Chapter V: Logic of the Stoics

A. General remarks 70
1. Field of Logic 70
2. Words and thoughts 73
B. Theory of knowledge 75
1. General character of this theory 75
2. Prominent points in the theory—perceptions—
conceptions—standards of truth 77
C. Formal logic 92
1. Utterance in general 92
2. Incomplete expression—words—the categories 94
3. Complete utterance—judgment—inference—fallacies 110
D. Estimate of Stoic logic 123
1. Its shortcomings 123
2. Its value 123

CHAPTER VI.

THE STUDY OF NATURE: 1. FUNDAMENTAL POSITIONS.

A. Materialism 126
1. Meaning of the Stoic Materialism 126
2. Causes which led to Stoic Materialism 132
3. Consequences of Stoic Materialism—individual
perceptions—theory of universal mingling 135
B. Dynamical theory of Nature 139
1. Matter and force 139
2. Nature of force 141
3. Deity—God as force—God as matter 148
C. Pantheism 156
1. God identical with the world 156
2. Relative difference between God and the world 158
3. Views of Boëthus 159

CHAPTER VII.

THE STUDY OF NATURE: 2. COURSE, CHARACTER, AND GOVERNMENT OF THE UNIVERSE.

A. The General Course of the Universe 161
1. Origin of the world 161
2. End of the world 163
3. Cycles in the world’s course 165
B. Government of the World 170
1. Nature of Destiny—as Providence—as Generative Reason 170
2. Arguments in favour of Providence 173
3. The idea of Providence determined 175
C. Nature of the world 182
1. Its unity and perfection 183
2. Moral theory of the world 187

CHAPTER VIII.

THE STUDY OF NATURE: 3. IRRATIONAL NATURE. THE ELEMENTS.—THE UNIVERSE.

A. The most general ideas on Nature 194
B. The Elements 197
C. The Universe 202
1. The stars 204
2. Meteorology 206
3. Plants and animals 208

CHAPTER IX.

THE STUDY OF NATURE: 4. MAN.

A. The Soul 210
1. Materialistic nature of the soul 210
2. Divisions of the soul 213
B. The Individual Soul and the Soul of the Universe 216
C. Freedom and Immortality 219