Chapter XXI: Part II (2)

"This little explanation appeared to charm the Holy Father,
who was pleased to meet with some one acquainted with the
workings of our constitutional machine. Finally, monsieur le
comte, thinking that the King and his Council would like to
know the views of the Pope on the present state of affairs
in the East, I repeated some news out of the papers, not
being authorized to communicate to the Holy See the positive
facts of which you informed me in your dispatch of the 18th
December touching the recall of our expedition to the Morea.

"The Pope did not hesitate to reply; he appeared to me to
be alarmed at the imprudence of instructing the Turks in
military discipline. I give his own words:

"'If the Turks are already capable of resisting Russia, what
will their power be when they have obtained a glorious peace?
Who will prevent them, after four or five years spent in rest
and in perfecting their new tactics, from hurling themselves
upon Italy?'

"I will confess, monsieur le comte, that, when I recognised
these ideas and these anxieties in the mind of the Sovereign
most exposed to the effects of the consequence of the
enormous error that has been committed, I congratulated
myself on having displayed to you in fuller detail, in
my Note on Eastern Affairs, the same ideas and the same
anxieties.

"'Nothing,' added the Pope, 'except a firm resolution on the
part of the Allied Powers, can put an end to a misfortune
which threatens the future. France and England are still
in time to stop everything; but, if a new campaign open,
it can set Europe on fire, and then it will be too late to
extinguish it.'

"'That reflection is the more just,' I answered, 'seeing
that, if Europe were to become divided, which God forbid, the
presence of fifty thousand Frenchmen would stir up the whole
question again.'

"The Pope made no reply; only it appeared to me that the
idea of seeing the French in Italy filled him with no sort
of fear. Every one is weary of the inquisition of the Court
of Vienna, of its cavilling, of its continual encroachments
and of its little plots to unite the peoples which detest the
Austrian yoke into a confederation against France.

"This, monsieur le comte, is a summary of my long
conversation with His Holiness. I do not know that any one
has ever been in a position to know more thoroughly the inner
sentiments of the Pope, that any one has ever heard a prince
who governs the Christian world express himself so plainly on
subjects so vast and so far removed from the narrow circle
of diplomatic commonplaces. Here there was no intermediary
between the Sovereign Pontiff and myself and it was easy to
see that Leo XII., thanks to his candid character and the
impulse of a familiar conversation, dissimulated nothing and
in no way sought to deceive.

"The leanings and wishes of the Pope are evidently towards
France: when he assumed the Keys of St. Peter, he belonged
to the faction of the _zelanti_; to-day he has sought his
strength in moderation: that is what the habit of power
always teaches. For this reason he is not beloved by the
faction of cardinals which he has quitted. Finding no man
of talent in the secular clergy, he has chosen his chief
advisers among the regular clergy; hence it comes that the
monks are on his side, while the prelates and the simple
priests make a sort of opposition to him. The latter, when I
arrived in Rome, all had their minds more or less infected
with the lies of our congregation; they are now infinitely
more reasonable; they all, generally speaking, blame the
rising in arms of our clergy. It is curious to remark that
the Jesuits have as many enemies here as in France: they have
as their special adversaries the other religious and the
heads of Orders. They had formed a plan by means of which
they would have seized upon the public instruction in Rome to
the exclusion of the others: the Dominicans have foiled that
plan. The Pope is not very popular, because he administers
well. His little army consists of old soldiers of Bonaparte,
who have a very military bearing and keep excellent order on
the high-roads. If material Rome has lost in picturesqueness,
it has gained in cleanliness and healthiness. His Holiness
plants trees and arrests hermits and beggars: another subject
of complaint for the populace. Leo XII. is a great worker;
he sleeps little and eats scarcely at all. Only one taste
remains to him of his youth, that of sport, an exercise
necessary to his health, which, for that matter, seems
to be improving. He has a few shots with a fowling-piece
in the vast enclosure of the Gardens of the Vatican. The
_zelanti_ find it very difficult to forgive him this innocent
diversion. The Pope is reproached with the weakness and
inconstancy of his affections.

"The radical vice of the political constitution of this
country is easily seized upon: it is old men who appoint as
sovereign an old man like themselves. This old man, when
he becomes the master, in his turn appoints old men as
cardinals. Turning in this vicious circle, the enervated
supreme power is in this way always at the edge of the tomb.
The prince never occupies the throne for a long enough
period to execute the plans of improvement which he may
have conceived. A pope ought to have sufficient resolution
suddenly to promote a number of young cardinals, in such
a way as to ensure at the next election the majority of a
young pope. But the rules of Sixtus V.[708], which give the
hat to palace employments, the empire of custom and habit,
the interests of the people, who receive gratifications at
each change of the tiara, the individual ambition of the
cardinals, who wish for short reigns in order to multiply
their chances of the papacy, these and a thousand other
obstacles too long to narrate are opposed to the rejuvenation
of the Sacred College.

"The conclusion of this dispatch, monsieur le comte, is that,
in the present condition of affairs, the King can reckon
entirely on the Court of Rome.

"Cautious as I am in my manner of seeing and feeling, if I
have anything with which to reproach myself in the report
which I have the honour to send you, it is that I have
weakened rather than exaggerated the expression of His
Holiness' words. My memory is very safe; I wrote down the
conversation on leaving the Vatican and my private secretary
has simply copied it word for word from my minutes. The
latter, rapidly jotted down, were hardly legible to myself.
You would never have been able to decipher them[709].

"I have the honour to be, etc."

TO MADAME RÉCAMIER

"ROME, _Tuesday_, 13 _January_ 1829.

"Yesterday evening, at eight o'clock, I wrote you the letter
which M. Du Viviers[710] is bringing you; this morning, on
waking, I am writing to you again by the ordinary post, which
leaves at noon. You know the poor ladies of Saint-Denis:
they have been much neglected since the arrival of the great
ladies of the Trinità-del-Monte; without being the enemy of
the latter, I have taken the side of the former with Madame
de Ch. For the last month, the ladies of Saint-Denis have
been wishing to give a fête in honour of 'M. the Ambassador'
and 'Madame the Ambassadress:' it took place yesterday at
mid-day. Imagine a theatre arranged in a sort of sacristy
with a platform giving on to the church; as actors, a dozen
young girls from eight years to fourteen, who played the
_Machabées._ They had themselves made their helmets and
cloaks. They spoke their French lines with an enthusiasm
and an Italian accent which were the funniest things in the
world; they stamped their feet at energetic moments: there
was a niece of Pius VII., a daughter of Thorwaldsen, and
another daughter of Chauvin[711] the painter. They were
incredibly pretty in their paper finery. The one who played
the High Priest had a great black beard which delighted
her but pricked her, and which she was constantly obliged
to put right with a little thirteen-year-old white hand.
As spectators, ourselves, a few mothers, the nuns, Madame
Salvage, two or three priests and a further score of little
school-girls, all in white, with veils. We had had cakes
and ices brought from the Embassy. They played the piano
between the acts. Imagine the hopes and joys which, must have
preceded this fête at the convent, and the memories which
will follow it! The whole ended with _Vivat in æternum_, sung
by three nuns in the church."

