Chapter XXXIII: Appendix: On the Inscriptions Found at Hissarlik (1)

BY THE EDITOR.

As soon as Dr. Schliemann’s wonderful discoveries at Hissarlik were made known, one of the most important questions that arose in the mind of all scholars was:--Has he found any _Inscriptions_, to throw the certain light of written testimony on the language and ethnic affinities, the history and social condition, the religion, science, and literature, of the old inhabitants of the hill, whose records form as yet no part of ancient history?

Dr. Schliemann’s private communications during the progress of his work had called forth the efforts of eminent Orientalists--such as Martin Haug, Émile Burnouf, and Max Müller--to attempt the discovery of true writing among the vast variety of strange and novel patterns impressed upon the terra-cotta whorls, balls, seals, vases, and other objects in his collection; for some of these bore a likeness to written characters which could hardly be deceptive.[314] It mattered not for this enquiry, by what name the habitations, whose successive strata were revealed, had been called of old. No one whose opinion was worth regarding disputed their very high antiquity, which implied the great age of the objects found. Apart even from its traditional claim to be the Ilium of Homer, the site lay in the track of the primitive migrations of the Indo-European race from their cradle in the East to their settlements in the West; and not of one migration only, but of their passage to and fro between the shores of Asia and of Europe; as well as upon the path of their commerce and military expeditions, after they were settled in their homes. For, lest we be misled by the arbitrary distinction between the continents, which is stereotyped in the names of Asia and Europe--that is, East and West--it must be borne in mind that the Hellespont and Bosporus (as the latter name expresses) were _ferries_ rather than sundering seas, and the islands of the Ægean were stepping-stones. The close affinities of the early settlers on both shores had long since been proved; and, in particular, the presence of the great Pelasgo-Hellenic or Græco-Italic family had been traced on both. The very ancient habitation of the north-western parts of Asia Minor by the _Ionians_--the oriental name of the whole Hellenic race--long before their traditional colonization from the peninsula of Hellas--had been maintained by Ernst Curtius twenty years ago,[315] and more fully established by recent Egyptologers[316]--thus confirming the most ancient ethnic record, that the _Isles of the Gentiles_ were divided among the families of the _Sons of Javan_.[317] Thus, before the first trench was dug at Hissarlik, a clue was already supplied to the race of the primitive inhabitants, if any such had dwelt there, and to the nature of their language, if they had left any written records.

Among the patterns engraved upon the whorls and other terra-cottas, many were soon found, as Dr. Schliemann has fully shown, to be the most ancient sacred emblems of the Aryan race; and the discovery of these at all depths, below the ruins of Greek Ilium, attested the common Aryan descent of all the nations that had dwelt successively on the hill before the historic Grecian colony. The absence of any trace of Egyptian influence, and almost equally of Assyrian, seemed to attest an independent and very ancient Aryan civilization; while the general character of the works in terra-cotta, resembling those found in Cyprus and some of the islands of the Ægean, appeared to belong to the style which Professor Conze, of Vienna, had defined as the earliest Greek or European Indo-Germanic. The characters, which looked so exactly like writing, were certainly not hieroglyphs in any of their varieties; nor--though there were some cuneiform marks--was there any true cuneiform writing; while the few semblances of Phœnician characters were soon found to be deceptive. This last fact, again, helped to carry back the time of the settlement of Hissarlik beyond the age when Greeks and Phœnicians had entered into close relations of civilization on the shores of the Ægean, that is, before the date of the Homeric poems, which are full of allusions to Phœnician influence.

It has often been observed how remarkably new discoveries coincide in point of time, just when they are needed to throw light upon one another. At the very moment when Dr. Schliemann was bringing to light the remains buried in the Hill of Hissarlik, Orientalists were engaged in deciphering the inscriptions found among the antiquities of Cyprus, and upon the rock tablets in the island, by the aid of the still recent results of cuneiform interpretation. The Cyprian characters were proved to belong to a syllabic alphabet, which is a varied form of the cuneiform writing of Babylonia and Assyria, and of an origin older than the Phœnician. The leaders in this work were Mr. George Smith and Dr. Samuel Birch, who assigned a phonetic value to 33 characters of the Cypriote syllabary; and it was followed up with especial zeal by the lamented young scholar, Dr. Johannes Brandis, who determined (as was thought) the remainder of the 60 signs. His unfinished posthumous _Essay on the Decipherment of the Cyprian Inscriptions_ forms the landmark of the state of enquiry in the year in which Dr. Schliemann finished his excavations.[318]

To DR. MARTIN HAUG belongs the honour of first applying this key to the decipherment of the Hissarlik inscriptions. He traced such striking resemblances in some of the characters to those of the Cyprian alphabet, as to make out a good _primâ facie_ case for their identity, and he seemed to have succeeded in deciphering three words. Two of these were formed by the six characters on a whorl from the Trojan stratum, which were afterwards seen to be identical with those on another from the same depth (7 meters), a repetition which seems to show the importance of the inscription. Both had been specially noticed and discussed by Dr. Schliemann on their discovery;[319] and they will be always memorable in the history of this investigation. Haug read these characters _ta. i. o. si. i. go._, which he interpreted as a dedication, θείῳ Σιγῷ, “to the divine Sigo,” a deity whose name was found in Sigeum, the Scamander, and even Sicyon; and he thought he traced the same name on two of Schliemann’s small funnels (Nos. 145, 146, p. 191).[320] But the deity was otherwise as unknown as the transmutation of _ta. i. o._ into θείῳ was forced; and, while Haug was doubtless right in his _method_, his results must be pronounced at best:--

“Fragments of broken words and thoughts,
Yet glimpses of the true.”

]

It was with such a conviction that the enquiry was taken up by PROFESSOR THEODORE GOMPERZ, of Vienna,[322] whose words are well worth quoting as a lesson in the method of investigation: “One circumstance alone appeared to me consoling, namely, that I did not find myself obliged to add a new hypothesis to the numerous ones already existing, and that I felt it still possible to abide by Haug’s discovery, were it only as a starting-point for further efforts. _For the beginning of continuity in enquiry is always the surest harbinger of approaching success._” After making one correction in Haug’s reading of the above inscription, he still found it quite unintelligible, till the thought struck him of reading it from right to left round the whorl, instead of from left to right, and the confused syllables flashed, as by a sudden crystallization, into the pure Greek _ta. go. i. di. o. i._, that is Ταγῷ δίῳ. “To the divine General or Prince,” an interpretation which Professor Max Müller pronounced to be “almost beyond reasonable doubt.”[323] We deem this solution worthy of special record, both as a landmark in the history of the investigation, and still more as a striking example of the power of mere coincidence to produce combinations that seem to bear the stamp of truth.

No. 294. The above Inscription developed (7 M.).]

The other inscriptions, of which Professor Gomperz proposed solutions, were the following: First, three letters on the terra-cotta seal, also from the Trojan stratum, mentioned in the ‘Introduction’ (No. 4, p. 24; Pl. 19, No. 555 in Schliemann’s Atlas), which Professor Max Müller was at one time tempted to read as the very name of _Ilion_ (See the ‘Academy’ for May 16, 1874, p. 546). The second was the “splendidly engraved inscription” round the base of the whetstone of red slate (No. 5, p. 24, Pl. 190, No. 3474, Atlas). The third is round the shoulder of a vase from the Palace of Priam (No. 3, p. 23; Pl. 168, Nos. 3273 and 3278, Atlas), where, however, about one-third of the inscription is wanting. The fourth is on a whorl from _the lower limit_ of the Trojan stratum.

