Chapter VII: /Sociological Characters/--(continued) 229

3. /Family Life/.--Relations of the two sexes before
marriage--_Marriage and family_--Theory of promiscuity--Group
marriage--Exogamy and endogamy--Matriarchate--Degrees of
relationship and filiation--Polyandry--Levirate--Polygamy and
monogamy--Patriarchate--Rape and purchase of the bride--Duration
of conjugal union--_Children_--Birth--Nurture--Name of the child
and of adults--Initiation, circumcision, etc.--_Old men and their
fate_--_Funereal rites_--Mourning.

4. /Social Life/.--(_a_) _Home life of a people_--_Economic
organisation_--The forms of property depend on production--Common
property and family property--Village community--Individual
property--_Social organisation_--Totemism--Clan rule--Family
rule--Territorial rule--Caste and class rule--Democratic
rule--Social morals--Right and justice--Taboo--Retaliation,
vendetta, and ordeals--Secret societies--Extra legal
judges--Formulæ of politeness--(_b_) _International life
of peoples_--Absence of sympathetic relations--Hostile
relations--_War_--Arms of offence--Bow and arrows--Arms of
defence--Neutral relations--_Commerce_--Money--Cowry--Transports
and means of communication--Primitive vehicles--Navigation.

CHAPTER VIII.

/Classification of Races and Peoples/ 280

Criticism of anthropological classification--Frequent confusion
of the _classing of races_ and _of peoples_--The determining of
races can be based only on _somatic characters_--For the classing
of peoples, on the contrary, it is necessary to take into account
_ethnic characters_ (linguistic and sociological), and above all
_geographical distribution_--_Classification of races proposed by
the author_--Succinct characterisation of the twenty-nine races
which are therein mentioned--_Classification of ethnic groups_
adopted in this work.

CHAPTER IX.

/Races and Peoples of Europe/ 299

Problem of European ethnogeny--I. /Ancient Inhabitants Of
Europe/--_Prehistoric races_--Quaternary period--Glacial and
interglacial periods--Quaternary skulls--Spy and Chancelade races
or types--Races of the neolithic period--Races of the age of
metals--_Aryan question_--Position of the problem--_Migration_ of
European peoples in the _historic period_--II. /European Races of
the Present Day/--Characteristics of the six principal races and
the four secondary races--III. /Present Peoples of Europe/--/A/.
_Aryan peoples_: Latins, Germans, Slavs, Letto-Lithuanians, Celts,
Illyro-Hellenes--/B/. _Anaryan peoples_: Basques, Finns, etc.--/C/.
_Caucasian peoples_: Lesgians, Georgians, etc.

CHAPTER X.

/Races and Peoples of Asia/ 359

/Ancient Inhabitants of Asia/.--Prehistoric times--_Pithecanthropus
erectus_ (Dub.)--Ages of stone and metals.--/Present Inhabitants of
Asia/.--Races of Asia--I. _Peoples of Northern Asia_--Yeniseian,
Palæasiatic and Tunguse groups.--II. _Peoples of Central
Asia_--Turkish, Mongolian, and Thibetan groups--Peoples of the
south-west of Thibet and of South China (Lolo, Miao-tsé, Lu-tsé,
etc.).--III. _Peoples of Eastern Asia_--Chinese, Coreans, and
Japanese.--IV. _Peoples of Indo-China_--Aborigines, Mois, Kuis,
Siam, Naga, etc.--More recent mixed populations: Annamese,
Cambodians, Thai, etc.--V. _Peoples of India_--Castes--Dravidians
and Kolarians--Indo-Aryans and unclassified populations--VI.
_Peoples of Anterior Asia_--Iranians and Semites.