"ROME, _January_ 1829.

"Yours again! Last night we had wind and rain as in France:
I imagined them beating against your little window; I found
myself transported to your little room, I saw your harp,
your piano, your birds; you played me my favourite air, or
Shakspeare's: and I was in Rome, far away from you! Four
hundred leagues and the Alps separate us!

[Sidenote: Amateur theatricals.]

"I have received a letter from that witty lady who used
sometimes to come to see me at the Foreign Office; you can
judge how well she courts me: she is a furious Turcophile;
Mahmud is a great man, who is in advance of his nation!

"This Rome, in whose midst I live, ought to teach me to
despise politics. Here liberty and tyranny have both
perished: I see the huddled ruins of the Roman Republic and
the Empire of Tiberius; what is all this to-day blended
in the same dust? Does not the Capuchin who sweeps that
dust with his gown as he goes by seem to make the vanity
of so many vanities even more perceptible? Nevertheless, I
come back, in spite of myself, to the destinies of my poor
country. I would wish it religion, glory and liberty, without
thinking of my powerlessness to deck it with that triple
crown."

"ROME, _Thursday_, 5 _February_ 1829.

"Torre Vergata is a domain of monks situated at about a
league from Nero's Tomb, on the left as you come from Rome,
in the most beautiful and deserted spot: there is an immense
number of ruins level with the ground covered with grass
and thistle. I began an excavation there two days ago, on
Tuesday, just after I had written to you. I was accompanied
by Hyacinthe and by Visconti[712], who is directing the
excavation. The weather was the loveliest in the world. A
dozen men armed with spades and pickaxes, digging up tombs
and ruins of houses and palaces amid profound solitude,
offered a spectacle worthy of you. I uttered but one wish:
that you might be there. I would gladly consent to live with
you in a tent amid those ruins.

"I myself put my hand to the work; I discovered fragments of
marble: the clues are excellent and I hope to find something
to compensate me for the money wasted in this lottery of the
dead; already I have a block of Greek marble large enough
to make Poussin's bust. This excavation will become the
object of my walks; I shall go and sit everyday in the midst
of these remains. To which century, to which men did they
belong? We are perhaps removing the most illustrious dust
without knowing it. Perhaps an inscription will come to throw
light upon some historic fact, to destroy some error, to
establish some truth. And then, when I have gone away with my
twelve half-naked peasants, all will fall back into oblivion
and silence. Do you picture to yourself all the passions,
all the interests which once bestirred themselves in these
abandoned spots? There were masters and slaves, happy people
and unhappy, beautiful persons who were beloved and ambitious
people who wanted to be ministers. There remain a few birds
and I, for but a very short time longer; soon we shall fly
away. Tell me, do you think it worth while to be one of the
members of the council of a little king of the Gauls, for me,
an Armorican barbarian, a traveller among savages of a world
unknown to the Romans and ambassador to the priests whom
they used to throw to the lions? When I called to Leonidas
at Lacedæmon, he did not answer: the sound of my footsteps
at Torre Vergata will have roused nobody. And when I, in my
turn, am in my grave, I shall not hear even the sound of your
voice. I must therefore hurry to come closer to you and to
put an end to all these idle fancies of the life of men.
There is nothing good save retirement, nothing true save an
attachment like yours."

"ROME, 7 _February_ 1829.

"I have received a long letter from General Guilleminot[713];
he gives me a lamentable account of what he suffered during
his journeys on the coasts of Greece: and yet Guilleminot
was an ambassador; he had large ships and an army under his
orders. To go, after our soldiers have left, to a country
in which not a house nor a corn-field remains, among a few
scattered men, driven by poverty to become brigands, is an
impossible project for a woman[714].

[Sidenote: My excavations.]

"I shall go to my excavation this morning: yesterday we found
the skeleton of a Gothic soldier and the arm of a female
statue. It was as though one had come upon the destroyer
together with the ruin he had made; we have great hopes of
finding the statue this morning. If the architectural remains
which I am uncovering are worth the trouble, I shall not
break them up to sell the bricks, as is usually done: I shall
leave them standing, and they will bear my name. They belong
to the time of Domitian. We have an inscription which shows
this: it is the good time of the Roman arts."

DISPATCHES TO M. LE COMTE PORTALIS

"ROME, _Monday_, 9 _February_ 1829.

"MONSIEUR LE COMTE,

"His Holiness had a sudden attack this morning of the
disorder to which he is subject; his life is in the most
imminent danger. The order has been given to close all the
theatres. I have just left the Cardinal Secretary of State,
who is himself ill and who despairs of the Pope's life. The
loss of this enlightened and modern Sovereign Pontiff would,
at the present moment, be a real calamity for Christianity
and especially for France. I thought it important, monsieur
le comte, that His Majesty's Government should be warned
of this probable event, so that it may be enabled to take
such measures beforehand as it shall consider necessary.
Consequently, I have dispatched a mounted courier to Lyons.
This courier carries a letter which I am writing to Monsieur
the Prefect of the Rhône, with a telegraphic dispatch which
he will forward to you, and another letter which I am asking
him to send you by express. If we have the misfortune to lose
His Holiness, a fresh courier will bring you all the details
to Paris.

"I have the honour to be, etc."

"_Eight o'clock in the evening._

"The congregation of Cardinals already assembled has
forbidden the Cardinal Secretary of State to give permits
for post-horses. My courier will not be able to leave until
after the departure of the courier of the Sacred College,
in case of the Pope's death. I have tried to send a man
to carry my dispatches to the Tuscan frontier. The bad
roads and the absence of livery-horses have made this plan
impracticable. Obliged to wait in Rome, which has become a
kind of closed prison, I still hope that the news will reach
you by telegraph a few hours before it is known to the other
governments beyond the Alps. It might nevertheless happen
that the courier sent to the Nuncio, who will necessarily
leave before mine, will himself, when passing through Lyons,
give you the news by telegraph."

