Chapter XXIX: Introduction (5)

Palms have tall, columnar trunks without branches, but with crowns of large leaves at their summits. Their forms and proportions are often magnificent. The wood is soft, light, more or less porous, difficult to work, and not strong. The shapes of trunks sometimes cause them to be locally prized for piles, while the porous qualities of the wood are such as to repel teredo.[112] There are many by-products, as fruit, nuts, oil, etc. The rattan or cane palms of India and the Malayan Islands sometimes grow to a height of two hundred feet and are imported into Europe and America for chair-bottoms and the like.

Sudworth[113] enumerates the following as attaining to the dignity of trees in the United States:

Cabbage Palmetto (_Sabal palmetto_). Silvertop Palmetto (_Thrinax microcarpa_). Silktop Palmetto (_Thrinax parviflora_). Mexican palmetto (_Sabal mexicana_). Sargent Palm (_Pseudoph[oe]nix sargentii_). Fanleaf Palm (_Washingtonia filifera_). Royal Palm (_Oredoya regia_).

[p186]

FOOTNOTES

[Footnote 111: Coulter, "Plants," p. 241.]

[Footnote 112: "Marine Wood Borers," Snow Trans. Am. Soc. C. E., Vol. XL, pp. 195 and 204.]

[Footnote 113: "Check List," U. S. Forestry Bul. No. 17.]

A. L. Wallace, "Palm Trees of Amazon and their Uses," London, 1853.

CABBAGE PALMETTO. _Sabal palmetto Walt._

Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)

Cabbage Palmetto, Palmetto (N. C., S. C.).

Cabbage Tree (Miss., Fla.).

Tree Palmetto (La.).

Locality.

Southern Atlantic and Gulf coast, United States (intermittently).

Features of Tree.

Medium size, thirty to forty feet in height, one to two and one-half feet in diameter.

Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.

Light-brown tint. Characteristic coarse fibre arrangement.

Structural Qualities of Wood.

Light, soft, difficult to work; durable in marine work; repels teredo.

Representative Uses of Wood.

Piles, wharf work, etc.

Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.

27.

Modulus of Elasticity.

Modulus of Rupture.

Remarks.

Scrubbing-brush "bristles" are made in considerable quantities in Florida from the sheath of young leaves. The inner part of young plants is edible. It is said (N. Y. _Evening Post_, April 20, 1901) that paper is being manufactured from the leaves of the Palmetto. [p187]

WASHINGTON PALM. FANLEAF PALM. _Washingtonia filifera Wendl._ _Neowashingtonia filamentosa Wendl._

Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)

Fanleaf Palm, Washington Palm, Desert Palm (Cal.).

California Fan Palm, Arizona Palm, Wild Date (Cal.).

Locality.

California.

Features of Tree.

Thirty to sixty feet in height, one and one-half to three feet in diameter. Fan-shaped leaves rising yet farther in tuft from summit; edible fruit.

Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.

Light greenish yellow to dark red, conspicuous grain.

Structural Qualities of Wood.

Soft, light, shrinks in seasoning, difficult to work.

Representative Uses of Wood.

Ornamental purposes.

Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.

32.

Modulus of Elasticity.

Modulus of Rupture.

Remarks.

The largest of the United States Palms. Much used for landscape effects in California. [p188]

YUCCA. (_Yucca_.)

The eighteen species constituting this genus are all American. Twelve of them are found in the southern and western United States, and eight of these are mentioned by Sudworth[114] as arborescent. Several of the Yuccas are cultivated because of their beautiful lily-like flowers. The Tree Yucca or Joshua-tree affords wood.

This last named species produces a short stout trunk, peculiar in that it is covered by thick bark. The soft, spongy wood is sometimes sawn into lumber, made into souvenirs and lately into artificial limbs. An attempt to manufacture it into paper-pulp[115] is said to have failed because of high cost made necessary by the remote position of the industry. Hough notes[116] that trees are sometimes attacked by borers that impregnate the walls of their tunnels with hardening antiseptic solutions, causing such parts to remain after the disappearance of the others. And that these parts are described as "petrified wood," and are prized for fuel since they burn with "little smoke and great heat."

The eight species noted by Sudworth are as follows:

Yucca arborescens (Joshua tree). Yucca treculeana (Spanish Bayonet). Yucca gloriosa (Spanish Dagger). Yucca mohavensis (Mohave Yucca). Yucca aloifolia (Aloë-leaf Yucca). Yucca macrocarpa (Broadfruit Yucca). Yucca brevifolia (Schott Yucca). Yucca constricta.

[p189]

FOOTNOTES

[Footnote 114: "Check List," U. S. Forestry Bul. No. 17.]

[Footnote 115: South of Mohave Desert in California about twenty years ago.]

[Footnote 116: American Woods, Part VII, p. 57.]

JOSHUA-TREE, YUCCA. _Yucca brevifolia Engel._ _Yucca arborescens Torr._

Nomenclature. (Sudworth.)

Joshua-tree, The Joshua, Yucca, Yucca Tree (Utah, Ariz., N. M., Cal.).

Yucca Cactus (Cal.).

Locality.