The above record of the process of the investigation will still possess great historical interest, long after the results shall have emerged (as we trust) from the cloud which, for the moment, has come over our hopes; and we believe that its interest will be increased by stating the present position of the case in the words of Professor Gomperz himself[324]:--

“There is not, and there cannot be, the slightest doubt that
Professor Haug at Munich was perfectly right, when he first
identified the symbols found on several of the Hissarlik vases,
&c., with Cypriote characters. I was right too in following up the
track, and I think still that I have scarcely once been wrong in
identifying those symbols with these characters. Furthermore, my
general inferences drawn from the fact, that the Cypriote syllabic
writing occurs out of Cyprus, and associated with what I rightly
have called _pre-Homeric_ objects of art, I still think
unassailable. But--I cannot go further than this! My attempt at
_deciphering_ those inscriptions I now look upon as abortive! I
hasten to add, that I do not think I deserve any reproach in the
matter. I utilized to the best of my abilities the progress which
till then had been made in the decipherment of the Cypriote
inscriptions found in Cyprus. I used as a key for my decipherment
of the Hissarlik inscriptions the phonetic values which Mr. George
Smith and Dr. Johannes Brandis had ascertained for those
characters. But both these investigators had been only partially
right! Wonderful indeed it is, that, applying as I did a key
partially right and partially wrong, good and intelligible Greek
words emerged. It was a most marvellous coincidence--but nothing
else, a mere fortuitous coincidence.

“The labour of ascertaining the phonetic value of the Cypriote
characters has since been taken up by several German scholars, Dr.
Moritz Schmidt, Professor at Jena, and Messrs. De[.e]ck[.e] and
Siegismund at Strasburg, and to a candid critic there cannot remain
a doubt that _they are right_, and that I (together with Smith and
Brandis) _was wrong_.”[325]

Such a frank, truth-loving spirit in the enquirer is as sure a guarantee of ultimate success as that “continuity in the enquiry,” which Gomperz still holds to be established. In a word, the right track is known, but the sign-posts have to be rectified; the key is found, but its wards need some fresh adjustment; and we may soon hope for results far more fruitful than those of which, for a moment only, we have been disappointed.

Meanwhile it is well to put on record Professor Gomperz’s reply to the objections that may be brought forward against the probable conclusion that, even before the Homeric times, there existed Greeks acquainted with a written language.

“For this supposition is not only opposed by ancient, though
possibly unhistoric traditions, such as the denial of the
settlement of Asia Minor by European Greeks, but by really
historical facts--for instance, the total absence of any mention of
the art of writing in these very Homeric poems.

“However this objection--let it count for as much or as little as
it may--affects not only our decipherings, but also a firmly
established and quite undeniable fact, the existence of a Cyprian
syllabic writing. For that a nation which knew of a written
language, simple and handy as the Phœnician with its facility of
supplying the vowels, should prefer one like the Cyprian, full of
the most troublesome characters and yet subject to the worst
ambiguity, is surely as unlikely as that a nation in possession of
the needle-gun should return to the use of the battle-axe. However,
in the ninth and at latest in the eighth-century (and very probably
much earlier) the Greeks _must_ already have been acquainted with
the so-called Phoenician writing, which at that time was employed
with equal readiness both in Moab and in Nineveh. Hence the Cyprian
writing must have found its way among the Greeks before this epoch
(and we may almost safely say a considerable time before this
epoch, for otherwise how could it have taken firm root in Cyprus
only?) My opinion is that we shall soon find the definite outlines
of an epoch of Greek culture, or semi-culture, which I should be
inclined to name the _pre-Cadmean_, the decline of which may
probably be dated from the mighty impulse which the conquest of
Canaan by the Israelites (about 1300) gave to the migration and the
colonization of the Phœnicians.”[326]

We are enabled, by a communication from Dr. Schliemann, to present a list of all the objects in his collection, which Professor Gomperz has recognised as bearing Inscriptions, all of which are figured in our work. We also append the _depth_ at which each object was found, inasmuch as this determines to which of the nations, that dwelt successively on the site of Ilium, each inscription is to be referred; and this is by no means the least interesting point in the investigation.

It will be understood, of course, that this is, in the strongest sense, a “first provisional list” of the results of an enquiry only just begun. We believe that we could make no inconsiderable additions to it; but we await the verdict of the more competent enquirers who are now engaged in the research. Their labours may show that the _lowest stratum_ of remains is not destitute of traces of a written language, as would appear at first sight from the List. Meanwhile the great preponderance of known inscriptions from the “Trojan stratum” (7-10 M.) of Dr. Schliemann is very striking: 11 out of the 18 belong to it. But the ethnic affinity between the Trojans and their successors, already attested by many proofs, is now confirmed by five inscriptions in the Cyprian character from the depths of 4, 5, and 6 meters (Nos. 5, 6, 7, 12 and 16 in the List). The two funnels (Nos. 17, 18) are furnished by the uppermost stratum: each bears only a single letter, which appears also to be Cyprian; but there would seem to be still some doubt whether it may not be Phœnician.

_a._ Side View. _b._ Upper Hemisphere. _c._ Lower Hemisphere, with the Inscription.]

LIST OF INSCRIPTIONS

RECOGNIZED TO THE PRESENT TIME ON OBJECTS IN DR. SCHLIEMANN’S COLLECTION.[327]

I.--INSCRIPTIONS ON WHORLS.

In Translation. In Atlas. Depth. References.

1. Pl. XXIV. No. 353. Pl. 5, No. 166. 9 M.
2. Pl. XXVII. No. 369. Pl. 11, No. 356. 10 M. Pp. 137, 369.
3. Pl. LI. No. 496. Pl. 13, No. 432. 7 M. {Identical
4. No. 115, p. 161. Pl. 6. No. 208. 7 M. {inscription:
{pp. 83, 137,
{161, 365-368.
5. Pl. XXXIX. No. 435. Pl. 122, No. 2442. 5 M.
6. Pl. XLVI. No. 472. Pl. 162, No. 3134. 6 M.
7. Pl. XXV. No. 360. Pl. 173, No. 3364. 4 M.
8. Pl. LI. No. 494. Pl. 187, No. 3415. 7 M.
9. No. 227, p. 312. Pl. 164, No. 3193. 8 M. Page 312.
10. No. 291, p. 363. Pl. 166, No. 3233. 8 M.

II.--INSCRIPTIONS ON TERRA-COTTA BALLS.

11. Pl. LII. No. 497. Pl. 166, No. 3229. 8 M.
12. No. 300, p. 372. Pl. 135, No. 2699. 4 M.

III.--ON OTHER OBJECTS.

13. _Seal_, No. 4, p. 24. Pl. 19, No. 555. 7 M. Pp. 24, 368.
14. _Whetstone_, No. 5, p. 24. Pl. 190, No. 3474. 7 M. Pp. 24, 368.
15. _Vase_, No. 3, p. 23. {Pl. 168, No. 3273,} 8 M. Pp. 307, 369.
{ 3278. }
16. _Vase_, Nos. 31, 32, p. 50. Pl. 161, No. 3092. 5½ M. Pp. 50, 309.
17.{Pair of Funnels, Nos.} {Pl. 171, No. 3292.} 3. M. Pp. 191, 366.
18.{ 145, 146, p. 191. } {Pl. 171, No. 3295.}

INDEX.

