Chapter VII: Part 7

6. _Romanz reding._ See Sir W. Scott's note on Sir Tristrem, p. 290, [p. 306, ed. 1811]; and the Dissertations of Percy, Ritson, and Ellis.

7.

_Ther mouthe men se the boles beyte,
And the bores, with hundes teyte._

Cf. ll. 1838, 2438. Both these diversions are mentioned by Lucianus, in his inedited tract _De laude Cestriæ_, MS. Bodl. 672, who is supposed by Tanner to have written about A.D. 1100, but who must probably be placed near half a century later. They formed also part of the amusements of the Londoners in the 12th century, as we learn from Fitzstephen, p. 77, and are noticed in the passage above quoted from the Romance of _Kyng Alisaunder_. In later times, particularly during the 16th century, these cruel practices were in the highest estimation, as we learn from Holinshed, Stowe, Laneham, &c. See Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_, p. 192, and the plate from MS. Reg. 2. B. vii. Also Pegge's Dissertation on Bull-baiting, inserted in Vol. ii. of Archæologia.

8. _Ther mouthe men se hw Grim greu._ If this is to be understood of scenic representation (and we can scarcely view it in any other light), it will present one of the earliest instances on record of any attempt to represent an historical event, or to depart from the religious performances, which until a much later period were the chief, and almost only, efforts towards the formation of the drama. Of course, the words of the writer must be understood to refer to the period in which he lived, i.e. according to our supposition, about the end of Hen. III's reign, or beginning of Edw. I. See Le Grand's notes to the _Lai de Courtois_, V. i. p. 329, and Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_, B. 3, ch. 2.

2344. _The feste fourti dawes sat._ Cf. l. 2950. This is borrowed also from Geoffrey, and is the usual term of duration fixed in the Romances.

Fourty dayes hy helden feste,
Ryche, ryall, and oneste. --_Octouian Imperator_, l. 73.

Fourty dayes leste the feste. --_Launfal_, l. 631.

And certaynly, as the story sayes,
The revell lasted forty dayes.

_Squyr of Lowe Degre_, l. 1113.

2384. The French story here differs wholly from the English. Instead of the encounter of Robert and Godard, and the cruel punishment inflicted on the latter, in the French is a regular battle between the forces of Havelok and Hodulf (Godard). A single combat takes place between the two leaders, in which Hodulf is slain.

2450. Cf. ll. 2505 and 2822. This appears to have been a common, but barbarous, method in former times of leading traitors or malefactors to execution. Thus in the Romance of Kyng Alisaunder, the treatment of the murderers of Darius is described:

He dude quyk harnesche hors,
And sette theron heore cors,
Hyndeforth they seten, saun faile;
In heore hand they hulden theo tailes. --l. 4708.

2461. We find a similar proverb in the _Historie de Melusine, tirée des Chroniques de Poitou_, &c. 12mo. Par. 1698, in which (at p. 72) Thierry, Duke of Bretagne, says to Raimondin;-- "Vous autorisez par votre silence _notre Proverbe_, qui dit, _Qu'un vieux peché fait nouvelle vergogne_."

2513. _Sket was seysed_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 971.

Apres cest fet, ad receu
Le regne q'a son piere fu.

2516.

_And the king ful sone it yaf
Vbbe in the hond, wit a fayr staf._

So in _Sir Tristrem_:

Rohant he yaf _the wand_,
And bad him sitte him bi,
That fre;
'Rohant lord mak y
To held this lond of me.' --fytte i. st. 83; p. 52.

The editor is clearly mistaken in explaining the _wand_ to be a _truncheon_, or _symbol of power_. For the custom of giving seisin or investiture _per fustim_, and _per baculum_, see Madox's _Formul. Anglican._ pref. p. ix. and Spelman, Gloss. in v. _Investire_, and _Traditio_. The same usage existed in France, _par rain et par baton_.

2521.

_----of monekes blake
A priorie to seruen inne ay._

The allusion here may be made either to the Abbey of Wellow, in Grimsby, which was a monastery of _Black Canons_, said to have been built about A.D. 1110, or (what is more probable) to the Augustine Friary of Black Monks, which is stated in the _Monumental Antiquities of Grimsby_, by the Rev. G. Oliver, to have been "founded _about_ the year 1280," p. 110. No notice of it occurs in Tanner till the year 1304. Pat. 33 Edw. I. Some old walls of this edifice, which was dissolved in 1543, still remain, and the site is still called "The Friars." If the connection between this foundation and the one recorded in the poem be considered valid, the date of the composition must be referred to _rather_ a later period than we wish to admit.

2530. The French supplies what is here omitted, viz. that Havelok sails to England by the persuasion of his wife.

[Indeed, ll. 979-1006 of the French text may serve to fill up the evident gap in the story; a translation of the passage is added, to shew this more clearly.

Quant Haueloc est rois pussanz,
Le regne tint plus de .iiii. an
Merueillos tresor i auna.

When Havelok is a mighty king,
He reigned more than 4 years,
Marvellous treasure he amassed.

Argentille li commanda
Qu'il passast en Engleterre
Pur son heritage conquerre,
Dont son oncle l'out engettée,
[Et] A grant tort desheritée.

Argentille (Goldborough) bade him
Pass into England
To conquer her heritage,
Whence her uncle had cast her out,
And very wrongly disinherited her.

Li rois li dist qu'il fera
Ceo qu'ele li comandera.
Sa nauie fet a-turner,
Ses genz & ses ostz mander.

The king told her that he would do
That which she should command him.
He got ready his fleet,
And sent for his men and his hosts.

En mier se met quant orré a,
Et la reyne od lui mena.
Quatre vinz & quatre cenz
Out Haueloc, pleines de genz.

He puts to sea when he has prayed,
And took the queen with him.
Four score and four hundred (ships)
Had Havelok, full of men.

Tant out nagé & siglé,
Q'en Carleflure est ariué.
Sur le hauene se herbergerent,
Par le pais viande quierent.

So far has he steered and sailed
That he has arrived at Carleflure.
Hard by the haven they abode,
And sought food in the country round.

Puis enuoia li noble rois,
Par le consail de ses Danois,
A Alsi qu'il li rendist
La terre qe tint Ekenbright,
Q'a sa niece fut donée,
Dont il l'out desheritée;

Then sent the noble king,
By the advice of his Danes,
To Alsi (Godrich)--that he should restore to him
The land that Ekenbright (Athelwold) held,
Which was given to his niece,
And of which he had deprived her.

Et, si rendre n'el voleit,
Mande qu'il le purchaceroit.
Av roi uindrent li messager--

And, if he would not give it up,
He sends word that he will take it.
To the king came the messengers.]

The remainder of the French poem altogether differs in its detail from the English.

2927. _Hire that was ful swete in bedde._] Among Kelly's Scotch Proverbs, p. 290, we find: "_Sweet in the bed_, and sweir up in the morning, was never a good housewife;" and in a ballad of the last century quoted by Laing, the editor of that highly curious collection, the _Select pieces of Ancient Popular Poetry of Scotland_, we meet with the same expression:

A Clown is a Clown both at home and abroad,
When a Rake he is comely, and _sweet in his bed_.

[2990. The last word is written _thit_ in the MS., but, as it rimes to _rith_, we should suppose _tiht_ to be the word meant. _Thit_ cannot be explained, but _tiht_ (or perhaps _tith_, according to our scribe's spelling) is the pp. of a verb signifying _to purpose_, which is the exact meaning required. Cf.

"And y to turne to þee have _ti[gh]t_;"
i.e. "I have resolved to turn to thee."

_Political, Religious, and Love Poems_; ed. Furnivall, 1866; p. 177.]

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Barb. Barbour's Bruce. --Chauc. Chaucer. --Doug. Gawin Douglas's Transl. of the Æneid. --Ellis, M. R. Ellis's Specimens of Metrical Romances. --Gl. Glossary. --Jam. Jamieson's Dictionary. --La[gh]am. La[gh]amon's Transl. of Wace (ed. Madden). --Lynds. Sir D. Lyndsay's Works. --N.E. Northern English. --Percy, A. R. Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. --P. Plowm. Piers Plowman. --R. Br. Robert of Brunne. --R. Gl. Robert of Gloucester, ed. Hearne (2nd ed. 1810). --Rits. A. S. Ritson's Ancient Songs. --Rits. M. R. Ritson's Metrical Romances. --Sc. Scotch, Scotland. --Sir Tr. Sir Tristrem. --Wall. Wallace. --Web. Weber's Metrical Romances. --Wilb. Wilbraham's Cheshire Glossary. --Wynt. Wyntoun's Chronicle. --B. Lat. Barbarous Latin. --Belg. Belgic. --Fr. French. --Isl. Islandic. --Lat. Latin. --S. Saxon. --Sibb. Sibbald's Chronicle of Scottish Poetry. --Su. G. Suio-Gothic. --Teut. Teutonic. --_q.v._ Quod vide. --The Romances separately cited are sufficiently indicated by the Titles. The numbers refer to the line of the Poem.