Central and lower Rocky Mountain region.

Features of Tree.

Twenty-five to forty feet in height, six inches to two feet in diameter.

Thick outer cover or bark.[117]

Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.

Light brown to white, porous grain.

Structural Qualities of Wood.

Light, soft, spongy, flexible in thin sheets.

Representative Uses of Wood.

Paper-pulp, souvenirs, boxes, book covers, and other small articles.

Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.

23.

Modulus of Elasticity.

Modulus of Rupture.

Remarks.

Bark is unusual in the case of endogenous trees. Arborescens refers to fact that _it_ is a tree. [p190]

FOOTNOTE

[Footnote 117: See paragraph Bark, Endogenous Trees, page 55.]

BAMBOO. (_Bambusæ_.)

The bamboos are giant members of a group (grasses[118]), the other individuals of which, while widely distributed, valued, and very numerous, are for the most part insignificant as to bulk, height, and structural characteristics. The canes and bamboos are exceptions in that they form what may well be called forests, and produce woods used in construction. The Bamboos (_Bambusæ_), including about twenty genera and two hundred species,[119] are distributed unevenly over the tropical zone.

The bamboo plant with its numerous stalks and delicate foliage resembles a plume of giant ostrich feathers. The stems attain heights of seventy feet and diameters of four and six inches (see Fig. 3 plate). Knots or joints are at first close together, but are later one or two feet apart. Growth is surprisingly rapid. A Philippine specimen, which when measured was eighteen inches high and four inches in diameter, grew two feet in three days.[120] Florida stalks have reached heights of seventy-two feet in a single season.[121] The plants are apt to take complete possession of the ground on which they grow. Those who use bamboo value it highly. It is employed entire or else split into segments. Some can be [p191] opened and flattened into rough boards, splitting everywhere but holding together.[122] For vessels it is cut off with reference to the partitions. The subject is thus summarized by Dr. Martin:[123] "The Chinese make masts of it for their small junks, and twist it into cables for their larger ones. They weave it into matting for floors, and make it into rafters for roofs. They sit at table on bamboo chairs, eat shoots of bamboo with bamboo chop-sticks. The musician blows a bamboo flute, and the watchman beats a bamboo rattle. Criminals are confined in a bamboo cage and beaten with bamboo rods. Paper is made of bamboo fibre, and pencils of a joint of bamboo in which is inserted a tuft of goat's hair."

The manipulation of this valuable material is not yet understood in America. Prof. Johnson notes[124] that the wood of "bamboo is just twice as strong as the strongest wood in cross-bending, weight for weight, when the wood is taken in specimens, with a square and solid cross-section." Dr. Fernow considers the bamboo worthy of extensive trial throughout the Gulf region.[125] [p192]

FOOTNOTES

[Footnote 118: Grasses, "one of the largest and probably one of the most useful groups of plants. . . . If grass-like sedges be associated, . . . there are about 6000 species, representing nearly one third of the Monocotyledons." (Coulter, "Plants," pp. 240-241.) The various pasture-grasses, cereals, and sugar-canes are here included. Bamboos and canes are distinct in that they afford structural materials.]

[Footnote 119: B. E. Fernow notes (p. 29, Forestry Bulletin No. 11): "In addition to the genus bambusa, the genera Arundinaria, Arundo, Dendrocalamus, and Guadua are the most important." All of tribe Bambusae.]

[Footnote 120: Frederic H. Sawyer. Memb. Inst. C. E., "Inhabitants of the Philippines," Chas. Scribner's Sons. 1900 (p. 5).]

[Footnote 121: Page 29, U. S. Forestry Bulletin No. 11.]

[Footnote 122: Prof. Isaac F. Holton, "New Granada," Harper Bros., New York, 1857 (p. 109).]

[Footnote 123: "Cycle of Cathay," Fleming H. Revell Co., 1899 (p. 172).]

[Footnote 124: Materials of Construction, 1897, p. 689.]

[Footnote 125: Henry G. Hubbard, U. S. Forestry Bulletin No. 11, A. B. Mitford.]

"The Bamboo Garden," Macmillan, 1896. Kurz, "Bamboo and its Uses," Calcutta, 1876.

"Bamboo as substitute for Wood," Fernow, p. 203, 6th Annual Report.

BAMBOO. _Bambusa vulgaris._

Nomenclature.

Bamboo local and common name.

Locality.

Florida (acclimated).

Features of Tree.

Seventy-five feet in height, four to six inches in diameter. Delicate branches and leaves. Greenish glazed jointed stem, extensive roots.

Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood.

Yellowish brown, conspicuously fibrous, moderately thin walls, central canal broken by joints.

Structural Qualities of Wood.

Light, elastic, works easily.

Representative Uses of Wood.

Posts, poles, utensils, troughs, pipes, roofing, paper.

Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot.

Variable.

Modulus of Elasticity.

2,380,000 (Johnson's "Materials of Construction," p. 689).

Modulus of Rupture.

27,400 (Johnson's "Materials of Construction," p. 689).

Remarks.

[p193]

INDEX.

