Chapter VI: Appendix: On the Inscriptions Found at Hissarlik 363
INDEX 375
COMPARATIVE TABLE of the ILLUSTRATIONS in Dr. Schliemann’s Atlas and the Translation 386
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
MAPS AND PLANS.
MAP OF THE PLAIN OF TROY _End of Volume_
PLAN I. ILIUM, THE GRECIAN COLONY “
PLAN II. RUINS OF TROY--General Plan of Researches made by Dr. Schliemann in 1870, 1871, 1872, and 1873 “
PLAN III. THE TOWER OF ILIUM AND THE SCÆAN GATE _Page_ 306
PLAN IV. TROY AT THE EPOCH OF PRIAM, according to Dr. Schliemann’s Excavations 347
PLATES AND CUTS.
PLATE I. VIEW OF THE HILL OF HISSARLIK, CONTAINING THE RUINS OF TROY, FROM THE NORTH, AFTER DR. SCHLIEMANN’S EXCAVATIONS IN 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873 _Frontispiece_
The excavation to the left is on the site of the Greek Temple of
Apollo, where the splendid metopé of the Sun-God was found. Then
follows the great platform and the great trench cut through the
whole hill. Still further to the right is the cutting of April,
1870, in continuing which, in June, 1873, the Treasure was
discovered.
Three Tablets of Terra-cotta, from the Ruins of Greek Ilium (1-2 M.) xv
Two Inscribed Whorls xxxii
Three Tablets of Terra-cotta (2 M.) xxxiii
No. 1. Fragment of _painted_ Pottery, from the lowest stratum 15
No. 2. Small Trojan Axes of Diorite (8 M.) 21
PLATE II. GENERAL VIEW OF THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 22
No. 3. Inscribed Terra-cotta Vase from the Palace (8 M.) 23
No. 4. Inscribed Terra-cotta Seal (7 M.) 24
No. 5. Piece of Red Slate, perhaps a Whetstone, with an Inscription (7 M.) 24
No. 6. Terra-cotta Vase Cover (8 M.) 25
No. 7. Ornamented Ivory Tube, probably a Trojan Flute (8 M.) 25
No. 8. Piece of Ivory, belonging to a Trojan Lyre with Four Strings (about 8 M.) 25
No. 9. Ornamented Piece of Ivory belonging to a Trojan Seven-stringed Lyre (7 M.) 27
PLATE III. BLOCK OF TRIGLYPHS, WITH METOPÉ OF THE SUN-GOD. From the Temple of Apollo in the Ruins of Greek Ilium _To face_ 32
Nos. 10, 11, 12. Terra-cotta Covers of Vases, with the Owl’s Face (2, 3, and 7 M.) 34
No. 13. Terra-cotta Vase, marked with an Aryan symbol (6 M.) 35
Nos. 14-30. Rude Idols found in the various Strata (2 to 14 M.) 36
No. 31. Remarkable Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, representing the Ilian Athena (9 M.) 37
No. 32. The largest of the Terra-cotta Vases found in the Royal Palace of Troy. Height 20 inches 48
No. 33. Inscribed Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta (8½ M.) 50
No. 34. Inscription on the Vase No. 33 50
No. 35. Fragment of a second painted Vase, from the Trojan Stratum. (From a new Drawing.) 55
No. 36. A large Trojan Amphora of Terra-cotta (8 M.) 63
Nos. 37-39. Stamped Terra-cottas (1½-2 M.) 65
No. 40. Stamped Terra-cotta (2 M.) 65
PLATE IV. VIEW OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE PLAIN OF TROY, FROM THE HILL OF HISSARLIK _To face_ 70
With the ancient bed of the _Scamander_, the _Tombs of Achilles_
and _Patroclus_, _Cape Sigeum_, the villages of _Yeni-Shehr_ and
_Kum-Kaleh_, the _Hellespont_ and _Ægean Sea_, the peninsula of
_Gallipoli_ and the islands of _Imbrus_ and _Samothrace_. The
_Tumulus of Æsyetes_ is in the central foreground, in front of the
wretched little village of _Kum-koï_.
PLATE V. VIEW OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN PART OF THE PLAIN OF TROY, FROM THE HILL OF HISSARLIK _To face_ 70
The foreground shows the excavations in the eastern part of Troy,
the foundations of the _Temple_, and the _Altar of Athena_; beyond
is the village of _Chiplak_; in the distance the chain of Mount
Ida, capped with snow, except in July and August.
