Chapter IV

THE PRIMACY OF ANSELM AND THE ACQUISITION
OF NORMANDY. 1093-1097.

1087-1092 Character of the early years of William Rufus;
chronological sequence of the history 325-326
1093-1098 Character of the next period; distinct lines
of story 326-328
Ecclesiastical affairs; working of the new
ideas; new position of the King 328
1089-1093 Vacancy of the see of Canterbury; influence of
Randolf Flambard 328-329

§ 1. _The Administration of Randolf Flambard._

1089-1099 Early history of Flambard; question as to his
settlement in England T. R. E. 329
His service with the Bishop of London 329-330
Flambard a priest, and said to have been Dean
of Twinham 330
Character of Flambard; his parents; his
surname; his financial skill 330-331
His probable share in Domesday; his alleged
new Domesday 331-332
His rise under Rufus; he holds the
justiciarship; growth of the office under
him 332-333
His loss of land for the New Forest 333
His systematic charges and exactions; the King
to be every man’s heir 333-335
The feudal tenure; wardship; marriage;
dealings with bishoprics and abbeys 335-336
Agency of Flambard; systematizing of the
feudal tenures 336-337
Flambard’s theory of land-holding; relief and
redemption; dealings with wills 337-339
Wardship; its oppressive working; wardship and
marriage special to England and Normandy 339-340
The two sides of feudalism; England in what
sense feudal 340-341
Flambard’s oppression falls most directly on
the greatest estates; no special oppression
of the English as such 341-342
Dealings of the tenants-in-chief with their
under-tenants 342
Submission of the nobles; position of the
king’s clerks 342-343
Position of Rufus favourable for his schemes;
effect on national unity 343-344
Abuse of the old laws 344
Dealings with church property; appointment and
investiture of bishops and abbots 345
Grant of the temporalities by the king; church
lands become fiefs; analogy between lay and
spiritual fiefs; Flambard’s inferences 346-347
Vacant prelacies held by the King; power of
prolonging the vacancy 347
Sale of bishoprics and abbeys; simony not
systematic before Rufus 347-348
Treatment of vacant churches; Flambard the
chief agent 349
Novelty of the practice; tenure in
_frankalmoign_ 350
1092-1100 Resignation and restoration of Abbot Odo of
Chertsey 350
Distinction between bishoprics and abbeys; the
vacancies longer in the case of the abbeys 350-352
English abbots; story of the appointment to an
Sees vacant in 1092 353
1091-1123 Ralph Luffa Bishop of Chichester; his
appointment and episcopate 353-354
1091 Death of Bishop William of Thetford; history
of Herbert Losinga; he buys the bishopric 354
1088-1091 Three years’ vacancy of New Minster 355
1091-1093 Herbert buys the abbey for his father Robert 355
1093 Herbert repents; receives his bishopric again
from the Pope; novelty of the act 355-356
1092-1094 Vacancy of the see of Lincoln 356
1089-1093 Vacancy of Canterbury 356