PAGE
A

_Abies_, 149, 156
_balsamea_, 156, 157
_concolor_, 136, 156, 159
_grandis_, 156, 158
_magnifica_, 160
_nobilis_, 161
_taxifolia_, 154

Acacia, 77
False, 78
Three-thorned, 78

_Acer_, 40
_dasycarpum_, 43
_macrophyllum_, 45
_negundo_, 46
_pseudo-platanus_, 40, 65
_rubrum_, 44
_saccharinum_, 43
_saccharum_, 42

_Æsculus_, 96
_flava_, 98
_glabra_, 97
_hippocastanum_, 96, 97
_octandra_, 98

Alburnum, 7

Algaroba, 79

Alligator-wood, 100

Apple, 27

Apple-tree (Osage), 113

Arborvitæ, 168, 171, 172
Giant, 172
Pacific, 175

_Arbutus_, 108
_menziesii_, 108, 110

_Arundinaria_, 190

_Arundo_, 190

Ash, 27, 29, 33
American, 29
Black, 28, 29, 32, 46
Blue, 31, 33
Brown, 30
Cane, 29
Green, 27, 33
Hoop, 32
Mountain, 27
Oregon, 34
Prickly, 27
Red, 30
River, 30
Second-growth, 28
Swamp, 32, 33
Stinking, 46
Sugar, 46
Water, 32, 33, 46
White, 27, 29, 33
Yellow, 27

Aspen, 81
Large American, 83
Quaking, 83

B

Balluck, 128

Balm, 85

Balm of Gilead, 157
Fir, 157

Balsam, 157
Canada, 157
He, 150
White, 159

Balsam Fir, 136

Balsam Tree, 159

Bamboo, 190, 192

_Bambusæ_, 190
_vulgaris_, 192

Bass, 81

Basswood, 80, 87
White, 87
Yellow, 87

Bast, 87

Bay Rose, 108

Bay Tree, 109
California, 109

Bayonet, Spanish, 188

Baywood, 120

Beech, 60, 62
Blue, 60, 63
Red, 62
Ridge, 62
Water, 63
White, 62

Bee-tree, 81, 87

_Betula_, 68
_lenta_, 74, 111
_lutea_, 73
_nigra_, 72
_papyrifera_, 71
_populifolia_, 70

Big-bud, 54

Big Tree, 161, 180, 182
California, 180, 182

Birch, 68, 72
Black, 72, 74
Blue, 72
Canoe, 71
Cherry, 111
Gray, 70, 73
Large White, 71
Mahogany, 74
Oldfield, 70
Paper, 71
Poplar-leaved, 70
Poverty, 70
Red, 72
River, 72, 74
Silver, 71, 73
Small White, 70
Swamp, 73
Sweet, 74, 111
Water, 72
White, 70, 71

Bitternut, 53

Blisted, 100

Blue Lin, 86

Boc, 60

Bodark, 113

Bodock, 113

Bois Puant, 91

Bois D'Arc, 111, 113

Bok, 60

Boleau, 71

Botanical Name, 1

Bow-wood, 113

Boxelder, 46

Boxwood, 103, 106, 108
New England, 106

Box, False (Dogwood), 106

BROADLEAF TREES, 10
WOODS, 10

Buche, 60

Buckeye, 96, 97, 98
Big, 98
Fetid, 97
Large, 98
Ohio, 97
Stinking, 97
Sweet, 98
Yellow, 98

Bullnut, 54

_Bumelia_, 61
_tenax_, 61
_lycioides_, 61

Burl, 47

Buttonball, 66, 67

Buttonball tree, 66, 67

Buttonwood, 66, 67

C

Canoewood, 82

_Carpinus_, 60
_caroliniana_, 60, 63

_Carya_, 51
_alba_, 52
_olivæformis_, 55
_porcina_, 53
_tomentosa_, 54

_Castanea_, 56
_dentata_, 58
_pumila_, 56, 59
_vesca_, 58
_vesca var. americana_, 58
_vulgaris var. americana_, 58

_Castanopsis chrysopylla_, 57, 59

Catalpa, 90, 91, 92

_Catalpa_, 90
_bignonioides_, 92
_catalpa_, 92
_speciosa_, 91

Catawba, 92

Catawba Tree, 92

Cajeput, 109

Calico Bush, 108

Cedar, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172
Atlantic Red, 171
Bastard, 176
California Post, 177
California White, 177
Canoe, 168, 172
Cuban, 122
Giant, 172
Giant Red, 172
Incense, 168, 176
Lebanon, 167
Mexican, 122
Oregon, 174
Pacific Red, 172
Pencil, 169
Port Orford, 168, 174
Post, 173, 176
Red, 167, 168, 169, 172, 176
Southern, 169
Spanish, 119, 122, 168
Swamp, 173
Western, 170, 172
Western Red, 169, 170
White, 167, 168, 171, 173, 174, 176
Yellow, 168, 170, 175

_Cedrela_, 118
_australis_, 122
_odorata_, 122
_toona_, 122

_Cedrus_, 167
_libani_, 167

Cell Structures, 2

Census U. S. Experiments, 4

_Cercocarpus breviflorus_, 118
_ledifolius_, 118
_parvifolius_, 118

_Chamæcyparis_, 167, 177
_lawsoniana_, 168, 174
_nootkatensis_, 175
_nutkænsis_, 168, 175
_thyoides_, 168, 173

