Chapter XV: Book XI: 336 (4)

[Footnote 397: The Duchesse de Chevreuse, _née_ Norbonne-Pelet, married to the Duc de Chevreuse, son to the Duc de Luynes. Her father-in-law was compelled to accept a senatorship, in 1803, and she obliged, in 1806, to consent to become one of the Empress Joséphine's ladies. Two years later, when the Spanish Royal Family were arrested, the Emperor wished to place the Duchesse de Chevreuse with the captive Queen; the duchess replied that she could be a prisoner, but would never be a gaoler. This proud answer procured her exile, which eventually resulted in her death.--B.]

[Footnote 398: In the spring of 1813.--B.]

[Footnote 399: Amélie Lenormant, adopted daughter of Madame Récamier, and married to M. Charles Lenormant.--T.]

[Footnote 400: Jacques Marquet de Montbreton, Baron de Norvins (1769-1854), author of a now forgotten History of Napoleon (1827).--B.]

[Footnote 401: Benvenuto Cellini (1500-1571), the famous Italian sculptor and artificer in gold and silver. _Cf._ his Autobiography, one of the most famous of Italian classics, circulated in MS. until it was first printed in 1730, translated into German by Goethe and into English by, _inter alios_, the late John Addington Symonds.--T.]

[Footnote 402: Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374), one of the chief names in Tuscan literature.--T.]

[Footnote 403: The Albano fisherman was shot in September 1813; one month later, in October of the same year, Napoleon lost his Empire on the plains of Leipzig.--B.]

[Footnote 404: Madame de Beaumont.--_Author's Note._]

[Footnote 405: Madame Récamier went to Naples at the beginning of December 1813.--B.]

[Footnote 406: Murat, the son of an inn-keeper, had commenced life as a postilion.--T.]

[Footnote 407: The Gauls planted a bare sword to mark the centre of the _Mallus_, or council. The _mallus_ survives in our modern word mall, a space bordered with trees.--B.]

[Footnote 408: Caroline Murat, Queen of Naples (1782-1839), sister of Napoleon Bonaparte, and married to Joachim Murat in 1800.--T.]

[Footnote 409: Publius Virgilius Maro (B.C. 70--B.C. 19), died at Brundisium in Calabria, and was buried at Parthenope (Naples). Virgil's tomb bears an inscription composed by himself in his last moments:--

_Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc_
_Parthenope: cecini pascua, rura, duces_.--T.

]

[Footnote 410: Torquato Tasso (1544-1595) was born at Sorrento.--T.]

[Footnote 411: Quintus Horatius Flaccus (B.C. 65-B.C. 8).--T.]

[Footnote 412: Titus Livius (B.C. 50--A.D. 17).--T.]

[Footnote 413: Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), the author of the Decameron, lived at Naples from about 1330 to about 1341.--T.]

[Footnote 414: Jacopo Sannazaro (1458-1530), the Italian and Latin poet, was born and died at Naples.--T.]

[Footnote 415: Francesco Durante (1684-1755), the religious composer, born at Naples 15 March 1684, director of the Conservatory of Santa Maria di Loreto at Naples.--T.]

[Footnote 416: Domenico Cimarosa (1749-1801), composer of _Il Matrimonio segreto_, born at Aversa, near Naples, 17 December 1749.--T.]

[Footnote 417: Admiral Horatio Nelson, first Viscount Nelson (1758-1805), retired to Naples after the Battle of the Nile, in 1798, and remained there till 1800, when, on the expiration of Sir William Hamilton's embassy, he returned to England and received his peerage.--T.]

[Footnote 418: Emma Lady Hamilton (_circa_ 1761-1815), _née_ Hart, originally a servant-girl of great personal beauty and loose character, became mistress of, among many others, Charles Greville and Sir William Hamilton, whom she married on the death of his first wife and joined at Naples, where he was Envoy from 176410 1800, and finally of Nelson. Lady Hamilton played a great part at the Court of Naples as the intimate friend of Queen Maria Carolina. She died in distress.--T.]

[Footnote 419: The Posilipo contains the famous grotto, at the entrance of which Virgil's tomb stands, and is pierced by a subterranean road to Pozzuoli.--T.]

[Footnote 420: The correct date of Chateaubriand's excursion to Liternum is January 1804.--B.]

