihren Brüdern, Vätern, Grossvätern und Mestizen viel fruchtbarer, als die in Blutschande gezogenen Familien unter denselben Verhältnissen.'

[1987] Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 286, _et seq._

[1988] Preyer, ‘Specielle Physiologie des Embryo,’ p. 8.

[1989] Mitchell, ‘Blood-Relationship in Marriage,’ in ‘Memoirs Read before the Anthropological Society of London,’ vol. ii. p. 451.

[1990] Pouchet, _loc. cit._ p. 107, note *.

[1991] Sebright, _loc. cit._ pp. 11, _et seq._

[1992] Darwin, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ p. 445.

[1993] _Idem_, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 116.

[1994] _Idem_, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ p. 457.

[1995] _Ibid._, p. 465.

[1996] Sebright, _loc. cit._ p. 12.

[1997] Adam, ‘Consanguinity in Marriage,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. iii. p. 81.

[1998] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 36.

[1999] Galton, ‘Hereditary Genius,’ p. 152.

[2000] Huth, p. 37, note.

[2001] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. pp. 294, 296.

[2002] Périer, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. i. p. 223. Voisin, ‘Contribution à l’histoire des mariages entre consanguins,’ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 447.

[2003] Huth, _loc. cit._ ch. v. pp. 186-241.

[2004] _Ibid._, pp. 217, 226.

[2005] G. H. Darwin, ‘Marriages between First Cousins in England,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xviii. p. 41.

[2006] _Idem_, ‘Marriages between First Cousins in England,’ in ‘Journal of the Statistical Society,’ vol. xxxviii. pp. 181, 170, 182.

[2007] _Idem_, ‘Note on the Marriages of First Cousins,’ _ibid._, vol. xxxviii. pp. 344-346.

[2008] Schmidt’s ‘Jahrbücher des gesammten Medicin,’ vol. clxxxi. p. 89.

[2009] It has escaped even Mr. Huth’s keen observation.

[2010] Mygge, ‘Om Aegteskaber mellem Blodbeslaegtede,’ pp. 162, 272.

[2011] Dahl, ‘Bidrag til Kundskab om de Sindssyge i Norge,’ pp. 99-102.

[2012] Professor Mantegazza has given a list of fifty-seven authors who have opposed these marriages, and of fifteen who have defended them (‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 179).

[2013] Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 141-143.

[2014] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 86.

[2015] Voisin, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. ii. p. 447.

[2016] Mygge, _loc. cit._ p. 126.

[2017] ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. vii. pt. ii. p. 876.

[2018] Mygge, _loc. cit._ p. 171.

[2019] Darwin, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ pp. 439, 458.

[2020] _Ibid._, p. 439. G. H. Darwin, in ‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 175.

[2021] Quoted by Düsing, _loc. cit._ p. 249.

[2022] Mitchell, in ‘Mem. Anthr. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 447.

[2023] _Cf._ Devay, ‘Du danger des mariages consanguins,’ p. 10.

[2024] G. H. Darwin, in ‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 163.

[2025] _Ibid._, pp. 175, _et seq._

[2026] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 334.

[2027] Bates, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 199, _et seq._

[2028] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 508.

[2029] v. Tschudi, _loc. cit_. vol. ii. p. 284.

[2030] Gisborne, ‘The Isthmus of Darien,’ p. 155.

[2031] Davis, ‘El Gringo,’ p. 146.

[2032] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 144, 147.

[2033] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 248.

[2034] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 66.

[2035] St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 10.

[2036] Foreman, _loc. cit._ p. 200.

[2037] Batchelor, _loc. cit._ p. 290.

[2038] Meade, _loc. cit._ p. 168.

[2039] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 110, _et seq._

[2040] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 254.

[2041] _Ibid._, p. 254.

[2042] Metz, _loc. cit._ p. 15.

[2043] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 233.

[2044] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 200, 201, 216, _et seq._

[2045] Dr. Helfer also thinks (‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856) that, among the Karens of the Tenasserim Provinces, close intermarrying is the reason why ‘they are a subdued, timid, effeminate, diminishing race.'

[2046] Gason, _loc. cit._ pp. 260, _et seq._

[2047] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 406.

[2048] Rink, ‘Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo,’ pp. 390, _et seq._

[2049] Reich, _loc. cit._ pp. 210, _et seq._

[2050] Goldziher, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. xviii. p. 26. _Cf._ Wilken, ‘Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern,’ p. 61; Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 60.

[2051] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 155.

[2052] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 45.

[2053] Goldziher, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. xviii. p. 26. Robertson Smith, p. 82.

[2054] For instance, Mr. Morgan (‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 479, _et seq._) and Professor Wilken (in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1881, vol. ii. p. 622).

[2055] Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, ‘Études de la nature,’ vol. i. p. 94.

[2056] Schopenhauer, ‘The World as Will and Idea,’ vol. iii. pp. 356-359.