Chêne étoilé, 16

Chêne Vert, 23

Cherry, 111, 114
Black, 114
Choke, 114
Rum, 114
Whisky, 114
Wild, 111, 114
Wild Black, 111, 114

Cherry Birch, 74

Chestnut, 56, 58
Horse Chestnut, 96, 97

Chinquapin, 56, 59

Cigar-tree, 91, 92
Indian, 92

_Cladrastis lutea_, 27

_Cliftonia monophylla_, 61

Coefficients, 3

Conifers, 9, 129

Coniferous Trees, 129

Coniferous Woods, 129

Confederate Pintree, 78

Cornel, 106
Flowering, 106

_Cornus_, 103
_florida_, 106

Cotton Tree, 84

Cottonwood, 80, 84, 85
Balm, 85
Balsam, 85
Big, 84
Black, 85
Broadleaved, 84
Yellow, 84

Crab Apple, 27

Cross-section, 8

Cucumber, 86

Cucumber-tree, 80, 82, 86

_Cupressus_, 177

_Cupressus goveniana_, 177
_macrocarpa_, 177

Cypress, 167, 177, 179
American, 179
Bald, 178, 179
Black, 179
Deciduous, 179
Gowan, 177
Monterey, 177
Red, 179
Southern, 179
Swamp, 179
White, 179

D

Dagger, Spanish, 188

_Dammara australis_, 146, 147

Date Plum, 112

Date, Wild, 187

Deal, 145, 149

Deciduous Trees, 7

Deciduous Woods, 7

_Dendrocalamus_, 190

DICOTYLEDONS, 6, 7

_Diospyros_, 111
_virginiana_, 111, 112

Dogwood, 103, 106
Flowering, 106

Douglas Tree, 155

Duramen, 7

E

Ebony, 111

_Ebenaceæ_, 111

Elm, 35, 36, 39
American, 36
Cliff, 37
Cork, 37, 39
Hickory, 37
Moose, 38
Mountain, 39
Red, 38, 39
Redwooded, 38
Rock, 37, 38
Slippery, 38
Small-leaved, 39
Wahoo, 39
Water, 36, 39
White, 36, 37
Wing, 39
Winged, 39
Witch, 39

Encena, 24

ENDOGENS, 6, 183

ENDOGENOUS TREES, 6, 183

ENDOGENOUS WOODS, 6, 183

Evergreen, 9, 129

Evergreen Trees, 9, 129

Evergreen Woods, 9, 129

_Eucalyptus_, 123
_colossea_, 126
_diversicolor_, 123, 126
_globulus_, 123, 128
_gomphocephala_, 123, 127

_Eucalyptus marginata_, 123, 125

EXOGENS, 7

EXOGENOUS TREES, 7

EXOGENOUS WOODS, 7

_Exothea paniculata_, 61

F

_Fagus_, 60
_atropunicea_, 62
_ferruginea_, 62

False Box, 106

Feather-cone, 161

Fever Tree, 128

Fibre, 2

_Ficus sycamorus_, 65

Fig-tree, 65

Fir, 149, 155, 156
Balsam, 136, 156, 157, 159
California Red, 160
California Red-bark, 160
California White, 159
Colorado White, 159
Concolor White, 159
Dantzic, 145
Douglas, 155
Feather-cone, 161
Golden, 160
Great Silver, 158
Lowland, 158
Magnificent, 160
Memel, 145
Noble, 161
Noble Red, 161
Noble Silver, 161
Northern, 145
Oregon White, 158
Prince Albert's, 163
Red, 155, 160, 161
Rigi, 145
Scots, 145
Scottish, 145
Shasta, 160
Silver, 156, 158, 159
Stettin, 145
Swedish, 145
Tree, 157
Western Hemlock, 163
Western White, 158
White, 156, 158, 159
Yellow, 158

Forestry Division Experiments, 4

_Fraxinus_, 27
_americana_, 29
_lanceolata_, 27, 33
_nigra_, 32
_oregona_, 34
_pubescens_, 30
_pennsylvanica_, 30
_quadrangulata_, 31
_sambucifolia_, 32
_viridis_, 33

G

Gallic Acid, 12

Generic Name, 1

_Gleditsia_, 75
_triacanthos_, 75, 78

Gopher Wood, 27

Gum, 99, 100, 101
Black, 101, 160
Blue, 123, 128
Cotton, 102
Kauri, 147
Mahogany, 125
Red, 100
Satin, 100
Sour, 99, 101, 102
Star-leaved, 100
Sweet, 99, 100
Tree, 100, 123
Tupelo, 101, 102
Walnut, 100
White, 126, 127
Yellow (Gum) Tree, 101

