Chapter XIII: /Races and Peoples of America/ 507

The four ethnic elements of the New World--_Origin of the
Americans_--/Ancient Inhabitants of America/--Problem
of palæolithic man in the United States--Palæolithic
man in Mexico and South America--Lagoa Santa race;
Sambaquis and Paraderos--Problem of the Mound-Builders and
Cliff-Dwellers--Ancient civilisation of Mexico and Peru--_Present
American Races_--_American languages._

/Peoples of North America/--/I/. _Eskimo_--/II/. _Indians of
Canada and United States_: _a._ Arctic--Athapascan group; _b._
Antarctic--Algonquian-Iroquois, Chata-Muskhogi, and Siouan
groups; _c._ Pacific--North-west Indians, Oregon-California and
Pueblo groups--/III/. _Indians of Mexico and Central America_:
_a._ Sonoran-Aztecs; _b._ Central Americans (Mayas, Isthmians,
etc.)--Half-breeds in Mexico and the Antilles.

/Peoples of South America/--/I/. _Andeans_: Chibcha, Quechua, and
other linguistic families; the Araucans--/II/. _Amazonians_: Carib,
Arawak, Miranha, and Panos families; unclassed tribes--/III/.
_Indians of East Brazil and the Central Region_: Ges linguistic
family; unclassed tribes (Puri, Karaya, Bororo, etc.); Tupi-Guarani
family--/IV/. _South Argentine_: Chaco and Pampas Indians, etc.;
Patagonians, Fuegians.

