Chapter CLVIII: Act V (1)

SC. 1. "Yea, bloody cloth, I'll keep thee; for I am wish'd
Thou shouldest be coloured thus."

Pope omitted 'am,' and so his successors; but it must have been a mistake for _'ve_; unless there be an error in 'wish'd.'

* * * * *

"Gods, if you
Should have ta'en vengeance on my faults, I never."

Possibly the poet wrote more correctly _Had taken_.

* * * * *

"You some permit
To second ills with ills, each elder worse;
And make them dread it, to the doer's thrift."

A line must have been lost between the two last. 'Elder' is later.

* * * * *

SC. 3. "Sweet words; or hath more ministers than we
That draw his knives in the war."

This would seem an instance of the usual change of _or_ for _and_.

* * * * *

SC. 4. "Thy crystal window ope; [look], look out."

* * * * *

"Be not, as is our fangled world, a garment."

As 'fangled' never occurs without _new_, it is but reasonable to suppose it was omitted here; and 'is,' which is not wanted, was probably inserted for metre's sake.

* * * * *

"No more tavern-bills, which are _as_ often the sadness."

* * * * *

SC. 5. "O'ercome you with her show, and in _due_ time."

The 2nd folio has '_yes_, and in time.'

* * * * *

"Mine own.--I know not why, _nor_ whërefore."

_Nor_ is the necessary addition of Rowe.

* * * * *

"One sand
Another not more resembles ... That sweet rosy lad."

This punctuation, I think, removes all difficulty. In the perturbation of astonishment he stops short, and then tells whom he meant.

* * * * *

"This man is better than the man he slew."

For the first 'man' we had better read _youth_.

* * * * *

"Your pleasure was my meer offence."

So Tyrwhitt; the folio reads _neere_.

* * * * *

"Beaten for loyalty
Excited me to treason."

It would seem that _beating_ would be the proper word.

* * * * *

"Rejoiced _at_ deliverance more. Blest may you be."

For 'may' the folio reads _pray_.

* * * * *

"This fierce abridgement
Hath to it circumstantial branches."

For 'fierce,' which yields no good sense, I read _first_. 'Abridgement' is summary: "This brief abridgement of my will I make" (Lucrece).

* * * * *

"Is this most constant wife [TO POST.] who even now."

For 'this' we might read _thy_, or, as I have done, 'this _thy_.' Without the stage-direction the place has no sense.

* * * * *

"My peace we will begin."

For 'My' Capell read _By_; others _This_.

* * * * *

"Have laid most heavy hand _on_."

ADDITIONAL NOTES.

THE TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA.

ACT iv. 4. "And at that time I made her weep a good."

In English we have _good_ and _the good_ as nouns, but never _a good_. A monosyllabic noun may, then, have been lost, and the poet may have written 'a good _flood_,' as she "wept bitterly," and we have "_flood_ of tears" (Com. of Err. iii. 2); or 'a good _store_' as we have "Sham'd their aspects with _store_ of childish drops" (Rich. III. i. 2). Finally, it may have been 'a _flood_,' and the _fl_ having been effaced, the word was supposed to have been 'good.'

ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELL.

ACT v. 3. "Admiringly, my liege." etc.

The folio punctuates "Admiringly my liege, at first I stuck my choice upon her." The usual reading is "Admiringly, my liege, at first" etc. I would afterwards read

"_But_ ere my heart
Durst make a too bold herald of my tongue."

We should thus, I think, increase the effect of Bertram's regretful speech.

KING HENRY IV.--PART I.

ACT v. 3. "I will assay thee, and _so_ defend thyself."

There was no need of correction here; the folio has not 'and,' and reads 'so defend thyself.' The following has been omitted:--

ACT v. 5. "Had been alive this hoür, _Worcester_."

EXPLANATORY INDEX OF ALLUSIONS, USAGES, WORDS, AND PHRASES.

_A_ (printed 'a or a') is used instead of _'e_ for _he_ when _h_ is suppressed. Introd. p. 53.

_Able_ (Lear, iv. 6), enable, back, maintain, support. "Admitted! aye into her heart. I'll _able_ 'em" (Chapman, Widow's Tears, ii); "You might sit and sigh first till your heart-strings broke. I'll _able_ it" (ib. iv.).

_Absey_ (K. John i. 1), the _a b c_ or alphabet. The _a_ was perhaps pronounced as in continental languages.

_Accommodate_ (2 H. IV. iii. 2), to be provided, to be off, like _accommoder_, Fr. "J'ai découvert qu'elles ne sont pas _fort accommodées_" (_i.e._ not in very good circumstances) (Molière, Avare, i. 2).

_Affection_ (Mer. of Ven. iv. 1, v. 1, W. Tale, i. 2), conceit, imagination. "Lo, which a great thing is affectioun! A man may dye for ymaginacioun" (Chauc. Miller's Tale).

_Aiery_, or _eiry_, the nest of a bird of prey; and hence (Rich. III. i. 3), the contents of the nest, the young birds. It is the French _aire_, which has the same signification, and which, being flat and unformed, comes from _area_. See Notes and Queries, 3rd S. vi. 43.

_Aim_, in archery. There was a distinction between 'Cry aim' and 'Give aim.' The former was merely to call on the archer to shoot; the latter to tell him how his arrow had gone with respect to the aim or mark.

_Amaimon and Barbason_ (M. W. ii. 2, 1 II. IV. ii. 4, II. V. ii. 1), names of fiends of which little is known. The dominion of the former was said to be on the north part of the infernal gulf.

_Ancient_, ensign, ensign-bearer. It is the French _enseigne_ with the usual paragogic _t_.

_And if_, _an if_, _an_. These are all used for _if_. The first is the original form, framed perhaps after _etsi_.

_Anon._ Probably a corruption of _in one_, sc. minute.

_Aroint._ This unusual word is generally regarded as an interjection equivalent to _avaunt!_ but it may be an indicative, with an ellipsis of _I_, and so be a corruption of _averrunco_.

_Arras_ (so called from the town of that name), tapestry for covering the walls of rooms. It was fixed on wooden frames a little distance from the wall; hence people could go behind it. (Much Ado, i. 3, M. Wives, iii. 3, 1 H. IV. ii. 4, _et alib._)

_Arthur's Show_ (2 H. IV. iii. 2), an exhibition of archery by a toxophile society, whose members, fifty-eight in number, appeared in the characters of the Knights of the Round Table. In it Sir Dagonet was the King's Fool.