Great Laurel, 106, 108

Greenheart, 115, 117

_Gaujacum_, 103
_arborium_, 107
_officinale_, 104, 107
_sanctum_, 61, 104, 107

_Guadua_, 190

H

Hackmatack, 165, 166

Hardhack, 64

Hardshell, 53

HARDWOODS, 9, 10

Heartwood, 7

He Balsam, 150

Hedge, 113

Hedge-plant, 113

Hemlock, 149, 162, 163
Carolina, 163
Southern, 163
Western, 163

_Hicoria_, 51
_alba_, 54
_glabra_, 53
_ovata_, 52
_pecan_, 55

Hickory, 51, 54
Black, 53, 54
Brown, 53
Common, 54
Hardbark, 54
(Hickory Nuts), 51, 52, 54
Hognut, 54
Mockernut, 54
Pecan, 55
Pignut, 53
Red, 53, 54
Scalybark, 52
Second-growth, 51
Shagbark, 52
Shellbark, 52
Switch-bud, 53
Upland, 52
White, 52, 53, 54

Holly, 103, 105
American, 105
White, 105

Honey, 78

Honey Pod, 79

Honey Shucks, 78

Hornbeam, 60, 63, 64

Horse Chestnut, 96, 97

I

_Ilex_, 103
_opaca_, 103, 105
_aquifolium_, 103

Indian Cigar Tree, 92

Indian-bean, 91, 92

Iron-bark, 123

Ironwood, 60, 63, 64, 79, 107

J

Jarrah, 123, 125

Joshua (The), 189
Tree, 188, 189

_Juglans_, 47
_cinerea_, 48, 50
_nigra_, 49
_regia_, 47, 49

Juniper, 165, 167, 169, 170, 176
Red, 169
Western, 170

Juniper Bush, 169

_Juniperus_, 167
_barbadensis_, 167, 168, 169
_occidentalis_, 167, 168, 170
_scopulorum_, 167, 168, 169
_virginiana_, 167, 168, 169

K

_Kalmia latifolia_, 108

Karri, 123, 126

Kauri Gum, 146, 147

Kauri Pine, 146, 147

L

Lanza Experiments, 5

Larch, 161, 164, 165
American, 165
American Western, 166
Black, 165
Great Western, 166
Red, 165
Tamarack, 166
Western, 166

_Larix_, 164
_americana_, 164, 165
_laricina_, 165
_occidentalis_, 164, 166

Laurel, 106, 108, 109, 110
Big, 108
California, 109
Great, 106, 108
Madroña, 108, 110
Mountain, 108, 109

Laurelwood, 110

Lazlett Experiments, 5

Leverwood, 64

_Libocedrus_, 167, 168
_decurrens_, 168, 176

Lignumvitæ, 103, 107

Lime, 81

Lime Tree, 81, 87
Black, 87
Smooth-leaved, 87

Linn, 87

Lin, Black, 86

Lind, 81
White, 87

Linden, 81, 87
American, 87

_Liriodendron_, 80
_tulipifera_, 80, 82

Liquidamber, 99, 100

_Liquidamber_, 99
_styraciflua_, 99, 100

Locust, 75, 77, 78
Black, 75, 77, 78
Green, 77
Honey, 75, 77, 78, 79
Honey Shucks, 78
Pea Flower, 77
Post, 77
Red, 77
Screw Pod, 76
Sweet, 78
Thorn, 78
Thorny, 78
White, 77
Yellow, 77

M

_Maclura_, 111
_aurantiaca_, 111, 113

Madeira, 120

Madroña, 108, 110

Madrone Tree, 110

Madrove, 110

Magnolia, 108
Mountain, 86

_Magnolia_, 80, 108
_grandiflora_, 108
_acuminata_, 86

Mahogany, 118, 120
African, 118, 120
American, 118, 120
Cuban, 118, 120
Honduras, 118, 120
Indian, 118
Mexican, 118, 120
Mountain, 74, 118
San Domingan, 118, 120
Spanish, 118, 120
White, 50, 119, 121

Mammoth Trees, 180, 182

Manzanita, 110

Maple, 40, 45
Ash-leaved, 46
Bird's-eye, 40, 42
Black, 42
Blister, 40, 42
Broad-leaved, 45
Curly, 40, 42, 43, 44
Cut-leaved, 46
Hard, 42
(Maple Keys), 41
Negundo, 41, 46
Oregon, 45
Red, 44
Red River, 46
River, 43
Rock, 42
Silver, 43
Soft, 43, 44
Swamp, 43, 44
Sugar (Sugar Maple), 42
(Maple Sugar), 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 50
Water, 43, 44
White, 43, 44
Three-leaved, 46