A.

_Accidents_ in the work, 132, 147, 275;
no one killed or seriously injured, 357.

_Achilles_, tumulus of, 177, 178.

_Achilleum_, town of, 178.

_Æneas_, his supposed dynasty at Troy, 19, 182.

_Æsyetes_, tumulus of, 182.

_Agate_, fine, balls of, 165.

_Aianteum_, town of, 178.

_Ajax_, tumulus of, 177, 178, 197.

_Akshi-koï_, as proposed site for Troy, refuted, 45.

_Alexander the Great_, at Ilium, 61, 146, 178, 251.

_Altar_, the great primitive, 277, 278, 291.

_Altars_, flaming, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, 120, 121, 160.

_Amphora_, a large Trojan, 63.

_Antelopes_, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, signifying the winds, 120, 135, 136.

_Antlers_ of deer, 165.

_Apollo_, temple of the Thymbrian, 177; Greek temple at Ilium, and bas-relief of, 32, 145, 223, 257. (TEMPLE METOPÉ.)

_Aqueduct_ from the Thymbrius, remains of, 239.

_Archers_, supposed trench for, on the Tower, 318.

_Aristotle’s_ explanation of the δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, 15, 313.

_Aruna_, in the Egyptian records, probably denotes Ilium, 126.

_Aryan_ origin of all the settlers at Hissarlik, 16, 252, 347, &c. (See SETTLERS.)

_Assyrian Art_, supposed traces of, 111.

_Athena_, tutelar goddess of Troy, represented with the head of an owl, 20, 54, 113, &c.

----, her temple, where the Trojan matrons went up to supplicate her, 147.

_Atlas_ of photographic illustrations, 357;
Preface, p. v. foll.

B.

_Balls_, terra-cotta, with astronomical and religious symbols, 167, 168, 188, 364.

_Batiea_ or _Myrina_, tumulus of, 180, 197;
now called _Pacha Tépé_, 198;
opened, 301;
pottery of the same age as the Trojan stratum at Hissarlik, _ibid._

_Battle-axes_, copper, found in the Treasure, 330, 331;
of stone, 21, 252.
(_See_ WEAPONS.)

_Bellerophon and Prœtus_, the σήματα λυγρά, 138.

_Bit_, a horse’s, a copper instrument resembling, 261.

_Boars'_ tusks, 78, 165.

_Bolts_, copper, of the Scæan Gates, 302.

_Bone_, a piece of, curiously engraved, 295.

_Bones_, found on the Tower, 213;
human skull and ashes found in an urn, 267;
of animals, 165, &c.
(_See_ SKELETONS.)

_Bracelets_, of silver, gold, and electrum, 164, 165;
golden, found in the Treasure, 337.

_Braun, Julius_, 46, 111.

_Bronze_, some of the objects of the Treasure found to be of, 361.

_Brush-handle_, Trojan, of terra-cotta, with holes for the bristles, 297.

_Buddha_, sculptured foot-print of, with the 卐 and mystic rose, 103.

_Buildings_, of the first settlers, of stones joined with earth, 14, 134, 155-6.

----, of the second (or Trojans), of unburnt bricks with some stone foundations, 24, 96, 156, 302.

----, of the third settlers, of small stones joined with earth, 28, 166.

----, of the fourth settlers, the _wooden Ilium_, 29, 17.

----, of Greek Ilium, of hewn stone, 173.

----, great ruins of, 128, 132, 133, 134.

----, Trojan, quarry used for, 140, 141.

----, Trojan, burnt, 301, 302.

---- ----, proofs of their successive ages, 302.

----, on north platform, 316.

_Bunarbashi_, opinion of Lechevalier for, as the site of Troy,
erroneous, 43, 123, 124, 217;
no remains of a great city there, 43;
the true site of Gergis, 44;
reply to the arguments of M. Nikolaïdes for the site of, 176, 183;
the springs at, 176;
further excavations at, 318.

_Burnouf, Émile_, explains the Aryan symbols, 47, 51;
quotation from, 103, 105;
his drawings of whorls, vi., xliv.

_Buttress_, discovery of, 100;
supporting the temple, 222;
uncovering of great, 233.

_Byzantine remains_, supposed, 230, 250;
none at Hissarlik, 32, 272, 319, 320.

C.

_Caldron_, copper, in the Treasure, 324.

_Calvert, Mr. Frank_, 70, 71, 144, 177, 245;
reply to his article, 270, 275, 318, 319, 320.

_Canoes_, miniature, of terra-cotta, probably for salt-cellars, 79.

_Carrousel_ (i.e. _top_), name applied to the whorls, 16, 65. (_See_ WHORLS.)

_Cellar_, a small Greek, 279.

_Cellars_, none found, great earthen jars used instead of, 140. (_See_ JARS.)

_Chanaï Tépé_, mound of, 72.

_Chest_, inlaid piece of terra-cotta, supposed to be the lid of a, 129, 130;
the chest which held the Treasure, 332;
its key, 333;
treasure-chests of Priam and Achilles, 333.

_Chimæra_, the, of Homer, 320.

_Chinese Libation Cup_, 326-7.

_Chiplak_, proposed site of Troy at, refuted by absence of remains, 45.

_Chronology of Troy_, 12, 27.

_City walls_, covered with ashes of a conflagration, 16. (_See_ WALLS.)

_Civilization_, progressive decline in, among the successive
inhabitants of the hill, 29;
higher, below what seemed the “Stone Age,” 75;
marks of, increasing with depth reached, 82, 128, 134.

_Coins_, Greek and Roman found at Hissarlik; none later than Constans II., and Constantine II., 32, 62, 64-65, 206, 207, 253, 354.

_Copper_, silver, and gold, contemporaneous use of, for tools,
weapons, vases and ornaments, 22;
Trojan implements and weapons of, 82;
nails and pins with gold and electrum heads, 253, 254;
curious plate of, in the Treasure, 325;
vase in the Treasure, _ibid._;
helmets and a lance, 279, 281;
objects comparatively few, as they may have been melted down
again and again, 269, 270.

_Covers_, for vases, of terra-cotta;
with crown-shaped handles, 25, 48, 86, 95, 268;
with a single arched handle, 296;
with the face of an owl, 34, 171;
with human faces, but still approaching the owl, 115, 268.

_Crucible_ of terra-cotta, still containing some copper, 283.

_Crystal_, hexagon of, 260.

_Cups_, long two-handled, of terra-cotta, 86, 87, 95;
larger and finer in the Trojan stratum, 158, than in the
fourth stratum, 166, 171;
a very large one, 263.
(_See_ Δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον.)

_Cuttings_, on the north side, 61, 62;
great, construction of, 88;
new, 186;
new, from S. E. to N. W., 230.

_Cylinder_ of felspar, like the Assyrian signet cylinders, 312.

_Cyprian Inscriptions_ (Appendix), 365, 366;
the key to the Trojan, 366;
progress of their decipherment, 369, 370.

D.

_Daggers_, copper, found in the Treasure, 331, 332. (_See_ WEAPONS.)

_Damour, M._, his analysis of Trojan metal, 361.