[Sidenote: Death of Leo XII.]

"_Tuesday_, 10 _February, nine o'clock in the morning._

"_The Pope is dead_; my courier is leaving. In a few hours he
will be followed by M. le Comte de Montebello[715], attaché
to the Embassy."

ROME, 10 _February_ 1829.

"MONSIEUR LE COMTE,

I dispatched to Lyons, about two hours ago, the special
mounted courier who will forward to you the unexpected
and deplorable news of the death of His Holiness. Now I
am sending off M. le Comte de Montebello, attaché to the
Embassy, to convey to you some necessary details.

"The Pope died of the hemorrhoidal affection to which he
was subject. The blood being extravasated into the bladder
occasioned a retention, which an attempt was made to relieve
by means of a sound. His Holiness is believed to have been
wounded in the course of the operation. In any case, after
four days' suffering, Leo XII. expired this morning at nine
o'clock, as I came to the Vatican, where an agent of the
Embassy had passed the night. The letter sent by my first
courier informs you, monsieur le comte, of my useless efforts
to obtain a permit for post-horses before the Pope's death.

"Yesterday I called on the Cardinal Secretary of State, who
was still very ill with a violent attack of gout; I had a
rather long conversation with him on the consequences of
the misfortune with which we were threatened. I lamented
the death of a Prince whose moderate sentiments and whose
knowledge of European affairs were so useful to the repose of
Christianity.

"'It is not only a great misfortune for France,' answered the
Secretary of State, 'but a greater misfortune for the Roman
States than you imagine. Discontent and poverty are great
in our provinces and, if the cardinals think fit to adopt a
different system from that of Leo XII., they will find their
work cut out for them. As for myself, my functions cease with
the death of the Pope and I have nothing to reproach myself
with.'

"This morning I again saw Cardinal Bernetti, who has, in
fact, laid down his functions as Secretary of State: he
spoke to me to the same effect as on the preceding day. I
asked him to let me meet him before he secluded himself in
the Conclave. We agreed that we should talk of electing
a sovereign pontiff who should continue the system of
moderation of Leo XII. I shall have the honour to communicate
to you all the information that I may gather.

"It is probable that the death of the Pope and the fall
of Cardinal Bernetti will delight the enemies of the
ordinances[716], they will proclaim this unhappy event a
punishment from Heaven. It is easy already to read that
thought on certain French faces in Rome.

"I regret the Pope for more than one reason; I had had the
good fortune to gain his confidence: the prejudices which had
been carefully instilled into his mind against me, before my
arrival, had become dispelled and he did me the honour, on
all occasions, to bear witness, publicly and aloud, to the
esteem in which he was good enough to hold me.

"Now, monsieur le comte, permit me to enter into the
explanation of a few facts.

"I was Minister for Foreign Affairs at the time of the death
of Pius VII. You will find in the boxes at the Office, if you
think it advisable to look into the matter, the continuous
account of my relations with M. le Duc de Laval. The custom
is, on the death of a Pope, to send an extraordinary
ambassador, or to accredit the resident ambassador through
new letters to the Sacred College. The latter is the course
which I proposed to His late Majesty, Louis XVIII., to
follow. The King will do what he thinks best for his service.
Four French cardinals came to Rome for the election of Leo
XII. France to-day numbers five; a number of votes certainly
not to be despised in the Conclave. I shall, monsieur le
comte, await the King's orders. M. de Montebello, who is
instructed to hand you this dispatch, will remain at your
disposal.

"I have the honour to be, etc."

TO MADAME RÉCAMIER

"ROME, 10 _February_ 1829, _eleven d clock at night._

"I wished to write you a long letter; but the dispatch, which
I was obliged to write with my own hand, and the fatigue of
these last days have exhausted me.

"I regret the Pope; I had obtained his confidence. I am now
charged with an important mission; it is impossible for me to
know what the result will be, or what influence it will have
over my destiny.

[Sidenote: Conclave arrangements.]

"The conclaves generally last two months, which will at least
leave me free for Easter. I will soon talk to you thoroughly
of all that.

"Picture to yourself that they found that poor Pope, on
Thursday last, before he fell ill, writing his epitaph. They
tried to divert him from such sad thoughts:

"'No, no,' he said; 'it will be over in a few days.'"

"ROME, _Thursday_, 12 _February_ 1829.

"I read your newspapers. They often give me pain. I see in
the Globe that Monsieur le Comte Portalis is, according to
that journal, my declared enemy. Why? Do I ask his place? He
is taking too much pains; I do not so much as think of him.
I wish him all possible prosperity; but yet, if it were true
that he wanted war, he would find me there. People seem to
me to be talking nonsense about everything, both about the
immortal Mahmud and the evacuation of the Morea.

"In the most probable event, this evacuation will put back
Greece under the yoke of the Turks, with the loss to us of
our honour and forty millions. There is a prodigious amount
of wit in France, but we lack judgment and common-sense; two
phrases make us drunk, we are led with words, and what is
worse is that we are always ready to disparage our friends
and exalt our enemies. Besides, is it not curious that they
should make the King, in his Speech[717], use my own language
on 'the agreement of the public liberties and the Royalty,'
and that they should have found such fault with me for using
that language? And the men who make the Crown speak thus were
once the warmest partizans of the censorship! For the rest,
I am going to see the election of the Head of Christianity;
this spectacle is the last great spectacle that I shall
witness in my life[718]; it will close my career.

"Now that pleasures have ceased in Rome, business is
commencing. I shall be obliged, on the one hand, to write
of all that happens to the Government and, on the other, to
fulfil the duties of my new position. I must compliment the
Sacred College and attend the funeral of the Holy Father,
to whom I had become attached because he was but little
loved, and the more so in that, fearing that I should find
an enemy in him, I found a friend who, from the chair of St.
Peter, formally gave the lie to my 'Christian' calumniators.
Then the French cardinals are going to come down upon me. I
have written to make representations at least touching the
Archbishop of Toulouse[719].

"In the midst of all this stir, the Poussin monument is being
executed; the excavation is successful; I have found three
fine heads, a draped female torso, a funeral inscription by a
brother to a young sister, which touched me.

"Talking of inscriptions, I told you that the poor Pope had
made his on the day before that on which he was taken ill,
predicting that he was soon going to die. He has left a
writing in which he recommends his indigent family to the
Roman Government: only those who have loved much have such
great virtues."

[Footnote 500: This book was written in Rome in 1828 and 1829, and revised in February 1845.--T.]