[2057] Lucas, ‘Traité de l’hérédité naturelle,’ vol. ii. p. 238; ‘La loi de l’amour est l’accord des contrastes.’ Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ pp. 119-124. Mantegazza, ‘Die Hygieine der Liebe,’ p. 321. Allen, ‘Falling in Love,’ p. 5. v. Hartmann, ‘Philosophy of the Unconscious,’ vol. i. pp. 237, _et seq._

[2058] Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 136.

[2059] Lucas, vol. ii. p. 238. Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ p. 124.

[2060] Quoted by Walker, p. 118.

[2061] Schopenhauer also says (_loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 358), ‘Blondes prefer dark persons, or brunettes; but the latter seldom prefer the former. The reason is, that fair hair and blue eyes are in themselves a variation from the type, are almost abnormal, being analogous to white mice, or at least to gray horses.'

[2062] de Candolle, ‘Hérédité de la couleur des yeux dans l’espèce humaine,’ in ‘Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles,’ ser. iii. vol. xii.; quoted in ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. viii.

[2063] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. ix.

[2064] Galton, ‘Natural Inheritance,’ p. 85.

[2065] Mantegazza, ‘Physiologie du plaisir,’ p. 243.

[2066] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Psychology,’ vol. i. pp. 487, _et seq._ Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 136. Dr. Duboc remarks (‘Die Psychologie der Liebe,’ p. 14), ‘Es giebt keine inhaltvollere und triumphirendere Beseligung der eignen Selbstliebe als von dem über alle Anderen emporgetragen zu werden, den wir selbst höher wie alle Anderen erblicken, als von dem ausgezeichnet zu werden, der uns selbst mit allen Auszeichnungen geschmückt erscheint.'

[2067] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 250.

[2068] Ellis, ‘The Tshi-speaking Peoples,’ p. 285.

[2069] Duncan, ‘Travels in Western Africa,’ vol. i. p. 79. Sabatier, ‘Étude sur la femme Kabyle,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ ser. ii. vol. vi. p. 58. Bonfanti, ‘L’incivilimento dei negri nell’Africa intertropicale,’ in ‘Archivio per antropologia e la etnologia,’ vol. xv. p. 131.

[2070] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 325.

[2071] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 345.

[2072] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[2073] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 25.

[2074] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 144.

[2075] Jones, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 326. Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 139.

[2076] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 207, note. _Cf._ Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 272 (Creeks).

[2077] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 258.

[2078] Johnson, ‘The River Congo,’ p. 423.

[2079] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 208, _et seq._

[2080] Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 510.

[2081] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 206.

[2082] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol iii. p. 369. Fawcett, ‘The Saoras of Madras,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Soc. Bombay,’ vol. i. p. 219. St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 54, _et seq._ Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.

[2083] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.

[2084] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 102.

[2085] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 171, _et seq._

[2086] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 193, _et seq._

[2087] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 283. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 775, 781. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 37. Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ pp. 213, _et seq._

[2088] Brough Smyth, vol. i. p. 29. Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 12. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 129.

[2089] Lyon, _loc cit._ p. 353. Cf. Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 325, _et seq._ (Greenlanders).

[2090] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 292.

[2091] Catlin, loc. _cit. vol._ i. p. 121.

[2092] Brett, _loc. cit._ pp. 98, 351.

[2093] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 44. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la Plata,’ p. 456.

[2094] Weddel, ‘Voyage towards the South Pole,’ p. 156. Haydes, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 334.

[2095] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 236.

[2096] Hall, _loc. cit._ p. 568.

[2097] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. xxiv.

[2098] Katscher, _loc. cit._ pp. 58, _et seq._

[2099] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 109.

[2100] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 206.

[2101] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 155.

[2102] Finck, ‘Romantic Love,’ p. 110.

[2103] Palmblad, ‘Grekisk fornkunskap,’ vol. i. p. 252. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 321.

[2104] Katscher, _loc. cit._ pp. 71, 84. Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._ p. 261.

[2105] Plato, _loc. cit._ book vi. p. 771.

[2106] Plutarch, ‘Περὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς ἀρετῆς,’ ch. viii.

[2107] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 215.

[2108] _Cf._ Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 117; Sully, ‘Outlines of Psychology,’ p. 515.

[2109] Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ pp. 113-115.

[2110] Haushofer, _loc. cit._ p. 405.

[2111] Walker, pp. 115, _et seq._

[2112] Reich, _loc. cit._ p. 456.

[2113] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 174.

[2114] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 772.

[2115] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 4.

[2116] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 214. _Cf._ Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 148 (Beaver and Rocky Mountain Indians).

[2117] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1884, p. 464.

[2118] Hanoteau and Letourneux, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 164.

[2119] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. pp. 94, _et seq._

[2120] Crawfurd, ‘On the Classification of the Races of Man,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. i. p. 357.

[2121] McNair, ‘Perak,’ p. 131.

[2122] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 241.

[2123] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, 370, 371.

[2124] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. pp. 282, 292.

[2125] de Gobineau, ‘The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races,’ pp. 173, _et seq._

[2126] _Ibid._, p. 174, note 1. _Cf._ d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 155.

[2127] v. Düben, _loc. cit._ pp. 200, _et seq._

[2128] Morelet, _loc. cit._ Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 491. Godron, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 360. Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 159.