No. 41. A great mixing Vessel (κρατήρ) of Terra-cotta (7 M.) 74
Nos. 42-44. Terra-cotta Whorls (7-14 M.) 80
No. 45. Copper Implements and Weapons from the Trojan stratum (8 M.) 82
No. 46. A Mould of Mica-schist for casting Copper Implements (8 M.) 82
Nos. 47, 48, 49, 50. Stone Instruments from the Trojan stratum (8 M.) 83
Nos. 51, 52. Trojan Terra-cottas (8 M.) 86
No. 53. Small Trojan Vase (9 M.) 87
Nos. 54, 55. Trojan Terra-cotta Vases (8 M.) 87
Nos. 56-61. Stone Implements of the earliest Settlers 94
No. 62. Small Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta, with Decorations 95
No. 63. A Trojan Vase-cover of red Terra-cotta (7 M.) 95
No. 64. A stone Implement of unknown use (2 M.) 97
No. 65. A strange Vessel of Terra-cotta (15 M.) 97
Nos. 66, 67, 68. Trojan Sling-bullets of Loadstone (9 and 10 M.) 101
No. 69. The Foot-print of Buddha 103
No. 70. Large Terra-cotta Vase, with the Symbols of the Ilian Goddess (4 M.) 106
No. 71. A Mould of Mica-schist for casting Ornaments (14 M.) 110
No. 72. Fragment of a large Urn of Terra-cotta with Assyrian (?) Decorations, from the Lowest Stratum (14 M.) 110
No. 73. Trojan Plates found on the Tower (8 M.) 114
No. 74. Vase Cover with a human face (8 M.) 115
No. 75. A Whorl, with three animals (3 M.) 121
No. 76. Fragment of a Vase of polished black Earthenware, with Pattern inlaid in White (14 M.) 129
No. 77. Fragment of Terra-cotta, perhaps part of a box (16 M.) 129
No. 78. A Trojan Terra-cotta Seal (8 M.) 130
No. 78ª. Terra-cottas with Aryan Emblems (4 M.; 3 M.; 5 M.) 130
No. 79. Fragment of a brilliant dark-grey Vessel (13 M.) 135
No. 80. Whorl with pattern of a moving Wheel (16 M.) 137
No. 81. Whorl with Symbols of Lightning (7 M.) 138
No. 82. Two fragments of a great Mould of Mica-schist for casting Copper Weapons and Ornaments (14 M.) 139
PLATE VI. TROJAN BUILDINGS ON THE NORTH SIDE, AND IN THE GREAT TRENCH CUT THROUGH THE WHOLE HILL _To face_ 143
Nos. 83-91. Objects of Metal from the Lowest Stratum 150
Nos. 92-101. Ivory Pins, Needles, &c. (11-15 M.) 150
Nos. 102, 103. Hand Millstones of Lava (14-16 M.) 151
No. 104. A splendid Vase with Suspension-rings (15 M.) 151
No. 105. Singular Double Vase (13-14 M.) 152
No. 106. Black Vase of Terra-cotta (14 or 15 M.) 152
No. 107. Funereal Urn of Stone, found on the Primary Rock, with Human Ashes in it (15½ M.) 153
No. 108. _a_, Hand Millstone of Lava (15 M.). _b_, Brilliant black Dish with side Rings for hanging it up (14 M.). _c_, _c_, _c_, _c_, Small decorated Rings of Terra-cotta (10-14 M.) 155
No. 109. Rude Terra-cotta Idol (14 M.) 155
No. 110. Fragment of Pottery, with the _Suastika_ (14 M.) 157
Nos. 111, 112. Double-handled Vases of Terra-cotta, from the Trojan Stratum (9 M.) 158
No. 113. A Trojan Vase in Terra-cotta of a very remarkable form (8 M.) 159
No. 114. Engraved Terra-cotta Vessel in the form of a Pig (or Hedgehog?). 7 M. 160
No. 115. Inscribed Whorl (7 M.) 161
No. 116. Terra-cotta Seal (1 M.) 162
No. 117. A Trojan Hand Millstone of Lava (10 M.) 163
No. 118. A piece of Granite, perhaps used, by means of a wooden Handle, as an upper Millstone (10 M.) 163
No. 119. A massive Hammer of Diorite (10 M.) 163
No. 120. Piece of Granite, probably used as a Pestle. From the Lowest Stratum (11-16 M.) 163
No. 121. Idol of Athena (8 M.) _a._ Front; _b._ Back 164
Nos. 122-124. Balls of fine red Agate (9 M.) 165
No. 125. A curious Terra-cotta Cup (4 M.) 166
No. 126. Terra-cotta Pitcher of a frequent form (6 M.) 166
No. 127. A small Terra-cotta Vase, with two Handles and three feet (6 M.) 167
