Chapter XXIX: Appendix: III (1)

NASAL INDEX OF LIVING SUBJECTS, 71 SERIES

(see p. 79).

---------+-------------------------------+------+-----------------------
Number | | |
of | ETHNIC GROUPS. |Nasal |
Subjects.| |Index.| Observers.
---------+-------------------------------+------+-----------------------
|_Leptorhinians (less than 70)._| |
| | |
110 |Armenians | 60.4 |Pantiukhof
62 |Georgian Imers | 60.8 |Pan., Chantre, Erckert
1,969 |Brahmans, Rajputs and other | |
| high castes, N.W. province | |
| and Oudh | 63.0 |Crooke, Drake-Brocken
100 |French (fair type, dolicho.) | 63.0 |Collignon
41 |Georgian Mingrelians | 63.1 |Pan., Chantre, Erckert
49 |Georgian Gruzins | 64.5 |Pan., Chantre, Erckert
50 |Lorraines | 64.6 |Collignon
30 |French Catalans (Eastern | |
| Pyr.) | 65.1 | „
20 |Anglo-Scotch | 65.1 |Beddoe
23 |Arabs of Tunis | 65.2 |Collignon
50 |French dolichoceph. of the | |
| South | 65.7 | „
184 |Various Kabyles | 66.5 |Prengruber
160 |French of Normandy | 66.5 |Collignon
88 |Sardinians | 66.6 |Gilbert d'Hercourt
27 |Galchas of Turkestan | 66.8 |Ujfalvy
237 |Ossets | 66.8 |Ghiltchen., Ch., Erck.
168 |Mordvinians | 66.9 |Maïnof
21 |English | 67.0 |Beddoe
1,443 |Dravido-Hindus, N.W. Prov. | 67.0 | --
1,000 |French in general | 67.3 |Collignon
70 |Bretons | 67.5 | „
80 |Pathans of the Punjab | 68.4 |Risley
80 |Sikhs | 68.8 | „
98 |Parisians | 69.1 |Collignon
60 |Baluchis of Baluchistan | 69.4 |Risley
120 |Tunisians (2nd Berber race) | 69.8 |Collignon
| | |
| _Mesorhinians_ (70-84.9). | |
| | |
10 |Scotch | 70.0 |Beddoe
1,334 |Tunisians in general | 70.2 |Collignon
444 |Punjabis | 70.2 |Risley
865 |Dravidians(Kharvars, Korwas, | |
| Cheros, Khunjas) of N.W. | |
| Prov. | 71.0 |Crooke, Drake-Brock.
20 |Baltis of Cashmere | 71.4 |Ujfalvy
50 |Berbers (brachycephalic race ) | 72.5 |Collignon
29 |Singhalese | 74.9 |Deschamps, Manouv.
36 |Kalmuks of the Volga | 74.7 |Deniker, Erck., Chantre
40 |Kara-Kirghiz of Semiriechie | 74.9 |Seeland
27 |Todas | 74.9 |Thurston
40 |Badagas of Nilgiris | 75.6 | „
23 |Siouans | 75.9 |Denik., Laloy, Manouv.
33 |Kanarese of Mysore | 76.8 |Thurston
40 |Tamil-Brahmans of Madras | 77.2 | „
22 |Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills | 79.2 | „
36 |Malayalim of the Chevaroy | |
| Hills | 74.4 | „
20 |Dums of Chota Nagpur | 79.1 |Risley
695 |Hindus of Behar | 80.0 | „
1,616 |Hindus of the N.W. Provs. | |
| and Oudh | 80.9 | „
17 |Rhodias of Ceylon (both | |
| sexes) | 81.3 |Deschamps
32 |Kols of the N.W. Provinces | |
| and Oudh | 82.2 |Risley and Oude
100 |Kurmis of Chota Nagpur | 82.6 | „
90 |Maghs or Arakanese of | |
| Chittagong | 82.7 | „
30 |Annamese of Cochin-China | 83.3 |Deniker, Laloy
34 |Irulas of the Nilgiris | 83.4 |Thurston
100 |Chakamas (Arakanese-Bengalis) | 85.4 |Risley
23 |Zuñis | 84.9 |Ten Kate
| | |
| _Platyrhinians_ (85-99.9). | |
| | |
23 |Annamese of Tong King | 86.2 |Deniker, Laloy
90 |Bhumij of Chota Nagpur | 86.5 |Risley
27 |Bashilanges | 87.0 |}Maistre
21 |Bubangis | 87.2 |} „
100 |Santals of Chota Nagpur | 88.8 |Risley
15 |Kurumbas of Wynaad | 88.8 |Thurston
100 |Munda-Kols of Chota Nagpur | 89.0 |Risley
13 |Polynesians | 89.8 |After Collignon
11 |New Caledonians and New | |
|Hebridians | 93.8 |Collignon
17 |Fulahs or Fulbés | 95.3 |Deniker, Collignon
44 |Negroes of Tunis | 96.3 |Collignon
21 |Toucouleurs | 99.9 |Deniker
| | |
| _Ultraplatyrhinians_ | |
| (_over_ 100). | |
| | |
23 |Leybus and Serers |100.1 |Deniker, Collignon
52 |Negroes of Zambesi |101.5 |After Collignon
21 |Mandingans and Bambaras |101.6 |Deniker, Collignon
13 |Ashantis |107.5 |Deniker
11 |Australians |107.6 |After Collignon
14 |Angolese Negroes (both sexes) |107.9 |Deniker

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Abbott, 511

Adam, L., 552

Adrianof, 363

Amat, 432

Ambialet, 177

Ameghino, 512

Ammon, 74, 318

Anderson, G., 307

Anderson, J., 397

Andree, R., 109, 128, 198, 201, 206, 227, 250, 255, 274, 341, 425,
428

Anuchin, 262, 277, 373

Aranzadi, 348

Aubin, 140

Aymonier, 393, 394, 399, 400, 402

Baber, C., 400

Bachofen, 233

Baden-Powell, 247

Baelz, 51, 62, 64, 107

Bahnson, 520

Bain, 294

Balfour, H., 262, 272

Ball, 409

Bancroft, H. H., 249, 521

Bandelier, 536

Barcena, 292

Bartels, Max, 95, 227, 230

Barth, 446

Barthel, 429

Bastian, A., 460

Batchelor, 373

Bates, H., 159

Beddoe, 50, 314, 348

Bell, 23

Béranger-Féraud, 442, 447, 450

Bergaigne, 394

Bergemann, 146

Bernard, A., 497, 505

Berthelot, S., 431

Bertholon, 433

Bertillon, A., 80

Bertin, S., 435

Bertrand, 321

Betz, 134

Biart, 537

Biddulph, 415

Billet, 400, 401

Binger, 447, 449, 451

Bischoff, 18, 98

Blanchard, 97

Blandford, 362

Blumentritt, 490

Boas, 520, 531

Boggiani, 573

Bonaparte, Prince Roland, 351

Bordier, 121

Borlase, W., 312

Bouchereau, 469

Boulart, 15, 18, 94

Boule, M., 301, 309, 511

Bourne, 400

Bowditch, 106

Boyd, 18

Bremer, 335, 340

Breul, 46

Brigham, 183

Brinton, 122, 490, 514, 517, 518, 521, 527, 535, 536, 544, 547

Broca, 16, 48, 55, 57, 61, 62, 64, 72, 73, 83, 85, 98, 177, 348

Bruhl, 536

Buch, 263

Buchner, M., 134

Bunge, 145

Burrows, 454

Buschmann, 534

Butler, J., 396

Buttikofer, 451

Calori, 76, 100

Campbell, J. M., 115

Capart, 427

Capus, 415

Cardi, Comte de, 453

Cardoso, 413

Carol, J., 469

Carr, 514

Cartailhac, 300, 309, 314, 362, 364

Castelnau, 564

Castren, 366

Catat, 469, 549

Catlin, 521

Cauvin, 477

Cavendish, A., 387

Chalmers, 493, 494

Chamberlain, B., 373, 391

Chantre, 355, 423

Chapman, R., 475

Chastaing, 387

Chauvet, 362

Christian, F., 475

Chudzinsky, 95

Clercq, De, 420

Clozel, 458

Codrington, 497

Colini, 561

Collignon, R., 5, 79, 88, 334, 348, 427, 433, 435, 450, 470

Colocci, 425

Colquhoun, 381, 400

Comte, P., 441

Cooper, 273

Couillault, 427

Courant, 387

Crampel, 442, 454

Crooke, W., 231, 404, 408, 413

Cunningham, D., 15, 84

Curr, 223, 477

Cushing, 516, 534

Cuvier, 5, 69

Dall, 520, 531

Dalton, 380, 408, 409

D’Amelineau, 426

Danielli, 486

Danilevski, 101

Darwin, 6, 7, 23, 110, 115, 118, 146

David, A., 362

Davidson, C., 172

Davy, 117

Dawkins, Boyd, 307

Deblenne, 400

Delafosse, 451

Delage, Y., 6

Delisle, 177

D’Enjoy, 255

Deniker, 15, 18, 24, 64, 78, 94, 108, 109, 214, 215, 220, 223, 231,
242, 284, 292, 325, 358, 367, 373, 375, 377, 378, 399, 425, 435,
436, 450, 453, 454, 458, 468, 470, 486, 493, 494, 500, 512, 533,
555, 576