_Away_ i.e. _on way_. "She never could away with me" (2 Hen. IV. iii. 2) is, she could not go on the way (_i.e._ agree) with me.

_Backarè_ (Tam. of Shr. ii. 1). The phrase to which it seems to belong is "Backarè, quoth Mortimer to his sow."

"Ah, sir! _Backarè!_ quod Mortimer to his sowe."
Ralph Roist. Doist, i. 2.

"Shall I consume myself, to restore him now?
Nay, _Backaré!_ quoth Mortimer to his sow."
Heywood, Epig.

"_Backaré!_ quoth Mortimer to his sow;
Went that sow back at his bidding, trow you?"
Id. ib.

"The masculine gender is more worthy than the feminine; therefore, Licio, _backarè_." (Lyly, Mydas, i. 2).

In all these places it is evidently assumed that the derivation is from _back_; but it may be that _Bigarrée_, Brindle, was the name Mortimer had given his sow.

_Baffle_ (_baffoler_, _bafouer_, Fr.), a part of the ceremony of degrading a knight. It is described by Spenser, F. Q. vi. 7.27.

_Banquet_ or _Banket_. This in general answered to the present _dessert_, and it was usually served in another room, or in an arbour (2 H. IV. v. 3). It consisted of fruits, sweetmeats, etc. It also answered to our supper after a ball (H. VIII. i. 4, R. and J. i. 5), and was used sometimes for a feast in general. By a "running banquet" (H. VIII. i. 4, v. 3) seems to have been meant a hasty meal, a snatch, as it were, of food.

_Basilisco_ (K. John, i. 1), a character in the old play of Soliman and Persida.

_Baked meat_ (Rom. and Jul. iv. 4), meat-pie. In Webster's White Devil we have

"You speak as if a man
Should know what fowl is coffin'd in a _bak'd meat_
Afore it is cut up."

In Cotgrave's Dict. it is rendered by _pâtisserie_, Fr.

_Bate_ (T. Sh. iv. 1, R. and J. iii. 2), in falconry, flapping the wings, apparently from _battre_, Fr. It is not easy to see the difference between it and _beat_, with which it is joined in the first of these passages. _Beat_, however, may be only a misprint for _bate_ repeated.

_Bat-fowling_ (Temp. ii. 1), taking birds by night with a light and a net. It is fully described in Joseph Andrews, ii. 10.

_Bear in hand_, amuse with false hopes, and so keep in one's power. The phrase seems taken from the _manége_.

_Benedicite_, the first word of the Canticle called The Song of the Three Children, in the Liturgy. It was generally used merely as an interjection.

_Bias_, a weight inserted in one side of a bowl, which of course would sway it on one side, and prevent its going straight to the _mistress_, or jack, at bowls.

_Bill on neck_ (As Y. L. i. 2), "With his sword by his side, a forest _bill on his neck_, and a chopping-knife under his girdle" (Arcadia, i.).

_Bird-bolt_ (M. Ado, i. 1), a short thick arrow with an obtuse head used for shooting at birds.

_Bite the thumb_ (Rom. and Jul. i. 1) seems to have been making the _figo_ or fig, by putting the thumb between the first and second fingers, and then biting it. It was an expression of contempt or defiance.

_Black Monday_ (M. of Ven. ii. 5), said to be Easter Monday, from the severity of that day, April 4, 1360, by which Edw. III. lost numbers of his men in France.

_Block_, the mould on which the crown of a hat was formed, hence the hat itself (Lear, iv. 6, M. Ado, i. 1).

_Bob_, a sudden tap on the face; hence a stroke of satire (As. Y. L. ii. 7). As a verb, to cheat, do out of (Othel. v. 1).

_Bolting-hutch_ (in a mill), the machine by which the flour is bolted or separated from the bran.

_Bombast_, wadding, padding, from _bombax_ cotton, the usual material.

_Books._ To be in one's books (M. Ado, i. 1), to be in favour with. It seems to be taken from the giving credit of tradesmen.

_Boots._ Give the boots (Two Gent. i. 1) seems to be equivalent to the present _give the sack_, _i.e._ turn away.

_Brach._ "A mannerly name for all hound-bitches" (Gentleman's Recreation, p. 27). "A _brache_ or _biche_, canicula, petite chienne," Baret, Dict. This seems to be its meaning everywhere in Shakespeare, except perhaps Lear, iii. 6, and everywhere else that it occurs. Jonson and Massinger use it, as _bitch_ is still used by the vulgar, of a low common woman. Its substitution for that term may have been caused by the similarity of sound. _Braque_, Fr. (_bracco_ It.), is a setting-dog; and in the work just quoted we are told the Scotch called a dog that ran by scent _rache_, "the female thereof in England is called a _brache_." The Icelandic name of this dog at the present day is _rakkr_. "Here is a leysche of _ratches_ for to run a hare" (Skelton, Interl. of Mag.). Golding (Ov. Met. p. 33) uses _brach_ and _bitch_ as synonymous and of hounds. A _lady-brach_ (Lear, i. 4, 1 Hen. IV. iii. 1?) seems to have been what we now call a parlour-dog; females being preferred, probably on account of their greater gentleness. The above derivation of _brach_ is, however, not quite satisfactory.

_Break across_ (As Y. L. iii. 4), used of a spear, in tilting, when in the charge its handle was broken by the awkwardness of the tilter. The mode of doing it, however, is not easy to conceive. Perhaps _break_ was not used in its usual sense.

_Break up_, carve. It is used (L. L. L. iv. 1) of a love-letter, called in French _poulet_.

_Breast_ (Tw. N. ii. 3), voice--containing for contained.

_Bribed buck_ (M. W. v. 5), "a buck _cut up_ to be given away in portions. In O. Fr. _bribes_ were portions of meat which were given away." So Singer explains it; but I rather suspect it may be a _stolen_ buck. See Richardson, _v._ Bribe.

_Breathe in watering_ (1 H. IV. ii. 4), to take breath while drinking. It seems to be taken from horses.

"We also do enact
That all hold up their hands, and laugh aloud,
Drink much at one draught, _breathe not in their drink_."
Old Play of Timon, ii. 5.

_Brief_, letter, short writing of any kind, even a verbal promise, contract, or agreement (All's Well, ii. 3). It may be an adj., with an ellipsis of the subst.

_Brown paper_ (M. for M. iv. 3). This was one of the useless commodities which usurers compelled unlucky borrowers to take in lieu of ready money. Rosini, in his Monaca di Monza, notices it in Italy in the 16th century; Molière, in L'Avare, in France; and it has continued in England down to present times.