No. 128. Terra-cotta Vase of a frequent form (6 M.) 167
No. 129. Terra-cotta Vase of a form frequent at the depth of 3-5 M. 169
No. 130. Terra-cotta Vessel (4 M.) 170
No. 131. A small Terra-cotta Vase with two Rings for suspension (2 M.) 170
Nos. 132, 133. Owl-faced Vase-covers (3 M.) 171
Nos. 134, 135. Two-handled Cups from the upper Stratum (2 M.) 171
No. 136. Terra-cotta Vase (2 M.) 171
No. 137. Perforated Terra-cotta (2 M.) 171
Nos. 138, 139. Deep Plates (_pateræ_) with Rings for suspension, placed (_a_) vertically or (_b_) horizontally (1 and 2 M.) 172
Nos. 140, 141. Idols of the Ilian Athena (3 M.) 172
No. 142. Mould in Mica-schist (2½ M.) 173
PLATE VII. A.--MOUND OF IN-TÉPÉ, THE TRADITIONAL TOMB OF AJAX _To face_ 178
Upon the mound, which stands about one-third of a mile from the
Hellespont, are seen the remains of a little temple, which was
restored by Hadrian. Beneath the ruins is seen a vaulted passage,
built of bricks, nearly 4 feet in height and width.
B.--MOUND CALLED THE TOMB OF ACHILLES.
Formerly on the sea-shore, from which it is now divided by a low
strip of sand.
No. 143. Terra-cotta Ball, representing apparently the climates of the globe (8 M.) 188
No. 144. Small Terra-cotta Vessel from the Lowest Stratum, with four perforated feet, and one foot in the middle (14 M.) 190
Nos. 145, 146. Two little Funnels of Terra-cotta, inscribed with Cyprian Letters (3 M.) 191
No. 147. A Trojan Humming-top (7 M.) 192
No. 148. Terra-cotta Bell, or Clapper, or Rattle (5 M.) 192
No. 149. A Trojan decorated Vase of Terra-cotta (7 M.) 199
PLATE VIII. THE GREAT TOWER OF ILIUM, FROM THE S.E.
_To face_ 200
No. 150. Terra-cotta Vase (7 M.) 208
No. 151. Terra-cotta Vase in the form of an Animal (10 M.) 208
No. 152. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Pig (14 M.) 209
No. 153. Skull of a Woman, found near some gold ornaments in the Lowest Stratum (13 M.) 209
No. 154. Block of Limestone, with a socket, in which the pivot of a door may have turned (12 M.) 211
No. 155. A Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, with an Ornament like the Greek _Lambda_ (8 M.) 214
No. 156. Curious Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Mole (Tower: 7 or 8 M.) 214
No. 157. A Trojan Dish with side Rings, and Plates turned by the Potter (Tower: 7 M.) 215
No. 158. A curious Trojan Jug of Terra-cotta (8 M.) 219
No. 159. Terra-cotta Image of a Hippopotamus (7 M.) 228
No. 160. Remarkable Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Bugle, with three feet (3 M.) 229
No. 161. Terra-cotta Vessel with three feet, a handle, and two ears (5 M.) 229
No. 162. Terra-cotta Image of a Pig, curiously marked with Stars (4 M.) 232
No. 163. One of the largest marble Idols, found in the Trojan Stratum (8 M.) 234
No. 164. Terra-cotta Pot-lid, with symbolical marks (6 M.) 235
No. 165. A curious Terra-cotta Idol of the Ilian Athena (7 M.) 235
No. 166. Pretty Terra-cotta Jug, with the neck bent back (7 M.) 236
No. 167. Remarkable Trojan Idol of Black Stone (7 M.) 236
Nos. 168, 169. Heads of Horned Serpents (4 M.) 237
No. 170. A Serpent’s Head, with horns on both sides, and very large eyes (6 M.) 237
No. 171. Head of an Asp in Terra-cotta (both sides) (4 M.) 238
No. 172. A Whorl, with rude Symbols of the Owl’s Face, Suastika, and lightning (3 M.) 255
No. 173. Splendid Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta, representing the tutelary Goddess of Ilium, θεὰ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη. The cover forms the helmet (8 M.) 258