Deschamps, 408, 418

Desgodins, 380

Diguet, 535

Dodd, 391

Donaldson, H. H., 104

Dorsey, 530

Dourisboure, 392

Dubois, E., 18, 361

Duchenne, 93

Duerden, 557

Duval, Mathias, 110

Duveyrier, 434

Dybowski, 442, 454, 458

Ehrenreich, 73, 292, 517, 555

Elisiéef, 386

Ellis, Sir A. B., 451, 453

Ellis, A. J., 340

Ellis, Havelock, 51, 55, 56, 348

Ellis, W., 500

Emin Bey, 454

Erckert, 353

Erman, 521

Etheridge, 475

Evans, A. J., 142, 315

Evans, Sir J., 304

Faidherbe, 435, 449

Fawcett, Miss, 75

Finsch, 493, 497

Fison, 232, 233, 234

Flechsig, 103

Flower, Sir W. H., 13, 21, 61, 62, 64, 283, 454, 497

Forsyth, 416

Fournereau, 399

Fox, 451

Frazer, J. G., 248

Fritsch, 465, 467

Frobenius, 446, 463

Fuse, 262

Gaches-Sarraute, Mme., 176

Gaidoz, 336

Garnier, F., 381, 382

Garson, 72, 84, 85, 99, 351

Gatschet, 517, 527

Gautier, T., 145

Geer, G. de, 307

Geikie, J., 301, 511

Gibbs, 530

Giglioli, 280

Gilchenko, 100

Gillen, F., 477, 478

Giraud-Teulon, 230

Glaumont, 170

Godden, Miss, 396

Godron, 312

Goebel, 145

Gomme, G. L., 215, 247

Gonner, 74

Gooch, W., 427

Gosse, L. A., 177

Gottsche, 387

Gould, 50, 508

Grandidier, 469

Groos, 197

Gros, 500

Grosse, E., 124, 202, 209, 212

Guiral, 458

Guppy, 497

Haddon, A. C., 202, 204, 493, 494, 497, 557

Haeckel, 284

Hagen, 486, 497

Hahn, 192, 195

Hale, H., 135, 514, 527, 531

Hamada, 107

Hamy, 62, 91, 135, 313, 454, 467, 486, 495, 511, 535, 536, 537,
550, 561

Hanoteau, 432

Harmand, 135, 392, 393, 402

Hartmann, 431, 435, 436

Haxthausen, 236

Hedley, 500

Hellwald, 146, 159, 255

Henning, 84

Herrera, 511

Hervé, 96, 310, 313

Herzenstein, 111

Hettner, 120

Hiekisch, 374

Hirt, 320

Hoernes, 316

Holm, G., 520

Holm, S., 226

Holmes, 184, 509, 511

Holub, 465

Hösel, 163

Hosie, 400

Hough, 150, 269

Houssay, 422

Houzé, 83, 332

Hovelacque, 96, 131

Hovorka, 83

Howitt, A. W., 232, 233

Hoyer, 83

Hull, H., 482

Humboldt, A. von, 507, 517

Hunt, 497

Huxley, 119, 283

Hyades, 64, 108, 109, 215, 220, 223, 231, 292, 512, 576

Ihering, 513

Imbault-Huart, 391

Im Thurn, E., 552

Ino, 391

Inostrantsev, 314

Inuzuka, 362

Iokhelson, 370

Ivanof, 64

Ivanovsky, 92, 108, 230, 378

Jackson, 521

Jacobs, J., 424

Jacquard, 69

Jacques, V., 458, 461

James, H., 374

Jellinghaus, 408

Johansson, 74

Johnston, Sir H. H., 465

Jolly, A., 469

Jubainville, D’Arbois de, 317, 321

Junghuhn, 486

Junker, W., 440, 441, 454

Junod, 465

Karr, Seton, 427

Keane, A., 132, 280, 351

Kemp, D., 452

Key, Axel, 106

Kharouzin, 166, 376

Kidd, 23

Kingsley, Miss M., 453

Kochs, 116

Köganei, 64

Kohlbrugge, 14, 483, 490

Koike, 386

Koslowsky, 566

Kotelmann, 111

Kovalewsky, 247, 249

Krause, 226, 254, 531

Kropf, 465

Kubary, 271, 505

Kuhn, E., 394

Kulischer, 114

Kuznetsof, 361

Labarth, 400

Lacerda, 513

Lajard, 134

Laloy, 399, 450, 453, 454, 458, 486

Landor, A. H. S., 373

Lang, A., 223

Lang, L., 206

Langle, Fleuriot de, 451

Lapicque, 107, 397, 485

Lapouge, 318

Lartschneider, 95

Last, 469

Laveleye, 249

Leclerc, 469

Le Double, 96

Leitner, 413

Lenz, O., 454

Leroy-Beaulieu, 236

Letourneau, 159, 169, 231, 252, 271

Letourneux, 431

Lister, 500

Livon, 85

Lloyd, 527

Lubboch, Sir J., 231, 234

Lumholtz, 477, 535, 536

Luschan, F. von, 261, 423, 440, 451, 467, 497

Lydekker, 13

Macalister, 95

MacCauley, 528

Macdonald, 465

Macgregor, 493

Madrolle, 449

Maine, Sir H. S., 236, 247

Maïnof, 351

Maistre, 442, 446

Malief, 64

Mallery, G., 129, 138

Man, 397

Manolescu, 339

Manouvrier, 55, 56, 87, 90, 99, 100, 361, 555

Mantegazza, 64, 73, 110, 158, 351

Margaritof, 363

Marillier, 220

Markham, Sir Clements, 118

Markuse, 500

Marri, 84

Marshall, 411

Martin, 87

Martins, 274

Martonne, E. de, 446

Mason, Mrs., 395

Mason, Otis, 153, 154, 182, 184, 191, 225, 261, 262, 270, 275, 278,
284

Maspero, 278, 420

Mathews, R., 242

Maurel, 109, 394

McLennan, J. F., 233

Medlicot, 362

Meinecke, 500

Menant, D., 420

Mensé, 458

Metchnikof, 77

Metzger, 122

Meyer, A. R., 483

Meyer, E. H., 341

Middendorf, 547

Milne, 363

Mindeleff, 516

Möckler, 421

Modigliani, 216, 486

Mohnike, 391

Moloney, 453

Monnier, 228

Montano, 64, 483, 486

Montefiore, 351

Monteil, 446

Montelius, 314, 315

Mooney, 527, 530

Morel, 399

Moreno, 513

Morgan, De, 426, 429

Morgan, Lewis, 124, 234, 516

Morgen, 458

Morse, E., 264

Mortillet, A. de, 304

Mortillet, G. de, 184, 300, 304, 306, 309

Moser, 278

Moura, 399

Much, 315

Müller, F., 114, 131, 283

Müller, Max, 317

Munro, H. R., 16

Nachtigal, 444, 445, 446

Nadaillac, 511

Naegeli, 5

Nansen, 520

Nehring, 309

Neis, 169, 392

Niblack, 531

Niederle, 344

Nillsson, 272

Noetling, 359

Nordeck, C. de, 449

Nordenskiold, 367, 516

O’Brien, H. O., 122

Oliver, E., 420

Oppert, 411

Orozco y Berra, 535

Pagliani, 106

Pallas, 115, 378

Pantiukhof, 116, 353, 358, 422

Papillault, 169

Parker, L., 478

Paspati, 425

Paulitschke, 436, 438

Peacock, 98

Peal, S., 364, 396

Pearson, Karl, 75

Peary, 520

Peixoto, 513

Penka, 318

Petersen, 423

Petitot, 520

Petrie, Flinders, 427, 428, 435

Phillips, 262

Piette, 137, 308

Pinabel, 392

Pinart, 546

Pinto, Serpa, 461

Pleyte, 475, 488

Ploss, 97, 112, 240, 241

Poesche, 318

Pogge, 461

Pogio, 387

Poole, S., 435

Porcher, 399

Post, 230, 250, 252

Potanin, 363

Powell, 254, 519, 521, 524

Pozdniéef, 378

Prjevalsky, 380, 381

Pruner-Bey, 435

Pullé, 337

Pypine, 344

Quatrefages, De, 62, 214, 284, 313, 397, 454, 483, 505, 512

Quedenfeld, 432

Quevedo, L., 572

Quibell, 427

Rabentisch, 55

Radde, 116

Radlof, 363

Ramon y Cajal, 104

Ranke, J., 15, 341

Ranke, K. E., 517

Rasch, 122

Ratzel, 125

Ray, 494, 497

Read, 72

Reclus, Elie, 411, 416

Reclus, Elisée, 118, 383, 460, 463

Regalia, 77

Regibus, 101

Reid, 396

Rein, J. J., 391

Reinach, Salomon, 300, 309, 310, 315, 317, 321, 427

Retzius, 348, 516

Reuleaux, 187

Révoil, 438

Rey, P., 563

Richthofen, 385

Rigges, 530

Rink, 520

Ripley, 325

Risley, 381, 404, 408, 413

Rivett-Carnac, 362

Rockhill, 380

Roepstorff, 397

Rojdestvensky, 92

Rosenberg, 119

Rosenstadt, 113

Rohlfs, 434

Romanes, 5

Roth, Ling, 255, 482, 490

Roth, W. E., 477

Roux, 382

Royce, C., 527

Ruskikh, 116

Sachier, 336

Saint-Hilaire, J. G., 282

Santelli, 438

Sarasin, 62, 64, 418, 493

Sarzec, E. de, 420

Sasaki, 107

Schadenberg, 483

Schellong, 494

Schinz, 228, 456, 467

Schlegel, 149

Schlichter, 454

Schmelz, 226, 254

Schmidt, E., 10, 106, 290, 408, 416, 435, 514

Schrader, 366, 373, 374

Schramm, 225