[Footnote 501: In re-reading those manuscripts, I have merely added a few passages from works published subsequently to the date of my embassy to Rome.--_Author's Note._]

[Footnote 502: Æn., IV. 23.--B.]

[Footnote 503: Formerly the residence of the Comtesse de Beaumont.--T.]

[Footnote 504: Madame de Duras died at Nice in January 1829.--B.]

[Footnote 505:

"Great-hearted Clara, noble, faithful friend,
Thy memory is no longer in the land;
Thy very grave by men's cold eyes is bann'd;
The world forgets thee, and thy name doth end."--T.

]

[Footnote 506: All the foregoing, from the words "which overtook her at Nice," was added afterwards to Chateaubriand's diary of the road. Manifestly he could not insert in his journal, on the 25th of September 1828, a note from the Duchesse de Duras written on the 14th of November 1828; nor could he speak of the death of Madame de Duras and of her tomb, seeing that she died only in 1829.--B.]

[Footnote 507: St. Charles Cardinal Count Borromeo, Archbishop of Milan (1538-1584), was born at Arona on the Lago Maggiore, where a colossal statue, 70 feet high, was erected to his memory in 1697. St. Charles is buried in Milan Cathedral. He was canonized in 1610 and is honoured on the 4th of November.--T.]

[Footnote 508: If Chateaubriand did not see Marie-Louise in 1828, when passing through Parma, he had dined with her, some years before, at Verona, where she had gone to see her father, during the sitting of the Congress.

"We at first," he writes, "refused an invitation from the Archduchess of Parma. She insisted, and we went. We found her very gay; the universe having made it its business to remember Napoleon, she no longer had the trouble of thinking of him. She spoke a few careless words, and as it were casually, about the King of Rome: she was pregnant. Her Court had a certain air of dilapidation and decay, excepting M. de Neipperg, a man of good manners. There was nothing out of the common except ourselves dining at Marie-Louise's table and the bracelets, made out of the stone of Juliet's sarcophagus, worn by Napoleon's widow. As we crossed the Po, at Piacenza, a single bark, newly painted, carrying a sort of imperial ensign, attracted our eyes. Two or three dragoons, in shell-jackets and forage-caps, were watering their horses; we were entering the States of Marie-Louise; that was all that remained of the power of the man who clove the rocks of the Simplon, planted his banners on the capitals of Europe, and raised Italy which had lain prostrate for so many centuries."

When speaking to Marie-Louise, Chateaubriand told her that he had met her soldiers at Piacenza, but that that little troop was nothing beside the great imperial armies of former days. She answered drily:

"I never think of that now." (_Congrès de Vérone_, Vol. I. p. 69.)--B.]

[Footnote 509: Charles Louis de Bourbon, Duke of Lucca, later Charles II. Duke of Parma (1799-1883), son of Maria Louisa of Spain, ex-Queen of Etruria, and heir, by the terms of an arrangement concluded in Paris in 1817, to the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza on the death of Marie-Louise. This occurred in 1847, when Charles became Duke of Parma; but he abdicated, in March 1849, in favour of his son, Charles III., who was assassinated in 1854. Charles III. was succeeded by his son, the present Duke Robert I., then a child of six years of age, who was dethroned in 1860, and his duchy annexed to Sardinia by Victor Emmanuel II.--B.]

[Footnote 510: Lodovico Carracci (1555-1619), the founder of the Bolognese School, and his two cousins and pupils, Agostino Carracci (1558-1602) and his brother Annibale Carracci (1560-1609).--T.]

[Footnote 511: Pius VII. became Bishop of Tivoli in 1780, Bishop of Imola and a cardinal in 1785, and Pope in 1800.--T.]

[Footnote 512: _Purgatorio_, Canto XVI. 65-66.--B.]

[Footnote 513: Beatrice de' Bardi (1266-1290), _née_ Portinari, celebrated by Dante in his _Vita Nuova_ and _Divina Commedia._--T.]

[Footnote 514: DANTE, _Vita Nuova_, Canto III. 78.--T.]

[Footnote 515: Theodore Martin's DANTE, _Vita Nuova_, Canto III., the closing stanza.--T.]

[Footnote 516: Cary's DANTE: _Purgatory_, XXX. 23-28.--T.]

[Footnote 517:

"Quando nel mondo ad ora adora
M'insegnavate come l'uom s'eterna."

_Inferno_, Canto XV. 84-85.--B.]

[Footnote 518: Teresa Contessa Guiccioli, later Marquise de Boissy (1801-1873), _née_ Gamba. She lived with Lord Byron between 1819 and 1823. She married Hilaire Étienne Octave Rouillé, Marquis de Boissy, in 1851.--T.]

[Footnote 519: The octagonal basilica of San Vitale does, in fact, recall Constantinople, because it was built, under Justinian, in imitation of St. Sophia. Charlemagne caused it to be copied for the Church of Aix-la-Chapelle.--B.]

[Footnote 520: The Church of San Apollinare, erected under Theodoric at the commencement of the sixth century, also presents the Byzantine type in all its oriental brilliancy. The twenty-four columns of Greek marble which divide the church into three aisles were brought to Ravenna from Constantinople.--T.]

[Footnote 521: Honorius Flavius Emperor of the West (384-423). His love for a hen called Roma forms an anecdote related by Procopius.--B.]

[Footnote 522: Galla Placidia (_circa_ 388-450 or 451), daughter of Theodosius the Great, sister of Honorius and mother of Valentinian III. Her adventures indeed form the strangest of romances. Born at Constantinople, she was taken prisoner at the siege of Rome by Alaric and carried off in captivity. Atawulf, Alaric's brother-in-law, became smitten with her and married her. After his death, she married Constantius, one of Honorius' generals, who soon assumed the title of Constantius III. After being first the slave and then the Queen of the Visigoths, she governed the Western Empire in the name of her infant son. Her tomb is at Ravenna.--B.]

[Footnote 523: Theodoric the Great (_circa_ 454-526), King of the Ostrogoths and, after 493, sole ruler of Italy.--T.]

[Footnote 524: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (_circa_ 475--_circa_ 524), a Roman philosopher, author of _De Consolatione Philosophiæ._ He was put to death by Theodoric, without trial, on the charge of treason and magic.--T.]

[Footnote 525: Amalasontha (498-535), daughter of Theodoric the Great, and Regent during the minority of her son Athalric King of the Ostrogoths (526). Athalric died in 534, and Amalasontha divided the authority with her cousin Theodatus, whom she married, and who ordered her to be strangled in 535.--T.]