PLATE IX. UPPER PART OF THE BUILDINGS DISCOVERED IN THE DEPTHS OF THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA. In the background are seen the Altar and the Reservoir _To face_ 259
No. 174. A Lion-headed Sceptre-handle of the finest crystal; found on the Tower (8 M.) 260
No. 175. A mould of Mica-schist, for casting various metal Instruments (Tower: 8 M.) 261
No. 176. A curious Instrument of Copper (3 M.) 261
No. 177. A perforated and grooved piece of Mica-schist, probably for supporting a Spit. Found on the Tower (8 M.) 261
No. 178. A large Terra-cotta Vase, with two large Handles and two small Handles or Rings (5 M.) 262
No. 179. A remarkable Terra-cotta Ball (6 M.) 264
No. 180. A finely engraved Ivory Tube, probably part of a Flute. Found on the Tower (8 M.) 264
No. 181. Knob for a Stick, of fine marble (3 M.) 265
No. 182. Bone handle of a Trojan Staff or Sceptre (7 M.) 265
No. 183. A brilliant Black Vase, with the Symbols of the Ilian Athena, from the Tower (8 M.) 267
No. 184. Vase-cover with Handle in shape of a Coronet (8 M.) 268
No. 185. Vase-cover with a Human Face (Tower, 8 M.) 268
No. 186. Flat piece of Gold, in the form of an Arrow-head: from the Tower (8 M.) 268
No. 187. Prettily decorated Tube of Ivory (Tower, 8 M.) 268
No. 188. Great Altar for Sacrifices, found in the depths of the Temple of Athena (1-25th of the real size) 278
No. 189. Copper Lance of a Trojan Warrior, found beside his Skeleton (7 M.) 279
No. 190. Skull of a Trojan Warrior, belonging to one of the two Skeletons found in the House on the Tower (7 M.) 280
No. 191. The upper and lower pieces of a Trojan Helmet-crest φάλος placed together (7 M.) 280
No. 192. Great Copper Ring, found near the Helmet-crest (7 M.) 281
No. 193. An elegant bright-red Vase of Terra-cotta, decorated with branches and signs of lightning, with holes in the handles and lips, for cords to hang it up by (Tower, 8 M.) 282
No. 194. Terra-cotta Vase. Found on the Tower (8 M.) 282
No. 195. Profile of a Vase-cover, with the Owl’s Face and Helmet of Athena, in brilliant red Terra-cotta. Found in an urn on the Tower (8 M.) 283
No. 196. An Earthenware Crucible on four feet, _still containing some Copper_. Found on the Tower (7 M.) 283
No. 197. Flower Saucer: the flat bottom ornamented. Found on the Tower (8 M.) 284
No. 198. A piece of Terra-cotta, with two holes slightly sunk in front like eyes, and a hole perforated from side to side (8 M.) 285
No. 199. A remarkable Terra-cotta Vessel on three long feet, with a handle and two small ears (7 M.) 285
No. 200. A beautiful bright-red Terra-cotta Box, decorated with a + and four 卐, and a halo of solar rays (3 M.) 286
Nos. 201, 202. Little Decorated Whorls, of a remarkable shape 286
PLATE X. THE TOWER OF ILIUM, SCÆAN GATE, AND PALACE OF PRIAM. Looking North along the cutting through the whole Hill _To face_ 287
PLATE XI. A.--THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA. From the East _To face_ 290
In front is seen the great Reservoir of the Temple, then the
sacrificial Altar. On the right, a stone block of the foundations
of the Temple is seen projecting out of the wall of earth. In the
background, underneath where the man stands, is the position of the
double _Scæan Gate_, of which, however, nothing is here visible. In
the left-hand corner is one of the colossal jars, not visible in
the next Plate.
B.--THE MAGAZINE, WITH ITS COLOSSAL JARS, in the depths of the
Temple of Athena.
Of the _nine_ Jars, _six_ are visible; a _seventh_ (to the right,
out of view) is broken. The two largest are beyond the wall of the
Magazine, and one of these is seen in the preceding Plate.