Schrenck, 366, 373, 374

Schwalbe, 83, 361

Schweinfurth, 429, 441, 446, 454

Seler, 547

Sénart, 404

Sergi, 73, 330, 435, 438

Serurrier, 450

Shortt, 236, 411

Shevyref, 23

Shrubsall, 467

Sibree, 469

Siret, H. & J., 314

Sittig, 505

Smeaton, 395

Smirnov, 351

Smith, E., 248

Smith, Donaldson, 454

Smith, Worthington, 312

Smith, W. T., 140, 475

Smyth, Brough, 223, 226, 475

Sören Hansen, 51, 512, 520

Sommier, 351

Spalikowski, 74

Spassovitch, 344

Spencer, Baldwin, 477, 478

Stainier, 427, 428

Stanley, H. M., 454

Staudinger, 446

Stearns, 274

Steinen, K. von den, 170, 204

Steinmetz, 148, 220

Stevenson, J., 526

Stieda, 73

Stirling, E., 477

Stoddard, 552

Stolpe, H., 202

Strabo, 436

Studer, 195

Stuhlmann, 440, 446, 454

Tarentsky, 373

Tautain, 475, 500

Taylor, I., 317

Ten Kate, 62, 64, 68, 96, 450, 485, 493, 517, 524, 526, 533, 536,
547, 555, 569

Terrien de Lacouperie, 382

Testut, 95, 96

Thomas, Cyrus, 514

Thomson, J., 440

Thurston, 411

Török, 19

Topinard, 10, 18, 48, 64, 72, 73, 76, 91, 92, 97, 98, 99, 177, 280,
283, 432, 476, 477

Tourette, G. de la, 122

Tourtoulon, 335

Turner, Sir W., 16, 62, 64, 84, 85, 95, 103, 400, 477

Tylor, E. B., 135, 152, 161, 183, 184, 199, 210, 214, 217, 219,
220, 235, 240, 242

Ujfalvy, 416

Uvarof, 361, 363

Veckenstedt, E., 153

Verneau, 84, 431, 450, 513

Vierkandt, 126

Vierordt, 107, 108

Villot, 432

Virchow, 64, 435, 436, 490

Vogt, 142

Voit, C., 100

Waddell, 380, 416

Wallace, A. R., 5

Wallaschek, 209, 210

Wauters, 458, 461

Weber, Max, 493

Weeren, 186

Weigand, 339

Weisbach, 73

Weiss, 63

Westermarck, E., 231, 235, 236, 237, 238

Westermarck, F., 75

Weule, 263

Wilhelm, E., 83

Wilken, 145, 230, 475

Williams, 508

Wilson, T., 511

Windle, B., 306, 314

Windt, De, 242

Wirth, A., 391

Wissmann, 146, 148, 456

Wlislocki, H. von, 425

Wolff, 461

Woodthorpe, 215, 396

Wright, F., 511

Yadrintsef, 367

Zaborowski, 427

Zintgraff, 458

Zograf, 344, 351

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Ababdeh, 436

Abnakis, 526

Abyssinians, 437, 438

Accredians, 452

Achango, 454

Achinese, 489

Aderbaijani, 294, 376, 419

Aduma, 459

Ægean civilisation, 315

Aetas, 397, 483

Afara, 438

Afiffi, 454

Africa, grouping of existing populations of, 431

Afridis, 420

Ainus, 44, 59, 68, 85, 110, 291, 365, 371-373

Akkas, 454

Alakalufs, 576

Albinism, 51

Aleuts, 521

Alfurus, 136, 491

Algonquians, 526, 527

Alimentation.--Geophagy, anthropophagy--preparation of
foods--method of fire-making and cooking, pottery, stimulants and
narcotics, 144-160

Amazonians, 552

American linguistic families, number of, 519

American Indians (North), 38, 80, 87, 133, 151, 204, 241, 248, 521

Andamanese, 56, 85, 91, 99, 159

Andeans, 545

Andean dialects, 544

Angolese, 461

Animistic religion, absence of moral element in, 220

Annamese, 98, 399

Antaifasina, 471

Antaimoro, 471

Antaisaka, 471

Antaisara, 472

Antambahoaka, 471

Antanosi, 472

Anthropology and ethnology, distinction between, 9

Anthropological classification, various, 280-284

Apaches, 525

Apalachi, 528

Apollonians, 451

Arabs, 87, 422, 432

Araucans, 550

Arawaks, 556

Arimichaux, 570

Armenians, 81, 422

Arts, the.--Primitive design, sculpture, dancing, music vocal and
instrumental, musical instruments, poetry, 197-212

Aryan question, 317-320

Ashantis, 451

Asia, peoples of Anterior, 418-425;
peoples of Central, 374-382;
peoples of Eastern, 382-390;
peoples of Northern, 366-374

Asiatic races, geographical distribution and principal characters
of existing, 365-425

Asikuya, 460

Assinaboins, 529

Assinians, 451

Assyroid race, 290, 365

Athapascans, 524

Australians, 39, 44, 80, 109, 137, 151, 170, 204, 207, 220, 226,
232, 241, 248, 290, 476

Awekwom, 451

Aymaras, 547

Aztecs, 536, 537

Bacongo, 460

Badagas, 411

Bajaus, 490

Bakairis, 553

Bakalai, 459

Bakamba, 460

Bakoris, 458

Bakunda, 458

Balinese, 490

Ballali, 460

Baltis, 415

Baluba, 462

Baluchis, 420

Banga, 463

Bangi, 461

Banja, 440

Bantus, 159, 429, 456, 463

Barabra, 435

Basas, 458

Bashkir-Meshcheriaks, 376

Basques, 87, 99, 240, 348

Bateke, 460

Battas, 489

Batua, 454

Bayanzi, 463

Bechuana, 206, 465, 466

Bedouins, 422

Bejas, 436

Benin, 453

Berbers, 432, 433

Betsileo, 471

Betsimasaraka, 471

Bicols, 491

Biped attitude, condition of brain development, 16

Black Feet, 527

Bongo, 445

Bonjos, 461

Bororos, 566

Botocudos, 50, 147, 159, 170, 563

Bows, 262

Boyaeli, 454

Brahuis, 421

Brain weight among different races; relative weight of, in men and
women; relation of stature and weight of body to weight of brain,
etc., 97-104;
brain weights of man and anthropoid apes, 17, 18;
weight at different ages, 107

Bubuendi, 460

Bujis, 490

Buriats, 379

Burmese, 400

Bushmen, 41, 44, 56, 80, 94, 204, 206, 287, 467

Bushmen-Hottentots, 467

Cagayanes, 491

Cahitas, 535

Cainguas, 563, 568

Calchaquis, 547

Cambodians, 398

Caribs, 541, 552

Caste and class organisation, 249

Caste in India, 402

Cayugas, 527

Celts, 323, 347

Cephalic index, its numerical expression and nomenclature, 57-59;
its relation to mentality, 76

Chapanecs, 538

Characterisation of races in author’s classification, 285-293

Charruas, 571

Chechen-Lesgians, 354

Che-hoan, 391

Chenooks, 532

Cherkess (Circassians), 354

Cheyennes, 527

Chibchas, 546

Chicasaws, 528

Children.--Voluntary limitation of, infanticide, rearing of
children among primitive peoples, naming, education, etc., 239-241

Chinese, 38, 43, 47, 50, 109, 141, 382, 386

Chins, 413

Chippewas, 524, 526

Chontals, 538, 540

Chukchi, 149, 182, 191, 242, 367

Ciboneys, 557

Classification of ethnic groups, 293-298

Commerce, conduct of, in primitive societies, 270

Coreans, 386, 387

Corroborees, 207

Couvade, 240

Cranial capacity of different races, 56

Cranial characters, 53-55

Creeks, 528

Crees, 526

Crows, 530

Dagomba, 447

Dakotas, 530

Damaras, 466

Danagla, 436

Dardi or Dardu, 413

Death, conception of, among uncivilised peoples, 216

Denakil, 438

Dental formulæ of monkeys, anthropoid apes, and man, 13

Dental index of man, anthropoid apes, chimpanzee, orang, and
gorilla, 21

Dinka, 445

Disease, primitive conceptions of, 227

Distinctive morphological characters of human races.--Stature, 25,
31;
influence of environment on stature, 31, 32;
difference of stature of men and women, 32, 33.
Teguments: the skin, hair of head and body, 37.
Four principal types of hair, 38, 46.
Pigmentation: colouring of the skin, eyes, and hair, 46-52