[Footnote 526: Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus (_circa_ 468--_circa_ 560), a wise administrative officer under Odoacer, Theodoric and Amalasontha. He retired to a monastery in Calabria in 538, where he wrote his History of the Goths and other works.--T.]

[Footnote 527: The Exarchate of Ravenna was instituted in 568, after the conquest of the Ostrogothic Kingdom by the Byzantines. It at first comprised all Italy, but was soon confined to the district round Ravenna and, in 755, was taken from the Lombards by Pepin the Short, and granted to Rome.--T.]

[Footnote 528: Astolf King of the Lombards (_d._ 756). His conquest of the Exarchate of Ravenna (752) was wrested from him by Pepin the Short in 755.--T.]

[Footnote 529: Ravenna finally passed to the Papal States in 1509.--T.]

[Footnote 530: Giuliano della Rovere, Pope Julius II. (1443-1513), elected to the Papacy in 1503.--T.]

[Footnote 531: Giovanni Cardinal de' Medici, later Pope Leo X. (1475-1521), was created a cardinal at the age of thirteen, fought for Pope Julius II. at Ravenna, in 1512, where he was taken prisoner, and was elected successor to Julius on his death in the following year.--T.]

[Footnote 532: Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533), the celebrated Italian poet and author of _Orlando Furioso._--T.]

[Footnote 533: Pierre du Terrail, Seigneur de Bayard (1476-1524), the _Chevalier sans peur et sans reproche._--T.]

[Footnote 534: Gaston de Foix, Maréchal Duc de Nemours (1489-1512), defeated the Papal and Spanish forces at the celebrated Battle of Ravenna, on the 11th of April 1512, but was killed while pursuing the beaten enemy.--T.]

[Footnote 535: Caterina Sforza (_d._ 1460), natural daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, and widow of Girolamo Riario, Lord of Imola and Forli, sustained a siege at Forli against Cæsar Borgia, and was captured in the breach with her son Ottaviano. Louis XII. caused her to be set at liberty. She had taken a Medici for her second husband, and died at Florence.--T.]

[Footnote 536: _Inferno_, Canto VII. 75.--B.]

[Footnote 537: Annibale della Genga, Pope Leo XII. (1760-1829), elected to the Papacy in 1823.--T.]

[Footnote 538: Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, Roman Emperor (_circa_ 53-117), succeeded the Emperor Nerva in 98. The Arch of Trajan was erected at Ancona in 112; it is of white marble, stands at the end of the break-water, and is perhaps the best-proportioned of all the Roman triumphal arches.--T.]

[Footnote 539: Donato d'Agnolo Bramante (1444-1514), the celebrated Italian architect and predecessor of Michael Angelo.--T.]

[Footnote 540: The Chiesa della Santa Casa, which contains the famous pilgrimage shrine of the veritable House of Our Lady, transported by angels from Nazareth and miraculously set down in Italy on the 10th of December 1294.--T.]

[Footnote 541: Léonore de Montaigne, later Vicomtesse de Gamaches. The reference occurs in Montaigne's _Journey into Italy._--T.]

[Footnote 542: The Treaty of Tolentino was signed on the 19th of February 1797, between General Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII.--T.]

[Footnote 543: The Battle of Lake Trasimenus (217 B.C.) at which Hannibal routed the Romans. Fifteen thousand of the latter were killed or driven into the lake and drowned; six thousand were taken prisoners; and ten thousand saved themselves by dispersion and flight.--T.]

[Footnote 544: Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665), the French historical and landscape painter.--T.]

[Footnote 545: _Cf._ LORD BYRON, _Childe Harold's Pilgrimage_, Canto IV., stanzas 66 _et seq._--T.]

[Footnote 546: Leo XII. was born at Genga, near Spoleto, in 1766.--T.]

[Footnote 547: Spoleto repulsed the victorious enemy after the Battle of Trasimenus in 217 B.C.--T.]

[Footnote 548: Fra Filippo Lippi (_circa_ 1402-1469) was placed by his aunt in a Carmelite convent. He left it when about twenty and, during an excursion at sea, was taken captive by some Moorish pirates. He purchased his liberty by drawing a full-length portrait of his master in charcoal on a white wall. He died at Spoleto, said to have been poisoned, on the 9th of October 1469.--T.]

[Footnote 549: Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616), the author of _Don Quixote de la Mancha_, was captured on returning to Spain, four years after the Battle of Lepanto, in 1575, and passed five years in captivity in Algiers. He was ransomed by his family and religious charity in 1580.--T.]

[Footnote 550: Lucrezia Buti sat to Filippo Lippi for the Madonna at Prato, where he was painting an altar-piece for the nuns of Santa Margherita. He became enamoured of her, and finally ran off with her.--T.]

[Footnote 551: Jan Count Potoçki (1761-1815), the Polish traveller, archæologist and historian. He committed suicide on the 2nd of December 1815.--T.]

[Footnote 552: St. Jerome (_circa_ 331-420), a father of the Church, honoured on the 30th of September, the anniversary of his death.--T.]

[Footnote 553: The bridge of Spoleto is the highest in Europe.--T.]

[Footnote 554: GRAY, _Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College_, 51-54.--T.]

[Footnote 555: "Man's misery leads him back to God."--T.]

[Footnote 556: Tommaso Cardinal Bernetti (1779-1852), created a cardinal in 1727, and Secretary of State from 1828 to 1836.--T.]

[Footnote 557: Pierre Narcisse Baron Guérin (1774-1833), a French historical painter and pupil of Regnault. He gained the Prix de Rome in 1797, became an academician in 1815 and, in 1816, returned to Rome as director of the French Academy in that city.--T.]

[Footnote 558: Chateaubriand here gives only the commencement of his letter of 11th October. The other letters to Madame Récamier contained in the present book have all been more or less modified by the author, who sometimes curtails and sometimes adds to the original text. Madame Lenormant, in the second volume of her _Souvenir de Madame Récamier_, has reprinted the great writer's letters in their entirety, after the originals in her possession.--B.]

[Footnote 559: Giacomo Antonio Cardinal Benvenuti (1665-1838), created a cardinal in 1826 and Legate _a letere_ of the Marches in 1831.--B.]

[Footnote 560: Carlo Cardinal Oppizoni (1769-1855), Archbishop of Bologna (1802) and a cardinal (1804).--B.]

[Footnote 561: Agostino Cardinal Rivarola (1758-1842) had been Governor of Rome.--B.]

[Footnote 562: Carlo Cardinal Odescalchi (1786-1841), created a cardinal in 1823.--B.]