§ 2. _The Vacancy of the Primacy and the Appointment
of Anselm. 1089-1093._

Effects of the vacancy of the see of Canterbury 357
Special position of the metropolitan see;
place of the Archbishop as the leader of the
nation 358-359
Appointment to the archbishopric; the see not
granted to the King’s clerks 359
The King’s purpose to keep the see vacant; his
motives 359-361
No fear of a bad appointment 361-362
No thought of election either by the monks or
by the Witan; silent endurance of the nation 362-363
Results of the vacancy; corruption of the
clergy; lack of ecclesiastical discipline 363-365
Anselm; debt of England to foreigners; the
Burgundian saints, Anselm and Hugh 365
1080 Birth and parentage of Anselm; Aosta 366-368
Comparison of Lanfranc and Anselm; various
sides of Anselm’s character; he is not
preferred in England by the Conqueror 368-369
Anselm and Eadmer; references to Eadmer in
other writers 369-370
Childhood of Anselm; his youthful licence 370-371
1057-1060 He leaves Aosta; his sojourn at Avranches 371
1060 He becomes a monk at Bec 371
1063 He is elected Prior; stories of him as Prior 372
1078 He is elected Abbot; Bec under his government;
his widespread fame 373
His correspondence 374
Relations between Bec and England 374-376
1090 Foundation of the priory of Clare 376
Frequency of lawsuits; Anselm’s desire to do
justice 376-377
1078 His first visit to England; his friendship with
the monks of Christ Church; his first
acquaintance with Eadmer 377-378
His general popularity in England; his love
for England; his preaching and alleged
miracles 378-380
His friendship with the Conqueror and with
Earl Hugh 380-381
Feeling as to the vacancy of the archbishopric;
Anselm looked to as the coming archbishop 381-382
Earl Hugh changes the canons of Saint
Werburh’s at Chester for monks; he asks help
from Anselm 382
Anselm refuses to go; repeated messages and
refusals; he at last goes at the bidding of
his own monks 382-385
September 8, Anselm at Canterbury 385
1092
His first interview with Rufus; his rebukes of
the King; settlement of the affairs of Bec 385-387
Anselm at Chester 387
February, The King refuses him leave to go back; William’s
1093 feeling towards Anselm 388
Christmas, The Christmas assembly; the vacancy discussed by
1092-1093 the Witan; petition of the assembly to the
King 387-389
Prayers for the appointment of an archbishop
drawn up by Anselm 389-390
Character of the year 1093 390
Discourse about Anselm before the King; the
King’s mockery 390-391
He falls sick at Alveston and is removed to
Gloucester 391
Repentance of Rufus; advice of the prelates
and nobles; Anselm sent for; Rufus promises
amendment 392-393
His proclamation of reform; general
satisfaction 393-394
Beginnings of reform; prisoners set free; the
bishopric of Lincoln granted to Robert Bloet 394-395
March 6, Rufus names Anselm to the archbishopric;
1093 unwillingness of Anselm 396
Arguments of the bishops, of the King, and his
own monks 397-399
He is invested and installed by force 398-401
Anselm’s renewed protest; his parable of the
two oxen; the King orders the restitution of
the temporalities of the see 401-403
The royal right of investiture not questioned;
no scruples on the part of Anselm; later
change in his views 403-404
No ecclesiastical election; sole action of the
King; Gundulf’s letter to the monks of Bec 404-405
Anselm tarries with Gundulf; consent of the
Duke, the Archbishop of Rouen, and the monks
of Bec 406
April 17, The King’s recovery; the Easter Gemót 407
1093
The King falls back into evil ways; he recalls
his acts of mercy 407-408
He keeps his purpose as to Anselm 408-409
March-Dec. Affairs of England and Wales; dealings between
1093 William and Malcolm; designs of William on
Normandy 409-410
Action of William of Eu; he suggests an attack
on Normandy 410-411
Dealings of Rufus with the Counts of Flanders 411-412
Oct. 4 or Death of Robert the Frisian; accession of
13, 1093 Robert of Jerusalem 411-412
Interview between Anselm and the King at
Rochester; his three conditions 412-414
Anselm requires to be allowed to acknowledge
Pope Urban; question of the acknowledgement
of Popes; English feeling on the subject 414-416
The King’s answer; his special counsellors;
Count Robert of Meulan and Bishop William of
Durham 417
The King prays Anselm to take the archbishopric;
he asks for the confirmation of grants made
by him during the vacancy 418
Anselm refuses; statement of the case on both
sides; the King’s _advocatio_ of the
archbishopric 418-421
State of public feeling; special Gemót at
Winchester; Anselm receives the archbishopric
and does homage 421-422
The King’s writ; the Archbishop’s thegns;
clauses in favour of the monks 422-423
Relations of the Archbishop to the city of
Canterbury and the abbey of Saint Alban’s 423-424
1093 Death of Abbot Paul of Saint Alban’s;
four years’ vacancy of the abbey 423-424
The question as to the Pope left unsettled;
no reference to the Pope in English episcopal
appointments 424-425
Order of episcopal appointments then and now;
theory of the two systems 425-427
Sept. 25, Enthronement of Anselm; Flambard brings a suit
1093 against him on the day of his enthronement 427-428
December 4 Consecration of Anselm at Canterbury; list of
the officiating bishops 429-430
Successful objection of Thomas of York to the
phrase “Metropolitan of Britain” 430-432
Anselm’s general profession to the Roman
church 432-433
Thomas claims jurisdiction over Lincoln;
Robert Bloet’s consecration delayed 433
Christmas, Assembly at Gloucester; Anselm received by
1093-1094 the King 434

§ 3. _The Assembly at Hastings and the second Norman
Campaign. 1094._

Events of the year 1094; affairs of Normandy;
their connection with Anselm 434-435
Christmas, Robert’s challenge of William; war decreed 435-436
1093-1094
Contributions collected for the war; Anselm
unwilling to contribute; he at last gives
five hundred pounds 437-438
William first accepts the money and then
refuses it 438-440
Dispute with Bishop Maurice of London;
judgement of Wulfstan 440-441
February 2, Assembly at Hastings; fleet delayed by the
1094 wind 441-442
February 11 Consecration of the church at Battle; William
and Anselm at Battle 442-445
February 3, Death of Bishop Geoffrey of Coutances; his
1093 successor Ralph at Hastings and Battle 444
February 12 Consecration of Robert Bloet to Lincoln; his
gift to the King; plot against Anselm;
compromise with York 445-446
1104-1123 Character and episcopate of Robert Bloet 447-448
Return of Bishop Herbert of Thetford; he is
deprived by the King 448
1094 His restoration; he removes his see to Norwich 448
February 17 The ceremonies of Ash-Wednesday; Anselm rebukes
the minions 449-450
Anselm’s interview with the King; his silence
about the war 450-451
Anselm asks for help in his reforms; he asks
leave to hold a synod; his appeal against
the fashionable vices 451-453
Grievances of the Church; wrongs of the church
tenants 454
He prays the King to fill the vacant abbeys;
their relation to the King; hostile answer
of Rufus 454-456
Comparison of Lanfranc and Anselm; estimate of
Anselm’s conduct 456-457
Anselm tries to recover the King’s favour; the
bishops advise him to give more money; his
grounds for refusing 457-460
The King more hostile than ever; Anselm
leaves Hastings 460
March 19, William crosses to Normandy 461
1094
Vain attempts to settle the dispute between
William and Robert; verdict of the
guarantors against William 461
Castles held by William; taking of Bures 462-463
Robert calls in Philip; siege and surrender of
Argentan; ransom of the prisoners 463-464
Robert takes La Houlme 465
Difficulties of Rufus; further taxation; levy
of English soldiers; Flambard takes away
the soldiers’ money 465-466
Rufus buys off Philip 466-467
Contemporary notices of the campaign;
differences between England and Normandy;
private wars go on in Normandy 467-468
Relations between Rufus and Henry; war at
Saint Cenery; the castle taken by Robert of
Bellême 468-469
Henry and Earl Hugh summoned to Eu 469
October 31 They go to Southampton and keep Christmas in
London 470
December 28 The King comes to England; William and Henry
reconciled 470
February, Henry goes to Normandy; his warfare with
1095 Robert 470-471
Norman supporters of William 471-474
Wretchedness of England; causes for the
King’s return; affairs of Scotland and Wales;
plots at home 474-475