Domestication of animals, 194-196

Dravidians, 44, 47, 99, 290, 365, 410

Dress and ornament: nakedness and modesty, adornment of the body,
ethnic mutilations, adornment by objects attached to the body,
making of garments, spinning and weaving, 170-184

Druzes, 423

Duala, 243, 458

Duk-Duk societies, 253

Dyaks, 45, 490

Endocannibalism and exocannibalism, 148

Eskimo, 137, 151, 160, 245, 263, 292, 365, 520, 521

Ethiopians, 288, 436

Eurasians, 81, 293

European ethnogeny, problem of, 299-300

European peoples, migrations during historic period, 320-325

European races, characters and geographical distribution of six
principal and four secondary, 325-334;
linguistic divisions, 335-358

Ewes, 453

Facial index, 70, 72, 76, 77

Family organisation, 248

Fans, 459

Fellaheen, 435

Felups, 449

Finns, 45, 80, 349

Fœtal likeness in man and apes, 23, 24

French, 87, 335

Fuegians, 81, 85, 87, 91, 146, 170, 181, 189, 214, 241, 571, 575

Fulahs, 45, 47, 439, 442

Funereal rites, burial of weapons, pottery, etc., mourning and
funeral feasts, modes of sepulture, etc., 242-244

Furs, 445

Gabunese, 459

Gallas, 438

Games and recreations, sports and spectacles, 197-201

Ganguela, 461

Genital organs, differences of, according to race, 96

Germans, 87, 111, 323, 339

Ges, 562

Gesture language, 128, 129

Giliaks, 373

Goajires, 557

Gonds, 410

Gonja, 447

Group marriage: exogamy and endogamy, the matriarchate, filiation
and relationship, 231-234

Guanches, 87

Guaraunos, 561

Guatos, 573

Guaycurus, 572, 573

Guaymis, 545

Gurkhas, 415

Gurma, 447

Gurunga, 447

Gypsies, 425

Habitation, primitive types of--huts, tents, villages; furniture,
heating, lighting, 160-169

Hair of head and body, 37;
four principal varieties of hair, straight, wavy, frizzy, woolly,
38-46

Hajemis, 419

Hamrans, 436

Hausas, 446

Hawaiians, 502

Head of living subject, measurements of, 68, 69

Hidatsas, 530

_Homo Americanus_, problem of, origin of, 509

Hottentots, 42, 94, 97

Hovas, 469, 470

Huaxtecs, 537, 540

Hunting, fishing and agriculture, primitive methods of, 185-194

Hupas, 525, 553

Hurons, 527

Hut, origin and development of primitive, 160-163

Idzo, 453

Igara, 453

Igbera, 453

Igorrotes, 491

Illyro-Hellenes, 346

Incas, 546

Indo-Afghan race, 290, 365

Indonesians, 47, 153, 365, 406

_Initiation_, ceremonies connected with, circumcision, etc., 241,
242

Ipurinas, 556

Iranians, 44, 80, 419

Iroquoians, 526, 527

Irulas, 411

Jakris, 453

Japanese, 42, 44, 51, 68, 87, 107, 170, 243, 387-391, 489

Javanese, 99, 489

Jews, 50, 80, 93, 118, 423-425

Kabards, 376

Kabyles, 87

Kafirs, 159, 163, 170, 211, 413

Kalinas, 553

Kalmuks, 50, 111, 375, 379

Kanaras, 411

Karayas, 565

Karens, 394

Kartvels or Georgians, 355

Kayapos, 563, 564

Kenai, 524

Kerepunu, 495

Khalkas, 379

Khands, 410

Khas, 415

Khonds, 219, 259, 410

Kiowas, 530

Kirghiz, 108, 376

Kizilbashes, 423

Kolarians, 408

Koriaks, 367

Kotas, 411

Kru, 450

Kuis, 392

Kulu-Lahuli, 415

Kurds, 422

Kumyks, 376

Kurumbas, 411

Kwakiutls, 532

Lampongs, 489

Lamuts, 373

Languages, monosyllabic, agglutinative, polysynthetic,
inflectional, 130-133

Lapps, 80, 293

Latins, 235, 335

Leni-Lenapé, 526

Lenkas, 540

Levirate, 236

Linguistic characters: gesture and speech, divisions of language
according to structure, optic and acoustic signals, handwriting,
mnemotechnic objects, pictography, ideography, alphabets, 127-143

Lo-lo, 381

Loucheux, 524

Lunda, 402

Luri, 445

Lushai, 395

Lu-tse, 382

Macusis, 134, 553

Madurese, 490

Maghrebi, 434

Mahratis, 413

Makirifares, 553

Makua, 464

Malayalim, 411

Malays, 44, 47, 59, 63, 80, 83, 85, 87, 99, 107, 137, 288, 493, 497

Mampursi, 447

Manchus, 374

Mandingans, 447, 448

Mangars, 415

Mangbattus, 440

Manyuema, 465

Maoris, 503

Maricopas, 532

Maronites, 423

Masai, 440

Mashona, 466

Matrimonial customs, loan of wife, real and simulated abduction,
marriage by capture, duration of union, etc., 237-239

Mayas, 539

Maypures, 556

Melanesians, 46, 59, 63, 80, 83, 85, 87, 99, 107, 137, 288, 493, 497

Melanism, 51

Melanochroids, 291

Melkits, 423

Metal age in Europe, 314-316

Metouali, 423

Miao-tse, 381

Micronesians, 504

Minkopis, 397

Minnetaris, 529

Miranhas, 560

Mixes, 538

Miztecs, 538

Modesty, conventionality of, 170

Mohaves, 533

Mohicans, 526

Mois, 392

Money, primitive standards of exchange, beads, cocoa-seed, cakes of
tea, cowries, origin of modern money, etc., 271-274

Mongo, 463

Mongols, 38, 41, 44, 46, 49, 77, 80, 82, 87, 99, 112, 164, 241,
293, 365, 379

Monogenesis and polygenesis, 7

Mons or Talaing, 393

Moors, 434

Moquis, 524

Morality of the uncivilised, its utilitarian basis, 251-252

Morioris, 503

Moros, 491

Moscos, 541

Mossi, 447

Mosso, 382

Muskhogis, 528

Mycenian civilisation, 315

Myths, their intermediate position between science, poetry, and
religion, 222

Nagas, 45, 395

Nahuas, 546

Nahuquas, 553

Nairs, 415

Nasal index, 63-64

Natchez, 528

Navigation, methods of--rafts, canoes, etc., 278-279

Nazareans, 423

Negrilloes, 454

Negritoes, 482, 490

Negroes, 63, 67, 80, 83, 89, 91, 96, 98, 107, 117, 135, 186, 220,
288

Nepalese, 415

Nestorians, 423

Nevajos, 525

Niam-Niams, 47, 147, 440

Nias, 216, 240

Nicobarese, 396

Niquirans, 536

Nubians, 436

Nuers, 445

Odour of Negroes, Chinese, etc., 109

Ojibwas, 526

Olchas, 373

Old men, the fate of, in primitive societies, their voluntary
suicide, etc., 242

Omahas, 530

Oneidas, 527

Onondagas, 527

Oraons, 410

Orbital index, 61-63

Orochons, 374

Oroks, 374

Osages, 530

Ossets, 111, 356, 421

Otomis, 537

Ottawas, 527

Paharias, 415

Pai-pi-bri, 451

Palæ-American sub-race, 292, 512

Palenbangs, 489

Palkhpuluk, 415

Pampeans, 571

Panos, 559

Papajos, 535

Papuans, 483, 484, 493-497

Parsis, 419, 420

Pashtu, 420

Passumahs, 489

Patagonians, 574

Pawnees, 530

Pelvic index, 84

Pepo-hoan, 391

Persians, 419

Peruvians, 67, 85

Physiological characters, functions of nutrition and assimilation,
respiration and circulation, reproduction, etc., 105-120

Pictography, 137-140

Pigmentation, race variations of, 46;
ten principal shades of colour of skin, 47;
pigmentation of the iris, 48;
three fundamental shades of the iris, 49;
colour of the eye in different races, 49;
colouring of the hair, 49;
four principal shades, 49;
pigmentation at birth, 50;
absence of pigment, 51

Pigmies, 455

Pimas, 535

_Pithecanthropus erectus_, 360

Politeness, rules of.--“Exchanging blood,” salutations, etc.,
254-255

Polyandry, 235

Polygamy and monogamy, the patriarchate, 237

Polymorphism, 5

Polynesians, 47, 63, 85, 87, 91, 112, 204, 206, 500

Ponkas, 530

Pottery-making, modelling, moulding, and coiling methods of, 154,
155

Prehistoric “finds” in Africa, 427; in Oceania, 475

Promiscuity, 231

Property, systems under which held, collective, family, individual,
245-247

Psychological and Pathological characters, 121

Quaternary age in Europe, 301

Quaternary human remains in Europe, 309

Quaternary man in Asia, 361

Quechuas, 547

Race, in what manner term applied, 8

Rejangs, 489

Religion--animism, fetichism, worship of natural objects
and phenomena, religion and morality, rites and ceremonies,
priesthoods, 214-223

Respiration among uncivilised peoples and among Europeans, 108

Right and justice, the power of taboo, vendetta, ordeals,
oath-taking, extra-legal judges, etc., 252-254