No. 203. Fragment of a Terra-cotta Vase, with Egyptian hieroglyphics, from the bottom of the Greek Stratum (2 M.) 291
No. 204. A Greek Lamp on a tall foot (2 M.) 292
No. 205. Fragment of a two-horned Serpent (κεράστης), in Terra-cotta (3 M.) 292
No. 206. Terra-cotta Cylinder, 1¼ in. long, with Symbolical Signs (5 M.) 293
No. 207. Terra-cotta Vase with helmeted image of the Ilian Athena (6 M.) 294
No. 208. Fragment of a large Cup-handle in black Terra-cotta: with the head of an Ox (6 M.) 294
No. 209. A finely decorated little Vase of Terra-cotta (6 M.) 294
No. 210. Terra-cotta Disc stamped with a Swan and an Antelope (6 M.). Remarkable for the depth 295
No. 211. Terra-cotta Disc pierced with two holes, and stamped with the Head of a Warrior (8 M.) 295
No. 212. A piece of Bone, curiously engraved (7 M.) 295
No. 213. Fragment of a Trojan Idol of Terra-cotta (6 M.) 296
Nos. 214, 215. Terra-cotta Cups or Scoops (7 M.) 296
No. 216. Vase-cover in Terra-cotta (8 M.) 296
No. 217. Terra-cotta Handle of a Trojan Brush, with the holes in which the bristles have been fixed (10 M.) 297
No. 218. Copper Bolts, found exactly in the middle of the first and of the second Scæan Gates 302
PLATE XII. THE DOUBLE SCÆAN GATE, PALACE OF PRIAM, AND TOWER OF ILIUM, with the Paved Road leading from the Gate to the Plain from the North West _To face_ 303
Behind the Scæan Gate is seen the Great _Tower of Ilium_, and to
the left of it the ruins of the _Palace of Priam_, beneath a mass
of later, but still pre-Hellenic, buildings. In the foreground, to
the right, is a wall of rubbish, which remains standing; and at the
foot of this, where the Greek stands, is the great enclosing Wall
of Troy, running in a north-westerly direction from the Scæan Gate.
The walls to the left belong to the royal palace, and over this
part there are no buildings of the post-Trojan time.
No. 219. Wonderful Vase of Terra-cotta from the Palace of Priam (8 M.) 307
No. 220. Terra-cotta Vase from the House of Priam, with remarkable Decorations (9 M.) 308
No. 221. A Terra-cotta Vase, with two little Ears, and two large perforated Handles, marked with strange characters (5½ M.) 309
No. 222. A splendidly-decorated Vase of Terra-cotta, with three Feet and two Ears. From the Palace (7½ M.) 310
No. 223. A Terra-cotta Vase, with two Ears and covered with dots. From the Palace (7 M.) 310
No. 224. Fine decorated Vase of Terra-cotta, with two Handles and two great upright Wings. From the Palace (7½ M.) 311
No. 225. Five Copper Dress Pins, molten together by the conflagration. From the Palace (8 M.) 312
No. 226. Engraved Cylinder of blue Felspar (Palace, 9 M.) 312
No. 227. Terra-cotta, engraved with ten rude Owls’ Faces (8 M.) 312
No. 228. Terra-cotta Vase, with a curious Decoration. From the upper and later House above the Scæan Gate (6 M.) 315
No. 229. Terra-cotta Vase, with four Handles and a Lid (6 M.) 315
No. 230. A great Jug, with Handle and two Ears (6 M.) 315
No. 231. A remarkable Terra-cotta Cup (4 M.) 317
Nos. 232, 233. Curious Terra-cottas from the Trojan Stratum (8 and 7 M.) 320
PLATE XIII. THE SCÆAN GATE AND PAVED ROAD, THE TOWER OF ILIUM, CITY WALLS, PALACE OF PRIAM, AND THE WALLS OF A TOWER OF THE GREEK AGE. From the South East _To face_ 321
Here we see again the road leading down to the Plain, paved with
great slabs of stone. In front of the Gate and Road is seen part
of the Great _Tower of Ilium_, and to the right hand, next to and
behind the Gate, the ruins of the _Palace of Priam_, partly
overladen with later but still pre-Hellenic walls, and partly
standing free. Behind, the Scæan Gate appears again, going in a
direction W.N.W., then the great City Wall, and upon it, at or
about the spot marked _a_, the _Treasure_ was found. In the
background, where the man stands, is seen a wall built of massive
hewn stones, belonging to a Tower of the Greek age. Behind this
Tower-wall appear the Plain of Troy, the Hellespont, the island of
Imbros, and above this the mountains of Samothrace. At the right
extremity of the picture, also, a part of the Plain of Troy is seen
through the great cutting, over the ruins of the royal House.