It may be useful to add that the names of the Romances edited by Ritson are-- vol. i. Ywaine and Gawin; Launfal. --vol. ii. Lybeaus Disconus; King Horn; King of Tars; Emare; Sir Orpheo; Chronicle of England. --vol. iii. Le bone Florence; Erle of Tolous; Squyr of Lowe Degre; Knight of Curtesy. Those edited by Weber are-- vol. i. Kyng Alisaunder; Sir Cleges; Lai-le-freine. --vol. ii. Richard C[oe]ur de Lion; Ipomydon; Amis and Amiloun. --vol. iii. Seuyn Sages; Octouian; Sir Amadas; Hunting of the Hare. Beowulf and the Codex Exoniensis are quoted from Thorpe's editions.

A, 610, 936. Apparently an error of the scribe for _Al_, but perhaps written as pronounced. N.E. and Sc. _aw_. V. Jam.

A before a _noun_ is commonly a corruption of the S. _on_, as proved clearly by the examples in Tyrwhitt's Gl., Jam., and Gl. Lynds. _Adoun_, q.v. is an exception. _A-two_, 1413, 2643. _See_ On.

Aboven, _prep._ S. above, 1700.

Abouten, _prep._ S. [_on-bútan_] about, 521, 670, 1010, &c. _Abuten_, 2429.

Adoun, _adv._ S. down, 567. _Adune_, 2735. _Doun_, 901, 925, &c. _Dun_, 888, 927. _Dune_, 1815, 2656. A.S. _of-dúne_.

Adrad, _part. pa._ S. afraid, 278, 1048, 1163, 1682, 2304. _Adradde_, 1787. _Adred_, 1258. _Odrat_, 1153. Sir Tr. p. 174; K. Horn, 124. _See_ Dred.

Agen, _prep._ S. [_on-gean_] against, 1792. _Ageyn_, 493, 569, 2024, &c. _Ageynes_, 2153, 2270, &c. _Ayen_, 489, 1210, 2799. _Yen_, 2271. _Ageyn_, toward, 451, 1696, 1947; opposite to, 1809; upon, on, 1828. _Ayen_, towards, 1207. _Ageyn him go_, 934, opposite him, so as to bear an equal weight. _Ageyn hire_, 1106, at her approach. _Ageyn þe lith_, 2141, opposed to the light, on which the light shines. V. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. &c.

Ageyn, _adv._ S. again, 2426.

Al, _adv._ S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, 203, &c.

Al, _adj._ S. all, 203, 264, &c.; every one, 104; every part, 224; _plu._ alle, 2, 150, &c.

Albidene, _adv._ _See_ Bidene.

Als, Also, Also, _conj._ S. [_eal-swá_] as, like, so, 306, 319, &c. _Als_, 1912, as if. _Al so foles_, like fools, 2100. _Als_ is merely the abbreviation of _Al so_; and the modern as is again shortened from _als_. In La[gh]amon it is often written _alse_, as in l. 4953.

And he hæfde a swithe god wif
& he heo leouede _alse_ his lif.

Cf. Havelok, l. 1663. _Als_ and _Also_ are used indifferently, and universally by the old English and Scotch poets.

Alþer-beste, _adj._ S. best of all, 182, 720, 1040, 1197, 2415. _Alþer-lest_, _Alþer-leste_, 1978, 2666, least of all. It is the gen. c. pl. of _Alle_, joined to an adj. in the superl. degree, and is extensively employed. _Alre-leofust_, _Alre-heudest_, _Alre-kenest_, La[gh]amon, _Althe-werste_, K. Horn, MS. _Alder-best_, _Alder-most_, R. Br. _Alther-best_, _Alther-formest_, &c. Web. _Alther-furste_, _Alther-next_, _Alther-last_, Rits. M. R. _Alder-first_, _Alder-last_, _Alder-levest_, Chauc. _Alder-liefest_, Shakesp.

Amideward, _prep._ S. in the midst, 872. _Amiddewart_, K. Horn, 556. _Amydward_, K. Alisaund. 690. _A mydward_, Ly Beaus Desc. 852. _Amydwart_, Doug. Virg. 137, 35.

An. _conj._ S. and, 29, 359, &c. So used by La[gh]amon, and still in Somersetsh. V. Jennings. _Ant_, 36, 557, K. Horn, 9, &c.

And, _conj._ if, 2862.

Andelong, _adv._ S. lengthways, i.e. from the head to the tail, 2822.

Ovyrtwart and _endelang_
With strenges of wyr the stones hang. --_R. C[oe]ur de Lion_, 2649.

Chauc. _endelong_, C. T. 1993.

Anilepi, _adj._ S. [_ánlepig_] one, a single, 2107. _Onlepi_, 1094. In the very curious collection of poems in MS. Digb. 86 (written in the Lincolnshire dialect, temp. Edw. I.) we meet with this somewhat rare word:

A! quod the vox, ich wille the telle,
_On alpi_ word ich lie nelle.

_Of the vox and of the wolf_ (Rel. Ant. ii. 275).

It occurs also in the Ormulum.

Anoþer, _adj._ S. _Al another_, 1395, in a different way, on another project.

Ah al hit iwruth _on other_
Sone ther after.

_La[gh]amon_, l. 21005.

Ac Florice thought _al another_.

_Flor. and Blaunchefl._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 3, p. 125, ed. 1803.
(Cf. Horn, ed. Lumby, p. 52, l. 32.)

Anuye, _v._ Fr. to trouble, weary, 1735; R. Gl., K. Alisaund. 876; Chauc. Melibeus. _Noye_, Lynds. Gl. q.v.

Are, _adj._ S. former, 27. Cf. are, _adv._, Sir Tr. p. 32; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot. p. 31. _Air_, _Ayr_, Sc. V. Jam. _See_ Er, Or.

Aren, _1 and 3 p. pl._ S. are, 619, 1321, &c. _Arn_, Chauc.

Arke, _n._ S. Lat. a chest _or_ coffer, 2018. R. Br., Jam.

Armes, _n. pl._ Lat. arms, armor, 2605, 2613, 2925.

Arum for Arm, 1982, 2408.

Arwe, S. [_earg_] timid, 2115. Alter the punctuation, and read--

He calde boþe arwe me{n} and kene,
Knithes and serganz swiþe sleie.
"Arwe or ferefulle. _Timidus._"

Prompt. Parv. Cf. Stille, q.v.

As for Has, 1174.

Asayleden, _pa. t. pl._ Fr. assailed, 1862.

Asken, _n. pl._ S. ashes, 2841. _Aske_, R. Gl. _Askes_, R. Br. _Ashen_, Chauc. _Assis_, Doug.

Astirte, _pa. t._ leaped, 893. _Astert_, King's Quair, ap. Jam. _See_ Stirt.

At, _prep._ S. of _or_ to, 1387. Yw. and Gaw. (Rits.) 963. Still existing in Scotland.

At-sitte, _v._ S. contradict, oppose, 2200. It corresponds with the term _with-sitten_, 1683. In R. Gl. it is used synonymously with _at-stonde_.

For ther nas so god knygt non no-wer a-boute France,
That in joustes scholde _at-sitte_ the dynt of ys lance. --p. 137.

_See_ Sat.

Aucte, Auchte, Auhte, Authe, _n._ S. possessions, 531, 1223, 1410, 2215.

And alle the _æhten_ of mine londe.

_La[gh]amon_, l. 25173.

_Aughtte_, K. Alisaund. 6884. _Aucht_, Doug. Virg. 72, 4; Lynds. Gl.

Aucte, Auht, Auhte, _v. imp._ (originally _pa. t._ of Aw, or Owe) S. [_ágan_, _áhte_] ought, 2173, 2787, 2800. _Aught_, Sir Tr. p. 44. _Ohte_, K. Horn, 418. _Aght_, Yw. and Gaw. 3229. _Aute_, R. Gl. _Aught_, Chauc. Troil. 3, 1801. _Aucht_, Doug. Virg. 110, 33.

Aute, Awcte, (_pa. t._ of the same verb), possessed, 207, 743. _Aught_, Sir Tr. p. 182. Ly Beaus Desc. 1027. _Oght_, Le bone Flor. 650. _Auht_, R. Br. p. 126; Wynt., Lynds. Gl.

Aueden. _See_ Haueden.