Medullary Rays, 8

Merisier, 73

Mesquite, 75, 79
Rouge, 73

Mockernut, 54

Mock Orange, 113

Modulii, 3

MONOCOTYLEDONS, 6, 185

_Morus_, 93
_alba_, 93

_Morus, nigra_, 93
_rubra_, 93, 95

Mulberry, 93, 95
Black, 93, 95
Red, 93, 95
Russian, 93
White, 93

Mulberry-tree, Virginia, 95

Murier Sauvage, 95

Myrtle Tree, 109

N

Naval Stores, 132

_Nectandra_, 115
_rodiali_, 115, 117

Needleleaf Conifers, 9, 129
Trees, 9, 129
Woods, 9, 129

_Negundo aceroides_, 46

_Neowashingtonia filamentosa_, 187

Noble Silver Fir, 161

_Nyssa_, 99
_aquatica_, 102
_sylvatica_, 99, 101

O

Oak, 11
African, 116
Basket, 14
Black, 12, 19, 22
Box, 16
Box White, 16
Brash, 16
British, 11, 26
Bur, 12, 17
California Live, 12, 24
California Post, 18
Canyon, 25
Canyon Live, 25
Chêne étoilé, 16
Chêne Vert, 23
Chestnut, 12, 15, 26
Coast Live, 24
Common, 26
Cow, 12, 14
Dantzic, 26
Durmast, 26
Dyer's, 22
Encina, 24
English, 11, 26
Evergreen, 24
Highland, 25
Indian, 115, 116
Iron, 16, 25
Live, 11, 12, 23, 24, 25
Maul, 25
Mossycup, 17
Mossycup White, 17
Mountain, 15
Oregon White, 18
Overcup, 16, 17
Pacific Post, 12, 18
Pin, 12, 20
Post, 12, 16
Quercitron, 22
Red, 12, 19, 21, 26
Rigi, 26
Rock, 15
Rock Chestnut, 15
Scrub, 17
Spanish, 12, 19, 21
Spotted, 22
Stave, 13
Swamp, 20
Swamp Chestnut, 14, 15
Swamp Spanish, 20
Swamp White, 14
Tanbark, 15, 22
Water, 20
Water Spanish, 20
Western White, 18
White, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18
Valparaiso, 25
Yellow, 12, 22
Yellowbark, 22

Oil Nut, 50

_Oldfieldia africana_, 115, 116

Olive California, 109

Olivetree, 102
Wild, 102

_Olneya tesota_, 61

Orange, Mock, 113

Oreodaphne, 109

_Oredoya regia_, 185

Osage, 111, 113

Osage Apple Tree, 113

Osage Orange, 111, 113

_Ostrya_, 60
_virginiana_, 60, 64

P

Palm, 185
California Fan, 187
Desert, 187
Fanleaf, 185, 187
Royal, 185
Sargent, 185
Washington, 187

PALMACEA, 85

Palmetto, 186
Cabbage, 185, 186
Mexican, 185
Silvertop, 185
Silktop, 185
Tree, 186

Papyrus, 60

Peaflower (Locust), 77

Pear, 27
Wild, 101

Pecan, 55
Nut, 55
Tree, 55

Pecanier, 51

Pepperidge, 101

Persimmon, 111, 112
Black, 106
Mexican, 106

_Picea_, 148, 149
_alba_, 148, 151
_canadensis_, 151
_excelsa_, 148
_engelmanni_, 148, 152
_mariana_, 150
_nigra_, 148, 150
_rubens_, 150
_sitchensis_, 153

Pignut, 53

Pine, 130, 135, 149, 151
Alaska, 163
Bastard, 139, 141, 159
Big, 136, 142
Black, 141, 144
Black Norway, 144
Black Slash, 141
Blister, 157
Brown, 138
Bull, 135, 140, 141, 143
Canadian Red, 143
Carolina, 140
Common Yellow, 140
Cornstalk, 141
Cowdie, 147
Cuban, 132, 133, 139
Dantzic, 133, 145
Douglas, 154, 155
European, 133, 145
Fat, 138, 144
Finger Cone, 137
Fir, 157
Florida, 138
Florida Longleaved, 138
Florida Yellow, 138
Foothills Yellow, 142
Foxtail, 141
Frankincense, 141
Georgia, 138
Georgia Heart, 138
Georgia Longleaved, 138
Georgia Pitch, 138
Georgia Yellow, 138
Gigantic, 136
Ginger, 174
Great Sugar, 136
Hard, 133, 139, 140, 143, 144
Heart, 138
Heavy, 142
Heavy-wooded, 142
Indian, 141
Kauri, 146, 147
Little Sugar, 136, 137
Loblolly, 133, 141
Longleaf, 133, 138, 139
Longleaved, 142, 144
Longleaved Pitch, 138
Longleaved Yellow, 138
Longshat, 141
Longshucks, 141
Longstraw, 138, 141
Meadow, 139, 141
Montana Black, 142
Mountain, 137
Mountain Weymouth, 137
Northern, 133, 134, 145
North Carolina, 140
North Carolina Pitch, 138
North Carolina Yellow, 140
Norway, 143
Oldfield, 140, 141
Oregon, 154, 155
Pitch, 133, 138, 139, 140, 142, 144
Poor, 140
Puget Sound, 155
Pumpkin, 134
Red, 142, 143, 155
Rigid, 144
Rocky Mountain White, 135
Sap, 141, 144
Scotch, 145
Shade, 136
She, 139
She Pitch, 139
Shortleaf, 133, 140, 141
Shortleaved Yellow, 140
Shortshat, 140
Silver, 157
Slash, 139, 140, 141
Soft, 130, 131, 134, 137
Southern, 133, 138
Southern Hard, 138
Southern Heart, 138
Southern Pitch, 138
Southern Yellow, 138, 142
Spruce, 134, 140, 141, 163
Swamp, 139, 141
Texas Longleaved, 138
Texas Yellow, 138
Torch, 141
Turpentine, 138
Virginia, 141
Virginia Yellow, 140
Western Pitch, 142
Western White, 131, 135, 137
Western Yellow, 142
Weymouth, 133, 134
White, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137
Yellow, 133, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144