[Footnote 563: Pietro Cardinal Vidoni (1759-1830).--T.]

[Footnote 564: When I left Rome, he bought my calash and did me the honour to die in it on his way to Ponte-Mole.--_Author's Note_ (Paris, 1836).]

[Footnote 565: Christian Karl Josias Baron von Bunsen (1791-1860), a distinguished scholar and diplomatist. He was successively secretary of Legation, _Chargé d'affaires_ and Minister to Rome (1818-1838), Minister to Switzerland (1839-1841) and Minister to London (1841-1854), and published a number of erudite historical works in the German language.--T.]

[Footnote 566: Barthold Georg Niebuhr (1774-1831), a celebrated German historian, philologist and critic, was born at Copenhagen and was in the Danish Civil Service until 1806, when he entered that of Prussia. He was Prussian Minister to Rome from 1816 to 1823, with Bunsen as his secretary of Legation. Niebuhr's _Römische Geschichte_ (1811-1832) revolutionized the study of Roman history.--T.]

[Footnote 567: Maria Antonovna Narischkine, wife of Alexander Narischkine, a graceful and poetic Russian beauty, much admired by Alexander I.--B.]

[Footnote 568: Pedro Gomez Kavelo, Marques de Labrador (1775-1850), Spanish Minister to Florence in 1808, when the troubles burst out at home by which Charles IV. and Ferdinand VII. were dethroned. He followed his Princes to France and shared their exile until 1814. He was sent as Plenipotentiary to the Congress of Vienna and subsequently received the Naples Embassy, followed by the Rome Embassy.--B.]

[Footnote 569: Antoine Philippe Fiacre Ghislain Visscher, Comte de Celles (1779-1841), a native of Brussels, took sides with the French at the annexation of his country in 1795, became a town councillor of Brussels in 1800, fought for the French at Austerlitz, was made Prefect of the Loire Inférieure in 1806, a count in 1811, and Prefect of the Zuyder Zee in 1811. From 1811 to 1813, he oppressed the Dutch in Napoleon's name. After the formation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Celles withdrew from public life until 1821, when he was elected to the Second Chamber of the States-General. He was appointed Ambassador to Rome in 1826, and held that post until 1829. He supported the Belgian Revolution of 1830; but, in 1832, removed to Paris, where he took out letters of naturalization.--T.]

[Footnote 570: The Comtesse de Celles, _née_ de Valence, daughter of General Comte and the Comtesse de Valence, of whom the latter was the daughter of Madame de Genlis.--B.]

[Footnote 571: Nicola Paganini (1782-1840), the great violinist of those days.--T.]

[Footnote 572: Michael (Dom Miguel) I., King of Portugal (1802-1866), had been declared King on the 30th of June 1828. His struggle against his niece, Mary II. (Donna Maria de Gloria), failed, however, and he was compelled to quit Portugal by the Convention of Evora Monte, 26 May 1834, and, by the law of 29 May following, he was deprived of his title of Infant of Portugal, and he and his descendants were declared to have forfeited all rights as Portuguese citizens. He was succeeded by his son, Michael (Dom Miguel) II., the present _de jure_ King of Portugal (MARQUIS DE RUVIGNY AND RAINEVAL, _The Legitimist Kalendar for 1895_, p. 33).--T.]

[Footnote 573: Ottavio Principe Lancellotti married Prince Massimo's daughter in 1818.--T.]

[Footnote 574: Giuseppina Principessa Lancelotti (_b._ 1799), _née_ Massimo d'Arsoli.--T.]

[Footnote 575: Camillo Massimihano Massimo, Principe d'Arsoli (_d._ 1840).--T.]

[Footnote 576: Canova died at Venice on the 13th of October 1822.--T.]

[Footnote 577: Jean Goujon (_circa_ 1515-1572), a celebrated sculptor of the French Renascence period. He was a Calvinist, and is supposed to have been shot on his scaffold in the court-yard of the Louvre during the massacre of St. Bartholomew (23-24 August 1652).--T.]

[Footnote 578: Tiziano Vicelli (1477-1576), known as Titian. He was first called to Bologna by Charles V. in 1532; in 1547 he was summoned to Augsburg; and the Emperor's favour lasted until his death, and was followed by that of Philip II.--T.]

[Footnote 579: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) went to France in 1516 by invitation of Francis I., and died there, at the Château de Cloux, near Amboise, on the 2nd of May 1519.--T.]

[Footnote 580: Cosmo I. de' Medici, the Great, first Grand-duke of Tuscany (1519-1574). Michael Angelo was a native of Caprese, near Florence, and is buried in the Santa Croce in the Tuscan capital.--T.]

[Footnote 581: Diego Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez (1599-1660) visited Italy in 1629 and again in 1649.--T.]

[Footnote 582: Bartolomé Estéban Murillo (1617-1683), Velasquez' pupil.--T.]

[Footnote 583: Giulio di Pietro di Filippo de' Giannuzzi (1492-1546), known as Giulio Romano, a painter and architect, one of Raphael's principal pupils.--T.]

[Footnote 584: This school was founded by Friedrich Johann Overbeck (1789-1869), who visited Rome in 1810 and there formed a Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, became converted to Catholicism, in 1813, and devoted himself to painting, and encouraging painting, after the method of Perugino. The leading members of this New-old Raphaelite or Nazarene School were Philipp Veit (1793-1877), Wilhelm Friedrich von Schadow (1789-1862), Karl Eggers (1787-1863), Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld (1794-1872), Joseph Führich (1800-1876), Eduard Steinle (1810-1886) and Peter Cornelius (1783-1867), perhaps the most noteworthy of this company of remarkable artists (_cf._ RICHARD MUTHER, _History of Modern Painting_, Vol. I. chap. VI.: _The Nazarenes_).--T.]

[Footnote 585: Pietro Vannucci (1446-1524), known as Perugino, from Perugia, his birth-place, a famous painter of the Umbrian School and the master of Raphael.--T.]

[Footnote 586: St. Luke the Evangelist is the patron saint of artists. The Church honours him on the 18th of October.--T.]

[Footnote 587: Jean Victor Schnetz (1787-1870), a native of Paris. The reference is to his best-known picture, the _Vow to the Madonna._ Schnetz became Director of the French School in Rome in 1840.--T.]

[Footnote 588: Louis Leopold Robert (1794-1835), a well-known French painter of Neapolitan landscapes. After 1830, he was sent for to Florence to give lessons to the Princess Charlotte Bonaparte, daughter of King Joseph, and wife, soon to become widow, of her cousin, Charles Napoleon Louis, second son of the ex-King of Holland. He became violently enamoured of her, and his hopeless passion drove him to commit suicide, at Venice, on the 20th of March 1835.--B.]