[2129] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 193.

[2130] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 465.

[2131] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. iv.

[2132] Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 191.

[2133] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 703.

[2134] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.

[2135] Bancroft, vol. i. p. 512, note 120.

[2136] Davis, _loc. cit._ p. 146.

[2137] Bancroft, vol. i. p. 663.

[2138] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. iii. p. 227.

[2139] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. iii. pp. 226, _et seq._

[2140] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 106.

[2141] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 308.

[2142] Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 97.

[2143] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 144.

[2144] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 75.

[2145] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 109, 256.

[2146] Kolams (Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 278), Koch (Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. p. 707), Karens of Burma (according to Dr. Bunker; Mason, ‘On Dwellings, &c., of the Karens,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxvii. pt. ii. p. 151).

[2147] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 201.

[2148] Dalton, p. 28.

[2149] Batchelor, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. x. pp. 211, _et seq._ v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ pp. 30, _et seq._

[2150] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 325.

[2151] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 277. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ pp. 21, _et seq._

[2152] Wilken, p. 23.

[2153] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396.

[2154] Romilly, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ix. p. 9.

[2155] Yate, _loc. cit._ pp. 96, 99.

[2156] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 63, 67. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 398.

[2157] Curr, vol. i. pp. 298, 303, 330, 343, 377; vol. ii. pp. 21, 179, 197, 307; vol. iii. pp. 252, 272.

[2158] Lewis, _loc. cit._ p. 196.

[2159] Hearn, _loc. cit._ pp. 156, _et seq._

[2160] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 302.

[2161] Gaius, ‘Institutiones,’ book i. § 56.

[2162] Marquardt and Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. vii. p. 29.

[2163] Hotz, in de Gobineau, ‘The Diversity of Races,’ p. 239.

[2164] Müller, ‘Chips from a German Workshop,’ vol. i. pp. 322, _et seq._ _Cf._ Monier Williams, ‘Hinduism,’ p. 154.

[2165] Rhys Davids, ‘Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion,’ pp. 22, _et seq._

[2166] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 64.

[2167] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 336.

[2168] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 6. Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 85 (Nukahivans).

[2169] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 82. _Cf._ Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 205, _et seq._; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 79.

[2170] Anderson, _loc. cit._ p. 289.

[2171] Bastian, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnologie,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. i. pp. 267, _et seq._

[2172] de Tocqueville, ‘Democracy in America,’ vol. ii. pp. 149-151

[2173] Sproat, _loc. cit._ pp. 98-99.

[2174] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 659.

[2175] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 71. v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 74.

[2176] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 112.

[2177] _Ibid._, vol. vi. pp. 165, 186.

[2178] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 171, _et seq._ Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 256.

[2179] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 153. Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 278 (Minahassers). Matthes, _loc. cit._ p. 13 (Bugis and Macassars). Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 302, 434 (natives of Timor-Laut and Wetter). St. John, ‘Wild Tribes of the North-West Coast of Borneo,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. pp. 234, _et seq._ (Sea Dyaks).

[2180] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 185, 256.

[2181] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 240, 313.

[2182] Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 443, _et seq._

[2183] Negroes of Loango (Soyaux, _loc. cit._ p. 162), Hottentots (Kolben, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 156), Kunáma and Barea (Munzinger, p. 484).

[2184] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63. _Cf._ Burton, ‘Pilgrimage,’ p. 305.

[2185] Monier Williams, ‘Hinduism,’ pp. 153, 155.

[2186] _Idem_, ‘Indian Wisdom,’ p. 218, note.

[2187] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 284.

[2188] Neale, _loc. cit._ p. 58.

[2189] Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 311.

[2190] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 86, note.

[2191] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 187.

[2192] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 117.

[2193] Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 318. Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 249, 456, 457, _et seq._

[2194] Winroth, ‘Äktenskapshindren,’ pp. 227, 230, 233. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 349, 353, _et seq._

[2195] Weinhold, vol. i. pp. 349, _et seq._

[2196] Odhner, ‘Lärobok i Sveriges, Norges och Danmarks historia,’ p. 241.

[2197] Behrend, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. i. p. 478.

[2198] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 224, _et seq._

[2199] Behrend, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie,’ pt. i. p. 457.

[2200] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 885.

[2201] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 137.

[2202] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 68.

[2203] Neubauer, ‘Notes on the Race-Types of the Jews,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 19.

[2204] Frankel, ‘Grundlinien des mosaisch-talmudischen Eherechts,’ p. xx. Ritter, ‘Philo und die Halacha,’ p. 71.

[2205] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxi. v. 21; ch. xxxvi. v. 2.

[2206] Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 48. Neubauer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 19.

[2207] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 52.

[2208] St. Paul, ‘1 Corinthians,’ ch. vii. v. 39.

[2209] Tertullian, ‘Ad Uxorem,’ book ii. ch. 3.

[2210] Winroth, _loc. cit._ p. 212.

[2211] Herzog, ‘Abriss der gesammten Kirchengeschichte,’ vol. p. i. 215.

[2212] Winroth, pp. 213-215.