[Footnote 421: Scipio Africanus died and was buried at Liternum, now Torre di Patria, fourteen miles from Naples.--T.]

[Footnote 422: Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria (_circa_ 1015-1085), son of Tancred de Hauteville, succeeded his brother Humphrey as Count of Apulia in 1057, and became Duke of Apulia in 1059.--T.]

[Footnote 423: William I., first Norman Count of Apulia (_d._ 1046), surnamed Iron-arm, eldest son of Tancred de Hauteville.--T.]

[Footnote 424: Roger II. Count of Sicily, later Roger I. first King of the Two Sicilies (1093-1154), son of Roger I. Count of Sicily, twelfth son of Tancred de Hauteville. Roger became Duke of Apulia on the death of his cousin, William II. in 1127, and assumed the title of King of the Two Sicilies in 1130.--T.]

[Footnote 425: Tancred Prince of Galilee, later of Edessa (_d._ 1112), nephew of Robert Guiscard, and one of the most brilliant heroes of the first Crusade and of Tasso's _Gerusalemme Liberata._--T.]

[Footnote 426: Salerno.--T.]

[Footnote 427: Capri.--T.]

[Footnote 428: Ischia.--T.]

[Footnote 429: Procida.---T.]

[Footnote 430: Miseno.--T.]

[Footnote 431: Baja.--T.]

[Footnote 432: Naples.--T.]

[Footnote 433: CHATEAUBRIAND, _Les Martyrs_: Book V., the story of Eudorus.]

[Footnote 434: General Adam Adalbert Count von Neipperg (1775-1829) was sent by Francis II., in July 1814, to escort Marie-Louise. He won the Empress' favours, accompanied her, in 1816, to Parma, where she made him Master of her Household and married him morganatically, in 1822, after the death of Napoleon. Their eldest son, the present Prince von Montenuovo (Neipperg = Neuberg = Montenuovo), was born on the 9th of August 1821.--T.]

[Footnote 435: Louis François Auguste Prince de Léon, Cardinal Duc de Rohan-Chabot (1788-1833), Archbishop of Besançon, was brought up in England, where his family were living in emigration. He returned to France, in 1809, with his wife, _née_ de Sérent, and became a Court chamberlain under Napoleon, and an officer in the Red Musketeers under Louis XVIII. The Duchesse de Rohan-Chabot was burnt to death in 1815, and her husband renounced the world, took orders and became successively Grand-vicar of Paris, Archbishop of Auch, Archbishop of Besançon (1829) and a cardinal (1830). He left France at the Revolution of July, but returned to his diocese in 1832, on the outbreak of the cholera, caught the infection, and died of it.--T.]

[Footnote 436: Madame Lenormant drew the following portrait of M. de Rohan-Chabot in 1813:

"He was in all the flower of his youth and had, in spite
of a shade of somewhat pronounced fatuousness, the most
charming, the most delicate, I would almost say the most
virginal face imaginable. M. de Chabot's appearance was one
of perfect elegance: his beautiful hair was curled with great
art and taste; he made an extreme study of his dress; he
was pale; his voice was very sweet. His manners were most
distinguished, but haughty. He was not clever, but, although
generally ill-informed, he had the gift of languages; he
grasped quickly and almost musically not the genius of a
language, but its accent."--B. ]

[Footnote 437: Madame Récamier was a native of Lyons on the Rhone.--T.]

[Footnote 438: After the death of the "People's Friend," Murat, by simply changing one letter, transformed his name into that of Marat. So proud was he of his invention that, in a letter which he wrote on the 18th of November 1793, urging the execution of a "Moderantist," he appended his new signature, "MARAT," no less than four times (MASSON, _Napoléon et sa famille_, Vol. I. p. 311).--B.]

[Footnote 439: 1797.--T.]

[Footnote 440: 25 July 1799.--T.]

[Footnote 441: 10 November 1799.--T.]

[Footnote 442: 20 January 1800.--B.]

[Footnote 443: 14 June 1800.--T.]

[Footnote 444: 1804.--T.]

[Footnote 445: 13 November 1805.--B.]

[Footnote 446: 2 December 1805.--T.]

[Footnote 447: 14 October 1806.--T.]

[Footnote 448: 8 February 1807.--T.]

[Footnote 449: 14 June 1807.--T.]