_Bucklers._ "Give the bucklers" (M. Ado, v. 2) seems to be a term taken from prize-fighting, signifying to yield, give up. It is supposed that the bucklers were the prize; but that is not likely. There may be a use of the plur. for the sing., and the phrase may merely mean lay the buckler down or aside in token of defeat.

_Budge_ (_bouger_, Fr). In Cor. i. 6 and elsewhere it means to give back, retire.

_Bulk_, breast, chest, not body, as is usually given. In Spanish _bulto_, a kindred term, is used in the same sense.

_But_ (A.S. _buton_, i.e. _be out_), without, unless, save, except. It also (it is not easy to say how) took the place of A.S. _ac_, yet, however; and it became a mere inceptive particle like _now_ and _why_. When, as it often does, it signifies _that ... not_, as in "Not a man _but_ was slain," there seems to be merely an ellipsis of the personal pronoun. So when it signifies _only_ there is an ellipsis of the negative; for "We have _but_ five loaves" (Matt. xiv. 17) is in A.S. "We _n_abbð her _buton_ fif hlafas;" and at the present day a peasant would say "We have_n't but_ five loaves." I therefore, in 1 H. IV. v. 3, read in my Edition for "There is not" "There is not _but_." To my great surprise I have not been able to meet an exact parallel in any play or other work. We say "There is _not_ a man _but_ one," etc., and "I can_not but_ say," etc.; but these are not precisely parallel.

_Buttons._ "It is in his buttons" (M. W. ii. 2), seems to mean it is in his doublet which is buttoned on him; _i.e._ it is in him, he is able to accomplish it.

_By._ This prep. sometimes occurs (like _bei_, Germ.) in the sense of beside, near, in contact with, a sense it still retains, chiefly in poetry. But by the position given it in our poet it often causes ambiguity. See Two Gent. ii. 4, As Y. L. iii. 5, and

"If thou be found _by_ me thou art but dead."
2 H. VI. iii. 2.

"To die _by_ thee were but to die in jest."
Ib.

_Cade of herrings_ (2 H. VI. iv. 3), a barrel of _red_ herrings containing 600, _i.e._ five hundreds of six score to the hundred. See Notes and Queries, 3 S. ix. 324.

_Calipolis_ (2 Hen. IV. ii. 4), one of the characters in Peele's Battle of Alcazar.

_Callat_, a term of reproach for a woman. Perhaps it is merely a corruption of the Irish _cailleach_, old woman, learned from the Irish costermongers in London.

_Callinó castorè me_ (Hen. V. iv. 4) misprinted _calmie custore me_; but restored by Boswell from the Handful of Pleasant Delights, 1584, where it forms the burden of a song beginning with

"When as I view your comely grace,
A callinò castoré me,
Eva, eva, ee, loo, loo, loo, loo, loo, lee,"

of which the last line seems to be unmeaning, and the second to be the Irish _A colleen óg, astore mo chree_ (A ca{i}lín ó{z} an{st}ó{r} mo c{r}oiðe) 'Young girl, the treasure of my heart.' The last two words, it will be seen, are conjectural; and were it good Irish we might read, An mín 'the gentle one.'

_Camelot_ (Lear, ii. 2), a town in Somerset, where King Arthur was said to have kept his court. Its site was on a hill, near South Cadbury.

_Candles' ends_, _buts_ of candles. It was rather a disgusting feat of gallants to swallow them for flap-dragons in honour of their mistresses. 2 Hen. IV. ii. 4.

_Canvas_ (2 H. IV. ii. 4, 1 H. VI. i. 3), to shake and toss in a sieve, of which the bottom was then as now made of canvas. The use of it in those places is figurative.

_Card_ (1 H. IV. iii. 2), to debase by mixture, as when fine and coarse wool were _carded_ together, and so mingled in the cloth thence woven. "You _card_ your beer--if you see your guests begin to get drunk--half small, half strong," etc. (Green's Quip, etc.).

_Card of ten_, the ten of the suits in a pack of cards. To "face with a card of ten" (T. Sh. ii. 1) seems to mean simply to turn up, play, a ten, the highest except the coat-cards and aces.

_Careires._ "Pass the careires" (M. W. i. 1), a term of the _manége_, signifying to go at full speed.

_Carouse_, a drinking-bout, a large draught. It is usually derived from Germ. _gar aus_, 'all out,' which seems to be confirmed by "boire _caraus_ et _alluz_" (Rabelais, iii. Prol.). In German _Rausch_ is intoxication; and this _may_ be the origin of _carouse_.

_Carpet-knight_ (Tw. N. iii. 4), civilian knight, as opposed to the military knight; so named probably from the _carpet_ which covered the table--not the floor--in the room in which the ceremony of conferring knighthood took place.

_Carraways_ (2 Hen. IV. v. 3) in the form of comfits, with apples, were used at the dessert.

_Carry coals_, a term of reproach, because fetching charcoal, firewood, etc., was the office of the lowest servants in a household.

_Carve._ This verb, beside its ordinary sense, seems to have that of talking agreeably, jesting, etc. (L. L. L. v. 2, Mer. W. i. 3). In Herbert's Prophecy of Cadwallader, 1604, we have

"There might you Caius Marius _carving_ find,
And martial Sylla courting Venus kind."

It may be only a form of the old _carpe_:--

"In fellowship well could she laugh and _carpe_."
Cant. Tales, Prol.

"So gone they forth _carpende_ fast
On this and that."
Gower, Conf. Am. vii.

It is of constant occurrence in Piers Ploughman.

_Castle_ (Tr. and Cr. v. 2), a kind of strong helmet, "and break the strongest _castle_ that thou hast upon thy head" (Hist. of Prince Arthur, ch. clviii.).

_Cataian_ (M. W. ii. 1), a Chinese. It seems, however, to be used here without any particular meaning.

_Ceremony._ Besides its ordinary sense of state, pomp, parade, this word is used for a sacred pledge (Mer. of Ven. v. 1), ornament of state (Jul. Cæs. i. 1), prodigy (ib. ii. 2).

_Chamber_ (2 H. IV. ii. 4), a kind of cannon. It was properly a small mortar, hence its name; for it stood almost erect.

_Charact_ (M. for M. v. 1), an abbreviation of _character_. We meet it in Piers Ploughman, _v. 7600 et alibi_.

_Chase._ See _Tennis_.

_Cherry-pit_ (Tw. N. iii. 4), a game played by children. It consisted in throwing cherry-stones into a small hole.