/Appendix/ 577

/Index of Authors/ 597

/Index of Subjects/ 604

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

Naga of Manipur in gala costume _Frontispiece_

1. Skull of gorilla 16

2. Skull of man 17

3. Microscopic section of skin and of hair 34

4. Mohave Indians of Arizona 35

5, 6. Pure Veddah of Dangala Mountains of Ceylon 36, 37

7. Toda woman (India) 39

8. Kurumba man of Nilgiri Hills 40

9. Agni Negro of Krinjabo, Western Africa 41

10. Dolichocephalic skull of an islander of Torres Straits 57

11. Brachycephalic skull of a Ladin of Pufels (Tyrol) 57

12, 13. Skull of ancient Egyptian exhumed at Thebes 60, 61

14, 15. Jenny, Australian woman of Queensland 66, 67

16. Japanese officer (old style) 70

17. Two men, Nagas of Manipur 71

18. Eye of a young Kalmuk girl of Astrakhan 78

19. Welsh type of Montgomeryshire 79

20. Kalmuk of Astrakhan 81

21. Jew of Algiers 82

22. Persian Hadjemi 83

23. A, Skull with Inca bone; B, Malar bone divided in two; C,
Superior part of femur, etc. 88

24. Hottentot woman of Griqualand 94

25. Brain with indication of the three “centres of projection” and
the three “centres of association” 102

26. Dakota Indian gesture language 129

27. Writing by notches of the Laotians 136

28. Coloured prehistoric pebbles of the grotto of Mas-d’Azil
(Ariège) 137

29. Journal of the voyage of an Eskimo of Alaska 138

30. Petition of Chippeway Indians to the President of the United
States 139

31. Various signs of symbolic pictography 140

32. Paternoster in Mexican hieroglyphics 140

33. Ancient Chinese hieroglyphics 141

34. Method of fire-making by rubbing 150

35. Do. do. sawing 151

36. Do. do. twirling 151

37. Bark vessel, used by Iroquois Indians 154

38. Type of Iroquois earthen vessel 154

39. Making of pottery without wheel 155

40. Primitive harvest 156

41. Hemispherical hut in straw of Zulu-Kafirs 161

42. Hut and granary of the Ovampos (S. Africa) 162

43. Summer tent of Tunguse-Manegres 164

44. “Gher” or tent of the Kalmuks of Astrakhan 165

45. Hexagonal house of non-roving Altaians 166

46. Kraal, or Kafir village, with defensive enclosure 167

47. Zulu girl, with head-dress, necklace, belt, and chastity
apron 171

48. Ufhtaradeka, typical Fuegian with mantle 172

49. Ainu woman, tattooed round the lips 174

50, 51. Foot of Chinese woman artificially deformed 175

52. Native of the Department of Haute-Garonne 177

53. Dancing costume of natives of Murray Islands 179

54. Method of making stone tools by percussion 185

55. Method of flaking stone by pressure 185

56. Knife of chipped flint of the Hupa Indians 186

57. Kalmuk turning lathe with alternating rotatory movement 188

58. Principle of tackle utilised by Eskimo, landing a walrus 190

59. Dance of Australians during the Corroboree 200

60. Anthropomorph ornamental design of the Papuans of New
Guinea 201

61, 62. Zoomorph ornamental designs on a club and a spatula 202

63. Conventional representation of an alligator 203

64. Ornamental motive derived from the preceding design 203

65. Ornamental designs of the Karayas 204

66. Bushman painting, representing the battle going in favour
of the Bechuana 205

67. Symbolic adzes of Mangaia Island 207

68. “Sansa” or “Zimba,” a musical box of the Negroes 211

69. “Marimba,” the Negro xylophone 212

70. Bushman playing on the “gora” 213

71. Detail of construction of the “gora” 214

72. Eskimo geographical map 226

73. Chipped flint dagger of the Californian Indians 256

74. Axe of the Banyai (Matabeleland) 258

75. Missile arms of the Australians 260

76. Throwing-stick of the Papuans of German New Guinea 261

77. Different methods of arrow release 265

78. Australian shield in wood 267

79. Indonesian shields 268

80. Shield of Zulu-Kafirs 268

81. Money of uncivilised peoples 272

82. Method of tree-climbing in India 276

83. Malayo-Polynesian canoe with outrigger 279

84. Chellean flint implement, Saint-Acheul (Somme) 302

85. Quaternary art (Magdalenian period) 308

86. Spy skull, first quaternary race 311

87. Chancelade skull, second quaternary race 312

88. Islander of Lewis (Hebrides) 319

89, 90. Norwegian of South Osterdalen 322, 323

91. Young Sussex farmer 326

92. Englishwoman of Plymouth 328

93. Fisher people of Island of Aran (Ireland) 330

94. Young woman of Arles 331

95, 96. Pure type of Highlander (clan Chattan) 332, 333

97. Anglian type, common in north and north-east of England 336

98. Frenchman of Ouroux (Morvan) 337

99, 100. Dolichocephalic Frenchmen of Dordogne 338

101. Englishman (Gloucestershire) 341

102, 103. Russian carpenter, district of Pokrovsk 342, 343

104, 105. Russian woman, district of Veréïa 346, 347

106. Cheremiss of Ural Mountains 350

107, 108. Kundrof Tatar (Turkoman) of Astrakhan 352, 353

109. Georgian Imer of Kutais 355

110, 111. Chechen of Daghestan 356, 357

112. Skull of the _Pithecanthropus erectus_ (Dab.) 360

113. Calvaria of _Pithecanthropus_, seen from above 361

114. Polished stone axe found in Cambodia 364

115, 116. Tunguse hunter (Siberia) with ski and staff 368, 369

117. Ainu of Yezo (Japan) with crown of shavings 371

118. Educated Chinaman of Manchu origin 384

119. Leao-yu-chow, Chinese woman 385

120. Young Japanese women taking tea 388

121. Tong King artisan of Son-tai 390

122. Khamti of Lower Burma, Assam frontier 393

123. Black Sakai of Gunong-Inas (Perak, Malay Pen.) 396

124. Negrito chief of Middle Andaman 398

125. Gurkha of the Kus or Khas tribe, Nepal 403

126. Group of Paniyan men and children of Malabar 405

127. Young Irula girl 406

128. Santal of the Bhagalpur Hills 407

129. An old Toda man of Nilgiri Hills 412

130. Group of Todas of Nilgiri Hills 414

131, 132. Singhalese of Candy, Ceylon 416, 417

133. Tutti, Veddah woman of the village of Kolonggala 418

134. Natives of Mekran (Baluchistan) 421

135. Arts and crafts among the Kafirs 430

136. Tunisian Berber, Oasis type 433

137. Trarza Moor of the Senegal 434

138. Hamran Beja of Daghil tribe 437

139. Yoro Combo, fairly pure Fulah of Kayor (Futa Jallon) 442

140. Bonna M’Bané, Mandingan-Sossé 448

141. Catrai, Ganguela-Bantu 457

142. Swazi-Bantu woman and girl 466

143. N’Kon-yui, Bushman of the region of Lake Ngami 467

144. Hova of Tananarivo 472

145. Ambit, Sundanese of Java (Preanger prov.) 476

146. Natives of Livuliri (near Larantuka, Floris) 479

147, 148. Buri, a Solorian of Adanara Island 480, 481

149, 150. “Billy,” Queensland Australian 484, 485

151. Young Papuan woman of the Samarai people 492

152. Papuans of the Kerepunu tribe at Tamain-Hula (New Guinea) 496

153. Woman of the Fuala clan (New Caledonia) 498

154, 155. Tahitian woman of Papeete 502, 503

156. Tahitian of Papeete 504

157. West Greenland Eskimo 518

158, 159. Gahhigué-Vatake, a Dakota-Siouan Indian 522, 523

160. Woman of Wichita tribe, Pawnee Nation, Ind. Terr., U.S. 525

161. Christian Apache Indian 529

162. Young Creole woman of Martinique 538

163. Miztec Indian (Mexico) 539

164. Miztec women (Mexico) 541

165. Guaraunos chief, with his two wives 548

166. Guaraunos of the mouth of the Orinoco 549

167, 168. Kalina or Carib of Dutch Guiana 554, 555

169, 170. Miranha Indian of Rio Yapura 558, 559

171. Bakairi, Carib tribe of upper Xingu 562

172. Aramichaux Indian (Carib tribe of French Guiana) 566

173. Bororo woman (unclassified tribe of Matto Grosso) 568

174. Kamanakar Kipa, young Yahgan Fuegian girl 574

175. Tualanpintsis, Yahgan Fuegian, and his wife Ticoaeli 575

/Map/ 1. Europe in the first glacial period 303

„ 2. Approximate distribution of the races of Europe 327

THE RACES OF MAN.