Aunlaz, _n._ Anelace, 2554. "A kind of knife or dagger, usually worn at the girdle." Tyrw. note on Chauc. l. 359. So in Matth. Paris, "Genus cultelli, quod vulgariter _Anelacius_ dicitur." V. Gl. in voc. and Todd's Gl. to Illustr. of Chauc. In _Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran_, ii. 4, an _anlas_ signifies a sharp spike fixed in the chanfron of a horse. Probably from the Francic _Anelaz_, _Analeze_. V. Jam.

Auter, _n._ Fr. Lat. altar, 389, 1386, 2373. Sir Tr. p. 61, Octovian, 1312, R. Br., Chauc. _Awter_, Barb.

Ax, _n._ S. axe, 1776, 1894.

Ay, _adv._ S. ever, aye, always, 159, 946, 1201, &c. _Ae_, Sc. V. Jam.

Ayen. _See_ Agen.

Ayþer, _pron._ S. [_Ægþer_] either, each, 2665. _Eþer_, 1882. _Athir_, Sc. V. Jam. _See_ Other.

Awe, _v._ S. to owe, own, possess, 1292. It may also very possibly be a corruption of _Have_. Cf. ll. 1188, 1298.

Bac, _n._ S. back, 1844, 1950, &c; _backes_, _pl._ 2611.

Baldelike, _adv._ S. boldly, 53. _Baldeliche_, R. Glouc. _Baldely_, R. Br., Minot, p. 20.

Bale, _n._ S. sorrow, misery, 327.

Bar. _See_ Beren.

Baret, _n._ (O.Fr. _barat_, Isl. _baratta_) contest, hostile contention, 1932.

Ther nis _baret_, nothir strif,
Nis ther no deth, ac euer lif.

_Land of Cokaygne_, ap. Hickes, Thes. 1, p. 231.

In alle this _barette_ the kynge and Sir Symon Tille a lokyng tham
sette, of the prince suld it be don.

_R. Brunne_, p. 216. Cf. p. 274.

That mekill bale and _barete_ till Ynglande sall brynge.

_Awntyrs of Arthure_, st. 23.

Barfot, _adj._ S. barefoot, 862.

Barnage, _n._ Fr. barons or noblemen collectively, baronage, 2947. Yw. and Gaw. 1258. Web. Doug. Virg. 314, 48.

Barre, _n._ Fr. bar of a door, 1794, 1811, 1827. Synonymous with Dore-tre, q.v. Chauc. C. T. 552.

Barw. _See_ Berwen.

Baþe, _adj._ S. both, 1336, 2543. _Bethe_, 694, 1680.

Be. _See_ Ben.

Be-bedde, _v._ S. to provide with a bed, 421.

Bede, _n._ S. prayer, 1385.

Bede, _v._ S. to order, to bid, 668, 2193, 2396; to offer, 1665, 2084, 2172. _Beden_, _pa. t. pl._ offered, 2774, 2780. _Bedes_, bids, 2392. Of common occurrence in both senses. _See_ Bidd.

Bedden, _v._ S. to bed, put to bed, 1235. _Bedded_, _Beddeth_, _part. pa._ put to bed, 1128, 2771.

Bedels, _n. pl._ S. beadles, 266. V. Spelm. in v. _Bedellus_, and Blount, _Joc. Ten._ p. 120, ed. 1784.

Beite, Beyte, _v._ to bait, to set dogs on, 1840, 2330, 2440. _Bayte_, R. Br. From the Isl. Beita, incitare; Su. Goth. _Beita biorn_, to bait the bear. V. Jam. and Thomson's Etymons.

Bem. _See_ Sunne-bem.

Ben, _v._ S. to be, 19, 905, 1006, &c. _Ben_, _pr. t. pl._ are, 1787, 2559. _Be_, _Ben_, _part. pa._ been, 1428, 2799. _Bes_, _Beth_, _imp._ and _fut._ be, shall be, 1261, 1744, 2007, 2246. _Lat be_, 1265, 1657, leave, relinquish, a common phrase in the Old Romances. _Lat abee_, Sc. V. Jam.

Benes, _n. pl._ S. beans, 769.

Beneysun, _n._ Fr. blessing, benediction. 1723. R. Br., Web., Chauc. C. T. 9239. Lynds. Gl.

Bere, _n._ S. bear, 573, 1838, 1840, 2448.

Bere, Beren, _v._ S. to bear, to carry, 581, 762, 805. _Ber_, 2557; _Bar_, _pa. t._ bore, 557, 815, 877. _Bere_, 974. _Beres_, _pr. t. pl._ bear. 2323.

Bermen, _n. pl._ S. bar-men, porters to a kitchen, 868, 876, 885. The only author in which this term has been found is La[gh]amon, in the following passages:

Vs selve we habbet cokes,
to quecchen to cuchene,
Vs sulue we habbet _bermen_,
& birles inowe. --l. 3315.

Weoren in þeos kinges cuchene
twa hundred cokes,
& ne mæi na man tellen
for alle þa _bermannen_. --l. 8101.

Bern, _n._ S. child, 571. _Barn_, _bearne_, R. Br. _Bairn_, Sc.

Berwen, _v._ S. [_beorgan_] to defend, preserve, guard, 697, 1426; _burwe_, 2870. _Barw_, _pa. t._ 2022, 2679. The original word is found in Beowulf:

Scyld-weall gebearg
Líf and líce.
(The shield-wall defended
Life and body.) --l. 5134.

So in K. Horn, MS. Laud. 108.

At more ich wile the serue,
And fro sorwe the _berwe_. --f. 224_b_, c. 2.

Bes. _See_ Ben.

Bes for Best, 354.

Best, Beste, _n._ Fr. beast, 279, 574, 944, 2691.

Bete, _v._ S. [_beátan_] to beat, fight, 1899, 2664, 2763. _Beten_, _pa. t. pl._ beat, struck, 1876. Chauc. C. T. 4206, to which Tyrwh. gives a Fr. derivation.

Betere, _adv. comp._ S. better, 1758.

Beye, _v._ S. to buy, 53, 1654. _Byen_, 1625.

Beyes, _pr. t._ for Abeyes, S. suffers, or atones for, 2460.

His deth thou _bist_ to night,
Mi fo.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 146.

We shulden alle deye
Thy fader deth to _beye_.

_K. Horn_, 113.

An of yow schall _bye_ thys blunder.

_Le bone Flor._ 1330.

See Jam. in v. Aby. Web. Gl. and Lynds. Gl.; also Nares, v. Bye.

Bicomen, _pa. t. pl._ became, 2257; _part. pa._ become, 2264. _Bicomes_, _imp. pl._ become (ye), 2303.

Bidd, Bidde, _v._ S. offer, 484, 2530; order, bid, 529, 1733. _Ut bidde_, 2548, order out. _Biddes_, _pr. t._ bids, orders, 1232. _Bidde_, to ask, 910. R. Glouc., Lynds. Gl. _See_ Bede.

Bidene, _adv._ forthwith, 730, 2841.

"Rohand told anon
His aventours _al bidene_."

_Sir Tr._ p. 45.

From Du. _bij dien_, by that.

Bifalle, _v._ S. to happen, befall, 2981. Bifel, _pa. t._ 824. _Fel_, 1009; appertained, 2359.

Biforn, _prep._ S. (1) before, 1022, 1034, 1364, &c.; _bifor_, 1357; _biforen_, 1695; (2) in front of, 2406; _bifor_, 1812.

Bigan, _pa. t._ began, 1357. _Bigunnen_, _pl._ 1011, 1302. _Biginnen_, _pr. t. pl._ begin, 1779.

Bihalue, _v._ S. to divide into two parts, or companies, 1834. _Halue_ occurs as a _noun_ in Chauc. Troil. 4, 945.

Bihel for Beheld, 1645. _Bihelden_, _pa. t. pl._ beheld, 2148.

Bihetet, _pa. t._ S. promised, 677. _Bihight_, Sir Tr. p. 105. _Behet_, _Bihet_, R. Gl. _Be-hette_, R. Br. _Be-hete_, Web., Rits. M. R. _Behighte_, Chauc.

Bihoten, _part. pa._ promised, 564. _Behighte_, Chauc.

Bihoue, _n._ S. behoof, advantage, 1764. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.

Bikenneth, _pa. t._ S. betokens, 1268. _Bikenne_, R. Br.

Bileue, _imp._ tarry, remain, 1228. Bilefte, _pa. t._ remained, 2963. From _v._ S. _belifan_, to be left behind.

Winde thai hadde as thai wolde,
A lond _bilaft_ he.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 29. Cf. pp. 38, 60.

He schal wiþ me _bileue_,
Til hit beo nir eue.

_K. Horn_, ed. Lumby, 363.

Horn than, withouten lesing,
_Bilaft_ at hom for blode-leteing.

_Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 298.

Sojourn with us evermo,
I rede thee, son, that it be so.
Another year thou might over-fare,
But thou _bileve_, I die with care.

_Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 23.

See also the Gl. to R. Gl., R. Br. and Web., to which add _Emare_, 496, and Gower, Conf. Am. This is sufficient authority for the reading adopted in the text, and it may hence be reasonably questioned, whether _bilened_ in Lye, and _belenes_ in _Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran_, i. 6, quoted by Jamieson in v. Belene, be not the fault of the scribe, or of the Editors.

Bimene, _v._ S. mean, 1259.

Binden, _v._ S. to bind, 1961. Used passively, 2820, as _Bynde_, 42. _Bounden_, _pa. t. pl._ 2442. _Bunden_, 2506. _Bounden_, _part. pa._ 545. _Bunden_, 1428.

Binne, _adv._ S. within, 584. _Byn_, Rits. M. R. _But and ben_, Doug., Virg., 123, 40; without and within. V. Jam., in v. Ben.

Birde. _See_ Birþe.

Birþe (_should rather be_ birþ), _3 p. s. pres._ it behoves, 2101. _Hence_ birde, _3 p. s. pt. t._ behoved, 2761. A.S. _býrian_, _gebýrian_, to fit, suit, be to one's taste. See _Buren_ in Stratmann.

Birþene, _n._ S. burden, 900, 902.

Bise, _n._ Fr. a north wind, 724. _Bise traverse_, a north-west or north-east wind. _Cotgr._

Après grant joie vient grant ire,
Et après Noel _vent bise_.

_Rom. de Renart_, 13648.

The term is still in common use.

Biseken, _v._ S. to beseech, 2994.

Biswike, _part. pa._ S. cheated, deceived, 1249.

Hu þu _biswikest_
Monine mon.

_La[gh]am._ l. 3412.

_Byswuke_, K. Horn, 296; Yw. and Gaw. 2335. _Bisuike_, R. Br. _Beswyke_, R. C[oe]ur de L. 5918.

Bitaken, _v._ S. [_bit[´æ]can_, _t[´æ]can_] to commit, deliver, give in charge, 1226. _Bitechen_, 203, 384, 395. _Bi-teche_, _pr. sing._ 384; _imp. sing._ 395. La[gh]am. 5316. _Bitake_, Sir Tr. p. 87. _Byteche_, K. Horn, 577. _Biteche_, Web. _Betake_, _Beteche_, Chauc., Barb., Wall. _Bitaucte_, _pa. t._ delivered, 206, 558. _Bitauhte_, 2212, 2317, 2957. _Bitawchte_, 1224. _Bitawte_, 1408. _Tauhte_, 2214. _Bitæht_, _Bitachet_, La[gh]am. _Bitaught_, Sir Tr. p. 85. _Bitoke_, K. Horn, 1103. _Betok_, Ly Beaus Desc. 82. _Betauht_, _bitauht_, _tauht_, _biteched_, R. Br. Bitake, R. Gl. _Betake_, Sir Guy. _Betaught_, Chauc. _Betaucht_, Doug., Lynds.

Bite, _v._ S. to taste, drink, 1731.

Horn toc hit hise yfere,
Ant seide, Quene, so dere,
No beer nullich _bite_,
Bote of coppe white.

_K. Horn_ (Ritson), 1129.

Biþ for By the, 474. Cf. l. 2470.

Bituene, Bitwenen, Bitwene, _prep._ S. between, 748, 2668, 2967.

Blac, _adj._ S. black, 555, 1008. _Pl._ _Blake_, 1909, 2181, &c.

Blakne, _v._ S. to blacken in the face, grow angry, 2165.

And Arthur sæt ful stille,
ænne stunde he wes _blac_,
and on heuwe swithe wak,
ane while he wes reod.

_La[gh]am._ l. 19887.

Tho Normans were sorie, of contenance gan _blaken_.

_R. Brunne_, p. 183.

Blawe. _v._ S. to blow, 587. _Blou_, _imp._ blow, 585.

Blede, _v._ S. to bleed, 2403.

Bleike, _pl. adj._ bleak, pale, wan, 470. A.S. _blác_, bleak, Su.-G. _blek_.

Blenkes, _n. pl._ blinks, winks of the eye, in derision, 307. R. Br. p. 270; Sc. V. Jam. Suppl. Derived from S. _blican_, Su.-G. _blænka_, Belg. _blencken_, to glance. _See_ Gl. Lynds.

Blinne, _v. n._ S. to cease, 2367, 2374. Sir Tr. p. 26; Rits. M. R. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.; so in Sc. V. Jam. Gl. Lynds. _Blinne_, _pa. t. pl._ ceased, 2670. _Blinneth_, _pr. t._ ceases, 329.

Blissed, _part pa._ S. blessed, 2873.

Bliþe, _adj._ S. happy, 632, 651.

Blome, _n._ S. bloom, flower, 63.

Bloute, _adj._ soft, 1910. Sw. _blöt_, soft, pulpy.

Bode, _n._ S. command, 2200, 2567. Sir Tr. p. 121, Web.

Bok, _n._ S. book, 1173, 1418, &c. _See_ Messe-bok.

Bole, _n._ [Isl. _bolli_, W. _bwla_. Cf. A.S. _bulluca_] bull, 2438. _Boles_, _pl._ 2330.

Bon, Bone. _See_ O-bone. [[under "On"]]

Bondemen, _n. pl._ S. husbandmen, 1016, 1308. R. Gl.

Bone, _n._ S. [_bén_] boon, request, 1659. Sir Tr. p. 31, and all the Gloss.

Bor, _n._ S. boar, 1867, 1989. _Bores_, _pl._ 2331.

Bord, _n._ S. (1) table, 1722. K. Horn, 259; Rits. M. R., Web., Chauc.; (2) a board, 2106. _See_ the note on l. 2076.

Boren, _part. pa._ S. born, 1878.

Boru, _n._ S. borough, 773, 847, 1014, 1757, 2086, 2826. _Borwes, pl._ 1293, 1444, 1630. _Burwes_, 55, 2277. Sir Tr. pp. 12, 99. Chalmers is certainly mistaken when he says it does not signify _boroughs_, but _castles_. Introd. Gl. p. 200. In La[gh]amon the word is always clearly distinguished from _castle_, as it is in many other writers. V. Spelm. in v. _Burgus._

Bote, _adv._ S. but, only, 721. _See_ But.

Bote, _n._ S. remedy, help, 1200. La[gh]m., Sir Tr. p. 93; Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc., Doug., Lynds. Gl.

Boþen, _adj. pl._ S. both, 173, 697, 958; _g. c._ of both, 2223.

Bounden, Bunden. _See_ Binden.

Bour, Boure, Bowr, _n._ S. [_búr_] chamber, 239, 2072, 2076, &c. In Beowulf the apartment of the women is called _Bryd-bur_; l. 1846.

Ygarne beh to _bure_
& lætte bed him makien.

_La[gh]am._ l. 19042.

Honder hire _boures_ wowe, _K. Horn_, 982, MS., where Rits. Ed. reads _chambre wowe_. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 114; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Doug., V. Jam. _See_ note on l. 2076.

Bouthe, _pa. t._ S. bought, 875, 968. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 104.

Bouth, _part. pa._ bought, 883.

Boyes, _n. pl._ S. boys, men, 1899.

Brayd, _pa. t._ S. (1) started, 1282. Chauc., Gaw. and Gal. iii. 21; R. Hood, ii. p. 83; (2) drew out, 1825, a word particularly applied to the action of drawing a sword from the scabbard.

Sone his sweord he ut _abræid_.

_La[gh]am._ l. 26533.

Cf. Am. and Amil. 1163; Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 387. Rauf Coilzear, ap. Laing, and Wall. i. 223.

Brede, _n._ S. bread, 98. _Bred_, 1879.

Breken, _v._ S. to break, 914. _Broken_, _pa. t. pl._ broke, 1238.

Brennen, Brenne, _v._ S. to burn, 916, 1162; Rits. M. R., Rob. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. _Brenden_, _pa. t. pl._ burnt, 594, 2125. _Brend_, _part. pa._ burnt, 2832, 2841, &c. Sir Tr. p. 93.

Brenne. _See_ On brenne.

Brigge, _n._ S. bridge, 875. Sir Tr. p. 148. Still used in Sc. and N.E.

Brihte. _See_ Brith.

Brim, _adj._ S. furious, raging, 2233; R. Br. p. 244; Chauc. Rom. Rose, 1836. _Breme_, Rits. M. R. It originally signified the sea itself, and was afterwards used for the raging of the sea, Beowulf, l. 56; Compl. of Scotland, p. 62. V. Jam.

Bringe, Bringen, _v._ S. to bring, 72, 185, &c.