_Christendom_ (K. John, iv. 1), baptism, (All's Well, i. 1) name given in baptism. It answers to _halidom_, and to the Spanish _santiguada_.

_Christom-child_ (H. V. ii. 3). The proper word is _chrisom_; for it was, says Blount, "the white cloth which is set by the minister of baptism upon the head of a child newly anointed with _chrism_ after his baptism." When the use of the chrism was abolished, it came to signify "the white cloth put about or upon a child newly christened, wherewith the women used to shroud the child if dying within the month," and such was called a _chrisom-child_.

_Cinque pace._ See _Galliard_.

_Circumvention_ (Cor. i. 2). The only meaning this word can have in this place is, apparently, secret information obtained by stratagem, the enemy being, as it were, circumvented. A curious instance of the liberties the poet took with language!

_Cling_ (Macb. v. 5), from _clingan_ A.S., to shrink, pine, wither. "Or _clyngest_ for-drye" (Vis. of P. P. 9011). In this place of Macbeth it is used in a causative sense, as in "_Clings_ not his guts with niggish fare, to heap his chest withal" (Surrey, Eccles. ch. v.).

_Clock._ "A German clock" (L. L. L. iv. 1). Clocks, it appears, were then, as now, imported from Germany, and were of a very inferior order.

_Cloud in his face_ (Ant. and Cl. iii. 2). This, we are told, was said of a horse when he had a dark spot between his eyes.

_Clown._ This term for a licensed jester, and as such nearly synonymous with _Fool_, is peculiar to Shakespeare. The Fool in Lear hardly differs from the Clowns of the other plays. It probably comes from _colonus_.

_Clubs_ (H. VIII. v. 3, As Y. L. v. 2), the cry to the London apprentices to come forth with the clubs or bludgeons which they always kept by them to keep, or as often to break the peace.

_Coast_ (H. VIII. iii. 2), to proceed cautiously, keeping, as it were, along the shore, a figure taken from navigation. The Italian _piaggiare_ is used in the same manner. So _hedge_ in this same passage is figurative--keeping, as it were, inside of the hedge.

_Cock-a-hoop._ "You will set cock-a-hoop!" (R. and J. i. 5). By this some understand taking the cock out of the barrel, and letting the liquor run to waste. Nares quotes

"The cock on hoop is set
Hoping to drink their lordships out of debt."

But perhaps the original expression may have been _Cock on heap_, i.e. on his dunghill, boastful and triumphant.

_Cock-shut_ (R. III. v. 3), a large net stretched across a glade in a wood, in order to catch woodcocks when flying in the twilight, thence called "cock-shut time."

_Codpiece_, a cod (_i.e._ pouch or pocket) set in the front of the hose. It seems to have answered to the present breeches-pockets.

_Colours._ "Fear no colours" (Tw. N. i. 5) would seem to have been a military expression, denoting no fear of any banners, _i.e._ troops or enemies.

_Concolinel_ (L. L. L. iii. 1), the commencement of a song, usually supposed to be Italian. But there is nothing like it in that language. It was mooted in Notes and Queries if it were not rather Irish, like so many other airs at that time; and among the conjectures given, the best was by "Eirionnach" that it may have been _Can colleen yal_ (Cán cailín [z]eal). 'Sing, fair girl.' But no such song is known.

_Condition_ (Tim. i. 1), art, profession, as in French.

_Control_ (Temp. i. 2), confute, bring to order.

"Stephano, is all this true that thou hast told me?--
Sir, for lies hitherto you never _controll'd_ me."
Dam. and Pith.

"A trespass that my father made in peace
Is now _controll'd_ by fortune of the war."
Span. Tragedy.

As a subst. determination, decision.

_Cony-catch_, one of the terms for cheating or taking in. It was evidently derived from the practice of catching rabbits by setting nets before their holes, into which they were driven by ferrets.

_Cooling-card_ (1 H. VI. v. 4), a card so high as to cool the courage of the opponent.

"My lord, lay down a _cooling-card_; this game is gone too far."
True Trag. of Rich. III. 1594.

_Copetain_, T. of Sh. v. 1 (from _cop_, i.e. top), high-crowned, coned, or sugar-loaf. It seems to be a corruption of _coppletankt_, _coppintank_, or _coptankt_, all signifying the same--"Galerus acuminatus," Junius: "Upon their heads they wore felt hats _copple-tanked_, a quarter of an ell high or more" (Comines, by Danet).

_Cophetua_ (L. L. L. iv. 1, 2 Hen. IV. v. 3), the name of an African King, in the ballad, who married a beggar-girl.

_Coranto_ (H. V. iii. 5), a lively, gliding kind of dance, in which the dancer had, as Davies says, "with best order all order to shun," and "wantonly range everywhere."

_Corporal of his field_ (L. L. L. iv. 1). Singer remarks, from Lord Strafford's Letters (ii. 199), that this was a kind of aide-de-camp employed "in taking and carrying to and fro the directions of the general or other higher officers of the field." The ordinary corporal was, as now, the lowest officer. See Nares, _v._ Gentlemen of the Round.

_Cotsall_ (M. W. i. 1), Cotswold-downs in Gloucestershire, where there used to be various sports at Whitsuntide. They were instituted by Mr. Robert Dover, an attorney in the reign of James I., and continued till after the Revolution. "The sports were football, skittles, quoits, shovel-board, cudgel, and single-stick; bull-baiting, cock-fighting, bowling, wrestling, leaping, dancing, pitching the bar, horse-racing, ringing of bells, jumping in sacks," etc. See Notes and Queries, 3 S. ix. 80, 100, 353.

_Counter_ (C. of Err. iv. 2). Hounds were said to run counter (_contra_) when they ran back, instead of forward, on the scent.

_Counterfeit_, likeness, portrait; also same as _slip_, false coin: R. and J. ii. 4, Tr. and Cr. ii. 3.

_Court-cupboard_ (R. and J. i. 5), a moveable state cupboard, on the receding shelves of which the family-plate was arranged and displayed on festive occasions, as on our side-boards.

_Court-holy-water_ (Lear, iii. 2), _eau bénite de la cour_, flattery, or rather words without deeds, as plentiful and as lavishly used in courts as holy water in churches.

_Cousin._ This word was used, in its primitive sense of _consanguineus_, of any one that was akin.

_Creep._ Creeping to the Cross was an act of devotion in Popish times. It is alluded to in Tr. and Cr. iii. 3.