PLATE XIV. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 324
No. 234. A Copper Shield with a boss (ἀσπὶς ὀμφαλόεσσα).
No. 235. Great Copper Caldron (λέβης).
PLATE XV. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 325
No. 236. Curious Plate of Copper (perhaps a Hasp of the Chest), with Discs fixed on one end, and a Silver Vase welded to the other by the conflagration.
No. 237. Bottle of pure Gold, weighing about 1 lb. Troy.
No. 238. Cup of pure Gold, panelled, weighing 7½ oz. Troy.
PLATE XVI. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM. Remarkable two-handled Cup of Pure Gold (δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον), weighing about 1 lb. 6 oz. Troy _To face_ 326
No. 239. Outside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup.
No. 240. Inside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup.
No. 241. Bronze Cup used in China for Libations and Drinking 327
PLATE XVII. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 328
No. 242. Six Blades of Silver (Homeric Talents?).
Nos. 243, 244. Two Silver Vases, with caps and rings for suspending by cords.
No. 245. A Silver Dish (φιάλη), with a boss in the centre.
No. 246. A Silver Cup, 3-1/3 in. high and nearly 4 in. wide.
PLATE XVIII. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 329
No. 247. A small Silver Cover.
No. 248. A small Cup of Electrum.
No. 249. Large Silver Jug, with handle, in which the small Ornaments were found.
No. 250. Silver Vase with part of another Silver Vase welded to it by the fire.
No. 251. Silver Vase with a quantity of copper fixed to its bottom by the fire.
Nos. 252-256. Trojan Lance-Heads of Copper.--TR. 330
No. 256. Copper Lance and Battle-Axe welded together by the conflagration. The Pin-hole of the Lance is visible.--TR. 330
Nos. 257-60. Trojan Battle-Axes of Copper.--TR. 330
No. 261. Trojan Battle-Axe.--TR. 331
Nos. 262-268. Nos. 262, 263, 264, 266. Trojan Two-edged Copper Daggers, with hooked Stems that have been fastened into Wooden Handles. No. 264 is doubled up by the conflagration. No. 265, Weapons molten together. No. 267, a Copper Sword-Blade, with a sharp edge at the end. No. 268, a Four-sided Copper Bar, ending in a sharp edge.--TR. 332
No. 269. Copper Key, supposed to have belonged to the Treasure-chest--TR. 333
Nos. 270, 271. Cups of Electrum and Silver. Found in the Palace, near the Treasure, 270 inside 271 334
Nos. 272-275. Pieces of Helmet-crests found in a Room of the Palace 334
PLATE XIX. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM _To face_ 335
Nos. 276, 277. The two Golden Diadems (πλεκταὶ ἀναδέσμαι).
PLATE XX. THE TREASURE OF PRIAM. Jewels of Gold _To face_ 336
No. 278. Selection from the small Golden Jewels found in the Silver Jug.
No. 279. Golden Fillet (ἄμπυξ), above 18 inches long.
No. 280. Four Golden Earrings, or Tassels (θύσανοι), each 3½ inches long.
No. 281. Six Golden Bracelets welded together by the conflagration.--[TR.] 337
No. 282. 4610 Small Jewels of Gold.--TR. 339
No. 283. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Cask (8 M.) 341
No. 284. Large Silver Vase found in the House of Priam (8 M.) 342
No. 285. Splendid Terra-cotta Vase from the Palace of Priam 350
No. 286. Curious double-necked Jug (8 M.) 351
No. 287. Terra-cotta Vessel consisting of three Goblets rising out of a tube on three feet (4 M.) 351
No. 288. Terra-cotta Vessel in the form of a Pig (7 M.) 352
No. 289. A Terra-cotta stamped with Hieroglyphics (1½ M.) 352
No. 290. Fragment of a Terra-cotta Vessel, in the shape of a Horse’s Head (4 M.) 353
No. 291. An Inscribed Trojan Whorl (8 M.) 363
Nos. 292, 293. Two Trojan Whorls from the same depth (7 M.) with an identical inscription 367
No. 294. The above Inscription developed (7 M.) 368
No. 295. Inscription on a Trojan Seal (7 M.) 368
No. 296. Inscription on a Trojan Whetstone (7 M.) 368
No. 297. Inscription on a Trojan Vase from the Palace (8 M.) 369
No. 298. Trojan Whorl, with an Inscription (10 M.) 369
No. 299. The Inscription developed (10 M.) 369
No. 300. Terra-cotta Ball, with an Inscription (4 M.) 372
PLATES XXI.-LII. LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES OF TERRA-COTTA WHORLS AND BALLS.[22]
(_At End of the Volume._)
PLATE XXI. SECTIONS OF WHORLS.