_Depths_ at which the objects were found carefully noted, 27, 219.

_Drawings_ of the objects found, 357.

_Débris_, Diagram of the strata of, 10.

----, thickness of, above native rock, 123;
depth of, unexampled in the world, 217, 218;
supposed, of the temple of Athena, 221, 222.

_Demetrius_, of Scepsis, his site for Troy at the “Village of the Ilians” adopted by Strabo, 41; refuted, 42.

“Δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον,” the, 15, 50, 128, 313-316;
the great golden one of the Treasure, 326-7.

_Destruction_ of walls of former settlers, 156, 157;
of third town, 170;
of Trojan buildings, in excavating below them, 348.

_Diadems_, the two golden, found in the Treasure, 335, 336.

_Diagram_ of the successive _strata_ of ruins at Hissarlik, 10.

_Dishes_, terra-cotta, with side-rings, 155, 172, 215;
(φιάλαι, _pateræ_), of silver, in the Treasure, 329.

_Drawings_, care in making, 219;
an artist taken to make good, 225.

_Dumbrek Su_, the ancient Simoïs, 358.

E.

_Ear-rings_, of silver, gold, and electrum, 164, 165;
of gold, found in the Treasure, their unique form, 118, 119, 336, 337.

_Ebony_, piece of a musical instrument, 165.

_Electrum_, a mixture of gold and silver, 165, 254, 327;
objects of, found, _ibid._, 334.

_Emblems_, Aryan, on the whorls, balls, &c.;
their significance, 101, 102;
occurrence of, among other Aryan nations, 102;
mentioned in old Indian literature, 102, 103;
solar, and rotating wheels, 136, 137.

_Epithets_, Homeric, of Ilium, suitable to Hissarlik, 124, 125.

_Etymology_ of Ἴλιος, 125, 126.

_Excavations_, the “grandmother of the,” 316;
final close of the, 356;
intended resumption of, Preface, p. xxiii.
(_See_ WORKS.)

_Explorers_, advice to future, 346.

F.

_Falcon_, the, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, 120, 135.

_Fever_, dangers from, 62, 258.

_Fire_, marks of great in the ruins, 109, 133, 228, 277, 347;
narrow escape from, 275.

_Firman_, for making the excavations, 59.

_Fortifications_, of the hill, 289, 290;
further discoveries of, 322.
(_See_ WALLS.)

_Funereal Urns._ (_See_ URNS.)

_Funnels_, small, of terra-cotta, with inscriptions, 191.

G.

_Gate_, discovery of a double, with copper bolts, 302, 303;
the Scæan, of Homer, 303-305.

_Genealogy_ of the kings of Troy, 123.

_Georgios Photidas_, 116.

_Gergis_; identified with the ruins at Bunarbashi, 44, 245.

_Goblets_;
curious terra-cotta, 317;
of gold, silver, and electrum, found in the Treasure, 325, 327, 329.

----, the double-handled. (_See_ Δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον.)

_Gold_, modes of working, 327.

----, ornaments of. (_See_ ORNAMENTS.)

_Gold._ (_See_ TREASURE.)

_Gomperz, Professor_, on the Trojan and Cyprian inscriptions (Appendix) 367, 370.

_Greek_ camp, 179.

---- inscriptions. (_See_ INSCRIPTIONS.)

----, city of Ilium, area of, 217.

---- sculptured marbles, 226.

---- house, discovery of, 254, 255.

---- bas-relief, remarks on, 255, 257.

---- votive discs of diorite, 269.

---- statuettes and vessels, 317, 343. (_See_ TERRA-COTTAS.)

_Greek Race_, affinity of the Trojans to the (Appendix), p. 364.

_Grote, George_, places Homer’s Troy at Hissarlik, 46.

H.

_Hammer_ (ῥαιστήρ) only once mentioned in Homer, 270. (_See_ IMPLEMENTS and STONE.)

_Handles_ of sticks or sceptres, 260, 265.

_Haug, Dr. Martin_, finds the key to the Trojan Inscriptions (Appendix), 366.

_Hares_, an Aryan emblem on the terra-cotta, signifying the Moon and four seasons, 120.

_Heat_ at Hissarlik, 142, 198.

_Hector_, his so-called tomb and grove, at Ophrynium, 74, 177;
place of his death, 176, 195.

_Helmet-crests_, Trojan, their structure, 280.

_Helmets_, found on the skulls of Trojan warriors, 279;
found in the Palace, 333.

_Hera_, personification of, as ox-headed (Ἥρα βοῶπις), 113, 114, 293, 353.

_Herodotus_, quoted, 12.

_Hieroglyphics_ on terra-cottas from the Greek stratum, 291, 352.

_Hippotamus_ of terra-cotta, a sign of intercourse with Egypt, 228, 270.

_Hissarlik_, the hill of, ruins upon, 14;
limit of Troy’s extent, 18;
modern authorities in favour of, 46;
the name means “fortress,” 60;
description of, 58;
the Acropolis of the Greek Ilium, 60, 61;
search for its limits, 61;
panoramic view from, 68, 69;
growth of the Hill, 97;
great increase of Hill to east, 227.

_Homer_, knew the Troad, but his knowledge of Troy only
traditional, 18, 20, 305;
poetic exaggerations of its extent, 344-346;
his hot and cold fountains of Scamander, 195;
his Great Tower of Ilium, 201, 204;
stone implements not mentioned by, 270, 271.

----, the _Iliad_, quoted, 19, 26, 69, 71, 121, 123, 130, 138, 147, 179, 195, 197, 203, 222, 223, 238, 248, 265, 270, 271, 280, 281, 305, 306, 314, 324, 326, 328, 333, 335, 336, 337, 345, 346.

----, the _Odyssey_, quoted, 129, 305.

_Houses_, Trojan, discovered, 133;
spacious, 155, 156;
mode of building, _ibid._;
easily crushed, _ibid._;
several storeys high, 345;
built of sun-dried bricks, only the important buildings
being of small stones joined with earth, 273, 349.

----, succession of, beneath the temple, in strata of different ages, with marks of destruction by fire, 289, 290.

----, two large, of different dates, above the Scæan Gate, 301;
the upper and later one, above Priam’s palace, 302, 304;
objects found there, 314, 315.
(_See_ PALACE.)

----, on the N. side of the hill, and objects found there, 351.

_Humming-top_, a Trojan, 192.

_Hurricane_, continual, on Homer’s “windy Ilium,” 185.

I.

_Ida_, Mount, name of, 121;
the Trojans dwelt first on its spurs, 123;
snow-clad summits of, but snow not perpetual, 70, 121.

_Idols_, of the Ilian Athena, 35, 36, 100, 112, 154, 155, 163, 164, 170, 172, 229, 234, 235, 236, 260, 292, 296, 353.

----, of terra-cotta, marble, &c., found in all the pre-Hellenic strata, 34-38, &c.; one of slate, 260.

_Ilians_, village of the;
no traces of habitation at, 42, 70, 85, 92, 180.
(_See_ DEMETRIUS OF SCEPSIS.)

_Ilium_ (Homer’s Ἴλιος), first founded by Dardanus in the Plain, 123;
etymology of the name, 125.
(_See_ TROY.)