_Cross-row_ (R. III. i. 1), _i.e._ Christ-cross-row, the alphabet, because the sign of the Cross was placed at the head of it.

_Cuckoo-bud_ (L. L. L. v. 2), probably the cowslip, which Singer tells us, from Lyte's Herbal (1578), was called in French _coquu primevère, brayes de coquu, and Herbe à coquu_.

_Cue._ "Q., a note of entrance for actors; because it is the first letter of _quando_, when, showing when to enter and speak" (Buller, the English Grammar, 1634). This, however, seems a very forced and pedantic derivation, and the ordinary one, from _queue_, Fr., seems preferable. Florio, however, says, "a prompter, one who keeps the books for the players and teacheth them, or scholars their _kue_."

_Cupid's flower_ (M. N. D. iv. 1). See _Love in Idleness_.

_Curate_ (_curé_, Fr.), the incumbent of a parish; not what is now so termed.

_Curiosity_ (Lear, i. 2), scrupulousness, affected delicacy, or niceness. _Curious_ (T. of Sh. iv. 4) has the same sense.

_Curst_ (T. of Sh. i. 1), shrewish, snappish, ill-tempered. It is usually supposed to be _cursed_; and it may be so, taking this part actively. But I rather think it is a metathesis of _cross_ with a paragogic _t_, or of _crossed_.

_Curtal-axe_ (As Y. L. i. 3), a corruption of _cutlass_ (_coutelas_ Fr., _coltellaccio_ It.), a short strong sword: "His _curtlax_ by his thigh, short, hooked, fine" (Fairf. G. of B. ix. 82), whence it might be inferred that it was curved.

_Cut._ "Draw cuts" (Com. of Err. v. 1), to draw lots of paper or straws cut in different lengths. He who drew the longest was the winner.

_Cut bowstrings_ (M. N. D. i. 2). When a match was made to shoot at butts, each said that if he did not _hold_ his promise they might _cut his bowstring_ and exclude him from their society.

_Damn._ This word had not its present restricted sense; like _damno_, it meant simply to condemn, or even merely disapprove of. So _damned_ and _damnable_ often signified merely reprehensible.

_Dancing-horse_ (L. L. L. i. 2), a celebrated horse belonging to one Bankes, who had taught him to dance, to count, and perform various other feats. He travelled over the Continent exhibiting him; and it is said, but probably with little truth, that both master and horse were burnt at Rome for witchcraft.

_Dare_ (H. VIII. iii. 2) had the sense of terrify--whence derived it is hard to say--when used of taking larks in a net, by means of a hawk, or mirrors on a piece of scarlet cloth.

_Day-bed_ (Tw. N. ii. 5, R. III. iii. 7), a couch or sofa; for it was not confined to bed-chambers.

_Day-woman_ (L. L. L. i. 2) is generally said to be a dairy-maid; for a _day-house_, in the old dictionaries, is where cheeses are made. As, however, _day-woman_ occurs only in this place, and _day's-man_ has quite a different sense, it may be only a printer's error for 'dai_ry_-woman.'

_Defy_ (K. John, iii. 4, 1 H. IV. i. 3), renounce, reject, cast off--as _défier_, Fr., is distrust, put no trust in.

_Devil rides on a fiddle-stick_ (1 H. IV. ii. 4), a proverbial expression denoting something strange, unexpected. Its origin is not known.

_Dian's-bud_ (M. N. D. iii. 1), the flower of the Agnus castus. "The virtue of this herb is that it will keep man and woman _chaste_" (Maur, by Lynacre).

_Diffused_ (M. W. iv. 4), obscure, strange, as it were _confused_ and jumbled. "Speak Welsh to him. I doubt not but thy speech will be more _diffuse_ to him than his French shall be to thee" (Cav. Life of Wolsey).

_Dole_, share, part (_Theil_, Germ). "Happy man be his dole" (W. T. i. 2, 1 H. IV. ii. 2) is, Be it his part to be called Happy man.

_Dough._ "My cake is dough" (T. Sh. v. 1) means things are not going well with me. It is a figure taken from bread baked on a girdle, still in use in America.

_Drum._ "John Drum's Entertainment" (All's Well, v. 1). There was a dramatic piece so named (1601), in which Jack Drum, a servant, was continually foiled in his intrigues.

_Ducdamè_ (As Y. L. ii. 6) would appear to be meant for Italian (_duc da me_, 'bring to me?').

_Dudgeon_ (Macb. ii. 1), the handle of a dagger, properly a handle made of the wood of the box-root, of which this is the name, as given by Bp. Wilkins, Gerard, and others.

_Dun._ "To draw Dun out of the mire" (R. and J. i. 4). Gifford, who says he had often played at this game, thus describes it:--"A log of wood is brought into the midst of the room; this is _Dun_ (the cart-horse), and a cry is raised that he is stuck in the mire. Two of the company advance, either with or without ropes, to draw him out. After repeated efforts they find themselves unable to do it, and call for more assistance. The game continues till all the company take part in it, when _Dun_ is extricated of course; and the merriment arises from the awkward and affected efforts of the rustics to lift the log, and sundry arch contrivances to let the ends of it fall on one another's toes."

_Dun's the mouse_ (R. and J. i. 4), an apparent allusion to the colour of the mouse, which, however, is not dun. The phrase was probably made for the sake of a play on _done_. It is similar to "The cat is gray" (Lear, iii. 6).

_Durance._ "Robe of durance" (1 H. IV. i. 2). "The jerkin-man is come, but your _robe of durance_ is yet not finished" (Letter of Thomas Winter, of the Gunpowder Plot, in Notes and Queries, 3 S. i. 342). "Let me live, but I will give thee a good _suit of durance_" (Westward Ho!). "I refuse to wear _buff_ for the lasting, and shall be content to apparel my brain in _durance_" (Cornwalleys, Essays). It thus appears that _durance_ was a strong kind of cloth.

_Each._ "At each" (Lear, iv. 6), _i.e._ the end of one being joined to that of the other. The text seems to be right.

_Eggs for money_ (W. T. i. 2) seems to mean cheating, bullying, giving little or no value for money.

_Element_, _par excellence_ the air, as that by which we breathe and exist (Tw. N. i. 1, J. C. i. 3, Temp. v. _ad fin._). It was believed that man was composed of the four elements (Tw. N. ii. 3, Ant. and Cl. v. 2).

_'Em._ This is not _them_ by aphæresis; it is the old _hem_ of Chaucer, etc. In Marston's plays it is printed _'hem_.