[Footnote 589: Émile Jean Horace Vernet (1789-1863), Director of the French School in Rome from 1827 to 1839. He painted mostly battle-pictures up to 1836; after that year, his works represented mainly scenes of Arab life.--T.]

[Footnote 590: Jacques Édouard Quecq (1796-1873). His _Death of Vitellius_ was exhibited in Rome in 1830.--T.]

[Footnote 591: Gianmaria de' Medici, or del Monte, or Giocchi, Pope Julius III. (1487-1555). Pope in 1550.--T.]

[Footnote 592: Giacomo Barrocchio, or Barozzi (1507-1573), known as Vignola, after his birth-place, a noted Italian architect, who succeeded Michael Angelo as architect of St. Peter's.--T.]

[Footnote 593: Taddeo Zuccaro (1529-1566), the painter.--T.]

[Footnote 594: Bartolomeo Pinelli, a celebrated Roman engraver. His works include a _Raccolta di cinquante costumi pittoreschi incisi all'acqua forte_ (1809) and a _Nuova raccolta di cinquante costumi pittoreschi incisi all'acqua forte_ (1815), 100 folio plates in all. It was doubtless out of this collection that he promised "twelve scenes" to Chateaubriand.--B.]

[Footnote 595: Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen or Thorwaldsen (1770-1844), the famous Danish sculptor. He lived in Rome from 1797 to 1838 and from 1841 to 1843.--T.]

[Footnote 596: Vicenzo Camuccini (1775-1844), an Italian historical painter, Inspector-general of the Papal Museums and Keeper of the Vatican Collections.--B.]

[Footnote 597: Claude Gelée (1600-1682), known as Lorraine, after his native province. The house which he inhabited in Rome still stands at the angle of the Vie Sistina and Gregoriana. He lived in Rome from 1619 to 1625 and from 1627 to his death.--T.]

[Footnote 598: Poussin and Claude Lorraine both died in Rome: the former on the 19th of November 1665, the latter on the 21st of November 1682. Claude Lorraine was buried in the Church of Trinità-del-Monte, and an inscription was placed on his tomb by his nephews. We shall see later that Chateaubriand erected a monument to Nicolas Poussin in the Church of San-Lorenzo-in-Lucina.--B.]

[Footnote 599: Charles Président de Brosses (1709-1777), author of the _Lettres historiques et critiques écrites d'Italie_, visited Rome in 1739 and there met King James III., known also as the Pretender, Prince James Edward, Chevalier de Saint Georges.--B.]

[Footnote 600: Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, _de jure_ James III. King of England (1688-1766), retired to Rome soon after the unsuccessful rising of 1715 and spent the last fifty years of his life there.--T.]

[Footnote 601: François Rabelais (1595-1533), Curé of Meudon and author of _Gargantua and Pantagruel_, from the latter of which the extracts are taken.--T.]

[Footnote 602: Jean Cardinal du Bellay (1492-1560), Bishop of Bayonne (1526), Archbishop of Paris (1533), and a cardinal (1535). He is noted as a man of letters and the patron of Rabelais.--T.]

[Footnote 603: Hazlitt's MONTAIGNE, _Journey into Italy._--T.]

[Footnote 604: Urquhart and Motteux' RABELAIS, _Pantagruel_, Book V. chap. I.: _How Pantagruel arrived at the Ringing Island and of the noise that we heard._--T.]

[Footnote 605: Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke II. chap. XII.: _An Apologie of Raymond Sebond._--T.]

[Footnote 606: Hazlitt's MONTAIGNE, _Journey into Italy._--T.]

[Footnote 607: _Cf._ Florio's MONTAIGNE, Booke III. chap. IX.: _Of Vanitie._ "Amongst her vaine favours I have none doth so much please my fond self-pleasing conceit as an authenticke bull, charter or patent of denizenship or borgeouship of Rome, which at my last being there, was granted me by the whole Senate of that citie--garish and trimly adorned with goodly seales, and written in faire golden letters--bestowed upon me with all gracious and free liberalitie."--T.]

[Footnote 608: Hazlitt's** MONTAIGNE, _Journey into Italy._--T.]

[Footnote 609: Torquato Tasso.--T.]

[Footnote 610: Florio's MONTAIGNE: Booke II. chap. XII.: _An Apologie of Raymond Sebond._--T.]

[Footnote 611: Leonora Baroni (1611-1670), esteemed by her contemporaries one of the finest singers of the world. Milton heard her at Cardinal Barberini's concerts. She married, in 1640, Giulio Cesare Castellani, who died in 1662.--T.]

[Footnote 612: _Cf._ MILTON, _Epigrammatum: Liber VI. Ad Leonoram Romæ canentem_; VII. _Ad Eandem_; VIII. _Ad Eandem._ Milton has left no written account of his journey to Rome.--T.]

[Footnote 613: Françoise Dame de Motteville (_circa_ 1621-1689), _née_ Bertaud, married in 1639 to Nicolas Langlois, Sieur de Motteville, who died two years later. She is the author of the _Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire d'Anne d'Autriche_, first published in 1723, in which Leonora Baroni is mentioned.--T.]

[Footnote 614: Jules Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661), Prime Minister of France after the death of Richelieu.--T.]

[Footnote 615: Antoine Arnauld (1616-1698), author of some agreeable Memoirs.--B.]

[Footnote 616: Henri II. de Lorraine, fifth Duc de Guise (1614-1664), a famous general and adventurer. He took part in the Neapolitan rebellion of 1647, defeated the Spanish troops and placed himself at the head of the government. But his exploits in gallantry turned the nobles against him; they opened the gates of the town to the enemy, and the duke was captured and kept a prisoner in Spain until 1652. In 1654, he was appointed Grand Chamberlain of France.--T.]

[Footnote 617: Louis Deshayes, Baron de Courmenin (_d._ 1632), had been charged with various missions by Louis XIII. to the Levant, Denmark, Persia and Muscovy. He entered into a conspiracy against the Cardinal de Richelieu and was beheaded, at Béziers, in 1632.--T.]

[Footnote 618: Philippe Emmanuel Marquis de Coulanges (_circa_ 1631-1716), first cousin to Madame de Sévigné, whose letters to him are printed at the end of his Memoirs, first published in 1820.--T.]