[2213] _Ibid._, pp. 220, _et seq._

[2214] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ § 11.

[2215] _Ibid._, p. 131.

[2216] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 374.

[2217] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 194. _Cf._ Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 81 (Kaniagmuts).

[2218] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 678.

[2219] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 246.

[2220] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 121. _Cf._ Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 242.

[2221] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 187; vol. ii. p. 49.

[2222] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 382. For other instances, see ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172 (Greenlanders); Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 387 (Kunáma); Low, _loc. cit._ p. 196 (Dyaks); Waitz-Gerland, vol vi. p. 135 (Nukahivans).

[2223] Rein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 426.

[2224] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 183.

[2225] v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 142.

[2226] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 218. For the ancient Iranians, see Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 681.

[2227] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 5, 299.

[2228] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 591.

[2229] Deecke, _loc. cit._ p. 25.

[2230] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 211.

[2231] African races (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 121. Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 31. Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 335), Kaniagmuts (Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 176), &c.

[2232] Eskimo (King, ‘The Intellectual Character of the Esquimaux,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 150), North American Indians (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 100), Negroes of Benin (Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 527), natives of Monbuttu (‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 209) and the Indian Archipelago (Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 633), Kirghiz, Tartars of Kazan and Orenburg, Laplanders (Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 10, 105, 221), Hebrews (Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p. 471), ancient Germans (Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xx.).

[2233] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 412.

[2234] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 272.

[2235] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 214.

[2236] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 547. Buch, _loc. cit._ pp. 45, _et seq._ _Cf._ Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 309 (Gowane people of Kordofan); Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 253, _et seq._ (Solomon Islanders).

[2237] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105.

[2238] Josephus, _loc. cit._ book ii. ch. viii. § 13.

[2239] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 209.

[2240] Quoted by Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 142.

[2241] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 183.

[2242] Rein, _loc. cit._ p. 423.

[2243] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 101, 102, 139, &c.

[2244] Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 326, _et seq._

[2245] _Cf._ Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 323; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 205.

[2246] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 268.

[2247] Glasson, ‘Le mariage civil et le divorce,’ p. 470.

[2248] Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 111. _Cf._ Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 145, _et seq._

[2249] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 145. ‘Globus,’ vol. xlix. p. 35.

[2250] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 276.

[2251] de Bode, ‘The Yamúd and Goklán Tribes of Turkomania,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 75.

[2252] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 683.

[2253] Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 257.

[2254] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.

[2255] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 224. ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 30.

[2256] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355. McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 34.

[2257] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 197.

[2258] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 733.

[2259] Alcedo-Thompson, ‘Dictionary of America and the West Indies,’ vol. i. p. 416. Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.

[2260] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 600.

[2261] King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 182. Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 334.

[2262] Andersson, ‘The Okavango River,’ p. 143.

[2263] Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 83.

[2264] Krapf, _loc. cit._ p. 354.

[2265] Thomson, _loc. cit._ p. 51. Johnston, _loc. cit._ pp. 431, 436, _et seq._

[2266] Kames, ‘Sketches of the History of Man,’ vol. i. p. 449.

[2267] Parkyns, _loc. cit._ vol ii. pp. 55, _et seq._

[2268] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 133.

[2269] _Cf._ Hodgson, ‘Reminiscences of Australia,’ p. 243; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. pp. 225, _et seq._

[2270] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 343.

[2271] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 108. _Cf._ Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 10; Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 301.

[2272] Curr, vol. i. p. 108.

[2273] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.

[2274] Curr, vol. i. p. 108. For marriage by capture among the Australians, _cf._ also Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 153, _et seq._; Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol iii. p. 250; Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 283; Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 773.

[2275] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 813.

[2276] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 336.

[2277] Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ p. 149.

[2278] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 138.

[2279] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191.

[2280] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396.

[2281] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 183. Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 69, 133, 415.

[2282] Bodo, Hos, Mundas, Kúrmis (Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 86, 192, 194, 319), Bhils, Káttis, Oráons (Rowney, _loc. cit._ pp. 37, 46, 81), Gonds (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ pp. 149, _et seq._), Chittagong Hill tribes (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 92), Savaras (Fawcett, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Soc. Bombay,’ vol. i. p. 235).

[2283] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ pp. 61, 62, 150, 153. According to Professor Robertson Smith (_loc. cit._ p. 72), instances of marriage by capture might be accumulated to an indefinite extent from Arabian history and tradition. At the time of Mohammed the practice was universal.

[2284] Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 185.

[2285] Kirghiz (Atkinson, ‘Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor,’ pp. 250, _et seq._), Chulims (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 231), Mordvins (Mainoff, ‘Mordvankansan häätapoja’).

[2286] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.

[2287] Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 168.

[2288] Buch, _loc. cit._ p. 62.

[2289] Teptyars, Tartars of Crimea (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 523, 541), Ostyaks (Castrén, vol. ii. p. 57), Cheremises, Voguls (Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 56, 67).

[2290] v. Düben, _loc. cit._ pp. 200, 310.

[2291] Willigerod, ‘Geschichte Ehstlands,’ p. 9. v. Schroeder, _loc. cit._ p. 19.