_End._ This word was used in a variety of ways in conjunction with others. Thus we have "there an end" (Two Gent. ii. 1, T. Sh. v. 2); "still an end" (ib. iv. 4); "for an end," in fine (Cor. ii. 1); also "word and end" (Chauc. Monk's Tale, Tr. and Cr. iii.); "tale and end" (Gower, C. Am. v). "Most an end," perpetually (Mass. Very Woman, iii. 1), used also by Milton, and even by Warburton. See Gifford on Mass, _ut sup._ In most of these cases _an_ is _and_.

_Enew_ (M. for M. iii. 1). "How presently upon the landing of the fowl she [the falcon] came down like a stone and _enew'd_ it, and suddenly got up again, and suddenly upon a second landing came down again, and, missing of it in the downcome, recovered it beyond expectation, to the admiration of the beholder, at a long flight" (Nash, Quaternio, etc., 1633). _Enew_ is therefore to teaze, worry, terrify, and probably comes from _ennuyer_, Fr.

_Entrance._ In 1 H. IV. i. 1, this word is most abusively employed for _mouth_. A most remarkable instance of the liberties the poet took with the Queen's English.

_Ephesian_ (M. W. iv. 5, 2 H. IV. ii. 2) apparently means jovial companion, toper; but why, it is hard to say.

_Extent_ (As Y. L. iii. 1) "An _extent_ or _extendi facias_ is so called because the sheriff is to cause the land, etc., to be appraised to their full _extended_ value before he delivers them to the plaintiff" (Blackstone).

_Eye_ (Temp. ii. 1), what we now call a shade of colour. "Red with an _eye_ of blue makes a purple" (Boyle). As it elsewhere (R. and J. v. 1) signifies glance, look, that may be a general sense of it.

_Fading_ (W. T. iv. 3), the name of an Irish dance, perhaps the _Rinka fadha_ ({r}in{z}ce {f}aða), long dance. It was also used as the burden of a song.

_Fan_ (M. W. ii. 2, R. and J. ii. 4). The fan of those times was quite different from the present one. It was composed of feathers set in a round handle of ivory, and even of silver or gold, so as to be sometimes of the value of £40.

_Fancy_, love, as being frequently the creation of imagination. The term _fancy-man_ seems to be a relic of this sense. It was also (2 H. IV. iii. 2) the name of an air or tune, as Such a one's Fancy, _i.e._ favourite.

_Fashions_ (T. Sh. iii. 2), from _farcins_, Fr., the farcy in horses.

_Fast and loose_ (Ant. and Cl. iv. 11. L. L. L. iii. 1, K. John, iii. 1), the trick still played at fairs, and called _Prick in the garter, the belt, the loop_. It was well known to the ancients, by whom it was named [himanteligmos], under which name it is accurately described by Julius Pollux (ix. 7); and that it was known in the Middle Ages is proved by this line in the Roman de la Rose--which, by the way, none of the critics have understood--"C'est li gieu de _boute-en-corroie_," 6882.

_Feature_, form, person, make, _faiture_, O. Fr. It was very rarely, if at all, restricted to the countenance as now, or used in the plural. In As Y. L. iii. 3 there is perhaps a printer's error.

_Fern-seed_ (1 H. IV. ii. 1). As the seed of the fern is nearly invisible, it was believed to render so those who carried it. As Brown (Brit. Past. ii. 2) terms it _one-night-seeding_, it would appear that there was a mystery and a difficulty about obtaining it.

_Fig_ (2 H. IV. v. 3, H. V. iii. 6). It was a mode of insulting to put the thumb between two of the fingers, and hold it out to a person. It was chiefly practised in Spain and Italy.

_Fights_ (M. W. ii. 2), "the waist-cloths which hang round about the ship to hinder men from being seen in fight" (Phillips, World of Words).

_First._ "Two of the first, like coats in heraldry" (M. N. D. iii. 2). The shield was divided in nine different forms; of which the _first_ was an equal division from top to bottom, as when the arms of a man and his wife were united. In this case there was only one crest, that of the husband.

_First-born of Egypt_ (As Y. L. ii. 5). This is supposed to mean high-born persons. But as it only occurs in this place, it may be nothing more than a humorous expression without any definite meaning.

_Fives_ (T. Sh. iii. 2), _avives_ Fr., the strangles in horses; "an inflammation of the kernels, between the chap and the neck of the horse" (Markham, Way to get W. i. 39).

_Flap-dragon_ (L. L. L. v. 1), "a small combustible body set on fire, and put afloat in a glass of liquor" (Nares). "Raisins in hot brandy were the commonest flap-dragons" (Id.). As raisins are not combustible, I rather think it was the liquor that was set on fire, and the feat was getting the flap-dragon out of the flame that enveloped it.

_Flaw_ (2 H. IV. iv. 4, 2 H. VI. iii. 1), a sudden blast of wind. Warburton, who appears to be right, says it was the idea of some philosophers that it was vapour condensed by the cold of night, which, being liberated by the heat of the sun in the morning, caused the _flaw_ or sudden burst of wind.

_Flibbertigibbet_ (Lear, iii. 4). This, and all the succeeding names of fiends in this play, was taken by the poet from Harsnet's Declaration, etc., 1603.

_Flights_ (M. Ado, i. 1), long light-feathered arrows for shooting at a mark.

_Flirt-gill_ (R. and J. ii. 4), also _gill-flirt_. It is a compound of Gillian, a very common woman's name at the time, and _flirt_, which was perhaps a corruption of _fleer it_ or _fleer at_.

_Florentius_ (T. Sh. i. 2), the hero of a tale in Gower's Confessio Amantis, similar to The Wife of Bath's Tale in Chaucer.

_Fool's Paradise_ (R. and J. ii. 4), a state of deceptive happiness. The exact origin of the phrase is not known.

_Foot-cloth_ (2 H. VI. iv. 7), a cloth or housing covering a saddle-horse, and reaching nearly to the ground at each side. Its object was to protect the feet and legs from dirt and mire.

_For_ (Oth. i. 3, Cymb. iv. 2), with an ellipsis of _that_, because. It was also used with an ellipsis of _fear of_.

_Forfeits in a barber's shop_ (M. for M. ii. 2). As barbers' shops were places of common resort, to keep order in them rules were made and hung up declaring the forfeit or penalty for each transgression, which, however, could only be enforced by public opinion.

_Formal_ (C. of Err. v. 1, Tw. N. ii. 5, R. III. iii. 1), in form, regular, ordinary, (T. of Sh. iv. 2, A. Y. L. ii. 7) precise.