§ 4. _The Council of Rockingham.
December, 1094-March, 1095._

Notes of the year 1095; councils of the year 476
Jan., Feb.,
1095 Movements of William; alleged Welsh campaign 476-477
April, 1094- Last days and sickness of Wulfstan; his
Jan., 1095 friendshipwith Bishop Robert of Hereford 477-479
January 18, Death of Wulfstan; his appearance to Bishop
1095 Robert 480
January 22 His burial 480
Anselm and Urban; need of the pallium; elder
usage as to it 481-484
Anselm asks leave to go to Urban for the
pallium; William refuses to acknowledge any
pope 484-485
Anselm asks for an assembly to discuss the
question; he will leave the realm if he may
not acknowledge Urban 485-486
Frequency of assemblies under Rufus; a special
meeting summoned 487
Sunday, Assembly at Rockingham 487
March 11
Estimate of the question; the King technically
right; no real objection to Urban on his
part 487-489
History and description of Rockingham 490-491
Place of meeting; the King’s inner council 491
Anselm’s opening speech 492
The real point avoided on the King’s side;
Anselm treated as an accused person 493
Conduct of the bishops; the meeting adjourned
till Monday 493-494
Monday, The bishops counsel submission; Anselm’s
March 12 second speech; he asserts no exclusive
claims; his two duties 494-496
Position of England towards the popes; Anselm
and William of Saint-Calais 496-497
Anselm not the first to appeal to Rome 497
Answer of the bishops; the King’s messages; the
bishops advise him to submit to the King in
all things 497-499
Anselm sleeps during the debate 498
The bishops’ definition of freedom; Anselm
will not forsake Urban 499-500
Schemes of William of Saint-Calais against
Anselm; he aspires to the archbishopric 500-501
Objects of the King; promises of William of
Saint-Calais; his speech to Anselm 502-503
William’s imperial claims; his relations at
the time to the vassal kingdoms 503-505
The real question hitherto evaded; Anselm’s
challenge; he states the real case 505-506
New position of the bishops 506
Anselm insulted; popular feeling on his side;
story of Anselm and the knight 506-508
Perplexity of the King; failure of William of
Saint-Calais; the assembly adjourned 508-509
Tuesday, Debates in the inner council; William of
March 13 Saint-Calais recommends force; the lay nobles
refuse; speeches of the King and Robert of
Meulan 510-511
The King bids the bishops renounce Anselm; he
withdraws his protection; Anselm’s answer 511-513
The King turns to the lay lords; they support
Anselm 513-514
Shame of the bishops; the King further
examines them; his rewards and punishments 514-516
Anselm wishes to leave England; another
adjournment 516-517
Wednesday Anselm summoned to the King’s presence;
March 14 the lay lords propose a truce; adjournment
to May 20 517-519
Importance of the meeting at Rockingham 519
William keeps faith to Anselm personally,
but oppresses his friends 519-521

§ 5. _The Mission of Cardinal Walter. 1095._

March-May Events of the time of truce; assemblies of
1095 the year 521
Position of Urban 521
March 1-7, Council of Piacenza; its decrees; no mention
1095 of English affairs 522-523
William’s schemes to turn the Pope against
Anselm; mission of Gerard and William of
Warelwast 523-524
April 10 Urban at Cremona; dealings of William’s
messengers with Urban 525
The Sicilian monarchy; relations between
England and Sicily 525-526
Gerard and William bring Walter of Albano as
Legate; he brings a pallium 526-527
Secrecy of his errand; his interview with the
King; William acknowledges Urban 527-528
Walter refuses to depose Anselm 528-529
William and his counsellors outwitted by the
Legate; he is driven to a reconciliation
with Anselm 529
May 13 Whitsun Assembly; the King’s message to Anselm 530
Anselm will not pay for the pallium; Anselm and
William reconciled; their friendly discourse 531-532
Anselm refuses to take the pallium from the
King 532
Popular aspect of the assembly 533
Anselm absolves two bishops, Osmund of Salisbury
and Robert of Hereford; he restores Wulfrith
of Saint David’s 533-534
June 10 Anselm receives the pallium at Canterbury 534-535
June 26 Death of Bishop Robert of Hereford; the Legate
stays in England; his dealings with Anselm 535-537
The King’s northern march; Anselm entrusted
with the defence of Canterbury 537-538
Letters between Anselm and the Legate; the
bishops object to Anselm’s position; his
answer 538-540
Question about the monks at Christ Church;
Anselm and his tenants 540-541
Christmas, Assembly at Windsor and Salisbury 541-542
1095-1096
January 6 Anselm attends William of Saint-Calais on his
death-bed 541-542
June 6 Consecration of bishops; Samson of Worcester
and Gerard of Hereford 542-544
Anselm consecrates Irish bishops 544