[2292] ‘Kanteletar,’ book iii. song 22. Topelius, ‘De modo matrimonia jungendi apud Fennos quondam vigente,’ pp. 28-30. Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13.

[2293] ‘Tidningar utgifne af et Sällskap i Äbo,’ 1778, no. 148. Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, nos. 66, 91. Ahlqvist, ‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 204.

[2294] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ book iii. vv. 26, 33.

[2295] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ‘Ρωμαϊκή ἀρχαιολογος,’ book ii. ch. xxx. § 5.

[2296] Plutarch, ‘Λῦκουργος,’ ch. xv.

[2297] v. Zmigrodzki, _loc. cit._ p. 250.

[2298] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 329.

[2299] Ortolan, ‘Histoire de la Législation romaine,’ p. 81.

[2300] Dargun, _loc. cit._ pp. 111-140. _Cf._ Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 440; Nordström, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 12; Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 308-310.

[2301] Olaus Magnus, ‘Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus,’ p. 328.

[2302] Kames, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 450. _Cf._ Lewis, _loc. cit._ p. 197; Rhys, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 289.

[2303] Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 189.

[2304] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 190. ‘Globus,’ vol. v. p. 317. Kulischer, ‘Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. pp. 206-208. Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 476, _et seq._ Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. iii. p. 578.

[2305] Krauss, _loc. cit._ ch. xiv.

[2306] Olaus Magnus, pp. 481, _et seq._

[2307] de Gaya, ‘Marriage Ceremonies,’ p. 45.

[2308] _Cf._ the works of McLennan, Tylor, Lubbock, Post, and Dargun, and the essays of Kulischer (in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x.) and Kohler (‘Studien über Frauengemeinschaft, Frauenraub und Frauenkauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. pp. 334-368).

[2309] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 95.

[2310] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 623, _et seq._ _Idem_, in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 897, _et seq._

[2311] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 316, _et seq._

[2312] Abercromby, ‘Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,’ in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. p. 454.

[2313] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ pp. 74, _et seq._

[2314] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.

[2315] In many cases, however, capture takes place merely because the man wishes to lower the price of the bride or to avoid payment (_Cf._ Abercromby, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 453, _et seq._).

[2316] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.

[2317] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 62, _et seq._

[2318] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 266.

[2319] It is hard to understand how Herr Kulischer can have persuaded himself that marriage by purchase, as he says in an essay especially devoted to this question, ‘kann nur bei sehr wenigen der jetzt lebenden Wilden aufgefunden werden’ (Kulischer, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 210.)

[2320] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107. _Cf._ Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 276, 285, 343; Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 10; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 94; Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 79, 84; Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 164.

[2321] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 259.

[2322] Aleuts (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 402), Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 198), Kenai (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 406, _et seq._), Naudowessies (Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 373), Arawaks (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 101), Quito Indians (Juan and de Ulloa, _loc. cit._ p. 521), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 107, _et seq._), Fuegians (King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 182. Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 201).

[2323] Bushmans (Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 259), Zulus (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48), Basutos (Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 183), Banyai (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 175), &c. (Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 378, _et seq._).

[2324] Nagas of Upper Assam, Kukis, Limbus and Kirantis, Tipperahs (Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 41, 47, 104, 110), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ pp. 148, _et seq._), Bodo and Dhimáls (Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 735), Bhils (Hay, ‘The Túran Mall Hill,’ _ibid._, vol. xx. p. 507), Mrús (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 234), Lepchas (Hooker, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 125), Gypsies (Liebich, _loc. cit._ p. 46), Barabinzes, Koriaks (Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 195, 348), Tunguses, Ainos (Dall, _loc. cit._ pp. 519, 524), Kamchadales (Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 343), aboriginal tribes of China (Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 304).

[2325] Dyaks (Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 221), Tagalas and Bisayans of the Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 14. Jagor, _loc. cit._ p. 235); also in New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ix. p. 8).

[2326] Steller, p. 343 (Kamchadales). Jagor, p. 235 (Bisayans).

[2327] Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 39.

[2328] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 721.

[2329] Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 242.

[2330] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 215, _et seq._ (Kafirs). Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 43 (Nagas). Borheck, ‘Erdbeschreiburg von Asien,’ vol. i. p. 540 (Tartars of Kazan). Landsell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 225 (Gilyaks).

[2331] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 97 (Ahts). Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 50 (Kafirs). Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 448 (Tedâ); vol. ii. p. 177 (Baele). Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 240 (Marea). Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 62 (Arabs of Syria). Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 431 (Buriats). Neumann, ‘Russland und die Tscherkessen,’ p. 117 (Circassians). Rowlatt, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiv. pt. ii. p. 488 (Mishmis). Hickson, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 139 (Talauer Islanders). Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 138 (Samoans). Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210 (Caroline Islanders).

[2332] Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 41, _et seq._

[2333] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 22.

[2334] Macfie, _loc. cit._ p. 446.

[2335] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 654.

[2336] Powers, p. 247.

[2337] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 214. _Cf._ Letherman, ‘Sketch of the Navajo Tribe of Indians,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294.