_Fox_ (H. V. iv. 4), a name for a sword; possibly so called from the maker's name, like Andrew Ferrara.

_French crown_ (M. for M. i. 2), the crown of a Frenchman's head; a French coin; a bald head caused by the French disease. Hence, as in this place, it is frequently played on.

_Galliard_ (Tw. N. i. 3, H. V. i. 2), a lively springing kind of dance. Davies styles it "swift and wandering," with "passages uncertain to and fro," and "with lofty turns and caprioles in the air." As it had "five paces," it is said to have been the same with the Cinque Pace; but that hardly accords with the mentions we have of the latter, also corruptly called Sink apace (M. Ado, ii. 1, Tw. N. i. 3).

_Gallimaufry_ (W. T. iv. 3, M. W. ii. 1), _galimafrée_, Fr., a kind of hash or ragout. In these places it is used abusively as applied to persons, meaning mixture or jumble. Its origin is not known.

_Gallowglas._ See _Kerne_.

_Gaskins_ (Tw. N. i. 5), same as _gallygaskins_, loose breeches or trousers. The derivation is uncertain.

_Generous_ (M. for M. iv. 6, Oth. iii. 3), noble-minded, _generosus_.

_Gentle_, noble, of good birth (_gentilis_); thence, brave, gallant, worthy; and finally, courteous, kind, mild, sweet-tempered,--such qualities being most usually found among the well-born. This last sense is the least usual in the dramatists.

_Gentry_ (Ham. ii. 2), courtesy, good manners.

_Gig_ (L. L. L. iv. 3), a whipping-top.

_Giglot_ (M. for M. v. 1, 1 H. VI. v. 1, Cymb. iii. 1), a female wanton. It is perhaps connected with _giggle_.

_Gillian_, the English form of Juliana, a name so common in former times that _Jack and Jill_ was a usual phrase to denote two persons of the opposite sexes. St. Juliana was a Florentine, who was not canonized till 1729, so that the name could hardly have come from her. In Ireland Julia (in Irish Sheelah--_Sila_) is a common name among the peasantry. There was a Saint Julia, virgin martyr, who was put to death in the fifth century.

_Gillyvor_ (W. T. iv. 3), of which _gillyflower_ is a corruption, is the flower named _caryophyllum_, whence is formed the French _giroflée_.

_Gongorian_ (M. W. i. 3), supposed to be a corruption of _Hungarian_; but that is uncertain.

_Good-night_ (2 H. IV. iii. 2), like _Fancy_, a kind of song or ballad. Thus there was Johnny Armstrong's Good Night.

_Good year_ (Much Ado, i. 3, 2 H. IV. ii. 4), a more delicate form of _gougère_, the French disease.

_Gourd and fullam_ (M. W. i. 3), names of uncertain origin for false dice; called in the same place _high and low_, sc. men. They were of course hollowed and leaded internally so as to turn up the numbers required.

_Greek._ "Merry Greek" (Tr. and Cr. i. 2, iv. 4). In the Latin Classics the Greeks were always represented as lively and cheerful (see _Merry_), as compared with the more sombre Romans; and hence the phrase "Merry as a Greek" may have come into use in England. Still the original may have been "as merry as a grig," the grig or young eel being so lively and vivacious.

_Green-sleeves_ (M. W. ii. 1, v. 5), a celebrated air. The song of "Since laws were made for every degree" in the Beggar's Opera is to this air.

_Groundling_ (Ham. iii. 2), one who stood on the ground in the pit of the theatre, where there were no seats, and the price of admittance was only a penny.

_Guard_ (M. Ado, iii. 4, L. L. L. iv. 3), an edging or binding on clothes, so named, probably, as securing them from tearing. It then came to signify any trimming etc. on dress.

_Guinever_ (L. L. L. iv. 1), the queen of King Arthur in the romances.

_Gull_ (1 H. IV. v. 1, Tim. ii. 1), an unfledged bird; still used of goslings. It then came to signify a dupe, one imposed on (Tw. N. iii. 2, v. 1), also a trick, imposition (M. Ado, ii. 3).

_Gumm'd velvet_ (1 H. IV. ii. 2), velvet stiffened with gum, whence it was apt to _fret_ or fray.

_Halcyon_ (Lear, ii. 2). "A little bird, called the king's-fisher, being hanged up in the air by the neck, his neb or bill will be always direct or straight against the wind."--_Book of Notable Things._

_Half-face_ (K. John, i. 1, 2 H. iv. iii. 1), in profile, as showing but half the face.

_Halidom_ (Two Gent. iv. 2), and corruptly _holy dame_ (H. VIII. v. 1, R. and J. i. 3), same as _christendom_, christening, consecrating by the rite of baptism.

_Hall._ "A hall, a hall!" (R. and J. i. 5), a cry to clear the room, and make a space for the dancers. _Ring_ is still used in a somewhat similar sense.

_Hangers_ (Ham. v. 2), the short straps by which a sword was hung from the belt.

_Hatch_ (Tr. and Cr. i. 3), adorn, ornament. It is properly to engrave or work with lines--_hacher_, Fr.

_Have_, take. This sense is frequent in the Pilgrim's Progress, and we still speak of _having_ a person before a magistrate. The expressions _have at you_ and _have with you_ are elliptical; and _have_ is there, I take me.

_Hazard._ See _Tennis_.

_Head_ (1 H. IV. iv. 3, v. 1, 2 H. IV. i. 3, ii. 2), army, forces. "To make head," to raise an army.

_Hell_ (C. of Er. iv. 2), the worst part of a prison. Marot has a poem on a prison, called _L'enfer_.

_Hermit._ In "We rest your hermits" (Macb. i. 6) the proper word would be _beadsmen_; but as the speaker is a woman, the poet ventured to use 'hermit' in a sense it never has had before or since. See _Entrance_.

_Hide fox, and all after_ (Ham. iv. 2, M. Ado, ii. 3), a play of children. It was probably what is now called Hide-and-Seek.

_Hip._ "Have on the hip" (M. of V. i. 3, Oth. ii. 1) seems to be taken from wrestling, and to signify getting the opponent across one's hip, and thus being able to give him a severe fall.

"_To get_ the Pagan _on the hip_;
And having caught him right, he doth him lift
By nimble slight, and in such wise doth trip
That down he threw him."
Harr. Or. Fur. xlvi. 117.