§ 6. _The Crusade and the Mortgage of Normandy.
November 1095-March 1097._

March 7, Council of Piacenza; appeal of the Emperor
1095 Alexios 545
Nov. 18 Council of Clermont; the first crusade 545-547
Bearing of the crusade on our story; no king
engaged in the first crusade; share of
Normandy and Flanders 546-547
The crusades a Latin movement; name of
_Franks_ 546
Decrees of the Council; lay investitures
forbidden; sentence against Clement and the
Emperor; against Philip and Bertrada 548-549
Urban preaches the crusade; his geography 549-550
French, Norman, and other crusaders 550-552
Marriage of Robert of Meulan 551
Duke Robert takes the cross; he applies to
William for money; position of William
towards the crusade 552-553
Mission of Abbot Jeronto; he rebukes William 553-554
Easter, The Pope sends his nephew; peace between
April 13 William and Robert 554-555
Normandy pledged to William 555
June 2 Whitsun Assembly; taxation to raise the
pledge-money; protest of the prelates 556-557
Oppression of the tenants; plunder of the
churches 557-558
Contribution of Anselm; he mortgages Peckham
to his monks 558-559
September, Conferences between William and Robert;
1096 Robert goes on the crusade; his companions 559-560
Conduct of Robert; his treatment at Rome; his
reception by Robert of Apulia 560-561
1096-1097 The crusaders winter in Apulia; siege of
Amalfi; Bohemond takes the cross 562
Feb. 1097 Odo of Bayeux dies at Palermo 563
Duke Robert crosses to Dyrrhachion; he does
homage to Alexios 563-564
Robert at Laodikeia; Hugh of Jaugy joins the
crusaders; the rope-dancers of Antioch 564-565
Robert refuses the crown of Jerusalem and
goes back 566
William takes possession of Normandy;
character of his rule there 566-567
The Côtentin restored to Henry 567
1096 Synod of Rouen; the Truce of God confirmed;
other decrees; small results of the synod 568-569
William’s appointments to Norman prelacies 570
1090-1101 Tancard Abbot of Jumièges 570
1096-1107 Etard Abbot of Saint Peter on Dives 570
1098-1105 Turold Bishop of Bayeux 571

§ 7. _The Last Dispute between William and Anselm. 1097._

Events of the year 1096-1097 571
State of Wales at the end of 1096 571
April, 1097 Assembly at Windsor; Welsh war and seeming
conquest 572
William complains of Anselm’s contingent;
position of the Archbishop’s knights;
Anselm summoned to the King’s court 572-574
Change in Anselm’s feelings; his yearnings
towards Rome; aspect of his conduct 574-578
Causes of his loss of general support 578
His continued demands of reform; he determines
not to answer the summons but to make a
last effort 579-580
May 24, Whitsun assembly; Anselm favourably received;
1097 his last appeal 581
He determines to ask leave to go to Rome; the
King refuses 581-583
June-Aug., The charge against Anselm withdrawn; affairs
1097 of Wales; another assembly; Anselm’s request
again refused 583
Wednesday, Assembly at Winchester; Anselm renews his
October 14 request; he is again impleaded 584-585
Thursday, Anselm and the bishops and lords; speech of
October 15 Walkelin; the bishops’ portrait of
themselves; Anselm’s answer 586-588
Part of the lay lords; Anselm’s promise to
obey the customs; he is charged with breach
of promise; alternatives given him 588-589
Anselm and the King; Anselm’s discourse;
answer of Count Robert; the barons against
Anselm 589-592
Anselm allowed to go, but the archbishopric
to be seized 592-593
Anselm’s last interview with Rufus; he blesses
him 593-594
Anselm at Canterbury; he takes the pilgrim’s
staff 594
His treatment at Dover; he crosses to Whitsand 595
The King seizes the archbishopric; Anselm’s
acts declared null; the monks keep Peckham 595-596
Rebuilding of the choir of Christ Church;
works of Prior Ernulf 596-597
Comparison of the trials of William of
Saint-Calais, Anselm, and Thomas 597-605
Anselm does not strictly appeal to the Pope 598
He asserts no clerical privilege 599
Question of observing the customs 600
Comparison of the proceedings in each case 600-601
Architectural arrangements 601-602
Constitution of the assemblies; they become
less popular; lessened freedom of speech 602-603
The inner and outer council; foreshadowing of
Lords and Commons 603-604
The Witan and the Theningmannagemót 604
Behaviour of Rufus, of Henry the First, of
Henry the Second 605
Effect on Anselm of his foreign sojourn 606
His journey; dealings of Odo of Burgundy; he
reaches Rome 607
Councils of Lateran and Bari; story of the
cope of Beneventum 607-610
Position of Rufus; he is never excommunicated;
probable effect of excommunication 611-612
Anselm at Lyons; his letters to the Pope 612
His letters to the King from Rome; William’s
treatment of the letters 613
Mission of William of Warelwast 614-620
Nov., 1097- William on the Continent 614
April, 1099
Anselm at Schiavia; he writes “Cur Deus Homo” 615
Anselm and Urban before Capua; Anselm and the
Saracens 615-617
Anselm wishes to resign the archbishopric;
Urban forbids him 617-618
October 1, Council of Bari 618
1098
Anselm at Rome; dealings between the Pope and
William of Warelwast; the excommunication
threatened and respited 618-620
Urban’s treatment of Anselm 620-621
April 12, Council of Lateran; protest of Reingard of
1099 Lucca; Anselm goes to Lyons 621-622
July 29 Death of Urban; William’s words on his death 622-623

Aug. 13, 1099-Paschal the Second Pope; William’s words on
Jan. 21, 1108 his election 623

CHRONOLOGY OF THE YEARS 1087-1102.