[2338] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 201. Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 124. _Cf._ Lewis and Clarke, _loc. cit._ p. 307 (Shoshones); Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207 (Abipones).

[2339] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 215. Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 206.

[2340] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 341.

[2341] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 623.

[2342] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 187.

[2343] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 133.

[2344] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.

[2345] Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 348.

[2346] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 114, 231.

[2347] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 505.

[2348] Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 185. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144. Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 79.

[2349] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 132.

[2350] Griffiths, ‘Journals of Travels,’ p. 35.

[2351] Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 11.

[2352] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210.

[2353] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93.

[2354] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 92.

[2355] Yurok, Patwin (Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 56, 221), Wakamba (Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 401), Bedouins of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 152), Mishmis (Cooper, _loc. cit._ pp. 236, _et seq._), Lepchas (Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 139), Papuans of New Guinea (Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 371).

[2356] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 86.

[2357] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 266, 337, 416.

[2358] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 193. Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 78, note *.

[2359] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 120.

[2360] Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ pp. 78, _et seq._ Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 200. Gans, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 128.

[2361] ‘Ruth,’ ch. iv. v. 10. ‘Hosea,’ ch. iii. v. 2.

[2362] Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p. 451.

[2363] Lüttke, ‘Der Islam,’ p. 119. Warnkoenig, ‘Juristiche Encyclopädie,’ p. 167. Unger, ‘Die Ehe in ihrer welthistorischen Entwicklung,’ pp. 46, _et seq._

[2364] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 196.

[2365] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques sur le développement de la société humaine,’ p. 22.

[2366] Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13. _Cf._ Porthan, in ‘Kongliga Vitterhets, Historie och Antiquitets Akademiens Handlingar,’ vol. iv. p. 19; Topelius, _loc. cit._ §§ 8-10.

[2367] ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, _et seq._; runo xxii. vv. 49, _et seq._ ‘Kanteletar,’ book i. songs 133, 156; book iii. song viii. vv. 20, 39.

[2368] Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, no. 68.

[2369] v. Schroeder, _loc. cit._ pp. 27-29.

[2370] Winternitz, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 287.

[2371] Zimmer, _loc. cit._ p. 310.

[2372] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 102.

[2373] Aristotle, ‘Τὰ πολιτικά,’ book ii. ch. 8.

[2374] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 6.

[2375] _Cf._ Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 28.

[2376] Geijer, ‘Svenska folkets historia,’ in ‘Samlade skrifter,’ vol. v. p. 88.

[2377] Laband, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen im altrömischen und germanischen Recht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft,’ vol. iii. p. 154. Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 150.

[2378] Friedberg, ‘Das Recht der Eheschliessung,’ pp. 33, 38.

[2379] Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ pp. 13, _et seq._

[2380] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 381.

[2381] _Cf._ Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 80, 87.

[2382] O’Curry, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish,’ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiv. _et seq._

[2383] Ewers, ‘Das älteste Recht der Russen,’ p. 226 (Russians). Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195 (Bohemians and Pomeranians). Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 273 (South Slavonians). Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 478, _et seq._ Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 168.

[2384] Krauss, p. 275.

[2385] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 28.

[2386] Bickmore, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 20. _Cf._ Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p. 43.

[2387] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 31.

[2388] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 109, _et seq._

[2389] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 161.

[2390] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 238.

[2391] Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 31. Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p. 355.

[2392] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 176.

[2393] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 270.

[2394] Le Mesurier, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. p. 340. Cf. Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 441; Knox, ‘Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon,’ p. 126.

[2395] Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.

[2396] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.

[2397] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210. Cheyne, _loc. cit._ p. 119 (Bornabi).

[2398] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.

[2399] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 101.

[2400] Ellis, ‘Hawaii,’ p. 414.

[2401] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 274.

[2402] Wilkes, vol. ii. p. 138. Prichard, _loc. cit._ p. 136. Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 538.

[2403] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 270. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 126.

[2404] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 153.

[2405] New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396. d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 396), New Britain (Romilly, _loc. cit._ p. 27. Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 84), Solomon Islands (Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95), New Hebrides (Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194. Meinicke, ‘Die Inseln des stillen Oceans,’ vol. i. p. 203), New Caledonia (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), Fiji (Wilkes, vol. iii. p. 92. _Cf._, however, Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ pp. 144, _et seq._), Tukopia (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191), Melanesia in general (Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 240).

[2406] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 343.

[2407] Peschel, _loc. cit._ pp. 209, _et seq._

[2408] Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 276.

[2409] Weddell, _loc. cit._ p. 153.

[2410] Hawkesworth, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 634; vol. i. p. 373.

[2411] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 340.

[2412] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 53.

[2413] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 625.

[2414] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.

[2415] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 633.

[2416] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 113.

[2417] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 182.

[2418] Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.

[2419] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 86.

[2420] Taylor, _loc. cit._ pp. 336, et seq.

[2421] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.

[2422] See _ante_, p. 40.