----, Greek, built under the Lydian dominion, about 700 B.C., 12, 13, 174;
its duration, 13, 30;
extent and population, 32, 198;
site described, 57, 58;
Greek buildings, 173, 174;
springs in front of, 194, 196;
name of, given, to the ruins at Hissarlik, 211;
patronage of, by the Julii, 232;
relation of kings Antiochus I. and III. to, 244, 246;
site uninhabited since the end of the fourth century, 318;
confused with Alexandria Troas, 319.

_Images_, of the owl-faced Athena. (_See_ IDOLS and ATHENA.)

_Implements_ of stone and copper, found together, 28, 30, 81, 83;
stone, of the earliest settlers, 94;
stone, further discoveries of, 112, 163, &c.;
stone, coarser in third stratum, 167;
of copper, of the fourth settlers, 173;
of stone, copper, and silver, found on the Tower, 213;
of stone and copper, 238, 261, 262;
stone, at small depths, 251, 252;
smaller quantity of copper than stone explained, 269, 270;
stone, 285;
found in Priam’s house, 311, 313.

_Inscriptions_, proving the use of a written language, 23, 25, 51.

----, supposed, 83, 84, 96, 130;
remarks on, 137, 138, 161.

----, _Trojan_, in the Cyprian character, progress of the attempts to decipher them, and conclusions drawn from them. (Appendix, pp. 363, foll.); List of, 373.

----, _Cyprian_ (Appendix), 366, 369, foll.

----, _Greek_, 67, 68, 205;
in honour of Caius Cæsar, 231.

----, discussion of two important, 240, 247;
on base of a statue, 297;
in honour of C. Claudius Nero, 298, 299;
on vases found in the Palace, 339;
Greek, 355, 356.

_Instruments._ (_See_ IMPLEMENTS.)

_Interruptions_ of the work, through weather and Greek festivals, 90, 122, 224, 300; from the continual hurricane on the hill, 185.

_Iron_, absence of, 31, 253;
does not imply that it was not used, 31.

_Ivory_, ornaments of, 149, 165;
ornamented pieces of flutes and lyres, 25, 27, 230, 264;
prettily decorated tube of, 268.

J.

_Jars_, Greek, for water and wine, 175;
Trojan, large, used for cellars, 140, 239, 251, 277;
the nine colossal, 290.

_Jerusalem_, depth of _débris_ at, 218.

_Jugs_, terra-cotta, with long necks bent back, 87, 114, 159, 166, 214, 236;
curious double, 152;
with two necks, 351.

----, large silver, of the Treasure, in which the small gold jewels were found, 329.

K.

_Key_ of the Treasure-chest, 333.

_Knives_, flint, 94, 271, 274, 275.

---- (_See_ IMPLEMENTS.)

_Konstantinos Kolobos_, 198, 199.

L.

_Lamps_, little bowls perhaps used for, 190.

----, Greek, 292, 317.

_Lance-heads_, copper, one found beside a warrior’s
skeleton in the Palace, 279;
found in the Treasure, 329, 330;
mode of fastening to the shaft, 331.
(_See_ WEAPONS.)

_Landerer_, Professor, on the material and colouring of the terra-cottas, 49;
his analysis of the copper objects of the Treasure, 342.

_Language_ of the Trojan Inscriptions, probably Greek (Appendix), 369, foll.

_Laurent, Adolphe_, the engineer, 98, 99, 108, 116;
his ground plans, 357.

_Lead_, a _pig_ of, _i. e._ a plate stamped with a pig’s head (Greek), 317.

_Libations_, probable use of the δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, for, 326;
a Chinese cup for, 327.

_Lightning_, symbol of, on the whorls, 137, 138.

_Lions_, formerly in the Troad, 260;
lion-headed handle of a sceptre, 260.

_Liquorice_, cultivation of, 225, 226.

_Lysimachus_, wall of Greek Ilium, built by, 31, 58, 127, 185, 230, 231.

----, theatre of, 198.

M.

_Medals._ (_See_ COINS.)

_Medicine_;
fever and quinine, 88;
wounds and arnica, 89;
blood-letting priest-doctors, 141;
efficacy of sea-baths, 141, 142;
ingratitude of peasants cured, 142.

_Metals_, found in various strata, 31.

----, copper and bronze, silver, gold, lead, 22, 31, &c.;
no iron or tin, 31.

----, hardly a trace in third stratum, 166.

_Meters_, Table of, in English measures, 56.

_Metopé_ of the Sun-God, 32, 145, 223, 256, 257.

_Metrodorus_, statue of, 297.

_Mill-stones_, 79, 87, 151, 155, 163.

_Monograms_, on the stones of the wall of Lysimachus, 231.

_Moulds_ of mica-schist, for casting implements and ornaments of copper, 82, 88, 110, 139, 162, 173, 253, 260, 269.

_Mouse_, the, as an emblem, 186.

_Musical Instruments_, fragments of, 25, 27, 164, 165, 169, 230, 264.

_Myrina_, Tumulus of. (_See_ BATIEA.)

N.

_Nails_, of copper, 150, 253, 254, 261.

_Nikolaïdes, Mr. G._, reply to his article, 175, foll.

_Novelty of the Discoveries_, and consequent changes of opinion, 12.

O.

_Object_, the great, aimed at in the excavations, 80, 96, 97.

_Objects discovered_, 64;
review of, 92, 96;
of gold, silver, copper, and ivory, 149;
bracelets and ear-rings of silver, gold, and electrum, 164, 165;
pins, &c., of ivory and bone, 165;
various, 165;
little bowls, probably for lamps, 190;
funnels, 191;
more than 100,000 found, to the end of 1872, 218;
sling-bullets, 230;
various, 260, 264;
a crucible with copper still in it, 283;
found to the east of the Tower, 291.

_Ophrynium_, ruins of, 74, 177.

_Ornaments_, of gold, silver, copper, and ivory, 149, 150, 164, 165.

_Owl-faced covers_, 47, 48.

---- idols. (_See_ IDOLS.)

---- vases, 78, 229, &c.;
found in the Palace, 340.

_Owl-headed_ goddess, 20, 23;
Professor Max Müller on the, 54.
(_See_ ATHENA.)

_Ox-headed idols_, old representation of the goddess Hera, 113;
expected discovery of, 113, 114;
handles in terra-cotta, 293, 294, 353.

P.

_Painted Vases_, only two fragments of, 15, 55, 193.

_Palace of Priam_, discovery of, 276;
description of, 305, 306;
objects found in it, 307-314, 333, 334;
another room discovered, 340;
objects found there, 341, foll.

_Pavements_;
of flags on road through the Scæan Gate, 16, 287, 302;
the part calcined by the conflagration, perishing by
exposure to the air, 354, 355;
of white sea-pebbles, 351.

_Pegs_ of terra-cotta, for hanging up clothes, 320.

_Pergamus of Troy_, 117, 211; as distinct from the city, an invention of Homer, 18. (But _see_ Preface, p. xvi.)

_Pillars_, no trace of, below the Greek stratum, 211;
not mentioned in the Iliad, 211.

----, _Corinthian_, of the age of Constantine, 30, 230, 239, 250, 320.

_Pins_ of copper, ivory, and bone, 150, 165, 253, 254;
copper, molten together in the burning of the Palace, 312.

_Plague_ of insects and scorpions, 198.

_Plates_, Trojan, turned by the potter, 114, 215, 263.

_Platform_, great, on the north, 99;
progress of, 108, 127, 185.

----, on the south, 127.