1087 September 8 William Rufus leaves his father’s death-bed and
hastens to England.
He imprisons Morkere and Wulfnoth.
He is accepted by Lanfranc.
In Normandy Robert of Bellême and others drive out
the Duke’s garrisons.
September 26 William is crowned at Westminster.
He makes gifts for his father’s soul.
December 25- The Christmas assembly. Odo restored to his
1088 January 6 earldom.
Death of Abbot Scotland.
Abbot Guy appointed at Saint Augustine’s.
March Conspiracy against the King. Rebellious movements
in Kent and Sussex.
Bishop William secures London, Dover, and Hastings
for the King.
March-May The Bishop forsakes the King; his temporalities
seized. He is summoned to the King’s court, and
his lands laid waste.
April 16 The Easter assembly; the rebel nobles fail to appear.
April-June Ravaging of Gloucestershire and Somerset.
Deliverance of Worcester.
Attempted invasion of Robert. Sieges of
Tunbridge, Pevensey, and Rochester.
June Return of Rhys; Gruffydd and the wikings harry
Rhuddlan.
Bishop William at the King’s court.
Henry, now Count of the Côtentin, comes to
England for his mother’s lands.
July 3 Death of Robert of Rhuddlan.
July John of Tours consecrated to the bishopric of
Somerset void by the death of Gisa.
August-September Henry and Robert of Bellême go back to Normandy
and are imprisoned.
Duke Robert received at Le Mans; sieges of Ballon
and Saint Cenery.
Henry is released and restored to his county in
the course of the autumn.
September 6 Agreement between Bishop William and the Counts.
September 25 Death of Bishop Geoffrey of Chichester.
November 2 Bishop William before the assembly at Salisbury.
November 14 Durham castle surrendered to the King.
after 26 Bishop William crosses to Normandy.
November ? Grant of the abbey of Bath to Bishop John; the
bishopric of Somerset removed thither.
The priory of Blyth founded in the course of the
year by Roger of Bully.
1089 May 24 Death of Lanfranc.
1090 April 21 Easter assembly at Winchester; war declared
against Normandy.
A large part of eastern Normandy won by William
without crossing the sea.
Maine revolts from Robert; reign of Azo of Este;
Howel imprisoned by Helias and visits England.
June 28 Howel returns to Le Mans.
Intrigues of Conan at Rouen.
November 3 Rouen secured to Duke Robert; death of Conan.
War of Evreux and Conches; peace between them.
Anselm visits England for the first time as abbot
in the course of the year.
December 25- Christmas assembly at Winchester.
1091 January 6
January Siege of Courcy.
February Helias buys the county of Maine from Hugh.
The King crosses to Normandy.
Treaty of Caen.
February William and Robert besiege Henry at Saint Michael’s
Mount.
May Malcolm invades Northumberland and is driven back.
August William, Robert, and Henry go back to England.
March towards Scotland.
September 3 Bishop William restored to his bishopric.
September 29 Loss of ships.
Treaty with Malcolm.
October 15 Fall of the tower at Winchcombe.
October 17 Great wind in London.
Death of Cedivor; victory of Rhys son of Tewdwr
over Gruffydd son of Meredydd in the course of
the year.
In the course of the year come the death of
William Bishop of Thetford, the consecration of
his successor Herbert Losinga, who also buys
the abbey of New Minster for his father, and
the consecration of Ralph Luffa Bishop of
Chichester.
1092 Fire in London.
March 28 Consecration of the church of Salisbury.
April 10 The tower blown down.
May 6 Death of Bishop Remigius; the church of Lincoln
remains unconsecrated.
William’s conquest and colonization of Carlisle.
Marriage of Philip and Bertrada.
September 8 Anselm comes to England; his reception at
Canterbury; his first interview with the King.
Anselm helps Earl Hugh in his changes at Chester.
December 25- Christmas assembly; discussion of the vacancy of
1093 January 6 the archbishopric.
February William refuses leave to Anselm to go back to
Normandy.
February 3 Death of Bishop Geoffrey of Coutances; Ralph
succeeds.
Lent, Sickness of the King; his repentance and
March 2 proclamation; he grants the see of Lincoln to
Robert Bloet.
March 6 The King names Anselm to the archbishopric; his
first installation.
April 17 Easter assembly at Winchester; the King recalls
his reforms.
Scottish embassy at Winchester; Malcolm summoned
to appear in the King’s court.
April 17-24 Defeat and death of Rhys at Brecknock.
April 30 Cadwgan harries Dyfed.
July 1 The Normans enter Ceredigion and Dyfed.
Advance of the Earls in North Wales; seeming
conquest of all Wales.
August 11 Malcolm lays a foundation-stone at Durham.
August 24 Malcolm at Gloucester; William refuses to see him.
Questions between the King and Anselm; his
investiture.
Intrigues of William of Eu; dealings of William
with the Counts of Flanders.
September 25 Enthronement of Anselm.
October 4-13 Death of Robert the Frisian.
October 17 Translation of Saint Julian at Le Mans.
November 13 Death of Malcolm at Alnwick.
November 17 Death of Margaret.
Donald King of Scots; driving out of Margaret’s
children.
December 4 Consecration of Anselm.
Death of Abbot Paul of Saint Alban’s.
Henry received at Domfront and wins back the
Côtentin.
December 25- Christmas assembly at Gloucester.
1094 January 6 Challenge received from Robert; Duncan claims the
Scottish crown and receives it from William.
Contributions for the Norman war; Anselm’s gift
refused.
February 2 Assembly at Hastings.
February 11 Consecration of the church of Battle.
February 12 Robert Bloet consecrated Bishop of Lincoln.
Bishop Herbert of Thetford deprived of his
bishopric.
February 22 Anselm’s Lenten sermon; he rebukes the King.
March 19 William crosses to Normandy.
Campaign of Argentan, Bures, &c.; the French king
bought off.
May The foreigners driven out of Scotland.
October 31 Henry and Earl Hugh summoned to Eu; they sail to
Southampton.
November Duncan killed; Donald’s second reign in Scotland.
December 28 The King goes back to England.
Deaths of Roger of Beaumont, Roger of Montgomery,
and Hugh of Grantmesnil, in the course of the
year.
In the course of the year the Welsh revolt under
Cadwgan and recover the greater part of the
country; Pembroke castle holds out.
1095 January 18 Death of Wulfstan.
February 9 Henry goes to Normandy.
February Interview of William and Anselm at Gillingham.
March 1-7 Council of Piacenza.
March 11-14 Assembly at Rockingham.
Gerard and William of Warelwast sent to Pope
Urban.
March 25 Assembly at Winchester; Earl Robert of Mowbray
summoned, but does not appear.
April 10 Urban at Cremona; Cardinal Walter sent to England.
May 13 Assembly at Windsor; Anselm and William reconciled;
Earl Robert fails to appear.
June 10 Anselm receives the pallium at Canterbury.
June 26 Death of Bishop Robert of Hereford.
April 30 Translation of Saint Eadmund.
The King’s northern march; Anselm’s command in
Kent.
July-Sept. Taking of Newcastle and Tynemouth; siege of
Bamburgh.
Michaelmas Montgomery taken by the Welsh; the King marches
against them.
November 1 The King reaches Snowdon; ill-success of the
campaign.
November 18 Council of Clermont.