Russians, 111, 167, 344

Sakai, 397

Sakalavas, 470

Salishans, 532

Samarai, 495

Samoans, 504

Santals (Sonthals), 114, 409

Sartes, 376, 419

Savaras (Saoras), 409

Scandinavians, 47, 186, 220, 228

Scapular index, 85

Sciences, primitive--knowledge of numbers, calculation of time,
calendars and clocks, geography and cartography, 223-228

Selungs, 396

Senecas, 527

Sexes, relation of, before marriage, 229

Shans, 401

Shawnees, 526

Shield, evolution of the, 266-269

Shiluks, 445

Shuvashes, 376

Siamese, 402

Sikanese, 492

Singhalese, 416

Siouans, 528

Skeleton of trunk and limbs, differentiative racial characters of,
83, 93

Skin, structure of the, 34;
differences according to race, 36

Skull, comparison of human skull and that of anthropoid apes, 18, 19

Slavs, 59, 323, 343

Social groups, stages of, conditions of progress of, classification
of “states of civilisation,” 123-127

Social organisation, under group marriage, totemism, clan rule,
247-248

Somalis, 438

Somatological units, 3

Soninké, 449

Sonoran-Aztecs, 535

Sonrhays, 447

Sonthals, 114, 409

Spaniols, 425

Species, what constitutes, 5-8

Spine, curvature of, in the _Cercopithecidæ_, in the anthropoid
apes, in man, 13, 14

Staff messages, 135

“States of civilisation,” classification of, 127

Stature, variations of, at birth, 25;
average heights of different populations, 25;
limits of stature, giantism, dwarfism, 27-31;
influence of environment on stature, 31, 32;
stature of men and women compared, 33

Steatopygia, 93

Stone and metal ages in Asia, 362-365

Sundanese, 489

Swazi, 465

Syrians, 423

Taboo, 252

Tagals, 491

Tails, pretended existence of men with, 95

Tajiks, 419

Takhtaji, 423

Takullies, 524

Talamancas, 545

Tamils, 411

Taranchi, 375

Tarascos, 537

Tasmanians, 482

Tatars, 367, 375, 376

Tecunas, 561

Teguments, in man and apes, 22

Tehuelches, 574

Teleuts, 375

Telingas, 411

Tenggerese, 496

Tent, origin and development of, 163, 164

Territorial organisation, 249

Tertiary man in Europe, 300

Thai, 76, 400

Thibetans, 43, 380, 381

Thos-Muong, 401

Tinné, 524

Tlinkits, 110, 292, 532

Todas, 411

Toes and fingers of man and of anthropoid apes, 20, 21

Tombo, 447

Tonga, 465

Tools of primitive industry, methods of making stone implements,
etc., 184-188

Totonacs, 536, 537

Toucouleur, 450

Transport and means of communication--primitive vehicles, sledges,
chariots, etc., 275-277

Trumai, 566

Trunk and limbs of living subject, racial characters of, 93

Tsimshians, 532

Tuaregs, 434

Tubas, 444

Tula Dariens, 549

Tulus, 411

Tunguses, 246, 373

Tupi-Guarani, 562, 567

Turkomans, 376

Turks, 59, 293, 365, 377

Tyrolese, 59

Tziam, 394

Ugrians, 293, 365, 521

Ulvas, 541

United States, white population of, 508

Uzbegs, 376

Veddahs, 85, 87, 91, 145, 157, 159, 270, 417

Vei, 449

Wagogo, 464

Wahabits, 423

Wakamba, 464

Wakguro, 464

Wambutti, 454

Wapokompo, 464

Wataita, 464

Weapons of offence and defence, clubs, missile weapons, boomerangs,
the bow and arrow, methods of arrow release, shields, protective
armour, 257-269

Wichitas, 530

Yakuts, 375

Yamas, 554

Yasafzais, 420

Yeniseians or Tubas, 366

Yeshkhun, 413

Yezides, 423

Yolofs, 450

Yorubas, 453

Yukagirs, 370

Yumas, 533

Zaparos, 561

Zapotecs, 537

Zoques, 538

Zulus, 465

Zuñis, 155, 225, 534

THE END.

THE WALTER SCOTT PRESS, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE

Footnotes:

[Footnote 1: In these ethnic groups there may further be distinguished several subdivisions due to the diversity of manners, customs, etc.; or, in the groups with a more complicated social organisation, yet other social groups--priests, magistrates, miners, peasants, having each his particular “social type.”]

[Footnote 2: Naegeli, _Mechanisch-Physiol. Theorie der Abstammungslehre_, Munich, 1883.]

[Footnote 3: The most recent definitions of species given by Wallace and Romanes approximate closely to that of Cuvier. Eimer has suggested another, based solely on the physiological criterion. His definition has the advantage of covering cases of _polymorphism_, in which the female gives birth to two or several individuals so unlike that we should not hesitate to classify them in two species if guided only by morphology.]

[Footnote 4: See on this point, Y. Delage, _L’Hérédité_, pp. 252 _et seq._ Paris, 1895.]

[Footnote 5: The question is summed up by Darwin, _Descent of Man_, vol. i., p. 264, 2nd edition. London, 1888.]

[Footnote 6: In questions of hybridity, it must be observed, we often confound the notions of “race” and “people,” or “social class,” and we have to be on our guard against information drawn from statistics. Thus in Central America we consider “hybrids” all those descendants of the Spaniards and the Indians who have adopted the semi-European manner of life and the Catholic religion, without inquiring whether or not this physical type has reverted to that of one of the ancestors--a not infrequent occurrence.]

[Footnote 7: Darwin, _loc. cit._, vol. i., p. 280.]

[Footnote 8: Such is, for example, the scheme of Topinard, consisting of two double parts (_Elements d’Anthropologie_, p. 216, Paris, 1885), to which corresponds the system newly propounded by Em. Schmidt (_Centralblatt für Anthropologie, etc._, vol. ii., p. 97, Breslau, 1897). The last-mentioned admits in reality two divisions, Ethnography and Ethnology, in what he calls Ethnic Anthropology; and two others, Phylography and Phylology, in what he names Somatic Anthropology. The two last divisions correspond to the Special Anthropology and the General Anthropology of Topinard.]

[Footnote 9: If we include the Lemurs in the order of Primates, the five families just enumerated are all included in a “sub-order,” that of _Anthropoidea_. (See, for further details, Flower and Lydekker, _Introduction to the Study of Mammals Living and Extinct_, London, 1891.)]

[Footnote 10: J. H. Kohlbrugge, “Versuch einer Anatomie ... Hylobates,” _Zoolog. Ergeb. einer Reise in Ned. Ind., von M. Weber_, vols. i. and ii. Leyden, 1891.]

[Footnote 11: D. J. Cunningham, “The Lumbar Curve in Man and the Apes,” _Cunningham Memoirs of the Royal Irish Academy_, No. II., Dublin, 1886.]

[Footnote 12: J. Ranke, “Ueber die aufrechte Körperhaltung, etc.,” _Corr.-Bl. der deutsch. Gesell. f. Anthr._, 1895, p. 154.]

[Footnote 13: The enormous development of the laryngeal sacs in the orang-utan is perhaps also in harmony with this protective function, as I have shown in a special work. See Deniker and Boulart, “Notes anat. sur ... orang-utans,” _Nouv. Arch. Mus. d’hist. nat. de Paris_, 3rd Series, vol. vii., p. 47, 1895.]

[Footnote 14: R. Munro, “On Interm. Links, etc.,” _Proceed. Roy. Soc. Edinb._, vol. xxi. (1896-97), No. 4, p. 349, and _Prehistoric Problems_, pp. 87 and 165, Edin.-Lond. 1897; Turner, Pres. Address Brit. Assoc., Toronto Meeting, _Nature_, Sept. 1897.]

[Footnote 15: Topinard, _L’homme dans la Nature_, p. 214. Paris, 1891.]

[Footnote 16: Deniker and Boulart, _loc. cit._, p. 55.]

[Footnote 17: Boyd, “Table of Weights of the Human Body, etc.,” _Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London_, 1861; Bischoff, _Das Hirngewicht der Menschen_, Bonn, 1880. The difference remains nearly the same if, instead of the weight of the body, we take its surface, as was attempted by E. Dubois (_Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris_, p. 337, 1897).]

[Footnote 18: For further details about this plane, see p. 59.]

[Footnote 19: See on this subject the interesting study of Dr. Török in the _Centralblatt für Anthropologie, etc._, directed by Buschan, 1st year, 1896, No. 3.]

[Footnote 20: Pfitzner, “Die kleine Zehe,” _Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys._, 1890.]

[Footnote 21: Bell, _The Naturalist in Nicaragua_, p. 209, 1874; Shevyref, “Parasites of the Skin, etc.,” _Works Soc. of Naturalists_, St. Petersburg, 1891, in Russian.]

[Footnote 22: Walter Kidd, “Certain Vestigial Characters in Man,” _Nature_, 1897, vol. lv., p. 237.]

[Footnote 23: See for further details Deniker, _Recherches anatom. et embryol. sur les singes anthropoides_, Paris and Poitiers, 1886 (Extr. from _Arch. de Zool. experim._, 30 ser., vol. iii., supp., 1885-86).]

[Footnote 24: Deniker, “Les Races de l’Europe,” _Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris_, p. 29, 1897.]