[2423] Aleuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 92), Achomâwi in California (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 270), Araucanians (Alcedo-Thompson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 416. Pöppig, ‘Reise in Chile,’ vol. i. pp. 383, _et seq._), Samoans (Prichard, _loc._ _cit._ p. 139), Barea and Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 487), Kandhs (Percival, _loc. cit._ pp. 345, _et seq._), Igorrotes of Ysarog (Jagor, _loc. cit._ p. 172), Samoyedes (Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der obischen Ostjakken, Samoyeden,’ &c., p. 66).

[2424] _Cf._ d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 395, 396, 414, _et seq._ (inhabitants of Naiabui in New Guinea, and of Yule Island); Jagor, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Bisayans); McNair, _loc. cit._ p. 232 (Malays of Perak); Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 178 (Burmese); Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148 (Gonds); Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 230 (Central Asiatic Turks); Ahlqvist, ‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 203 (Turkish and Finnish peoples); Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 126 (Ostyaks); Park, _loc. cit._ p. 220 (Mandingoes); Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno).

[2425] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 49.

[2426] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 277. _Cf._ v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 215, _et seq._ Kafirs.

[2427] Karok, Yurok (Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 22, 56).

[2428] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. vv. 23-25.

[2429] _Ibid._, ch. iii. v. 51. _Cf._ _ibid._, ch. ix. vv. 93, 98.

[2430] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 29.

[2431] _Ibid._, ch. iii. v. 53.

[2432] _Cf._ Jolly, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den alten Indern,’ in ‘Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München,’ 1876, p. 433.

[2433] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 92, 146, 248, 250, &c.

[2434] Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 424.

[2435] Laferrière, ‘Histoire du droit civil de Rome et du droit français,’ vol. iii. p. 156. Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33.

[2436] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ pp. 57, 152, 158.

[2437] Gans, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 138.

[2438] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p. 359.

[2439] _Cf._ Topelius, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1850, p. 326.

[2440] ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, _et seq._ ‘Kanteletar,’ book iii. song viii. vv. 23-25.

[2441] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 78, note *.

[2442] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33. _Idem_, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 320.

[2443] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.

[2444] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,’ vol. i. p. 691.

[2445] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 11, _et seq._

[2446] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 123.

[2447] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.

[2448] Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 429.

[2449] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 54.

[2450] Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170. Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.

[2451] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 103.

[2452] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 220. Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._ pp. 262, 266. Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 471.

[2453] Ginoulhiac, ‘Histoire du régime dotal,’ pp. 187, _et seq._ Laboulaye, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière en Occident,’ pp. 403, _et seq._

[2454] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.

[2455] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 152. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 325.

[2456] Ginoulhiac, pp. 198, _et seq._

[2457] Olivecrona, p. 57.

[2458] In Germany and Switzerland, the practice of presenting a morning gift has been kept up till the present time (Eichhorn, ‘Einleitung in das deutsche Privatrecht,’ p. 726. Bluntschli, ‘Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Zürich,’ vol. ii. pp. 164, _et seq._)

[2459] Schlyter, ‘Juridiska afhandlingar,’ vol. i. p. 201. Schlegel, ‘Om Morgongavens Oprindelse,’ in ‘Astræa,’ vol. ii. pp. 189, _et seq._ Koenigswarter, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. The old purchase-money which the husband was obliged to give to the bride, was also represented by the fictitious dowry preserved in the rituals of the Church till the sixteenth century. M. Martene mentions a ritual of the Church of Reims, of 1585, in which the bridegroom, at the moment of putting the nuptial ring on the finger of the bride, placed three _deniers_ in her hand (Koenigswarter, p. 174, note 4).

[2460] Ginoulhiac, p. 202. Warnkoenig and Stein, ‘Französische Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 257.

[2461] ‘Ancient Laws of Ireland,’ vol. i. p. 155; vol. iv. p. 63.

[2462] O’Curry, _loc. cit._ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiii. _et seq._

[2463] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 382. _Cf._ Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 479, _et seq._

[2464] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 196.

[2465] Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 736. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342, _et seq._

[2466] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxiv. v. 53.

[2467] Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 98.

[2468] _Ibid._, pp. 78, 91, 100. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 353, _et seq._ Unger, _loc. cit._ p. 47. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p. 358.

[2469] Bechuanas (Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 192), Aenezes (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 62). The Laplanders, according to Laestadius (‘Ett lappfrieri,’ in ‘Svenska folkets seder,’ p. 125), take presents for their daughters, but do not consider it honourable to receive money.

[2470] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 654.

[2471] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.

[2472] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 201.

[2473] Cooper, _loc. cit._ p. 236. Griffith, _loc. cit._ p. 35.

[2474] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 68.

[2475] Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12.

[2476] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 387.

[2477] Harkness, _loc. cit._ pp. 116, _et seq._

[2478] Tuski (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 381), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Chinooks (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 337), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 157), Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, _loc. cit._ p. 307), Miwok (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 354), Quiché (Morelet, _loc. cit._ p. 257), Budduma, Tedâ (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 370, 448), Todas (Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 211), Central Asiatic Turks (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 233, _et seq._), Laplanders (v. Düben, _loc. cit._ p. 200), Papuans of Dorey (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 102), Samoans (Prichard, _loc. cit._ pp. 139, _et seq._ Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 93, 96), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 153).