----, a third dug, 144.

_Polychronios Lempessis_, the draughtsman, commended, 357.

_Pottery_, splendid remains of Trojan, 25;
coarser, in the third stratum, 27;
fragments of Hellenic, 44;
ancient types of, still made in the Troad, 47;
colouring, materials of the, 49, 50;
of fine workmanship, 75;
resembles the Cyprian and that found at Thera and Therasia, 115;
of lowest stratum, distinct from the next above, 153;
resembles the Etruscan in quality only, 153;
of second settlers, various forms, 158, 159;
in third stratum, various forms, 167;
of fourth settlers, inferior, 170;
articles of, 190, 191;
found on the Tower, 213, 215;
various, 262, 263, 285;
with Egyptian hieroglyphics, 291;
Greek, 127.

_Prayer_, man in attitude of, on a whorl, 135.

_Priam_, where he sat to view the Greek forces, 304, 305;
his Palace, 276, 306, foll.;
his Treasure, 22, 323, foll.
(_See_ PALACE; TREASURE.)

----, why the author uses the name, 20, and Preface, xxiii.-xxiv.

_Priapi_ of stone and terra-cotta, 78.

_Pytheas_, sculptor, of Argos, 298.

Q.

_Quarry_ used for the buildings at Troy, 140.

_Quoits_, 94, 154, &c.

R.

_Rain_, injury done by, 221.

_Remains_, ancient, undisturbed, 111, 112;
admirable, in lowest stratum but one, 148, 149;
in the lowest stratum, 154;
of an Aryan race, 166;
of house walls, 264.

----, human, paucity of, 210.

_Reservoir_ of the Temple, 249.

_Restoration_ of broken terra-cottas, 41.

_Results_ of the excavations, 92, 216, 346; and Introduction _passim_.

_Road_, paved with flags, through the Scæan Gate, 16, 287, 302, 305.

_Rosa Mystica_, an Aryan emblem on the whorls, 160, 207.

S.

_Sacrifices_, traces of, 108, 109.

_Scamander_, the river and its ancient course, 72-74, 177, 179, 183.

_Scæan Gate_, the double, 16, 26, 287, 303;
plan of, 306.
(_See_ ROAD.)

----, copper bolts found in both gateways, 302.

_Sceptre_, the Homeric, 265.

_Schliemann, Dr. Henry_, born at Kalkhorst, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 3;
enthusiasm as a boy for the Greek heroic legends, _ib._;
early disadvantages, 3;
shipwreck, 4;
self-tuition, 5;
goes to Russia, 7;
learns Greek, 7;
his travels, 7;
gains an independent fortune, 8;
visits Ithaca, the Peloponnesus, and Troy, 8;
devotes his life and fortune to archæology, 8;
summary of his work at Hissarlik, the site of Troy,
_Introduction_, 12, foll.;
excavations in 1871, Chaps. I.-V., pp. 59-97;
in 1872, Chaps. VI.-XIV., pp. 98-223;
in 1873, Chaps. XV.-XXIII., pp. 224-353.

_Schliemann, Madame_, a Greek lady, enthusiastic for Greek archæology, 62;
arrival of, in 1871, 59;
finds terra-cottas, 174.

_Schmidt, Moritz_, on the Cyprian Inscriptions (Appendix), p. 370.

_Scoops_ of terra-cotta, 296.

_Scoriæ_, layer of metallic, throughout the hill, 344.

_Sculpture_, numerous fragments of Greek, 32, 249;
their wonderful freshness, 320.
(_See_ METOPÉ.)

_Seals_ of terra-cotta, 24, 130.

_Serpents_, heads of horned, and without horns, in terra-cotta, 236, 238, 292;
superstitious reverence for the horned serpents, _ibid._

_Settlers_, earliest, on the Hill of the Aryan race, 15, 16, 148, 157.

----, second, the Trojans of Homer, 16;
long duration of, 157;
their Aryan descent proved, 157;
their remains, 157, foll.

----, third, also of the Aryan race, 27;
their remains, 166, foll.

----, fourth, of Aryan race, 29;
but comparatively savage, 170.

----, probable traces of another settlement between the fourth pre-Hellenic people and the Greek colonists, 54, 55.

_Sharks_, bones of, 66, 165.

_Shells_, found in abundance, 66, 165, &c.

_Shield_ represented on an image of the Ilian goddess, 37, 311.

----, copper, in the Treasure, 324.

_Silver_ plates and vessels in the Treasure, 328, 329;
vases found in the Palace, 333, 334, 342.

_Simoïs_, valley of, 74, 177;
sources and course of, 196, 197;
the present _Dumbrek_, 358.

_Site_, purchase of the, 58, 59.

_Skeletons_;
of a six-months’ embryo, 153, 154;
of a woman, with ornaments of gold, 209, 210;
two, of warriors, with arms, 17, 279.

_Sling-bullets_, of load-stone, 101;
of copper, alabaster, and diorite, 230;
metal, analysis of, 362.

_Snakes_, venomous, 99, 100, 130;
snake-weed, 117, 118.

_Socket_, stone, of a door, 211.

_Spits_, supports for, in mica-schist, 261. (NOTE.--_These call to mind the frequent allusions in Homer to roasting pieces of meat on spits._)

_Springs_ close to Hissarlik, 183;
the springs of Homer, 195.

_Stone_, weapons of, 21;
large blocks of, 90, 109, 110;
implements of better workmanship in the lower strata, 112;
scarce with fourth settlers, 173;
weights, handmills, and knives and saws of flint, 173.
(_See_ IMPLEMENTS; WEAPONS.)

“_Stone Age_” not denoted by the stone implements, 21, 22;
coincides with
the “age of copper,” 21;
reappears in full force, 75, 76.

_Stones_ of Troy, carried off for neighbouring buildings, 221.

_Storks_, in the Troad, but none on the hill of Hissarlik, 265.

_Strabo_, adopts the wrong theory of the site of Troy, 41;
never visited the Troad, 41;
quoted, 41, 74, 123, 146, 177, 178;
error of, about the utter destruction of Troy, 348.

_Strata_, four, of remains on the hill of Hissarlik, 13, 14;
table of, 10.

_Stratum_, distinction between the Trojan and the lowest, 343, 344;
the author’s former opinion recalled, 344.

_Street_, a, in the Pergamus, 287, 288.

_Suastika_, the sign, of the, 16, 39;
its different forms, 卐 and , 101;
its origin and significance, 101, foll.;
wide prevalence among the Aryan nations, 102, foll.;
in the Vedic hymns, 104, 105;
on the whorls, 107, 118, 119;
on a piece of pottery, 157.

_Succession_ of nations on the hill, regular, proved, 175.

_Sun_, the, constantly on the whorls, 161, 187, &c.

_Superstition_ of Greeks about Saints’ days, 131.

_Sword_, copper, in the Treasure, 332.

_Symbols_ on terra-cottas, 16;
prove the Trojans to be an Aryan race, 25;
of the moon, 136;
astronomical and religious, 167, 168.
(See EMBLEMS; TERRA-COTTAS; WHORLS.)

----, of the Ilian Athena, on vases, 35, 37. (_See_ ATHENA.)

T.

_Table_ of French and English measures, 56;
of Trojan weights, 359, 360;
of Inscriptions found at Hissarlik, 373.