Pope Urban at Le Mans.
Robert of Mowbray taken at Tynemouth; surrender
of Bamburgh.
December 25- Christmas assembly at Windsor.
1096 January 6
January 1 Death of Bishop William.
January 13 The assembly adjourned to Salisbury; sentences of
William of Eu, William of Alderi, and others.
Imprisonment of Robert of Mowbray.
Synod of Rouen; confirmation of the Truce of God.
Mission of Abbot Geronto.
Easter, April 13 He is suspended by the Pope’s nephew.
Normandy pledged to William.
June 8 Consecration of Bishop Gerard of Hereford and
Samson of Worcester.
August William takes possession of Normandy.
Helias takes the cross; mutual defiance between
him and William.
September Duke Robert, Bishop Odo, and others go to the
crusade.
The King spends the winter in Normandy.
In the course of the year the Welsh take
Rhyd-y-gors; Gwent and Brecknock revolt; Pembroke
is besieged, but holds out; Gisors is fortified
by Pagan Theobald.
1097 February Odo dies at Palermo.
April 4 William comes back to England.
Assembly at Windsor.
The King’s campaign in Wales; seeming conquest of
the country.
The King complains of Anselm’s knights.
May 14 Whitsun assembly; the charge against Anselm
dropped; he asks leave to go to Rome, but is
refused.
Revolt of Cadwgan in Wales.
June―August The King’s last campaign in Wales; its ill-success.
July 24 Death of Howel; Hildebert Bishop of Le Mans.
August Assembly; an expedition against Donald decreed;
Anselm’s request again refused.
September The two Eadgars march to Scotland; exploits of
Robert son of Godwine; Donald defeated and
blinded; the younger Eadgar King of Scots.
October 14 Assembly at Winchester; Anselm allowed to go, but
his temporalities to be seized; his parting
with the King.
Anselm leaves England.
William demands the French Vexin.
November He crosses to Normandy for the war with France
and Maine. Flambard and Walkelin joint regents.
Nov. 1097― French war; Lewis and William; fortification
Sept. 1098. of Gisors by Robert of Bellême.
December 19 Death of Abbot Baldwin of Saint Eadmund’s.
December 25 The King demands money of Walkelin.
1098 January 3 Death of Walkelin.
January Beginning of the war of Maine; castles occupied
by Robert of Bellême.
Victories of Helias.
April 28 Helias taken prisoner.
May 5 Fulk Rechin at Le Mans.
June The King invades Maine; he retreats from Le Mans.
July 20 William at Ballon.
August Convention between Helias and Fulk.
William enters Le Mans.
Helias set free; he strengthens himself in his
southern castles.
September 27 William’s march against France.
Attacks on Pontoise, Chaumont, and other castles.
Coming of William of Aquitaine; attacks on the
Montfort castles; failure of the two Williams.
October 1 Council of Bari; Anselm pleads for William.
In the course of the year the Welsh withdraw to
Anglesey.
The Earls Hugh in Anglesey.
Expedition of Magnus of Norway; death of Earl
Hugh of Shrewsbury at Aberlleiniog.
Establishment of Robert of Bellême in England;
he buys his brother’s earldom.
His works at Bridgenorth.
He receives the estates of Roger of Bully.
Christmas The King spends the winter in Normandy; truce with
France.
1099 Mission of William of Warelwast to Rome; he wins
over Urban.
April 10 The King in England; Easter assembly.
April 12 Council of Lateran; William’s excommunication
delayed.
Anselm leaves Rome for Lyons.
April Movements of Helias in southern Maine.
May 19 Whitsun assembly in the new hall at Westminster;
the bishopric of Durham granted to Randolf
Flambard.
June 3 Consecration of Flambard.
June-July Helios recovers Le Mans; the King’s garrisons
hold out in the castles; burning of the city.
The news brought to William; his ride and voyage.
Helias leaves Le Mans and strengthens himself at
Château-du-Loir.
William passes through Le Mans to southern Maine.
His failure before Mayet.
He enters Le Mans.
July 5 Taking of Jerusalem; exploits of Duke Robert.
July 12 Duke Robert refuses the crown of Jerusalem;
Geoffrey chosen King.
July 19 Death of Pope Urban the Second.
August 12 Battle of Ascalon.
August 13 Paschal the Second elected Pope.
September The King returns to England.
November 3 The great tide in the Thames.
December 3 Death of Bishop Osmund of Salisbury.
Dec. 25- Christmas assembly at Gloucester.
Jan. 6, 1100
In the course of the year Gruffydd and Cadwgan
return, and Anglesey and Ceredigion are
recovered by the Welsh. Eadgar goes on the
crusade. Affairs of Robert son of Godwine in
Scotland.
1100 April 1 Easter assembly at Winchester.
May 20 Whitsun assembly at Westminster.
Great schemes of William Rufus.
May Death of Richard son of Duke Robert in the New
Forest.
June-July Preparations for war.
July 13 Consecration of Gloucester abbey.
August 1 Abbot Fulchered’s sermon at Gloucester.
August 2 Death of William Rufus.
August 3 Burial of William Rufus; Henry elected King; he
grants the bishopric of Winchester to William
Giffard.
August 5 Coronation of Henry; his charter; he fills the
vacant abbeys.
He imprisons Flambard, and asks Anselm to come
back.
Helias recovers Le Mans; the castle holds out.
September Duke Robert comes back to Normandy.
War between Henry and Robert.
September 23 Anselm comes back to England.
Meeting of Anselm and Henry; question of homage
and investiture; truce till Easter; mission to
the Pope.
November Helias recovers the castle.
November 11 Marriage of Henry and Matilda.
November 18 Death of Archbishop Thomas of York.
Empty legation of Guy of Vienne.
Plots in England on behalf of Robert.
December 25- Christmas assembly at Westminster.
1101 January 6
Escape of Flambard to Normandy; he stirs up
Robert to action.
April 21 Easter assembly at Winchester; the question with
Anselm again adjourned.
Growth of the conspiracy.
June 9 Whitsun assembly; mediation of Anselm; renewed
promise of good laws.
July Robert’s fleet at Tréport; the English fleet sent
against him; some of the crews join him.
Henry’s preparations at Pevensey.
July 20 Robert lands at Portchester; he declines to attack
Winchester.
The armies meet at Alton; conference of Henry and
Robert; the treaty of 1101.
Michaelmas Robert goes back to Normandy.
Henry’s rewards and punishments; banishment of
Ivo of Grantmesnil and others.
Robert of Meulan Earl of Leicester.
December 25- Christmas assembly at Westminster.
1102 January 6
April 6 Easter assembly at Winchester; Robert of Bellême
summoned, but does not appear.
War against Robert of Bellême in England and
Normandy.
Failure of Duke Robert’s troops at Vignats.
Surrender of Arundel to Henry.
Surrender of Tickhill.
Autumn Henry’s Shropshire campaign. Siege of Bridgenorth.
The King wins over Jorwerth and the Welsh.
Dealings of Robert of Bellême with Murtagh and
Magnus.
Surrender of Bridgenorth.
The King’s march to Shrewsbury.
Surrender of Shrewsbury and banishment of Robert
of Bellême and his brothers.
1103 Death of Magnus.
Jorwerth tried at Shrewsbury and imprisoned.
1104 Banishment of William of Mortain.
1106 Battle of Tinchebrai.
1107 Compromise with Anselm.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