Brini, Brinie, _n._ S. [M[oe]so-Goth. _brunjo_] cuirass, 1775, 2358, 2551. _Brinies_, _pl._ 2610. Sir Tr. p. 20. _Burne_, La[gh]am. _Brenye_, K. Horn, 719, MS. _See_ Merrick's Gl. to Ess. on Anc. Armor. The _Brini_ then worn was of _mail_, as appears from l. 2740, _Of his brinie ringes mo_. Hence in Beowulf it is termed _Breostnet_, l. 3100; _Here-net_, 3110; _Hringedbyrne_, 2495. So in the French K. Horn, MS. Douce, _Mes vnc de sun halberc maele ne falsa._ _See_ Rits. Gl. M. R.

Brisen, _v._ S. to bruise, beat, 1835. _See_ To-Brised.

Brith, _adj._ S. bright, 589, 605, &c. _Brihte_, 2610. _Bryth_, 1252. _Brithter_, _comp._ brighter, 2141.

Brittene, _part. pa._ S. destroyed, 2700; R. Br. p. 244. _Pistill of Sussan_, ap. Laing. In Doug., Virg. pp. 76, 5; 296, 1, the verb has the sense of _to kill_, which it may also bear here. See _Bruten_ in _Will. of Palerne_.

Brod, _adj._ S. broad, 1647.

Broucte, _pa. t. and pp._ brought, 767. _Brouht_, 1979. _Broute_, 2868. _Brouth_, 336, 64. _Browt_, 2412. _Browth_, 2052. _Brouct of liue_, 513, 2412, dead. _Brouthen_, _pl._ brought, 2791.

Brouke, _1 p. pres. sing._ S. brook, enjoy, use, 311, 1743, 2545 (cf. Ch. _Non. Pr. Ta._ 480).

So _brouke_ thou thi croune!

_K. Horn_, 1041.

Cf. Rits. Gl. M. R., Rich. C. de Lion, 4578; Chauc. C. T. 10182, 15306, R. Hood, V. i. 48, ii. 112; Lynds. Gl. Percy, A. R. In Sc. _Bruike._ With these numerous instances before him, it is inconceivable how Jamieson, except from a mere love of his own system, should write: 'There is no evidence that the Engl. _brook_ is used in this sense, signifying only to bear, to endure.'

Broys, _n._ S. broth, 924. _Brouwys_, R. C[oe]ur de L. 3077; Sc. V. Jam. and Brockett's North country words, v. _Brewis_; also Nares. Sc. _brose_.

Brune, _adj. pl._ S. brown, 2181, 2249.

Bulder, _adj._ or _n._ 1790. In the north a _Boother_ or _Boulder_, is a hard flinty stone, rounded like a bowl. Brockett's Gl. So also in Grose, _Boulder_, a large round stone. _Bowlders_, Marsh. Midl. Count. Gl. The word has a common origin with Isl. _ballaðr_, Fr. _boulet_, Sc. _boule_, in Doug. V. Jam.

Bunden. _See_ Binden.

Burgeys, _n._ S. burgess, 1328. _Burgeis_, 2466, _pl._ 2012. _Burgmen_, 2049. _Burhmen_, _Borhmen_, La[gh]amon., V. Spelm. in v. _Burgarii_.

Burwe. _See_ Berwen.

Burwes. _See_ Boru.

But, Bute, _conj._ S. except, unless, 85, 690, 1149, 1159, 2022, 2031, 2727. _But on_, 535, 962, except. _Butand_, Sc. _But yf_, 2972, unless. [It should be noted that _but on_ should properly be _one_ word, being the A.S. _búton_ or _bútan_, except. But it is written as two words in the MS.]

But, _n._ 1040. Probably the same as _Put_, q.v. The word _Bout_ is derived from the same source.

But, _part. pa._ contended, struggled with each other (_or perhaps_ struck, thrust, pushed), 1916. _Buttinge_, _part. pr._ striking against with force, 2322. From the Fr. _Bouter_, Belg. _Botten_, to impel, or drive forward. V. Jam. Suppl. in v. _Butte_, and _Butt_ in Wedgwood.

Butte, _n._ a flounder or plaice, 759. Du. _bot_. _See_ Halliwell.

Byen. _See_ Beye.

Bynde. _See_ Binden.

Bynderes, _n. pl._ S. binders, robbers who bind, 2050.

Caliz, _n._ S. chalice, 187, 2711.

Lunet than riche relikes toke,
The _chalis_ and the mes boke.

_Yw. and Gaw._ 3907.

Callen, _v._ S. to call, 747, 2899.

Cam. _See_ Komen.

Canst, _pr. t._ S. knowest, 846. _Cone_, 622, canst. _Kunne_, _pl._ 435. V. Gl. Chauc. in v. _Conne_. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. _See_ Couthe.

Carl, _n._ S. churl, slave, villain, 1789. _Cherl_, 682, 684, 2533. _Cherles_, _g. c._ churl's, 1092. _Cherles_, _pl._ villains, bondsmen, 262, 620. Sir Tr. p. 39; V. Spelm. in v. _Ceorlus_, and Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Casten. _See_ Kesten.

Catel, _n._ Fr. chattels, goods, 225, 2023, 2515, 2906, 2939. Web. Gl., R. Br., P. Plowm., Chauc.

Nowe hath Beuis the treasure wone,
Through Arundell that wyll runne,
Wherefore with that and other _catel_,
He made the castle of Arundel.

_Syr Bevys_, O. iii.

Cauenard, _n._ Fr. [_cagnard caignard_] a term of reproach, originally derived from the Lat. _canis_, 2389. V. Roquef. Menage.

This crokede _caynard_ sore he is adred.

Rits. A. S. p. 36.

Sire _olde kaynard_, is this thin aray?

Chauc. C. T. 5817.

Cayser, Caysere, _n._ Lat. emperor, 977, 1317, 1725. _Kaysere_, 353.

Cerges, _n. pl._ Fr. wax tapers, 594. _Serges_, 2125. Chauc. Rom. R. 6251; V. Le Grand. _Vie privée des F._; V. 3, p. 175.

Chaffare, _n._ S. merchandise, 1657. R. C[oe]ur de L. 2468, R. Gl., Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 412, Chauc., R. Hood, i. 87. _Chaffery_, Sc. V. Lynds. Gl.

Cham for Came, 1873.

Chanbioun, _n._ Fr. champion, 1007. Sir Tr. p. 97. _Chaunpiouns_, _pl._ 1015, 1031, 1055; V. Spelm. in v. _Campio_. Cf. A.S. _cempa_.

Chapmen, _n. pl._ S. merchants, 51, 1639; R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. In Sc. pedlars. V. Jam., and Gl. Lynds.

Charbucle, _n._ Fr. Lat. a carbuncle, 2145. _Charbocle_, Syr Bevys. _Charbokull_, Le bone Flor. 390. _Charboucle_, Chauc. C. T. 13800. _Charbukill_, Doug. Virg. 3, 10.

Cherl. _See_ Carl.

Chesen, _v._ S. to choose, select, 2147. Sir Tr. p. 27; K. Horn, 666; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Chauc., V. Jam. in v. _Cheis_.

Chinche, _adj._ Fr. niggardly, penurious, 1763, 2941.

Bothe he was scars, and _chinche_.

_The Sevyn Sages_, 1244.

So in Chauc. Rom. Rose, 5998, and Gower, _Conf. Am._ 109 b.

Chiste, _n._ S. Lat. chest, 222. _Kiste_, 2018. _Kist_, Yorksh. and Sc.; V. Jam. and Lynds. Gl.

Citte, _pa. t._ S. cut, 942. _Kit_, Web. M. R. _Kyt_, Syr Eglam. B. iv. _Kette_, Syr Bevys, C. iii. So Chauc. C. T. 6304.

Claddes, _pa. t. 2 p._ S. claddest, 2907.

Clapte, _pa. t._ S. struck, 1814, 1821.

Clare, _n._ Fr. spiced wine, 1728. _See_ Claret _in_ Prompt. Parv.

Clef, _pa. t._ S. cleft, 2643, 2730.

Cleue, _n._ S. dwelling, 557, 596. A.S. _cleofa_.

Cleuen, _v._ S. to cleave, cut, 917.

Clothe, Clothen, _v._ S. to clothe, 1138, 1233. In l. 1233, Garnett suggests that _cloþen_ may be a _nom. pl._ = clothes. If so, _dele_ the comma after it.

Clutes, _n. pl._ S. clouts, shreds of cloth, 547. _Clottys_, Huntyng of the hare, 92. Cf. Chauc. C. T. 9827, and _Clut_ in Bosworth.

Clyueden, _pa. t. pl._ S. cleaved, fastened, 1300.

Cok, _n._ Lat. cook, 967. _Kok_, 903, 921, 2898. _Cokes_, _Kokes_, _g. c._ cook's, 1123, 1146.