_Hiren._ "Have we not Hiren here?" (2 H. IV. ii. 4). It is a corruption of the Greek proper name of Irene, made by Peele in his play of The Turkish Mahomet and the fair Greek Hiren.

_Hob._ This, like _Bob_, _Dob_, was merely a short form of Robert. It and _Dob_ are still preserved in proper names, as in Hobbs, _Hobson_. Hob-goblin answers to the German _Knecht-Ruprecht_.

_Hob-nob_ (Tw. N. iii. 4), is _hab-nab_, i.e. 'have or no have,' hit or miss.

_Hobby-horse_ (L. L. L. iii. 1, Ham. iii. 2). This was an essential character in the morris-dance. It was the figure of a horse fastened round the waist of a man, whose legs were concealed by the horse's long footcloth, outside of which hung a pair of artificial legs and thighs. The man, of course, gave motion to the horse, prancing about, neighing, etc. It may still be seen at the booths in fairs and at minor theatres. The Puritans were bitter enemies to the Hobby-horse, which was therefore frequently left out, whence the cry of

"For oh! for oh! the Hobby-horse is forgot."

_Hoodman-blind_ (Ham. iii. 4). The game now called Blindman's-buff.

_Holla_ (As Y. L. iii. 2). See _Soft_.

_Hope._ This word is frequently used in the sense of mere expectation of either good or evil, a sense it still retains in America. The corresponding verbs in Greek, Latin, and some modern languages have the same sense.

_Hot-house_ (M. for M. ii. 1), a bagnio, so named from the hot baths which it contained.

_Humour._ This word, signifying moisture (_humor_), came by the physiology of the time to mean character, idiosyncrasy. See Jonson's Every Man out of his Humour, The Stage. In the character of Nym, Shakespeare shows us how it was abused. It frequently occurs in the sense of state of mind, inclination, but never in its present sense; we still say _good_ and _ill humour_. The adj. _humorous_ occurs once (R. and J. ii. 1) in the primitive sense moist; but its usual meaning is, capricious. See _Wit_.

_Humour of Forty Fancies_ (T. of Sh. iii. 2), supposed to be a collection of poems or tales. There is no copy of it remaining.

'_Hundred Merry Tales_' (M. Ado, ii. 1), name of a common jest-book at that time.

_Hunts-up_ (R. and J. iii. 5), the name of an air used to rouse up sportsmen in the morning. It began with "The hunt is up, the hunt is up." Puttenham says it was composed by one Gray in the time of Henry VIII., with whom it was a favourite.

_Hurricano_ (Lear, iii. 2, Tr. and Cr. v. 2), what is now called a water-spout.

_I._ So they wrote what we now write _Aye_. As it was the same as the first personal pronoun, there was often a play on it, as in Two Gent. i. 1, R. and J. iii. 2.

_Iceland-dog_ (H. V. ii. 1), a shaggy kind of dog imported from Iceland, a great favourite in England at that time.

_Idle_ (M. for M. iii. 2, Oth. i. 3), empty, void, of no force, _idel_, A.S., _eitel_, Germ.: "And the earth was _idel_ and void" (Wicklif).

_Imp_, graft, hence child, young devil, by ellipsis of the devil. As a verb it was a term of falconry, meaning to splice a broken feather of the wing (R. II. ii. 1), which was effected by running a needle up the broken feather, the other end of which was run up the feather that was to be added.

_Incense_, properly Insense (M. Ado, v. 1, R. III. iii. 2, H. VIII. v. 1), inform, put sense, as it were, into.

_Incony_ (L. L. L. iii. 1, iv. 1). This is usually understood to mean fine, delicate, pretty; but the following passage of the old play The Shoemaker's Holiday gives the true sense and origin of it: "There they shall be knit, like a pair of stockings, in matrimony; there they'll be _in conie_." _Cony_, like _lamb_, _mouse_, etc., was in fact one of the endearing terms then in use between married couples; so that _to be in cony_ was to be in a state of matrimonial endearment. Thence _in cony_ or _incony_ gradually came into use as an adj. of endearment in general--just as _in life_ became _alive_ and _live_ (as an adjective).

_Index_ (R. III. ii. 2, Tr. and Cr. i. 3), what we now call the table of contents in a book. It also (R. III. iv. 4, Ham. iii. 4, Oth. ii. 1) seems to mean the dumb show before the acts of a play.

_Inherit_ (Two Gent. iii. 2, R. II. i. 1), possess, cause to possess.

_Iniquity_ (R. II. iii. 1, 1 H. IV. ii. 4), a name of the Vice, or buffoon, of the old moralities. He had asses' ears, a long coat, and a dagger of lath, with which, leaping on the Devil's back, he used to belabour him; but he was always carried off by him in the end.

_Inkle_ (L. L. L. iii. 1, W. T. iv. 3), a kind of tape. It came perhaps by aphæresis from A.S. _rápincle_, cord.

_Instance_ (R. III. iii. 2, Ham. iii. 2), motive, cause, (Tr. and Cr. v. 2) proof.

_Intrenchant_ (Macb. v. 7) seems to mean which cannot be cut so as to remain divided. It is only found in this place.

_Jack._ From the universality of this familiar form of _John_, it became the usual appellation of servants and others of the lower orders, something like the _Jacques_ of the French. _Jack_ and _Jill_ (L. L. L. v. 2, M. N. D. iii. 2, T. Sh. iv. 1), therefore, represented the two sexes in humble life.

_Jack-a-Lent_ (M. W. iii. 3, v. 5), a stuffed figure set up to be thrown at in Lent, as cocks were on Shrove Tuesday.

_Jack-o'-the-clock_ (R. II. v. 5, R. III. iv. 2), figures of men that used to strike the hours on clocks.

_Jade_ (possibly akin to Germ. _Gaul_), a name for a horse, indicating sometimes a vicious ("_Jade_, a naughty horse," Baret), sometimes a contemptible one, at other times expressing pity. It sometimes, however, was equivalent to horse, steed, as in

"When Hyperion's son
Shall couch in west his foam-bedabbled _jades_."
Fuimus Troes.

_Jesses_ (Oth. iii. 3), short straps of leather or silk fastened to the legs of a hawk, with rings on them, through which passed a leash or strap, which the falconer twisted round his hand. When the hawk was let go, the leash was drawn out of the rings.

_Jewel._ "Wear this _jewel_ for me; 'tis my picture" (Tw. N. iii. 4). We may hence see that jewel was any ornament in gold, enamel, etc.

_Jig_ (Ham. ii. 2), a lively poem or ballad, as well as a dance, its only meaning at present.