VOL. I.

p. 33, l. 17, dele “the father of one of the men who had crossed the sea to trouble England.” Robert of Bellême had not come yet; see p. 56.

p. 37, note 3. The comparison of Bristol and Brindisi is a good deal exaggerated; but a certain measure of likeness may be seen.

p. 94, l. 18, dele “of the same kind.” See the distinction drawn in p. 604.

p. 96, note 2, for “abjuvare” read “abjurare.”

p. 133, note. See vol. ii. p. 330.

p. 180, note. I do not know how “Esparlon”――Épernon――comes to be reckoned among the possessions of Robert of Bellême. We shall find it in vol. ii. p. 251 in the hands of the French house of Montfort.

p. 183, l. 4 from bottom, for “Rotrou” read “Geoffrey.”

p. 184, note 1. See vol. ii. p. 396.

p. 214, side-note, for “William of Geroy” read “William son of Geroy.”

p. 217, l. 13, for “uncle” read “brother.”

p. 238, note 3, for “Aunde” read “Aumale.”

p. 243, note 2. I really ought to have mentioned the wonderful forms of torture which the man of Belial inflicted on his lord and his other prisoners (Ord. Vit. 705 A, B); “Per tres menses in castro Brehervallo eos in carcere strinxit, et multotiens, dum nimia hiems sæviret, in solis camisiis aqua largiter humectatis in fenestra sublimis aulæ Boreæ vel Circio exposuit, donec tota vestis circa corpus vinctorum in uno gelu diriguit.”

p. 247, l. 3. I suppose that Walter of Rouen, son of Ansgar, who appears high in the King’s confidence in vol. ii. pp. 241, 370, is a brother of this William. This is worth noting, as showing how Rufus picked out men likely to serve his purpose from all quarters.