[Footnote 25: Joest, _Verh. Berl. gesell. Anthr._, p. 450, 1887; Topinard, _Elem. Anthr. gén._, p. 436.]

[Footnote 26: Manouvrier, _Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris_, p. 264, 1896.]

[Footnote 27: B. A. Gould, _Investigations in the Milit. and Anthrop. Statistics of American Soldiers_, New York, 1869.]

[Footnote 28: Final Report of the Anthropometric Committee, Brit. Ass., 1883.]

[Footnote 29: Pagliani, _Lo sviluppo umano per età, etc._ Milan, 1879.]

[Footnote 30: These figures differ from those up to the present given in most works, according to Topinard (_Elem. Anthro. gén._, p. 462), who fixes the limits between 1 m. 44 (Bushmen of the Cape) and 1 m. 85 (Patagonians), but the first of these figures is that of a series of six subjects only, measured by Fritsch, and the second the average of ten subjects measured by Lista and Moreno. This is insufficient, and since the publication of Topinard’s work we have only been able to add a few isolated observations concerning those interesting populations the actual height of which is still to be determined.]

[Footnote 31: Topinard, _Elem. Anthr. gén._, p. 463.]

[Footnote 32: _Final Report Brit. Assoc._, 1883, p. 17.]

[Footnote 33: Beddoe, _The Stature and Bulk of Man in the Brit. Isles_, pp. 148 _et seq._ London, 1870.]

[Footnote 34: Houzé, _Bull. Soc. Anthr. Bruxelles_, 1887; Roberts, _A Manual of Anthropometry_, London, 1878, and _Jour. Stat. Soc._, London, 1876; Anuchin, “O geograficheskom, etc.,” _Geograph. Distrib. of Stature in Russia_, St. Petersburg, 1889; Erisman, _Arch. f. soz. gesetzgeb._, Tübingen, 1888.]

[Footnote 35: Collignon, “L’Anthropologie au conseil de révision,” _Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris_, 1890, p. 764.]

[Footnote 36: Ammon, _Die Natur. Auslese beim Menschen_, Jena, 1893; Vacher de Lapouge, _Les selections sociales_, Paris, 1896; Beddoe, _loc. cit._, p. 180; Ranke, _Der Mensch._, vol. ii., p. 109, Leipzig, 1887.]

[Footnote 37: Boas (_Zeit. f. Ethnol._, 1895, p. 375) found, however, in thirty-nine series of Indians the difference greater with tribes of high stature (13.5 centimetres) than with tribes of low stature (9.9 centimetres).]

[Footnote 38: Rollet, _Mensurations des os longs, etc._, Lyons, 1889 (thesis).]

[Footnote 39: Manouvrier, _Mem. Soc. Anthro._, 2nd ser., vol. iv., p. 347, Paris, 1893.]

[Footnote 40: Rahon, _Mem. Soc. Anthro._, vol. iv., p. 403, Paris, 1893.]

[Footnote 41: Bischoff, _Sitzungsber. Mat. Phys. Cl. Bayr. Akad._, Munich, 1882, pp. 243 and 356.]

[Footnote 42: Galton, _Finger Prints_. London, 1892.]

[Footnote 43: Haeckel, _Natur. Schöpfungsgeschichte_, 4th ed., p. 603. Berlin, 1873.]

[Footnote 44: Pruner-Bey, “Chevelure comme caracterist. des races hum.,” _Mem. Soc. Anthr._, vol. ii., p. 1, Paris, 1863; Latteux, _Technique microscopique_, p. 239, Paris, 1883; Waldeyer, _Atlas der Menschl. u. Thier Haare_, Lahr, 1894.]

[Footnote 45: Topinard, _Elem. Anthrop. gén._, p. 265; J. Ranke, _loc. cit._, vol. ii., p. 172.]

[Footnote 46: Baelz, “Körperl. Eigensch. d. Japaner,” _Mitth. Deut. Gesell. Nat. und Völkerk. Ostasiens_, vol. iii., fasc. 28, p. 330, and vol. iv., fasc. 32, p. 39, Yokohama, 1883-85; Montano, _Mission aux îles Philippines_, Paris, 1885 (Extr. from _Arch. Miss. Scient._, 3rd series, vol. xi.).]

[Footnote 47: P. S. Unna, “Ueber das Haar als Rassenmerkmal,” _Deutsche Med. Zeit._, 1896, Nos. 82 and 83.]

[Footnote 48: See Stewart, _Microsc. Journ._, 1873, p. 54; and T. Anderson Stuart, _Journ. Anat. Phys._, 1881-82, xvi., p. 362.]

[Footnote 49: B. A. Gould, _loc. cit._, p. 562.]

[Footnote 50: Breul, “Vertheil. d. Hautpigments bei verschied. Menschenrassen,” _Morph. Arb._, directed by G. Schwalbe, vol. vi., part 3. Jena, 1896.]

[Footnote 51: Broca, _Instructions génér. pour les rech. Anthropologiques sur le vivant_, 2nd ed., Paris, 1879.]

[Footnote 52: J. G. Garson and Ch. H. Read, _Notes and Queries on Anthropology_, edit. for the Anthro. Institute, 2nd ed., London, 1892.]

[Footnote 53: Fair hair with all its shades is met with especially among the European populations of the North; it is rarer in the South. There are, it is computed, 16 fair-haired individuals to every 100 Scotchmen; 13 to every 100 Englishmen; and 2 only to every 100 Italians (Beddoe). On the other hand, brown hair is met with in 75 cases out of 100 Spaniards, 39 out of 100 Frenchmen, and 16 only of 100 Scandinavians (Gould). The fair variety is rarer among straight-haired races; it is found, however, among the western Finns, among certain Russians, etc.]

[Footnote 54: Baelz, _loc. cit._, vol. iv., p. 40; Matignon, _Bull. Soc. Anthr._, p. 524, Paris, 1896; Collignon, _ibid._, p. 528; Sören-Hansen, _Bidrag Vestgrönl. Anthr._, Copenhagen, 1893; Extr. from _Meddel. om Grönl._, vol. vii., p. 237.]

[Footnote 55: Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, p. 223. London, 1897.]

[Footnote 56: These characters, in conjunction with several others--the small development of the lower jaw-bone, the frontal sinuses poorly developed, the much greater development of the cranial vault proportionately to its base, the persistence of the frontal and parietal bumps--make the feminine skull approximate to the infantile form. See the works of Broca, Manouvrier, and also Rabentisch, _Der Weiberschädel, Morpholog. Arb._, Schwalbe, 1892, vol. ii., p. 207; and H. Ellis, _loc. cit._, p. 72.]

[Footnote 57: H. Ellis, _loc. cit._, p. 89 and onwards; L. Manouvrier, article “Cerveau” in the _Dict. de Physiol. de Ch. Richet_, vol. ii., part 8, Paris, 1897.]

[Footnote 58: According to the quinary nomenclature adopted in many countries of Europe, the indices are grouped by series of five: dolichocephalic from 70 to 74.9; mesocephalic from 75 to 79.9; brachycephalic from 80 to 84.9; hyper-brachycephalic from 85 to 89.9. The two systems might be combined with advantage, as I proposed ten years ago, under the following nomenclature, which I have adopted in this work:--Cephalic index of the skull: From 69.9 and under, hyper-dolichocephalic; from 70 to 74.9, dolichocephalic; from 75 to 77.7, sub-dolichocephalic; from 77.7 to 79.9, mesocephalic; from 80 to 83.2, sub-brachycephalic; from 83.3 to 84.9, brachycephalic; from 85 to 85.9, hyper-brachycephalic; from 90 and upwards, ultra-brachycephalic.]

[Footnote 59: Skulls may also be grouped by sections (for instance, ascending to the quinary nomenclature of the cephalic index) to see what is the proportional part of each of these sections. Thus if we take a series of 10 skulls having the following indices, 75, 77, 78, 80, 80, 81, 81, 81, 82, 84, their _average_ index will be expressed by the figure 80 (the sum of the indices divided by the number of skulls), while the most frequent _mean_ index will be 81. Further, the series should be considered as not very homogeneous, for it comprises 1 dolichocephalic, 1 sub-dolichocephalic, 1 mesocephalic, 6 sub-brachycephalic, and 1 brachycephalic.]

[Footnote 60: It is rather a line than a plane; the cranium always being asymmetrical, we cannot make a horizontal plane pass exactly through the borders of the two orbits and the two auditory meatus.]

[Footnote 61: Broca, “Recherches sur l’indice orbitaire,” _Rev. Anthro._, p. 577, Paris, 1875.]

[Footnote 62: C.E., an abbreviation which is met with in other tables for _Crania ethnica_ of De Quatrefages and Hamy, Paris, 1882.]

[Footnote 63: L. Weiss, _Beitr. Anat. der Orbita_, part 3, p. 25, Tübingen, 1890.]

[Footnote 64: Ten Kate, _L’Anthropologie_, 1894, p. 617.]

[Footnote 65: Ten Kate, _Zur Anthropologie der Mongoloiden_, Berlin, 1882 (thesis).]

[Footnote 66: See P. Broca, _Instruc. gén., etc._; Garson and Read, _Notes and Queries, etc._; as well as P. Topinard, “Instruc. Anthropometr. pour les voyageurs,” _Rev. d’Anthro._, p. 397, Paris, 1885.]