Comen, Comes, Cometh. _See_ Komen.

Cone. _See_ Canst.

Conestable, _n._ Fr. constable, 2286. _Conestables_, _pl._ 2366.

Conseyl, _n._ Fr. counsel, 2862.

Copes. _See_ Kope.

Corporaus, _n._ Fr. Lat. the fine linen wherein the sacrament is put, 188; Cotgr. V. Du Cange, and Jam. in v. _Corperale_.

After the relics they send;
The _corporas_, and the mass-gear,
On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear,
With wordes free and hend.

_Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77.

Corune, _n._ Lat. crown, 1319, 2944.

Coruning, _n._ Lat. coronation, 2948.

Cote, _n._ S. cot, cottage, 737, 1141.

Couel, _n._ coat, garment, 768, 858, 1144. _Cuuel_, 2904. _Kouel_, 964. The word is connected with A.S. _cufle_, _cugele_, a cowl.

Couere, _v._ Fr. to recover, 2040.

And prayde to Marie bryght,
_Kevere_ hym of hys care.

_Ly Beaus Desc._ 1983.

Hyt wolde _covyr_ me of my care.

_Erl of Tol._ 381.

Coupe, _v._ buy, buy dearly, get in exchange, 1800. Icel. _kaupa_.

Couth. _See_ Quath.

Couþe, _pa. t._ of Conne, _v. aux._ S. knew, was able, could, 93, 112, 194, 750, 772. _Kouþen_, _pl._ 369.

More he _couthe_ of veneri,
Than _couthe_ Manerious.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 24.

_See_ Canst.

Crake, Crakede. _See_ Kraken.

Crauede, _pa. t._ S. craved, asked, 633.

Crice, _n._ explained to mean _rima podicis_ in Coleridge's Glossarial Index, 2450. Cf. A.S. _crecca_. Icel. _kryki_, a corner. In Barb. x. 602, _crykes_ is used for _angles_, corners. _See_ Krike.

Crist, _n._ Lat. Gr. Christ, 16, &c. _Cristes_, _g. c._ 153. _Kristes_, 2797.

Croiz, _n._ Fr. Lat. cross, 1263, 1268, 1358, &c. _Croice_, Sir Tr. p. 115.

Croud, _part. pa._ crowded, oppressed (?) 2338. K. Alisaund, 609. Cf. A.S. _crydan_, p. p. _gecróden_.

Croun, Croune, _n._ Fr. crown, head, 568, 902, 2657. _Crune_, 1814, 2734.

Fykenildes _crowne_
He fel ther doune.

_K. Horn_, 1509.

Cf. K. of Tars, 631; Le bone Flor. 92, and Erle of Tol. 72.

Cruhsse. _See_ To-cruhsse.

Crus, brisk, nimble, 1966. It is the Sw. _krus_, excitable, Sc. _crouse_. See _Crouse_ in Atkinson's Cleveland Glossary.

Cunnriche, _n._ S. kingdom, 2318. _Kinneriche_, 976. _Kuneriche_, 2400. _Kunerike_, 2804. _Kunrik_, 2143. In the last instance it means _a mark of royalty, or monarchy_. Web. _Kyngriche_, _Kynryche._

Curt, _n._ Fr. court, 1685.

Curteys, Curteyse, _adj._ Fr. courteous, 2875, 2916.

Cuuel. _See_ Couel.

Dam, _n._ 2468, here used in a reproachful sense, but apparently from the same root as the Fr. _Dam_, _Damp_, _Dan_, and _Don_, i.e. from _Dominus_.

Dame, _n._ Fr. Lat. mistress, lady, 558, 1717. V. Gl. Chauc.

Danshe, _n. pl._ Danish men, 2689, 2945, &c. _See_ Denshe.

Datheit, _interj._ 296, 300, 926, 1125, 1887, 1914, 2047, 2447, 2511. _Datheyt_, 1799, 1995, 2604, 2757. An interjection or imprecation, derived from the Fr. _Deshait_, _dehait_, _dehet_, explained by Barbazan and Roquefort, _affliction_, _malheur_; [from the O.F. _hait_, pleasure]. It may be considered equivalent to Cursed! Ill betide! In the old Fabliaux it is used often in this sense:

Fils à putain, fet-il, lechiere,
Vo jouglerie m'est trop chiere,
_Dehait_ qui vous i aporta,
Par mon chief il le comparra.

_De S. Pierre et du Jougleor_, 381.

The term was very early engrafted on the Saxon phraseology. Thus in the _Disputation of Ane Hule and a Ni[gh]tingale_, l. 99.

_Dahet_ habbe that ilke best,
That fuleth his owe nest!

It occurs also frequently in the Old English Romances. _See_ Sir Tristr. pp. 111, 191; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, p. 290; Amis and Amil. 1569; Sevyn Sages, 2395; R. Brunne, where it is printed by Hearne _Dayet_. To this word, in all probability, we are indebted for the modern imprecation of _Dase you!_ _Dise you!_ _Dash you!_ still preserved in many counties, and in Scotland. V. Jam. Suppl. v. _Dash you._

Dawes, _n. pl._ S. days, 27, 2344, 2950. _Dayes_, 2353.

Ded, Dede, _n._ S. death, 149, 167, 332, 1687, 2719, &c.

Ded, _part. pa._ S. dead, 2007.

Dede, _n._ S. deed, action, 1356.

Dede, Deden, Dedes. _See_ Do.

Deide. _See_ Deye.

Del, _n._ S. deal, part, 218, 818, 1070, &c. Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. _Deil_, Sc. V. Jam.

Deled, _part. pa._ S. distributed, 1736. _See_ To-deyle.

Demen, _v._ S. to judge, pass judgment, 2467. _Deme_, _Demen_, _pr. t. pl._ judge, 2476, 2812. _Demden_, _pa. t. pl._ judged, 2820, 2833. _Demd_, _part. pa._ judged, 2488, 2765, 2838.

Denshe, _adj._ Danish, 1403, 2575, 2693. _See_ Danshe.

Deplike, _adj._ S. deeply, 1417. Synonymous with _Grundlike_, q.v.

Dere, _n._ S. dearth, scarcity, 824, 841. R. GL. p. 416.

Dere, _adv._ S. dearly, 1637, 1638.

Dere, _v._ S. to harm, injure, 490, 574, 806, 2310. _Dereth_, _pr. t._ injures, 648. K. Horn, 148; R. Br. p. 107; K. of Tars, 192; Chauc. _Deir_, Sc. Doug. Virg. 413, 52; Lynds. Gl.

Dere, _adj._ S. dear, 1637, 2170, &c.

Deuel, _n._ S. devil, 446, 496, 1188. _Deueles_, _g. c._ devil's, 1409.

Deus. This is undoubtedly the vocative case of the Lat. _Deus_, used as an interjection, 1312, 1650, 1930, 2096, 2114. "Its use was the same in French as in English. Thus in King Horn:

Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur,
Ohi, _Deus!_ fait il, ki es uerrai creatur,
Par ki deuise, &c.

_Harl._ MS. 527, f. 66 b. c. 2.

It was probably introduced into the English language by the Normans, and its pronunciation remained the same as in the French.

And gradde 'as armes,' for _Douce_ Mahons! --_K. Alisaunder_, 3674.

It is curious to remark, that we have here the evident and simple etymology of the modern exclamation _Deuce!_ for the derivation of which even the best and latest Lexicographers have sent us to the _Dusii_ of St Augustine, the _Dues_ of the Gothic nations, _Diis_ of the Persians, _Teus_ of the Armoricans, &c. Thomson very justly adds, that all these words, 'seem, like dæmon, to have been once used in a good sense,' and in fact are probably all corruptions of the same root. Cf. R. Brunne, p. 254, and Gl. in v. _Deus_. For the first suggestion of this derivation the Editor is indebted to Mr Will. Nicol." --M.

Deye, _v._ S. to die, 840. _Deide_, _pa. t. pl._ died, 402.

Dide, Diden, Dides. _See_ Do.

Dike, _n._ S. ditch, 2435. _Dikes_, _pl._ 1923. N.E. and Sc., V. Jam. and Brockett.

Dine, _n._ S. din, noise, 1860, 1868.

Dinge, _v._ S. to strike, scourge, beat, 215, 2329. _Dong_, _pa. t._ struck, 1147. _Dungen_, _part. pa._ beaten, or scourged, 227. Sc. and N.E. _See_ Jam. Gl., Lynds., and Ray.

Dint, _n._ S. blow, stroke, 1807, 1817, 1969, &c. _Dent_, Sir Tr. p. 92; Chauc. _Dynt_, R. Br. _Dintes_, _pl._ 1437, 1862, 2665. _Duntes_, K. Horn, 865. _Dentys_, Rits. M. R. _Dyntes_, R. Gl. _Dintes_, Minot, p. 23; V. Gl. Lynds.