[Footnote 450: 15 March 1806.--B.]

[Footnote 451: August 1812.--T.]

[Footnote 452: 16-19 October 1813.--T.]

[Footnote 453: Jean Michel Laurent Agar Comte de Mosbourg (1771-1844), a schoolfellow of Murat, who made him Minister of Finance in his Principality of Berg, married him to one of his nieces and gave him the title and endowment of the County of Mosbourg. In 1808, he accompanied the new King to Naples, where, as at Düsseldorf, he became Minister of Finance, a post which he retained through almost the whole reign. He entered the French Chamber of Deputies in 1830 and was raised to the peerage in 1837.--T.]

[Footnote 454: 29 January 1814.--B.]

[Footnote 455: Arrhidæus (_d._ 317 B.C.), an illegitimate son of Philip King of Macedon, and half-brother to Alexander. He was made King of Macedon till Roxana, who was pregnant by Alexander, brought into the world a legitimate male successor. Arrhidæus was seven years in possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death by Olympias.--T.]

[Footnote 456: 28 March 1815.--T.]

[Footnote 457: Lieutenant Field-marshal Johann Maria Baron, later Count von Frimont, Prince of Antrodocco (1759-1831), a native of Belgium, had served in the French army, emigrated in 1791, and entered the Austrian service. Ferdinand I. created Frimont Prince of Antrodocco, and granted him a donation of 220,000 ducats. In 1825, the Emperor of Austria created him a count and made him Governor of Lombardy and, in 1831, the year of his death, Frimont became President of the Austrian Council of War.--T.]

[Footnote 458: 3 May 1815.--B.]

[Footnote 459: 19 May 1815.--B.]

[Footnote 460: Ferdinand I. King of the Two Sicilies and IV. of Naples (1751-1825) reigned in Naples from 1759 to 1806 and from 1815 to 1825, and in Sicily from 1759 to 1825.--T.]

[Footnote 461: Collonna-Ceccaldi was Mayor of Vescovato and father-in-law to General Franceschetti.--T.]

[Footnote 462: General Dominique César Franceschetti (1776-1835) was severely wounded, when fighting by Murat's side in the Pizzo Expedition, and taken prisoner. He was afterwards amnestied by King Ferdinand I.--T.]

[Footnote 463: Colonel Francis Maceroni, or de Macirone (1787-1846), was born near Manchester, of a family of Roman origin, and was sent to Naples to complete his education. Here he was kept a prisoner of war, as a British subject, from 1806 till the advent of Murat in 1808. The new King took him into favour, made him his aide-de-camp and employed him in his negociations with England. After Murat's departure from Corsica, Maceroni returned to France, where he was arrested and not released before the British Ambassador had made repeated representations on his behalf. He fought as a soldier of fortune in the South American Wars of Independence (1817) and in Spain (1823). His later years were spent in invention, notably of the famous Maceroni steam-carriage.--T.]

[Footnote 464: Napoleon set foot on St. Helena on the 15th of October 1815.--B.]

[Footnote 465: The portraits consisted of an engraved cornelian seal with his wife's likeness and a miniature of the features of his four children.--T.]

[Footnote 466: Pius VII. made his solemn entry into Rome on the 25th of May 1814.--B.]

[Footnote 467: This description occurs in that portion of the Memoirs, devoted to the life of Napoleon, which has been omitted.--T.]

[Footnote 468: Alexis Louis Joseph Comte de Noailles (1783-1835) had been imprisoned, in 1809, for spreading Pius VII.'s Bull of Excommunication against the authors and accomplices of the usurpation of the Papal States. In May 1814, the Comte de Noailles was Royal Commissary in Lyons.--B.]

[Footnote 469: Madame Charles Lenormant (_vide supra_ p. 180, n. 2).--T.]

[Footnote 470: She arrived in Paris on the 1st of June 1814.--B.]

[Footnote 471: _L'Esprit de conquête et d'usurpation dans ses rapports avec la civilisation européenne_ was published, early in 1814, in Germany, where Benjamin Constant then was; he returned to France with the Bourbons.--B.]

[Footnote 472: The appointment is announced in the _Journal de l'Empire_ of the 6th of April 1815.--B.]

[Footnote 473: In English in the original.--T.]

[Footnote 474: 14 July 1817.--T.]

