Chapter XVII: The Epicurean Views of Nature

A. General Views on Nature 434
1. Object, value, and method of the study of nature 434
2. Mechanical explanation of nature 437
3. Atoms and empty space 439
B. The World 444
1. The swerving aside of atoms 444
2. Origin of the world 447
3. Arrangement of the universe 449
4. Plants and animals 451
C. Mankind 451
1. Origin of the human race 451
2. The soul 453
3. Sensation 457
4. Will 459

CHAPTER XVIII.

VIEWS OF EPICURUS ON RELIGION.

A. Criticism of the Gods and the popular faith 462
B. The Gods according to Epicurus 464
1. Reasons for his belief 464
2. Nature of the Epicurean Gods 467

CHAPTER XIX.

THE MORAL SCIENCE OF THE EPICUREANS: 1. GENERAL VIEWS.

A. Pleasure 472
1. Pleasure the Highest Good 472
2. Freedom from pain 474
B. Intellectual Happiness 476
1. Intelligence 476
2. Reasons for rising superior to the senses 478
3. Virtue 480
C. The Wise Man 483

CHAPTER XX.

THE EPICUREAN ETHICS CONTINUED: 2. SPECIAL POINTS.

A. The Individual 485
B. Civil Society and the Family 490
1. Civil society 490
2. Family life 492
C. Friendship 493

CHAPTER XXI.

THE EPICUREAN SYSTEM AS A WHOLE. ITS POSITION IN HISTORY.

A. Coherence of the Epicurean teaching 499
B. Historical position of Epicureanism 503
1. Relation to Stoicism 503
2. Relation to Aristippus 508
3. Relation to Democritus 510
4. Relation to Aristotle and Plato 511

PART IV.

THE SCEPTICS: PYRRHO AND THE OLDER ACADEMY.

CHAPTER XXII.

PYRRHO.

A. Historical position of Scepticism 514
1. Relation to cotemporary dogmatic systems 514
2. Causes producing it 515
3. Pyrrho and his followers 517
B. Teaching of Pyrrho 521
1. Impossibility of knowledge 521
2. Withholding of judgment 523
3. Mental imperturbability 525

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE NEW ACADEMY.

A. Arcesilaus 528
1. Denial of knowledge 528
2. Probability 534
B. Carneades 535
1. Negative views of 538
2. Positive views of 553
C. School of Carneades 563

GENERAL INDEX 567