Do, Don, _v._ S. The various uses of this verb in English and Scotch, in an auxiliary, active, and passive sense, have been pointed out by Tyrwhitt, Essay on Vers. of Chauc. Note (37), Chalmers, Gl. Lynds. and Jamieson. It signifies: to do, _facere_, 117, 528, 1191; to cause, _efficere_, 611; _do casten_, 519; _do hem fle_, 2600, to put or place (used with _in_ or _on_), 535, 577, &c. _Dones on_ = don es on = do them on, put them on (_see_ Es), 970. _Dos_, _pr. t. 2 p._ dost, 2390. _Dos_, _pr. t. 3 p._ does, 1994, 2434, 2698. _Doth_, _Don_, _pr. t. pl._ do, 1838, 1840. _Doth_, _imp._ do, cause (ye), 2037. _Dos_, _imp. pl._ do ye, 2592. _Dede_, _Dide_, _pa. t._ caused, 658, 970, &c. _Dede_, _Dide_, _pa. t._ put, placed, 659, 709, 859. _Dedes_, _Dides_, _pa. t. 2 p._ didest, 2393, 2903. _Deden_, _Diden_, _pa. t. pl._ caused, 242; did, performed, 953, 1176, 2306. _Don_, _part. pa._ caused, 1169. _Don_, _part. pa._ done, 667. _Of liue haue do_, 1805, have slain.

Dom, _n._ S. doom, judgment, 2473, 2487, 2813, &c. Sir Tr. p. 127.

Dore, _n._ S. door, 1788.

Dore-tre, _n._ S. bar of the door, 1806. _See_ Tre.

Douhter, _n._ S. daughter, 120, 2712. _Douthe_, 1079. _Douther_, 2867, 2914. _Douhtres_, _pl._ 350, 2982. _Douthres_, 2979. _Doutres_, 717.

Doun. _See_ Adoun.

Doutede, _pa. t._ Fr. feared, 708.

Douthe, _n._ Fr. fear, 1331, 1377.

Douthe, _pa. t._ of Dow, _v. imp._ S. [_dugan_, valere, prodesse] was worth, was sufficient, availed, 703, 833, 1184. It is formed in the same manner as _Mouthe_, Might. _See_ Sir Tr. p. 77; Jam. and Gl. Lynds. in v. Dow.

Drad. _See_ Dred.

Drawe, Drawen. _See_ Drou.

Dred, _imp._ dread, fear (thou), 2168. _Dredden_, _Dredde_, _pa. t. pl._ dreaded, feared, 2289, 2568. _Drad_, _part. pa._ afraid, 1669. _See_ Adrad.

Drede, _n._ S. dread, 1169; doubt, anxiety, care, 828, 1664. Chauc.

Dremede, _pa. t._ S. (used with _me_), dreamed, 1284, 1304.

Dreinchen, Drenchen, Drinchen, _v._ S. to drown, 553, 561, 583, 1416, 1424, &c. _Drenched_, _part. pa._ drowned, 520, 669, 1368, 1379. V. Gl. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.

Dreng, _n._ _See_ note on l. 31.

Drepen, _v._ S. to kill, slay, 1783, 1865, &c. _Drepe_, would slay, 506. _Drop_, _pa. t._ killed, slew, 2229. Bosworth gives _drepan_, to slay. Cf. Sw. _dräpa_.

Dreping, _n._ slaughter, 2684. Cf. A.S. _drepe_.

Drinchen. _See_ Dreinchen.

Drinken, _v._ S. to drink, 459, 800.

Drinkes, _n. pl._ S. drinks, liquors, 1738.

Drit, _n._ [Icel. _drítr_, Du. _dreet_] dirt, 682. A term expressing the highest contempt. K. Alisaund. 4718; Wickliffe. So, in an ancient metrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written about 1310,

Thah he [gh]eue hem cattes _dryt_ to huere companage,
[Gh]et hym shulde arewen of the arrerage.

MS. Harl. 2253, f. 125.

Cf. Jam. Suppl. in v. _Dryte_, and Gl. Lynds.

Driuende. _See_ Drof.

Drou, _pa. t._ S. drew, 705, 719, &c. _Vt-drow_, _pa. t._ out-drew, 2632. _With-drow_, withdrew, 498; (_spelt_ wit-drow), 502. _Drawe_, _Drawen_, _part. pa._ drawn, 1925, 2225, 2477, 2603, &c. _Ut-drawe_, _Ut-drawen_, out-drawn, 1802, 2631. _See_ To-Drawe.

Drof, _pa. t._ S. drove, 725; hastened, 1793, 1872. _Driuende_, _part. pr._ driving, riding quickly, 2702.

Drurye, _n._ Fr. courtship, gallantry, 195. Web., Rits. M. R., P. Plowm., Chauc., Lynds.

Dubbe, _v._ Fr. S. to dub, create a knight, 2042. _Dubbede_, _pa. t._ dubbed, 2314. _Dubban to ridere_, Chron. Sax. An. 1085, [11086]. _To cnihte hine dubben_, La[gh]am. l. 22497. "Hickes, Hearne, Gl. R. Gl., and Tyrwhitt, Gl. Chauc., all refer the word to the Saxon root, which primarily signified _to strike_, the same as the Isl. _at dubba_. Todd on the contrary, Gl. Illustr. Chauc., thinks this questionable, and refers to Barbazan's Gl. in v. _Adouber_, which is there derived from the Lat. _adaptare_. Du Cange and Dr Merrick give it also a Latin origin, from _Adoptare_, and by corruption _Adobare_." --M. The etymology is discussed in Wedgwood, s.v. _Dub._ _See_ Note on l. 2314.

Duelle, _v._ S. to dwell, give attention, 4.

A tale told Ysoude fre,
Thai _duelle_:
Tristrem that herd he.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 181.

Cf. Sir Otuel, l. 3, and Sevyn Sages, 1. _Dwellen_, to dwell, remain, 1185; to delay, 1351. _Dwellen_, _pr. t. pl._ dwell, tarry, 1058. _Dwelleden_, _pa. t. pl._ dwelt, tarried, 1189.

Dwelling, _n._ delay, 1352

Dun. _See_ Adoun.

Dungen. _See_ Dinge.

Dunten, _pa. t. pl._ S. struck, beat, 2448.

Dursten, _pa. t. pl._ S. durst, 1866.

Eie, _n._ S. eye, 2545. _Heie_, 1152. _Eyne_, _pl._ eyes, 680, 1273, 1364; _eyen_, 1340; _eyn_, 2171.

Eir, _n._ Fr. Lat. heir, 410, 2539. _Eyr_, 110, 289, &c. Jam. gives it a Northern etymology, in v. Ayr.

Ek, _conj._ S. [_eac_] eke, also, 1025, 1038, 1066, &c. _Ok_ [Su.-G. _och_, Du. _ook_] 187, 200, 879, 1081, &c. V. Jam. in v. Ac.

Eld, _adj._ S. old, 546. _Helde_, 2472. _Heldeste_, sup. 1396.

Elde, _n._ S. age, 2713. _Helde_, 128, 174, 387, 1435.

_Ælde_ hæfde heo na mare
Buten fihtene [gh]ere.

_La[gh]am._ l. 25913.

R. Br. In Sc. _Eild_. It was subsequently restricted to the sense of _old age_, as in Chauc.

Elles, _adv._ S. else, 1192, 2590.

Em, S. uncle, 1326. Sir Tr. p. 53. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, an uncle by the father's side. It appears however to have been used indifferently either on the father's or mother's side. _See_ Hearne's Gl. on R. Gl. and R. Br., Web., Erle of Tol. 988; Chauc. Troil. 2, 162, and Nares. Prov. Eng. _Eam_.

Er, _adv._ S. before, 684. _Her_, 541. _Are_, Sir Tr. p. 152. _Er_, K. Horn, 130. _See_ Are, Or.

Er, _conj._ S. before, 317, 1261, 2680. _Her_, 229.

Erl, _n._ S. earl, 189, &c. _Erles_, _g. c._ 2898, earl's. _Herles_, 883. _Erldom_, earldom, 2909.

Ern, _n._ S. eagle, 572. Rits. M. R. Octovian, 196; R. Gl. p. 177; Will. of Palerne.

Erþe, _n._ S. earth, 740; ground, 2657.

Erþe, _v._ S. to dwell, 739. A.S. _eardian._

Es, a plural pronoun signifying _them_, as in _don es on_ = put them on, 970. See _Gen. and Exod._ ed. Morris, pref. p. xix.