_Talents_, of Homer, their small value, 328;
probably such as the blades of silver found in the Treasure, 328.

_Tassels_, golden, in the Treasure, 336;
on the ægis of Athena and the zone of Hera, 336, 337.

_Temple_ of Ajax, 177, 178.

----, Greek, of Apollo, 146, 257.

_Temple_, Trojan, of Athena, on the Pergamus, mentioned by Homer, 147, 222, 223; doubt as to its real existence, 346.

----, Greek, of Athena, excavation of, 186;
supposed débris of, 221, 222;
drain of, 223;
Doric style of, 223;
excavations on site of, 226;
ruins of, 240, 249, 278, 279;
reservoir of, 249;
ancient houses under, 289, 290.

----, a small, at Ilium, in the time of Alexander, 146, 147, 251;
traces of a small, and objects found on its site, 234, 236.

_Terra-cottas_ found at Hissarlik, 15, foll.;
their materials and colours, 49;
with two holes and a stamp in the Greek stratum, 65, 174, 269;
at lower depths, 295;
models of canoes, 79;
small round perforated pieces, perhaps for spindles, 79;
fine vessels of remarkable form, 85, 87;
a remarkable one, 130;
with Aryan symbols, 135, 136 (_see_ WHORLS);
remarkable vessels of, 149, 152;
seals, 162;
coarser in third stratum, 167;
balls, with astronomical and religious symbols, 167, 168, 188;
with inscriptions, 372, 373;
plain and painted, of Greek Ilium, 174;
Greek statuettes in, 186;
balls, with suns, stars, &c., 188, 364;
a bell, 192;
various and beautiful, 192, 194;
material, colour, and mode of engraving, 193-4;
found at small depths, 207;
hippopotamus, bright red, 228;
vases of curious shape, 229;
serpents’ heads, 236, 238;
a decorated tube of, 293;
found on the Tower, 281, foll., 286, 340;
found in the Palace, 307-314;
found in the later house above it, 314, 315;
Greek, 279, 291, 317, 343;
curious vessels found on the north side, 351;
with hieroglyphics, 291, 351;
heads of oxen and horses, 353.
(_See_ VASES.)

_Thera_ (_Santorin_) and _Therasia_, the house-walls and pottery at Hissarlik like those in these islands, 79, 80, 115, 204.

_Thymbria_, 70, 71.

_Thymbrius_, the, 177;
aqueduct from, 239.

_Tomb_ of Batiea or Myrina, 179, 180;
identified with the Pacha Tépé, 198.

_Tombs_, the three so called, of heroes near Bunarbashi, are Greek, 44.

----, of Patroclus and Antilochus, 178.

_Tower_, Great, of Ilium, 16, 21, 26;
discovery of, 201;
splendid view from, 202;
further excavation of, 212, 213;
objects found on, 213;
and on each side of, 215, 216;
excavation of, 249, 250, 251;
original height of, 254;
great house on, 276, 277;
plan of, 305;
top discovered, 318;
trench for archers, _ibid._;
steps, _ibid._

----, of the Greek age, 323.

_Treasure_, of Priam, 17;
the great discovery of, 323;
expedient for its preservation, 323, 324;
articles described, 324;
copper shield, 324;
copper caldron, 325;
curious copper plate and silver vase, 325;
copper vase, _ibid._;
bottle and vases of gold, 325, 326;
the golden δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, 326, 327;
electrum cup, 327;
six blades or plates (_talents_), 328;
silver vases, 329;
silver goblet and dish, 329;
copper lance-heads, 329, 330;
copper battle-axes, 330, 331;
copper daggers, sword, &c., 331;
the articles fused together by the conflagration, 332;
signs of having been packed in a wooden chest, 332, 333;
key to chest found, 333;
probably left behind in an effort to escape, 333, 334;
great wall built over it, 334;
gold jewels in a silver vase, 334, 335;
two gold diadems, 335, 336;
gold fillet and ear-rings, 336;
bracelets and finger-rings, 337;
ear-rings, 337;
8750 small jewels of gold, 338-340.

----, copper articles analysed, 340, 361, 362.

_Tree of Life_ (the _Sôma-tree_), an Aryan emblem on the terra-cottas, 119, 120, 135, 160.

_Triglyphs_, block of (_See_ METOPÉ.)

_Troad_, good wine of the, 232.

_Trojans_ of Homer, 16, &c.;
their affinity to the Greek race (Appendix), 364.

_Troy_, chronology of, 12, 123;
first city destroyed by Hercules, 26;
small extent of the Homeric, 18, 343, 344;
discussion of site, 41;
opinions of modern authorities, 43-46;
plain of, and heroic _tumuli_, 70;
the plain _not_ alluvial, 71;
supposed ruins reached, 90;
extent of the Pergamus, 117;
naming of site as, 211;
Homer’s, identified with the site of Greek Ilium, 216;
return to, to take plans and photographs, 220;
plain of, spring weather in, 248;
tests of extent of, 304;
its walls traced, 344;
its reality established, 344;
small, but as large as Athens and Mycenæ, 117, 344, 345;
its wealth and power, 345;
great height of its houses, 345;
probable population, 17, 71, 176, 345;
known to Homer only by tradition, 345, 346;
its strata of burnt wood-ashes, 347;
plan of, in Priam’s time, 347;
part of real, destroyed in excavations, 348;
the buildings brought to light by Schliemann, 349, 350;
stones of, not used in building other cities, 348.

_Tub_ of terra-cotta, 341.

_Turkish Government_, the author’s relations with the, 52, 53, and Preface, p. xxiii.

_Turks_, traces of former excavations by, 144.

U.

_Urns_, fragments of great, 110, 111, 129;
one containing human remains, 153, 267;
their _upright_ position, 111, 112, 175.

V.

_Vases_, with symbols of the Ilian Athena, 35, 37, 106,
159, 208, 214, 258, 293, 294, 317;
with uplifted wings, 48, 87;
small two-handled, on feet, 87, 169;
with rings for hanging up, 159, 167;
of remarkable forms, 114, 115, 151, 152;
fragments of decorated, 128, 135;
in forms of animals, 159, 208, 209, 214, 352;
finely decorated, 193;
owl-faced, 229, 292;
splendid, found on the Tower, 226;
splendid, found in the Palace, 307, foll.;
with
cuneiform decorations, 193;
perforated, 352.
(_See_ TERRA-COTTAS.)

_Vases_, silver, found in the Treasure, 325, 328, 329;
in the Palace of Priam, 334, 342.

_Virgil_ quoted, 74, 177, 358.

W.

_Wall_, ancient, on northern slope, 200, 201, 217;
retaining, on the south side of the hill, 221;
of Troy, 227, 228, 316, 340;
of Lysimachus, 230, 231.

_Walls_, damage done to remaining, 220;
enormous, close below the surface, 230;
further discoveries of, 250, 251;
curious stone, three sets one above the other, near
the Scæan Gate, of different periods, 288, 290.

_Weapons_, of stone, 21, 22, 79, 83, 168;
of copper, and moulds for casting, 139, 162;
and ornaments of stone, copper, and silver, 213.

_Weights_, supposed Trojan, 154;
table of, 359, 360.

_Well_, Roman, 64, 93, 123.

----, in third stratum, 169.

----, Greek, 175, 162.

_Wheels_ in motion, whorls representing, 136, 137, 162.

_Whetstones_, 79, 169.