p. 251, l. 5. See below, p. 461, note 3. It would be worth enquiring whether this name _Champ de Mars_ is old or new. There is a _Campus Martius_ at Autun, whose name is certainly at least mediæval; but, as it is within the Roman walls, it can hardly date from the first days of Augustodunum. It divides the upper and lower city, quite another position from that at Rouen.

p. 298, l. 6. Orderic is hardly fair to Edgar when he says (778 B), “Hic corpore speciosus, lingua disertus, liberalis et generosus, utpote Edwardi regis Hunorum filius [see 701 D and N. C. vol. ii. p. 672], sed dextera segnis erat, ducemque sibi coævum et quasi collectaneum fratrem diligebat.”

p. 302, note 1, for “Witan” read “Gemót.”

p. 307, l. 6. Something of the kind was actually done somewhat later; see below, p. 435. But that was a challenge through ambassadors.

p. 326, note. In strictness Anselm did not appeal to the Pope at all. See below, p. 598.

p. 335, l. 15, for “unrighteousness” read “unrighteousnesses.”

p. 353, l. 6 from bottom. I ought not to have forgotten the character of Ralph Luffa given by William of Malmesbury (Gest. Pont. 205); “Radulfus proceritate corporis insignis, sed et animi efficacia famosus, qui contuitu sacerdotalis officii Willelmo juniori in faciem pro Anselmo archiepiscopo, quem immerito exagitabat, restiterit. Cumque ille, conscientia potestatis elatus, minas ingeminaret, nihil alter reveritus baculum protendit, annulum exuit, ut, si vellet, acciperet. Nec vero vel tunc vel postea austeritatem inflecteret si assertorem haberet. Sed quia discessu suo spem ejus et ceterorum, si qui boni essent, Anselmus enervavit, et tunc causa decidit et postmodum damno succubuit.” This seems at first sight to stand in contradiction to Eadmer’s picture of all the bishops, except possibly Gundulf (see below, pp. 497, 513, 516), forsaking and renouncing Anselm. We can understand that Eadmer would be inclined to make the worst of the bishops as a body, while William of Malmesbury would be inclined to make the best of the particular bishop of whom he was writing. This is one of the passages in which William of Malmesbury in his second edition watered down the vigorous language of the first. As he first wrote it, the King appeared as “leo ferocissimus Willelmus dico minor.” On second thoughts the comparison with the wild beast was left out.

p. 355, l. 15. I have sent Herbert to Rome at this time, in order to bring him back for the meeting at Hastings in 1094. See below, pp. 429, 448. I find that some difficulty has arisen on account of the words of Eadmer (see p. 429), which have been taken as implying that Herbert joined in the consecration of Anselm. Dr. Stubbs puts him on the list in the Registrum. But surely the words might be used if all the bishops came who were in England and able to come.

p. 355, side-note, for “1091-1093” read “1091-1098.” See vol. ii. p. 267.

p. 375, note 6, for “perversitatam” read “perversitatem.”

p. 385, l. 2, for “undoubtedly” read “by himself.”

p. 408, l. 15. There must however have been some exceptions. See the Additions and Corrections to vol. ii. p. 508.

p. 450, l. 3 from bottom. Yet the guarantors, even on William’s own side, held him to be in the wrong. See p. 461.

p. 469, note 1. The reference is to the passage of Orderic, quoted in vol. ii. p. 537. But it is hard to understand how Henry can have been at war with William in 1094. Yet there is the passage from Sigebert quoted in p. 471, note 3, where the date must be wrong, but which seems to hang together both with this passage of Orderic and with the suspicions on the Kings part implied in the narrative in the Chronicle.

p. 469, l. 10, and note 3, for “son” read “grandson.”

p. 485, l. 3, for “of” read “to.”

p. 492, l. 2, put semicolon after “within.”

p. 506, note 2. This passage is very singular, especially the words “nec ipsum advertere posse putaverunt.” On this last point the bishops seem to have been right, as Anselm himself nowhere puts forward any such claim to exemption.

p. 516, note 3. Besides the difficulty about Gundulf, there is the further difficulty about Ralph of Chichester, who, as we have just seen, is said by William of Malmesbury to have taken Anselm’s side. He at least stood in no such special position to the Archbishop as the Bishop of Rochester did.

p. 522, side-note, for “May” read “March.”

p. 546, l. 12. Worthiest certainly when any actual work was to be done; but the idle sojourn at Laodikeia (see p. 565) makes the general epithet too strong.

p. 551, l. 10, for “Rotrou” read “Geoffrey.”

p. 571, l. 3. I believe there is no authority for this English form, “Evermouth,” though it is not unlikely that “Ebremou” may, like so many other names in Normandy, really be a corruption of some such Teutonic name. The place is in Eastern Normandy, in the present department of Lower Seine.

p. 579, note 1. This is that singular use of the words “Christianitas” and the like which we find in such phrases as “Courts Christian” and “Deanery of Christianity.” We must not think of such a “subventio Christianitatis” as the Spanish Bishop sought for at the hands of Anselm. See vol. ii. p. 582.

p. 586, l. 25. For “three” read “four,” and add the name of Robert Bloet. He is the Robert referred to in the next page.

p. 604, note 1. The _right_ to be tried is confined to the Peers; other persons of course may be so tried, if they are impeached by the Commons.

p. 609, note 1. When I was at Benevento this year (1880), I had hoped to get a sight of the cope, as the treasury of the metropolitan church is rich in vestments. But they are all of much later date, and I could hear nothing of the relic which I sought for.

p. 614, last line. See more in vol. ii. p. 403.

THE REIGN OF WILLIAM RUFUS.