Et, a singular pronoun, equivalent to _it_, used in _hauenet_ = _hauen et_, 2005; _hauedet_ = _haued et_, 714.

Ete, Eten, _v._ S. to eat, 791, 800, 911, &c. _Hete_, _Heten_, 146, 317, 457, 641. _Et_, _imp._ eat (thou), 925. _Et_, _Het_, _pa. t._ ate, 653, 656. _Etes_, _fut. 2 p._ thou shalt eat, 907. _Eteth_, _fut. 3 p._ shall eat, 672. _Eten_, _part. pa._ eaten, 657.

Eþen, _adv._ S. hence, 690. _Heþen_, 683, 845, 1085, 2727.

Eþer. _See_ Ayþer.

Euere, Eure, _adv._ S. ever. 207, 424, 704, &c. _Heuere_, 17, 327, 830.

Euereich, _adj._ S. every, 137. _Euere il_, 218, 1334, 1644. _Euere ilc_, 1330. _Eueri_, 1070, 1176, 1383. _Eueril_, 1764, 2318, &c. _Euerilk_, 2258, 2432. _Euerilkon_, every one, 1062, 1996, 2197. _See_ Il.

Euere-mar, _adv._ S. evermore, 1971.

Eyen, Eyn, Eyne. _See_ Eie.

Eyr. _See_ Eir.

Fader, _n._ S. Lat. father, 1224, 1403, 1416. Sir Tr. p. 35; K. Horn, 114. The cognate words may be found in Jam.

Faderles, _adj._ fatherless, 75.

Fadmede, _pa. t._ S. fathomed, embraced, 1295. From _fæthmian_, Utraque manu extensa complecti, Cod. Exon., ed. Thorpe, p. 334. It has the same meaning in Sc. V. Jam.

Falle, _v._ S. to fall, 39, &c. _Falles_, _imp. pl._ fall ye, 2302. _Fel_, _pa. t._ fell, appertained. 1815, 2359. _Fellen_, _pa. t. pl._ fell, 1303.

Fals, _adj._ S. false, 2511.

Falwes, _n. pl._ S. fallows, fields, 2509. Chauc. C. T. 6238, where Tyrwh. explains it _harrowed lands_.

Fare, _n._ S. journey, 1337, 2621. R. Gl. p. 211; R. Br., Minot, p. 2 (left unexplained by Rits.); Barb. iv. 627. _Schip-fare_, a voyage, Sir Tr. p. 53.

Faren, _v._ S. to go, 264. _Fare_, 1378, 1392, &c. _Fare_, _pr. t. 2 p._ farest, behavest, 2705. _Fares_, _pr. t. 3 p._ goes, flies, 2690. _Ferde_, _pa. t._ went, 447, 1678, &c.; behaved, 2411. _For_ (went), 2382, 2943. _Foren_, _pa. t. pl._ went, 2380, 2618.

Faste, _adv._ S. attentively, earnestly, 2148.

Tristrem as a man
_Fast_ he gan to fight.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 167.

Bidde we [gh]eorne Ih[-u] Crist, and seint Albon wel _faste_,
That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste.

_Vita S. Albani_, MS. Laud. 108. f. 47 b.

Fastinde, _part. pr._ S. fasting, 865.

Fauth. _See_ Fyht.

Fawen, _adj._ S. fain, glad, 2160. _Fawe_, K. of Tars, 1058; Octovian, 307; R. Gl. p. 150; Chauc. C. T. 5802.

Fe, _n._ S. fee, possessions, or money, 386, 563, 1225, &c. _See_ Jam. and Lynds. Gl.

Feble, _adj._ Fr. feeble, poor, scanty, 323.

Feblelike, _adv._ feebly, scantily, 418. _Febli_, Sir Tr. p. 179, for _meanly_.

Feden, _v._ S. to feed, 906. _Feddes_, _pa. t. 2 p._ feddest, 2907.

Fel. _See_ Bifalle, Falle.

Felawes, _n. pl._ S. fellows, companions, 1338.

Feld, _n._ S. field, 2634, 2685, 1291.

Felde, Felede. _pa. t._ S. felled, 67, 1859, 2694. _Felden_ (? read _he ne fellen_, they did not fall), 2698. _Feld_, _part. pa._ felled, 1824. Sir F. Madden writes-- "in l. 2698, I prefer reading _ne felden_, did not fell, governed by _that_. In l. 67, Garnett suggested _felede_, pursued, from Swed. _följade_."

Fele, _adj._ S. many, often, 778, 1277, 1737, &c. Sir Tr. p. 19.

Fele, _adv._ S. very, 2442.

Fend, _n._ S. fiend, 506, 1411, 2229.

Fer, _adv._ S. far. 359, 1863, 2275, &c. _Ferne_, far, 1864; _pl. adj._ foreign, 2031.

Þa kingges buh stronge,
And of _ferrene_ lond.

_La[gh]am._ l. 5528.

Cf. Chauc. Prol. l. 14.

Ferd, _n._ S. army, 2384, 2548, &c. _Ferde_, 2535. La[gh]am., R. Gl., R. Br., Web. _Ferdes, pl._ 2683.

Ferde. _See_ Fare.

Fere, _n._ S. companion, wife, 1214. Sir Tr. p. 157. K. Horn, Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc. _Feir_, Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Ferlike, _n._ S. wonder, 1258. _Ferlik_, 1849. Sir Tr. p. 21. Originally in all probability an _adj._

Ferþe, _adj._ S. fourth, 1810.

Feste, _n._ Fr. feast, 2344, &c.

Feste, _v._ Fr. to feast, 2938.

Festen, _v._ S. to fasten, 1785; (used passively) 82. _Fest_, _pa. t._ fastened, 144.

Fet. _See_ Fot.

Fete, _v._ S. to fetch, bring, 642, 912, 937, &c. Used passively, 316, 2037. _Fetes_, _pr. t. s._ fetch, 2341. V. Pegge's Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p. 135.

Fetere, _v._ S. to fetter, chain, 2758. Used passively.

Feteres, _n. pl._ S. fetters, 82, 2759.

Fey, _n._ Fr. faith, 255, 1666. _Feyth_, 2853.

Fiht, _n._ S. fight, 2668, 2716.

Fikel, _adj._ S. fickle, inconstant, 1210, 2799.

File, _n._ vile, worthless person, 2499.

Men seth ofte a muche _file_,
They he serue boten a wile,
Bicomen swithe riche.

_Hending the hende_, MS. Digb. 86.

So in R. Br. p. 237.

David at that while was with Edward the kyng,
[Gh]it auanced he that _file_ vntille a faire thing.

It is used for _coward_ by Minot, pp. 31, 36. Cf. Du. _vuil_, foul, malicious.

Finden, _v._ S. to find, 1083. _Finde_, 220. _Fynde_, 42. _Funden_, _pa. t. pl._ found, 602. _Funde_, _part. pa._ found, 2376. _Funden_, 1427.

Fir, _n._ S. fire, 585, 1162, &c. _Fyr_, 915.

Firrene, _adj._ S. made of fir, 2078. _Firron_, Doug. Virg. 47. 34.

Flaunes, _n. pl._ Fr. custards, or pancakes, 644. _See_ Way's note in Prompt. Parv.

Fledden, _pa. t. pl._ S. fled, 2416.

Flemen, _v._ S. to drive away, banish, 1160. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc., Rits. A. S. So in Sc. V. Jam.

Flete, _pres. subj._ S. float, swim, 522. Sir Tr. p. 27; K. Horn, 159; Chauc. _Fleit_, Sc. V. Jam.

Fleye, _v._ S. to fly, 1791, 1813, 1827, 2751. _Fley_, _pa. t._ flew, 1305.

Flo, _v._ S. to flay, 612, 2495. K. Horn, 92. _Flow_, _pa. t._ flayed, 2502. _Flowe_, _pa. t. pl._ 2433.

Flok, _n._ S. flock, troop, 24. _See_ Trome.

Flote, _n._ S. boat, 738. A.S. _flóta_, a ship; Icel. _floti_, (1) a ship, (2) a fleet; cf. La[gh]am. 4530.

Flour, _n._ Fr. flower, 2917.

Fnaste, _v._ S. to breathe, 548. Cf. A.S. _Fnæstiað_, the wind-pipe, _Fnæstan_, puffs of wind. _Fnast_ = breath in _Owl and Nightingale_, l. 44.

Fo, _n._ S. foe, 1363, 2849; _pl._ foos, 67.

Fol, _n._ Fr. fool, 298. _Foles_, pl. 2100.

Folc, Folk, _n._ S. men collectively, people, 89, 438, &c.

Folwes, _imp._ S. follow ye, 1885, 2601.

Fonge, _v._ S. to take, receive, 763; _2 p. pres. subj._ 856. In common use from La[gh]am. to Chauc. and much later.