[2479] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 66. Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66.

[2480] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238.

[2481] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 92. For other similar instances, see Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 324 (Beni-Amer); Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ p. 124 (Arabs of Upper Egypt); Hanoteau and Letourneux, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 161 (Kabyles); Proyart, _loc. cit._ p. 569 (Negroes of Loango); Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 349 (Mandingoes); Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 192 (Bechuanas).

[2482] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 90.

[2483] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 181.

[2484] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 62.

[2485] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.

[2486] Cooper, _loc. cit._ p. 236.

[2487] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 182.

[2488] _Ibid._, p. 55.

[2489] Negroes of Accra (Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 12), Tartars of Kazan (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 433) and Orenburg (Georgi, p. 103), Tunguses (_ibid._, p. 324), and other semi-civilized peoples belonging to the Russian Empire. For African peoples, see Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p. 417.

[2490] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 240.

[2491] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 194, _et seq._

[2492] In Gautama’s time, however, the ‘çulka,’ did not belong to the ‘strîdhan’ (Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170).

[2493] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Hindu Law,’ pp. 33, _et seq._ Steele, _loc. cit._ p.67.

[2494] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 154.

[2495] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 155. Meier and Schömann, ‘Der attische Process,’ pp. 518, _et seq._ Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 345, _et seq._ Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._ p. 265. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 692.

[2496] Potter, ‘Archaeologia Graeca,’ vol. ii. p. 273.

[2497] Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ p. 70. Sohm, ‘Institutionen des römischen Rechts,’ p. 281. Laboulaye, ‘Recherches sur la condition des femmes,’ P. 38.

[2498] Laboulaye, p. 39. Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ p. 70. Laferrière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 223.

[2499] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 39-41. _Idem_, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière,’ pp. 183-185. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, vol. i. p. 693. Sohm, p. 282.

[2500] Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ pp. 338.

[2501] Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. pp. 412, _et seq._

[2502] Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 331. _Idem_, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ pp. 241, _et seq._

[2503] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 51. Nordström, loc. _cit. vol._ ii. p. 50.

[2504] Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 214-218.

[2505] O’Curry, _loc. cit._ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxii., clxxviii. Lewis, _loc. cit._ pp. 8, _et seq._

[2506] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342-344.

[2507] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Muhammadan Law,’ p. xxxv. Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 218.

[2508] Lane, vol. i. p. 138, note †.

[2509] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 370.

[2510] Kenai (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 407), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Ahts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 197), Creeks (Hawkins, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 66), Kingsmill Islanders (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 101), Siamese (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 169), Kukis (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 254), Abyssinians (Lobo, _loc. cit._ p. 26), people of Madagascar (Rochon, _loc. cit._ p. 747), Touaregs (Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 181).

[2511] _Cf._ Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 335 (North American Indians); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 270 (Tahitians); Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 110 (Negroes); Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 332 (East Africans); Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p. 376 (several African peoples); Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 185 (Tartars); Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 67, _et seq._ (Voguls).

[2512] _Cf._ Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508 (Greenlanders); v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 115 (Brazilian aborigines); Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 132 (Fuegians); Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 212 (Todas); Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 70 (Mongols); Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der Morduanen, Kasaken,’ &c., p. 262 (Kalmucks); Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 54, _et seq._

[2513] _Cf._ Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. v. p. 532 (Masai); Metz, _loc. cit._ p. 87 (Badagas); Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 286 (Sinhalese).

[2514] It is remarkable that dowry is unknown among the Chinese, whereas, in the wild aboriginal tribes of China, it is usual for wives among the wealthy families to receive marriage portions (Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 304).

[2515] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ vol. ii. p. 344.

[2516] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 3.

[2517] Potter, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 268. Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 152. _Cf._ Meier and Shömann, _loc. cit._ pp. 513, _et seq._

[2518] Isaeus, ‘περὶ τοῦ Πυῤῥου κλήρου,’ § 51, p. 43.

[2519] Aristotle, _loc. cit._ book ii. ch. ix. § 11.

[2520] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 38, _et seq._ Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ pp. 66, _et seq._ Meier and Schömann, pp. 513, _et seq._

[2521] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 693. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 347.

[2522] Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ p. 103.

[2523] For _dos necessaria_ in Germany during the Middle Ages, see Mittermaier, ‘Grundsätze des gemeinen deutschen Privatrechts,’ vol. ii. p. 3.

[2524] Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. p. 414.

[2525] ‘Code Napoléon,’ art. 204.

[2526] Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ p. 339.

[2527] Euripides, ‘Μήδεια,’ vv. 231-235.

[2528] Hall, _loc. cit._ p. 567. _Cf._ Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 352; Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 139.

[2529] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 223.

[2530] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 132.

[2531] Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 198, et seq.), Aleuts (Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 230. v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 47. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 92), Mahlemuts (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 81), Chippewyans (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 24), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 157), Creeks (Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 268), Moxes, Iroquois (Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 326, 332), Navajos (Letherman, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294), Arawaks (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 101), Muras (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 512), Tupis, Chiriguana (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 422, _et seq._), Patagonians (Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 124), Fuegians (Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 132).

[2532] Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 62.

[2533] Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 94.