Nos. 301-308. Sections of Plain Whorls (see p. 40) (2-10 M.).
No. 309. Piece of Terra-cotta, of unknown use (see p. 219) (10 M.).
Nos. 310-316. Sections of Decorated Whorls (see p. 60) (3-11 M.).
PLATE XXII. TYPICAL PATTERNS OF WHORLS.[23]
No. 317. A Cross, with 4 nail-marks (7 M.).
No. 318. Do. with the lines double and oblique (7 M.).
No. 319. Do. with three arms (7 M.).
No. 320. Cross with triple lines; rows of triple dots on arms (see p. 187) (8 M.).
No. 321. Six quadruple segments round the edge (called by Schliemann Rising Suns, by Burnouf Stations of the Sun), alternately with 6 Arrow-heads ↑ (see p. 133) (6 M.).
No. 322. Cross, with curved arms; nail-marked (7 M.).
No. 323D.[24] Geometric star-like patterns on both sides (5 M.).
No. 324. A Wheel with 13 spokes (sun-rays?), the spaces filled with dots arranged in circles (7 M.).
No. 325. Two zigzag borders round the central Sun (9 M.).
No. 326. For description, see pp. 84, 137 (8½ M.).
No. 327. Five Suns round the central Sun (see p. 136) (7 M.).
No. 328. Five triple “Rising Suns” (comp. No. 321) round a large central Sun (N.B. The _depth_ 14 M.).
No. 329. Wheel with spokes on both sides: very small (5 M.).
No. 330. The _Rosa Mystica_ (_Qu._, or an Inscription?) (4 M.).
No. 331D. Geometrical Patterns; Signs of Lightning (?) on one side (8 M.).
No. 332. Four strange characters (_Qu._, an Inscription?) (9 M.).
PLATE XXIII. TYPICAL PATTERNS OF WHORLS.
No. 333. A Wheel in motion (9 M.).
No. 334. An Inscription (9 M.).
No. 335. A Flower with 10 petals (3 M.).
No. 336. Five Signs, curiously like Roman numerals (8 M.).
No. 337D. A double moving Wheel, see p. 38 (6 M.).
No. 338D. _Obv._ Three “flaming Altars” (Schl.) and a group of Stars. _Rev._, 3 flaming Altars and a 卐 (see p. 162) (6 M.).
No. 339. The _Rosa Mystica_ (see p. 160) (8 M.).
Nos. 340-341. Wheels in rapid rotation (see p. 38) (9 and 10 M.).
No. 342. A series of Strokes (7 M.).
No. 343. Various marks. The dots are perhaps for stars (10 M.).
No. 344. Geometric Pattern, like a Gothic quatrefoil (7 M.).
No. 345. Concentric Circles, and 4 wave-like sets of Lines (3½ M.).
No. 346. Three curious Signs (_Qu._, letters?) (7 M.).
No. 347. A cable-like Wreath (6 M.).
No. 348. Four concentric Circles and 6 quadruple “Rising Suns” (8 M.).
PLATE XXIV. WHORLS WITH SUASTIKAS, &C.
No. 349. One of the thin round Terra-cottas, with 2 holes, found chiefly in the Greek Stratum (see p. 65). The 卐 on this example[25] forms a link with the Whorls of the lower strata. Of impure yellow earth (2 M.).
No. 350. Three curved 卐. Grey earth (4 M.).
No. 351. Four 卐 in a zigzag Border. “The 4 sacrifices of the month or of the year."--B. Fine yellow earth; polished; good work.[26]
No. 352. Three curved 卐. Grey; polished; good work (4 M.).
No. 353. An Inscription. Dull brown; polished; very coarse (9 M.).
No. 354. Three Rising Suns, and a Sign like a letter (?). Brown; polished; the lines white (5 M.).