[Footnote 619: Jacques Spon (1647-1685), a French Protestant physician and antiquary, visited Italy, Greece and the Levant, about 1675, and left a record of his travels, besides other works. He left France at the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685), and died soon after at Vevey.--T.]

[Footnote 620: François Maximilien Misson (_d._ 1722), another Protestant writer, took refuge in England, in 1685, and there had charge of the education of a young nobleman with whom he had been travelling in Germany and Italy. His _Nouveau voyage en Italie_ (1691-1698) is on the _Index._ A later edition (1722) is enriched with notes by Addison.--T.]

[Footnote 621: Jean Dumont, Baron von Carlskron (_circa_ 1660-1726), a distinguished publicist, travelled all over Europe. The work from which the following quotation is taken is his _Voyages en France, en Italie, en Allemagne, à Malte et en Turquie_ (1699). The Emperor of Germany made him his historiographer and a baron.--T.]

[Footnote 622: Joseph Addison (1672-1719) prepared himself for the diplomatic service by travel and study on the Continent (1699-1703). His works included a _Letter from Italy_ in verse, written as he was crossing the Alps in 1701 and published in 1703, and _Remarks on several Parts of Italy_ (1705). His tragedy of _Cato_ was also written in Italy.--T.]

[Footnote 623: Now in the Louvre in Paris.--T.]

[Footnote 624: Now in the Capitoline Museum, Rome.--T.]

[Footnote 625: Now in the Vatican.--T.]

[Footnote 626: Now in the Atrio Quadrato, leading out of the Belvedere Gallery.--T.]

[Footnote 627: _Anglicè_ in the original.--T.]

[Footnote 628: Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux (1636-1711), the famous French poet and academician (1684).--T.]

[Footnote 629: Jean Baptiste Labat (1663-1738), a Dominican friar, was sent by his Order to Martinique, in 1693, and remained stationed in the Antilles till 1705. He visited Rome in 1706. His many works include a _Voyage en Espagne et en Italie_ (1730).--T.]

[Footnote 630: The coast of Senegambia was visited, in the fourteenth century, by Dieppe and Rouen merchants, who established markets there.--T.]

[Footnote 631: PROP. I. ii.; _Ad Cynthiam_, I.--T.]

[Footnote 632: CHATEAUBRIAND, _Martyrs_, Book X.--T.]

[Footnote 633: Pauline Borghese died on the 9th of June 1825.--T.]

[Footnote 634: Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart, Prince of Wales, later Charles III., _de jure_ King of England (1720-1788), known as the Young Pretender or the Young Chevalier.--T.]

[Footnote 635: Henry Benedict Maria Clement Cardinal Duke of York, later Henry IX., _de jure_ King of England (1725-1807), created a cardinal in 1747.--T.]

[Footnote 636: 1734---T.]

[Footnote 637: Prince Charles returned to Rome after the failure of the rising of 1745; his father died in 1788.--T.]

[Footnote 638: Louise Marie Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern, _de jure_ Louise Queen of England (1753-1824), known as the Countess of Albany after Charles's death, when she secretly married the poet Alfieri, in whom she had long inspired a lively passion. Alfieri died in 1803, and Louise is said to have contracted a second _liaison_ and a third marriage with François Xavier Pascal Fabre, the French historical painter.--T.]

[Footnote 639: Charles Victor de Bonstetten (1745-1822), a celebrated Swiss philosophical writer.--T.]

[Footnote 640: The Countess of Albany was nineteen years of age when she married Prince Charles in 1772.--T.]

[Footnote 641: _Memoirs of Victor Alfieri_, Vol. II., chap. V.: _I become at length susceptible of a sincere and durable attachment._--T.]

[Footnote 642: Xavier Fabre, _supra._--T.]

[Footnote 643: Henry IX. was the last of the Stuarts in the male line. At his death the "_hereditary right_ to these realms passed to (IV.) Charles Emmanuel, sometime (1796 to 1802) King of Sardinia, he being son and heir of Victor Amadeus III., King of Sardinia (1773 to 1796), who was son and heir of Charles Emmanuel III., King of Sardinia (1730 to 1773), who was son and heir of Victor Amadeus (_of Savoy_), King of Sardinia, by Anna Maria, the only child (that left issue) of her mother, Henrietta Anne, first wife of Philip (_of Bourbon_), Duke of Orleans, the said Henrietta being the only child whose issue then (1807) remained of Charles I., King of England. This Charles Emmanuel was by _hereditary right_ KING CHARLES IV. OF ENGLAND (1807 to 1819), and died _s.p._ October 6, 1819, being succeeded by his brother (V.) Victor Emmanuel I., sometime (1802 to 1821) King of Sardinia, who by hereditary right was KING VICTOR I. OF ENGLAND (1819 to 1824). He died without male issue January 10, 1824 (the Kingdom of Sardinia having previously devolved on his distant cousin and heir male), and was succeeded as to the hereditary right to these realms by (VI.) Mary Beatrice, his eldest daughter and heir of line, wife of Francis IV., Duke of Modena, which Lady, according to such right, was QUEEN MARY II. OF ENGLAND (1824 to 1840). On her death, September 15, 1840 (VII.) Francis, her son and heir, afterwards (1846) Duke of Modena, became, according to such right, KING FRANCIS I. OF ENGLAND (1840 to 1875). He died _s.p._ November 20, 1875, and was succeeded in such right, by (VIII.) Maria Theresa, his niece and heiress, daughter and sole heir of his only brother, Ferdinand Charles Victor of Modena. This Lady, who was born July 2, 1849, and who married, February 20, 1868, Louis, Prince of Bavaria, became by such hereditary right QUEEN MARY III. OF ENGLAND in 1875, being thus 8th titular (_jure hereditario_) sovereign, just as QUEEN VICTORIA is the 8th actual (_de facto et de lege_) sovereign since the Revolution of 1688."--(Note to the _Seize Quartiers of the Kings and Queens of England_, by G. E. C.--_i.e._ G. E. COKAYNE, Clarenceux King-of-Arms. _The Genealogist_, N.S., Vol. VIII., p. 46.) Those, and they are practically the whole number of the modern Legitimists, who reckon Mary Queen of Scots as Mary II. Queen of England speak of the Princess Louis of Bavaria as Mary IV. _de jure_ Queen of England.--T.]

[Footnote 644: Henrietta Maria of France, Queen of England (1609-1669), married to King Charles I. in 1625. She finally left England for France in 1644, five years before the King's death.--T.]

[Footnote 645: Louis XV. ordered Prince Charles Edward to leave France after the failure of the Forty-five.--T.]