----, inscription on a, 24, 368.

_Whorls_, perforated, mostly of terra-cotta, with Aryan symbols, 38, 39;
found in Italy, 39, 101;
plain, 40, 41;
in all the strata below the Greek, 65, &c.;
sizes and materials, 66;
a great number of, 77, 297;
their use discussed, 77, 78, 84, 189, 190;
engraved with the suastika, 101;
with central suns, stars, suastika, the Sôma, and altars, 118, 121;
with inscriptions (_see_ INSCRIPTIONS);
with Aryan symbols, 133, 135, 136;
with antelopes, praying man, altars, hares, 136;
plain and engraved, 149;
of lowest stratum, 160;
their interesting devices, 160, 162;
some of lead and fine marble, 162;
in third stratum, 168;
of fourth settlers, of a degenerate form, 170, 174;
many with suastikas and suns, 186, 187;
wheel-shaped, with simple patterns, 187;
just below the surface, 207;
on site of the Temple, 230;
important distinction between plain and decorated, 232;
various types, 255, 264;
new types, 268, 269, 286;
extreme fineness of engravings on, 284.

_Winds_, cold north, Homer’s “blasts of Boreas,” 224, 225.

“_Windy_” (ἠνεμόεσσα), fit epithet of Ilium, 185.

_Wooden Ilium_, built by the fourth settlers; its burnt _débris_, 29.

_Works_, the, difficulties of, 61, 96;
cost of, 98, 204;
dangers, and engineering expedients, 115, 116, 131, 132;
narrow escape of six men, 132;
fall of an earth-wall, 147, 148;
plan of a
trench through the whole hill, 148;
cost of, 184, 185;
for security during the winter, 221;
progress of, at S. E. corner, 239;
difficulties of excavation of the Tower, 249;
progress of, 259;
further excavations on north side, 346, 347.

_Workmen_, number of, 64;
new, 98;
increase of, 184, 233;
attempt forgery, 194;
mode of naming them, 194;
want of, 225, 226.

_Writing_, used at Troy long before Homer (Appendix), 369, foll.;
answer to objections, 371.

X.

_Xerxes_, sacrifices at Ilium, 12, 61, 174.

ERRATUM.

Page 345.--After the third paragraph, ending “from all quarters,”
insert the following:--

“Troy had therefore no separate Acropolis; but as one was necessary for the great deeds of the Iliad, it was added by the poetical invention of Homer, and called by him _Pergamus_, a word of quite unknown derivation.”

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS IN DR. SCHLIEMANN’S ATLAS AND THE TRANSLATION.

NOTE.--In the columns headed “Translation” the _Roman numerals_ refer to the _Plates_.

A (?) against Schliemann’s Numbers signifies that we have not been able to identify the objects _certainly_ with those engraved by us from M. Burnouf’s drawings.

+--------------------+-----------------------+
| Atlas. | Translation. |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| Pl. No. | No. Pl. |
| | |
| 1, 1 | 317, XXII. |
| 4 | 318, XXII. |
| 10 | 475, XLVI. |
| 12 | 319, XXII. |
| 20 | 320, XXII. |
| 2, 34 | 381, XXX. |
| 35 | 380, XXIX. |
| 36 | 382, XXX. |
| 37 | 321, XXII. |
| 42 | 410, XXXV. |
| 51 | 322, XXII. |
| 53 | 329, XXII. |
| 57 | 42, p. 80. |
| 58 | 324, XXII. |
| 60 | 325, XXII. |
| 61 | 482, XLVIII. |
| 64 | 323, XXII. |
| 65 | 413, XXXV. |
| 66 | 327, XXII. |
| 3, 70 | 328, XXII. |
| 93 | 471, XLV. |
| 4, 105 | 437, XXXIX. |
| 124 | 480, XLVIII. |
| 125 | 81, p. 138. |
| 132 | 333, XXIII. |
| 4, 133 | 330, XXII. |
| 5, 134 | 430, XXXVIII. |
| 136 | 398, XXXIII. |
| 140 | 460, XLIII. |
| 142 | 489, XLIX. |
| 143? | 354, XXIV. |
| 145 | 476, XLVI. |
| 156 | 408, XXXIV. |
| 160 | 419, XXXVI. |
| 161 | 332, XXII. |
| 166 | 334, XXIV. |
| 168 | 423, XXXVII. |
| 6, 174 | 44, p. 80. |
| 175 | 478, XLVII. |
| 176 | 389, XXXI. |
| 193 | 335, XXIII. |
| 208 | 115, pp. 161, 367 |
| 7, 224 | 337, XXIII. |
| 231 | 336, XXIII. |
| 8, 237 | 352, XXIV. |
| 242 | 490, XLIX. |
| 245 | 384, XXX. |
| 252 | 403, XXXIV. |
| 253 | 400, XXXIII. |
| 259 | 483, XLVIII. |
| 8, 260 | 402, XXIII. |
| 261 | 331, XXII. |
| 263 | 43, p. 80. |
| 264? | 396, XXXII. |
| 266 | 80, p. 137. |
| 270 | 361, XXVI. |
| 9, 272 | 416, XXXVI. |
| 273 | 414, XXXV. |
| 274 | 365, XXVII. |
| 276 | 424, XXXVII. |
| 279 | 338, XXIII. |
| 282 | 356, XXV. |
| 285 | 359, XXV. |
| 288 | 377, XXVIII. |
| 289? | 372,[A] XXVIII. |
| 289? | 411,[328] XXXV. |
| 294 | 370, XXVII. |
| 295 | 362, XXVI. |
| 296 | 380, XXIX. |
| 297 | 447, XLI. |
| 298 | 381, XXX. |
| 299 | 379, XXIX. |
| 10, 307 | 339, XXIII. |
| 326 | 340, XXIII. |
| 327 | 341, XXIII. |
| 337 | 458, XLIII. |
| 11, 344 | 387, XXXI. |
| 346 | 392, XXXII. |
| 356 | 369, XXVII. |
| 356 | 298-9, p. 369. |
| 12, 384 | 428, XXXVIII. |
| 410 | 391, XXXII. |
| 13, 418 | 344, XXIII. |
| 13, 422 | 342, XXIII. |
| 424 | 346, XXIII. |
| 426 | 444, XL. |
| 427 | 343, XXIII. |
| 428 | 347, XXIII. |
| 430? | 466, XLV. |
| 431 | 465, XLIV. |
| 432 | 496, LI. & p. 367. |
| 433 | 345, XXIII. |
| 434 | 348, XXIII. |
| 436 | 301, XXI. |
| 438 | 302, XXI. |
| 442 | 303, XXI. |
| 443 | 304, XXI. |
| 445 | 305, XXI. |
| 446 | 306, XXI. |
| 448 | 307, XXI. |
| 449 | 308, XXI. |
| 14, 450 | 493, LI. |
| 452 | 491, L. |
| 15, 460 | 498, LII. |
| 471 | 486, XLIX. |
| 16, 472 | 484, XLVIII. |
| 473 | 149, p. 199. |
| 474 | 62, p. 95. |
| 485 | 309, XXI. |
| 486 | 310, XXI. |
| 487 | 311, XXI. |
| 488 | 312, XXI. |
| 489 | 313, XXI. |
| 491 | 314, XXI. |
| 494 | 315, XXI. |
| 497 | 316, XXI. |
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