[Footnote 67: Sergi, _Congr. internat. d’Archéol. et d’Anthr. préhist._, 11th sess., Moscow, 1893, vol. ii., p. 296.]

[Footnote 68: Ehrenreich, _Anthr. Stud. Urbewohner Brasiliens_, chap. i., Brunswick, 1897.]

[Footnote 69: A. Gonner, “Vererbung der Forme ... des Schädels,” _Zeits. für Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie_, 1895, vol. xxxiii., p. 1.]

[Footnote 70: Spalikowski, “Études d’anthropologie normande,” _Bull. Soc. amis Sciences nat. Rouen_, 1895, Nos. 1 and 2, p. 113; Ammon, _loc. cit._, p. 143; Johansson, and F. Westermarck, _Skandin. Arch. f. Physiol._, vol. vii., 1897, p. 341; Miss Fawcett and K. Pearson, _Proc. Roy. Soc. London_, vol. 62, 1898, p. 413.]

[Footnote 71: _Elem. Anthro. gén._, p. 567.]

[Footnote 72: Regalia, “Orbita ed obliquità dell’ occhio Mongolico,” _Archivio p. Antr._, vol. xviii., p. 1, Florence, 1888.]

[Footnote 73: E. Metchnikof, _Zeitsch. f. Ethnol._, p. 153, Berlin, 1874.]

[Footnote 74: J. Deniker, “L’Étude sur les Kalmouks,” _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 2nd series, vol. vi., p. 696, Paris, 1883.]

[Footnote 75: Collignon, “La nomenclature quinaire de l’indice nasal,” _Rev. d’Anthropol._, 3rd series, t. ii., p. 8, Paris, 1887.]

[Footnote 76: German anthropologists take the measurement of the breadth of the nose, not level with the nostrils, but behind, at the point of their attachment to the maxillary bone, compressing the soft parts; the nasal indices thus obtained are much too low, and not comparable to those which result from the measurements taken according to the Broca-Collignon method.]

[Footnote 77: A. Bertillon, “Morphologie du Nez,” _Rev. d’Anthro._, 3rd series, vol. ii., 1887.]

[Footnote 78: P. Broca, “Recher. sur l’ind. nas.,” _Rev. d’Anthro._, vol. i., Paris, 1872; Houzé, “L’ind. nas. des Flamands et des Wallons,” _Bull. Soc. Anthr._, Bruxelles, vol. vii., 1888-89; O. Hovorka, _Die aussere Nase_, Wien, 1893; Hoyer, “Beitr. zur Anthr. der Nase,” Schwalbe’s _Morph. Arb._, vol. iv., p. 151, 1894.]

[Footnote 79: Schwalbe, “R. Virchow’s Festschrift,” 1891; E. Wilhelm, _Rev. Biol. du nord de la France_, Lille, 1892, No. 6.]

[Footnote 80: See the summing up of the question in Cunningham, “The Neural Spine,” _Journal of Anat. and Physiol._, vol. xx., p. 637.]

[Footnote 81: See, for further details, Verneau, _Le bassin dans les sexes_, etc., Paris, 1875; Turner, “Report Hum. Skelet.,” _Rep. of Challenger: Zoology_, part 47; J. Garson, “Pelvimetry,” _Journ. Anat. Physiol._, vol. xvi., London, October, 1881; Henning, “Rassenbecken,” _Arch. für Anthr._, 1885, and _Sitzungsb. Naturforsch. Gesell._, Leipzig, 1890-91, p. 1; Marri, _Archivio per l’Antr._, 1892, p. 17.]

[Footnote 82: On the index of the shoulder-blade see Broca, _Bull. Soc. Anthr._, 1878, p. 66; Livon, _De L’omoplate_ (thesis), Paris, 1879; Garson, _Journ. Anat. Physiol._, vol. xiv., 1879-80, p. 13; Turner, _loc. cit._]

[Footnote 83: Transformed into terms of the pelvic index of Broca these figures, according to the formula: ind. Turn.: 100 = 100: _x_, we have the figures: Fuegians, 129.8; Australians, 129.8; Europeans, 126.5; European women, 134.6; Australian women, 130.5; Andamanese women, 131.5.]

[Footnote 84: It has been thought that this frequency was due to the facility with which the thin lamella in question forming the bottom of the cavity can be destroyed after prolonged interment. However, there are prehistoric burial-places, as, for example, certain long barrows of Great Britain, in which not a single perforated humerus in a series of from ten to thirty bones has been found.]

[Footnote 85: Houzé, “Le 3ᵉ trochanter,” _Bull. Soc. Anthr._, Brussels, 1883.]

[Footnote 86: See the summary of the question by Dwight in _Journ. of Anat. Physiol._, vol. xxiv., pt. i., London, 1889, p. 61; also that by Costa, in _Archivio per l’Antr._, vol. xx., 1890, p. 280; and by Poirier in his _Traité d’Anatomie_, vol. i., p. 221, Paris, 1890.]

[Footnote 87: Manouvrier, _Mémoires Soc. Anthr._, 2nd ser., vol. iii., Paris, 1888.]

[Footnote 88: _Ibid._, vol. iv., 1890.]

[Footnote 89: Hamy, _Rev. d’Anthrop._, 1872, p. 79.]

[Footnote 90: Topinard, _L’homme dans la Nature_, p. 126.]

[Footnote 91: Rojdestvensky, “Proportions of the Head,” _Bull. Soc. Friends of Nat. Sc._, vol. xc., part 1, Moscow, 1895 (in Russian).]

[Footnote 92: Ivanovsky, “Mongols, etc.,” _Bull. Soc. Friends of Nat. Sc._, vol. lxxi., Moscow, 1893 (in Russian); Topinard, _Elem. Anthro. générale_, p. 1076.]

[Footnote 93: See Ivanovsky, _loc. cit._, p. 257; Topinard, _loc. cit._, p. 1089.]

[Footnote 94: Deniker and Boulart, _loc. cit._, p. 53.]

[Footnote 95: M. Bartels, _Arch. f. Anthr._, vol. xiii., 1880, p. 1.]

[Footnote 96: Lartschneider, “Die Steissbeinmuskeln, etc.,” _Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. mat. nat. Kl._, vol. lxii., 1895.]

[Footnote 97: See on this subject, Le Double, _Traité des variations du Syst. musc. de l’homme_, 2 vols., Paris, 1897; and Testut, _Anomalies muscul._, Paris, 1884.]

[Footnote 98: Hovelacque and Hervé, _Précis d’Anthro._, p. 301. Paris, 1887.]

[Footnote 99: Ten Kate, “Sur quelques points d’ostéologie ethnique,” _Revista del Museo de La Plata_, vol. vii., 1896, p. 263.]

[Footnote 100: R. Blanchard, “Observations sur le tablier ... d’après Peron et Lesueur,” _Bull. Soc. Zool. de France_, 1883, with Figs.]

[Footnote 101: H. Ploss, _Das Weib_, 5th edit., by Max Bartels, vol. i. Leipzig, 1897.]

[Footnote 102: Topinard, _L’homme dans la Nature_, p. 215.]

[Footnote 103: Topinard, _Elem. d’Anthrop. génér._, p. 571.]

[Footnote 104: According to the same author, the average weight of the brain of 364 Bavarians is 1372 grammes.]

[Footnote 105: Manouvrier, “De la quantité dans l’encéphale,” _Mém. Soc. Anthr._, 2nd ser., vol. iii., p. 162. Paris, 1888.]

[Footnote 106: _Elem. Anthr. gén._, pp. 611 _et seq._ The figures are drawn from the series of Broca and Flower, the latter being augmented by 64 c.c. (the mean difference established by Topinard and Garson between the two systems of determining cranial capacity).]

[Footnote 107: Article “Cerveau,” in the _Dict. de Physiol._ of Ch. Richet, vol. ii., part 3, p. 687. Paris, 1897.]

[Footnote 108: “11 Ossetes, 1465 grammes; 15 Ingush-Chechen, 1454 grammes; 11 Georgians, 1350 grammes; but 12 Armenians of medium height of 1634 mm. give 1369 grammes for the brain.”--Gilchenko, _Congr. Intern. Arch. préhis._, vol. i., p. 183, Moscow, 1892.]

[Footnote 109: C. Voit, “Gewichte d. Organe,” _Zeitsch. für Biologie_, 1894, p. 510.]

[Footnote 110: Manouvrier has demonstrated (_Dict. Phys._, p. 688), working on three series of from 54 to 58 Frenchmen, that individuals of low stature have a lighter brain (1329 grammes) than those of high stature (1398 grammes); two series of women (23 and 27 individuals) yielded a similar result (1198 grammes for the low-statured, and 1218 for the tall). A series of 44 distinguished men of _all_ nations and _all_ statures gave a mean weight of 1430 grammes--that is to say, exceeding that of the French of high stature and the Scotch. From this may be drawn the conclusion that _intelligence_ causes an increase in the weight of the brain independently of the stature. Here, by way of documents, are several data of this interesting series. The minimum of this series belongs to the anatomist Döllinger, who died at the age of seventy-one (1207 grammes), the maximum to the novelist Thackeray, who died at the age of fifty-three (1644 grammes). Between these two extremes are inserted, Harless (1238 grammes), Gambetta (1294 grammes), Liebig (1352 grammes), Bischoff (1452 grammes), Broca (1485 grammes), Gauss (1492 grammes), Agassiz (1512 grammes), and De Morny (1520 grammes), to mention only the best known names ranging between these extremes. M. Manouvrier has excluded from this series exceptionally heavy brains, like those of Schiller (1781 grammes), of Cuvier (1829 grammes), of Tourgenieff (2012 grammes), and lastly of Byron (2238 grammes).]