Pintree, Confederate, 78

_Pinus_, 130, 149
_echinata_, 132, 133, 140
_flexilis_, 131, 135
_heterophylla_, 132, 133, 139
_lambertiana_, 131, 136
_mitis_, 132, 140
_monticola_, 137
_palustris_, 132, 133, 138, 139
_ponderosa_, 142
_resinosa_, 143
_rigida_, 144
_strobus_, 131, 134
_sylvestris_, 145
_tæda_, 132, 133, 141

Piquant armourette, 78

Pith cavity, 7

Pith Ray, 2, 8

Plane Tree, 65, 66

Platane Cotonier, 66

_Platanus_, 65
_occidentalis_, 65, 66
_orientalis_, 65
_racemosa_, 65, 67

Plaqueminier, 112

Plum, Date, 112

Poplar, 80, 82, 83, 157
Blue, 82
Hickory, 82
Large, 83
Large Toothed, 83
Necklace, 84
Tulip, 80, 82
White, 83
Yellow, 82

Popple, 82, 83

_Populus_, 80
_balsamifera_, 157
_deltoides_, 84
_grandidentata_, 83
_monilifera_, 84
_tremuloides_, 81, 83
_trichocarpa_, 85

Powcohicora, 51

Possumwood, 122

Prima vera, 119, 121

_Prosopis_, 75
_juliflora_, 61, 79
_odorata_, 76

_Prunus_, 111
_serotina_, 111, 114

_Pseudophoenix sargentii_, 185

_Pseudotsuga_, 154
_douglasii_, 156
_taxifolia_, 155

_Pyrus_, 28
_americana_, 28
_ancuparia_, 28
_communis_, 28
_coronaria_, 28
_malus_, 28
_sambucifolia_, 28
_vulgaris_, 28

Q

Quarter Sawing, 9

Quercitron, 22

_Quercus_, 11
_agrifolia_, 12, 24
_alba_, 12, 13
_chrysolepis_, 12, 25
_digitata_, 12, 21
_falcata_, 21
_garryana_, 12, 18
_macrocarpa_, 12, 17
_michauxii_, 12, 14
_minor_, 12, 16
_obtusiloba_, 16
_palustris_, 12, 20
_prinus_, 12, 15
_robur_, 12
_robur var. sessiliflora_, 12, 26
_robur var. pedunculata_, 12, 26
_rubra_, 12, 19
_tinctoria_, 22
_velutina_, 12, 22
_virens_, 23
_virginiana_, 12, 23
_wislizeni_, 25

Quince, 27

R

Radial Section, 8

Red Flower, 44

Redwoood, 120, 145, 180, 182
California, 182
Coast, 182
Giant, 182

Resin, 132

Resin ducts, 2, 10

_Rhododendron maximum_, 106, 108

_Rhus integrifolia_, 118

_Robinia_, 75
_pseudacacia_, 75, 77

Rose Bay, 108

Rotary Cut, 9

Rowan Tree, 27

S

_Sabal mexicana_, 185
_palmetto_, 185, 186

Salicylic Acid, 74, 88

_Salix_, 88
_alba_, 88
_babylonica_, 88
_caprea_, 88
_fragilis_, 88
_nigra_, 89
_russeliana_, 88

Sapwood, 7

Sargent (Prof. C. S.) Experiments, 4

Sassafac, 94

Sassafrac, 94

Sassafras, 93, 94
Californian, 109

_Sassafras_, 93
_officinale_, 94
_sassafras_, 94

Savin, 169

Saxifrax, 94
Tree, 94

_Schæfferia frutescens_, 106

Sequoia, 183

_Sequoia_, 180
_gigantea_, 182
_sempervirens_, 180, 182
_washingtoniana_, 180, 182

Shagbark, 52

Sharpless (J. P.) Experiments, 4

Shawneewood, 91

Shellbark, 52

Shinglewood, 172

Simmon, 112

Smoking-bean, 92

SOFT WOODS, 9, 129

_Sorbus_ (see _Pyrus_), 28

_Soymida_, 118
_febrifuga_, 118

Spanish Bayonet, 188

Spanish Dagger, 188

Species, 2

Specific Gravity, 4

Specific Name, 2

Spice-tree, 109

Spruce, 148, 149, 150, 154, 155, 163
Black, 148, 150
Blue, 150
Bog, 151
California Hemlock Spruce, 163
Cat, 151
Cork-barked Douglas, 155
Double, 150, 151
Douglas, 154, 155
Engelmann, 152
Great Tideland, 153
He Balsam, 150
Hemlock, 163
Menzies', 153
Mountain, 152
Red, 150
Single, 157
Sitka, 153
Skunk, 151
Water, 150
Western, 153
White, 150, 152