[Footnote 475: In 1819, Madame Récamier retired to the Abbaye-aux-Bois, where she occupied a small and incommodious apartment on the third storey, with a stone flooring and a stair-case of the most awkward description, which did not prevent its being climbed daily by the greatest ladies of the Faubourg Saint-Germain and by all the leading lights of Paris.--B.]

[Footnote 476: He was implicated in the Bories Affair.--_Author's Note._

Charles Coudert, a quarter-master of cavalry, was not implicated in the Bories Affair, but in a military conspiracy against the Government which broke out, in December 1821, at Saumur. Of the eleven accused, eight were acquitted, and Coudert and two others condemned to death, in February 1822. Madame Récamier employed her credit on his behalf and, on the 18th of April, Coudert's sentence was commuted to one of five years' imprisonment.--B.]

[Footnote 477: Eugène Coudert, Charles Coudert's elder brother.--B.]

[Footnote 478: Eugénie Bernardine Désirée Clary, later Désirée Queen of Sweden (1781-1860), _née_ Clary, married Bernadotte in 1798, after having been engaged to Napoleon Bonaparte.--T.]

[Footnote 479: Agnès Dame de Bourbon, second daughter of Humbert II. Count of Savoy, and married to Archambad VII. Sire de Bourbon, who died in 1171.--T.]

[Footnote 480: Adelaide of Savoy, Queen of France (_d._ 1154), daughter of Humbert II., not of Humbert the White-handed, married, in 1114, to Louis the Fat, King of France, and, four years after his death, which occurred in 1137, to the Constable de Montmorency.--T.]

[Footnote 481: Humbert I., first Count of Savoy (_circa_ 985--_circa_ 1048), surnamed the White-handed.--T.]

[Footnote 482: Louis VI. King of France (1078-1137), surnamed the Fat.--T.]

[Footnote 483: Mathieu I. Seigneur de Montmorency (_d._ 1160), appointed Constable of France in 1130. He married, first, Aline, illegitimate daughter of Henry I. King of England, and, secondly, Queen Adelaide of France.--T.]

[Footnote 484: Julia Queen of Naples, later of Spain (1777-1845), was Marie Julie Clary, sister to Madame Bernadette, and was married to Joseph Bonaparte in 1794.--T.]

[Footnote 485: CHATEAUBRIAND, _Moïse_, Act III. sc. IV.-B.

"Where the great are concerned, I am nowise suspect:
Their misfortunes alone win from me my respect.
I hate this King Pharaoh, while glory's his own;
Let him fall: on the instant I honour his crown:
By reason of grief he is king in my eyes;
I bow down before tears as great magistracies;
Misfortune's sad courtier, etc."--T.

]

[Footnote 486: The ex-Queen of Spain was then living in Brussels under the name of Comtesse de Survilliers.--T.]

[Footnote 487: Lieutenant-General Robert Baron Fagel (1771-1856), Netherlands Envoy to the several Courts of France from 1814 to 1854.--T.]

[Footnote 488: DUCHESSE D'ABRANTÈS, _Histoire des Salons de Paris. Tableaux et portraits du grande monde, sous Louis XVI., le Directoire, le Consulat et l'Empire, la Restauration et le règne de Louis-Philippe Ier,_ Vol. VII.--B.]

[Footnote 489: Ex-Lieutenant (not Captain) Roger had taken part with Caron in the Colmar plot. He was condemned to death on the 23rd of February 1823. The penalty was commuted to one of twenty years' penal servitude. He was sent to the convict prison at Toulon and obtained a full pardon at the end of two years.--B.]

[Footnote 490: Lieutenant-Colonel Augustin Joseph Caron (1774-1822), the ringleader of the plot, was sentenced to death, in September 1822, and executed before the Court of Cassation had rejected his appeal.--T.]

[Footnote 491: Gustavus II. Adolphus King of Sweden (1594-1632), the great antagonist of Austria, at that time France's foremost rival.--T.]

[Footnote 492: _Purg._, Canto VIII., 6.--T.]

[Footnote 493: Daniel Steibelt (1765-1823), a Prussian pianist and composer, came to Paris in 1790. His _Romeo and Juliet_ was performed at the Théâtre de l'Opera-Comique National on the 10th of September 1793, in the midst of the Terror.--B.]