[Footnote 111: According to Danilevsky and Dr. Regibus, the weight of the grey substance represents 37 or 38 per cent. of the total weight of the brain.]

[Footnote 112: Every nerve-fibre of the adult is composed of an axis-cylinder which communicates with the nerve-cells and with a myeline sheath formed around it. In the course of the development of the embryo this sheath appears after the formation of the axis-cylinder.]

[Footnote 113: Flechsig, _Gehirn und Seele_, 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1896; _Die Localization der geistigen Vorgänge_, Leipzig, 1896.]

[Footnote 114: Sir W. Turner, Opening Address at the British Association, Toronto, 1897, _Nature_, 2nd Sept. 1897.]

[Footnote 115: See the summary of the question in Ramon y Cajal, _Nouv. idées struct. syst. nerveux_, French trans., Paris, 1894; also Donaldson, _Growth of the Brain_, ch. vii., 1895.]

[Footnote 116: See the works of Bowditch on 2,500 American children of both sexes, _Eighth Ann. Rep. State Board of Massachusetts_ (1877); of Pagliani on the Italians (_Archivio per l’Antr._, 1876, vol. vi.); of Axel Key on 1,800 Swedish children (_Intern. Congr. Med._, Berlin, 1887); of Schmidt on 10,000 German children, etc.]

[Footnote 117: H. Vierordt, “Das Massen-wachsthum, etc.,” _Arch. für Anatom. u. Phys.; Anatom. Division_, 1890, supplem. volume, p. 62.]

[Footnote 118: Baelz, “Die Körperlichen Eigenschaften der Japaner,” _Mittheil. Deutsch. Gesell. Ost. Asi._, 1882, vol. iii., p. 348; Hamada and Sasaki in _Seii-Kwai_ (_Japanese Med. Journ. of Tokio_), February No., 1890.]

[Footnote 119: Lapicque, _Rev. Mens. École. Anthr._, 1897, No. 12.]

[Footnote 120: Hyades and Deniker, _loc. cit._, p. 181.]

[Footnote 121: These figures, as well as those relating to the pulse, are borrowed for the Fuegians from Hyades and Deniker, _loc. cit._, p. 182; for the American populations from Gould, _loc. cit._; for the Europeans from the work of H. Vierordt, _Anatomische Daten und Tabellen_, 1893; and for the rest from the memoir (in Russian) of Ivanovsky, “The Mongol-Torgootes,” already quoted.]

[Footnote 122: Maurel, _Bull. Soc. Anth. Paris_, 1883, p. 699; Hyades and Deniker, p. 183.]

[Footnote 123: R. Andree, _Ethnol. Parallele_, Neue Folge, Leipzig, 1889.]

[Footnote 124: Darwin, _Expression of the Emotions_, London, 1872; Mantegazza, _Physiognomy and Expression_ (English trans.), London, 1895; M. Duval, _Anatomie artistique_, p. 285, Paris, 1881.]

[Footnote 125: See _Globus_, 1897, vol. xxi., No. 7.]

[Footnote 126: Kotelmann, “Die Augen, etc.,” _Zeit. f. Ethn._, 1884, Verh., p 77.]

[Footnote 127: Dr. Herzenstein, _Izviestia_, etc., of _Friends of Science_, Moscow, vol. xlix., part 4, p. 347 (in Russian).]

[Footnote 128: See for further details, Ploss, _loc. cit._, vol. i., p. 288.]

[Footnote 129: B. Rosenstadt, “Ursachen welche die Zahl der Conceptionen, etc.,” _Mitth. Embryol. Instit. Univers. Wien_, 2nd series, part 4, Vienna, 1890.]

[Footnote 130: Fr. Müller, _Allgem. Ethnographie_, 2nd ed., p. 212, Vienna, 1879; Kulischer, _Zeit. f. Ethn._, vol. viii. (Verh., p. 152), Berlin, 1876.]

[Footnote 131: Correspondence of the _Temps_ of the 6th of February 1896.]

[Footnote 132: J. M. Campbell, _Journ. Anthr. Soc. Bombay_, vol. iv., 1895, No. 1.]

[Footnote 133: I cannot refute here all the erroneous assertions in regard to the assumed influence of environment, referring the reader to the works of Pallas (_Acta of the Acad. of St. Petersburg_, 1780, part ii., p. 69) and of Darwin (especially to _The Descent of Man_). It is enough to give some examples. Negroes are not black because they inhabit tropical countries, seeing that the Indians of South America, who live in the same latitudes, are yellow; Norwegians and Great Russians, who are fair and tall, live side by side with the Laplanders and the Samoyeds, who are dark and of very low stature. It has been said and repeated frequently that the Jews who immigrated to Cochin (India), after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, became as black as the indigenous Tamils among whom they live. This is so little true that in this country the name of “white Jews” is given to the descendants of true Jews (who really are white), to distinguish them from the “black Jews” or Tamils converted to Judaism. Further, it has been pretended, according to an assertion of Khanikof, reproduced by Darwin (_Descent of Man_, p. 304), and repeated by so many others, that the Wurtemburgers of blond type, who emigrated to the Caucasus in 1816, had become dark. This statement is no truer than the preceding one. Radde, who has studied these settlers, says expressly (_Zeit. f. Ethnol._, vol. ix., Verh., p. 12) that they are as fair as their compatriots who have remained in Germany. According to Pantioukhof (_Anth. Observ. in the Caucasus_, p. 25, Tiflis, 1893, in Russian), 25 out of 51 of the settlers, or 55 per cent., have light eyes, while in Wurtemburg the proportion of light eyes _among children_ is 65 per cent. (_Arch. f. Anthr._, 1886, p. 412), which reduces the figure to about 56 per cent. or 58 per cent. for the adults,--a figure very near to the preceding one.]

[Footnote 134: S. Russkikh, “Influence of the Polar Night on the Human Organism,” _Zapiski of the Ourtian Friends of Nat. Sc. Soc._, Ekaterinburg, 1895 (in Russian).]

[Footnote 135: W. Kochs, “Eine wichtige Veränderung, etc.,” _Biol. Centralbl._, p. 289, 1891.]

[Footnote 136: Davy, _Philos. Transac. Roy. Soc. London_, 1850, p. 437.]

[Footnote 137: Darwin, _Descent of Man_, 3rd ed., p. 208.]

[Footnote 138: Cl. Markham, _Travels in India and Peru_, London, 1869; Elisée Reclus, _Géographie universelle_, vol. viii., p. 630, Paris, 1883.]

[Footnote 139: Rosenberg, _Malayshe Archip._, Leipzig, 1878, Preface.]

[Footnote 140: Huxley, _Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature_, London, 1863.]

[Footnote 141: Hettner, _Zeits. Gesel. Erdk._, vol. xxvi., 1891, p. 137.]

[Footnote 142: _Proceedings Geogr. Soc. London_, 1891, p. 34.]

[Footnote 143: For details see Bordier, _Géogr. Médicale_, Paris, 1883, with atlas.]

[Footnote 144: _Bull. Géogr. histor. et descript._, p. 53, Paris, 1889.]

[Footnote 145: G. de la Tourette, _Journal de Médecine_, February, 1893.]

[Footnote 146: Brinton, _Science_, 16th Dec. 1892; and _Globus_, 1893, 1st half-year, p. 148.]

[Footnote 147: See Logan’s _Journal of the Indian Archipelago_, vol. iii., Calcutta, 1849, pp. 457, 464, and 530; H. O. O’Brien, “The Latah,” _Journ. of the Straits Branch of the R. Asiat. Soc._, Singapore, June 1883, p. 144; Metzger, “Amok und Mataglap,” _Globus_, vol. lii., 1882, No. 7; Rasch, _Neurolog. Centralbl._, 1894, No. 15; 1895, No. 19.]

[Footnote 148: L. Morgan, _Proc. Am. Assoc. Acad. Sc._, Detroit Session, 1875, p. 266, and _Journal Anthro. Inst._, vol. vi., 1878, p. 114. The distinction between the first and the second form lies, according to Morgan, in the knowledge of pottery--a somewhat unreliable and narrow criterion, which, however, does not directly interest us here.]

[Footnote 149: Grosse, _Die Formen der Wirtschaft_, etc., Leipzig, 1896.]

[Footnote 150: Ratzel, _History of Mankind_, vol. i., p. 24. London, 1896.]

[Footnote 151: Vierkandt, _Naturvölker und Kulturvölker_, Leipzig, 1896; and _Geogr. Zeitschr._, vol. iii., pp. 256 and 315, 2 maps, Leipzig, 1897.]

[Footnote 152: That is to say, engaged in the pursuit of land animals (hunting), or of aquatic (fishing); or gathering plants or fruits.]