Stinkwood, 101

Strength of Woods, 3

Stringy-bark, 123

Sugar, 41, 42, 44, 46, 50

Sugar Tree, 42

_Swietenia_, 118
_mahagoni_, 118, 120

Sycamore, 40, 65, 66, 67
California, 67

T

_Tabeuia Donnell-Smithii_, 121

Tamarack, 164, 165, 166
Western, 166

Tanbark, 2

Tangential Section, 8

Tar, 132

_Taxodium_, 177
_distichum_, 178

Teak, 115, 116
African, 115
Indian, 115

Teek, 116

_Tectona grandis_, 115, 116

Tewart, 127

Thorn, 78

_Thrinax microcarpa_, 185
_parviflora_, 185

_Thuya_, 167
_gigantea_, 168, 172
_occidentalis_, 168, 171
_plicata_, 172

Tiel, 81

Tiel-tree, 81

_Tilia_, 80
_americana_, 87
_heterophylla_, 87

Tooart, 127

Toothache Tree, 27

_Toxylon pomiferum_, 113

Tracheid, 2

_Tsuga_, 149, 162
_canadensis_, 163
_caroliniana_, 163
_heterophylla_, 163

Tree, 1

Tree Yucca, 188

Tuart, 123, 127

Tulip-tree, 80, 82

Tupelo, 101, 102
Large, 102
Swamp, 102

Turpentine, 132

U

_Ulmus_, 35
_americana_, 36
_alata_, 39
_fulva_, 38
_racemosa_, 37
_pubescens_, 38

_Umbellularia californica_, 108, 109

U. S. Census Experiments, 4

U. S. Forestry Division Experiments, 4

V

Veneer, 42, 47, 119

Vessel, 2

Vitæ, 171

W

Wahoo, 39

Whahoo, 39

Walnut, 47, 49, 50, 52
Black, 47, 49
English, 47, 49
Persian, 47, 49
Royal, 47, 49
Shagbark, 52
Sweet, 52
White, 50

_Washingtonia filifera_, 185, 187

Watertown Arsenal Experiments, 4

Weights of Woods, 3

White Mahogany, 50

Whitewood, 80, 82, 84, 87

Wickup, 87

Wild Date, 187

Wild Olive Tree, 102

Wild Pear Tree, 101

Willow, 88, 89
Bedford, 88
Black, 89
Crack, 88
Goat, 88
Swamp, 89
Weeping, 88
White, 88

X

_Xanthoxylum americana_, 27
_clava-herculis_, 27

Y

Yellowbark, 22

Yellow Gum Tree, 101

Yellowwood, 106, 113, 145

Yucca, 184, 188, 189
Aloe-leaf, 188
Broadfruit, 188
Cactus, 189
Mohave, 188
Schott, 188
Tree, 188, 189

_Yucca_, 188, 189
_aloifolia_, 188
_arborescens_, 188, 189
_brevifolia_, 188, 189
_constricta_, 188
_gloriosa_, 188
_macrocarpa_, 188
_mohavensis_, 188
_treculeana_, 188

* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Original spelling and grammar have usually been retained.

Each footnote has been moved from the bottom of a page to the end of its section.

Illustrations have been moved from within paragraphs to nearby locations between paragraphs.

Plates were originally printed on unnumbered pages and followed by a blank page.

Pages 26 and 116: the name "Laslett", retained, probably refers to "Lazlett".

Page 35: Some paragraphs of the original printed book appear to be footnotes, but lack an anchor in the text. For example, the one on page 35 is likely a general reference for the Genus Ulmus (Elm). Pages 123-124 contain a particularly interesting example. This Chapter on Eucalyptus contains five footnote paragraphs. The third and fifth are not anchored. It may be that either: (1) the third paragraph was meant to be part of the second footnote, or (2) the third paragraph was meant to be a general reference for Eucalyptus, or (3) the anchor for the third paragraph was simply not printed due to typographical error. Since such ambiguity is rather common in this book, the footnote paragraphs, both anchored and not, have been retained in the order printed, but relocated to the end of the immediate containing section.

Page 57: "chrysaphylla" changed to "chrysophylla".

Page 60: the original second footnote, " * Keeler notes experiments made to prove resistance on part of beechwood." had no anchor in the text, and in the 1908 edition (the Second Edition, First Thousand), this footnote was omitted entirely from the corresponding chapter. Herein, it is retained.

Page 64: "virginina" changed to "virginiana".

Page 88: the names "Salix babylónica", and "Salix babylonica" (the latter in the index), are both retained. There are several other retained instances of spelling inconsistencies in the use of accents, or "æ-ligature" versus "ae".

Page 120: "Santa Anna" on page 120 and "Santa Ana" on page 118 are both retained.

Pages 133, 149: these two data tables were recast in a different shape to achieve shorter line length.

Page 168: The table says "Spanish Cedar. (See page 99.)". This may be a misprint, referring to page 119.

Page 198: Index entry "_Nectanara_, 115" changed to "_Nectandra_, 115". Also, "_Negunao_" to "_Negundo_".

Page 201: "Caliofrnia" (under "Sassafras") to "Californian".