No. 355. Three 卐. “The 3 sacrifices."--B. (M.).
PLATE XXV. WHORLS WITH 卐 AND INSCRIPTIONS.
No. 356. Four 卐 of peculiar form. “The 4 sacrifices of the month or of the year."--B. Dark grey; polished; beautiful work (7 M.).
No. 357. Apparently an Inscription. Blackish earth; burnt; badly kneaded.
No. 358. Two 卐 and 2 Crosses. Grey; very rude material and work (7 M.).
No. 359. Six 卐. Black; polished; lines white.
No. 360. An Inscription (4 M.).
PLATE XXVI. ASTRONOMICAL SIGNS AND 卐.
No. 361. Three triple “Rising Suns,” a 卐, and 2 round Spots, viz. “The sun and full moon, or the day of the full moon."--B. Fine brown earth (3½ M.).
No. 362. “The 6 bi-monthly sacrifices."--B. (comp. p. 187). Fine yellow earth (7 M.).
No. 363. “The morning and evening sacrifices: the 3 stations of the Sun."--B. Yellowish; very coarse (5 M.).
No. 364. “The 4 epochs (quarters) of the month or of the year, and the holy sacrifice."--B. Grey; polished; coarsely kneaded. Worn a little on the rim.
PLATE XXVII. ARYAN EMBLEMS AND AN INSCRIPTION.
No. 365. Three triple “Rising Suns” and a 卐. Fine black earth; polished; beautiful work (6 M.).
No. 366. Similar design. Greyish yellow (6 M.).
No. 367. Four Hares, representing the 4 weeks of the month, or the 4 quarters of the year (see p. 136). Fine black earth (6 M.).
No. 368. Four curved Crosses round the rim. “The 4 sacrifices of the month or year."--B. Black; polished; good work; lines white (3½ M.).
No. 369. An Inscription from the Trojan Stratum. Dark grey; very coarse (10 M.). (See Appendix, p. 369.)
No. 370. Divided into 2 fields by a line through the centre. In the left is a 卐 with 2 spots ("the sun and full moon."--B.) and dots (stars?--“the 7 at the top being the Great Bear."--B.). In the right M. Burnouf finds 28 strokes for the days of the month. Black; polished; lines white. N.B. Much worn by rubbing, especially on the under side (10 M.).
No. 371. “At top, 4 Crosses for the 4 weeks, with a 卐, or sacrifice, set on fire by a flash of lightning; below, the 4 great Sacrifices."--B. Greyish yellow; polished (4 M.).
PLATE XXVIII. RELIGIOUS AND ASTRONOMICAL EMBLEMS.
No. 372. Three 卐 (2 of a curious form), and 3 “flaming Altars” (SCHL.). Grey; polished; lines white (6 M.).
No. 373. “The 3 stations of the Sun, or 3 mountains, with the 4 sacrifices of the year or the month round the circle of the Sun."--B. Yellow; polished; rudely kneaded; the lines scratched in with a fine point.
No. 374. “Divided into 2 fields by 2 points. _Left_: the mountain of the E., the Sun, and 卐. _Right_: the mountains of the N. and W. and the full moon. The ring is the circle of the year."--B. Grey; polished. Worn all round by circular friction (7 M.).
No. 375. Various Symbols. Blackish yellow; very coarse. Worn all round and on the under side.
No. 376. The Sôma Tree, or Tree of Life, a 卐, with Strokes indicating numbers 2, 4, and 8. Yellow.
No. 377. Four Hares (the 4 quarters of the moon) round a Ring (the circle of the year). Iron grey; polished (see p. 136) (10 M.).
No. 378D. _Obv._, an Inscription (?). _Rev._, a sort of Wheel. Part of the edge worn down to a straight line (9 M.).
PLATE XXIX. ANIMALS AND OTHER SYMBOLS.
No. 379D. _Obv._, three Crosses (one with 4 nail-marks ). _Rev._ (see the developed pattern): “_a._ 3 Antelopes with dots (stars); _b._ The Great Bear; _c._ Lightning, or Water; _d._ Five 卐"--(B.) Grey; polished (see p. 136) (4 M.).
No. 380. “Two Antelopes, the halves of the month (_quinzaines_), round the circle of the year."--B. Black; polished (see p. 135) (6 M.).
PLATE XXX. ANIMALS AND THE PRAYING MAN.
No. 381. A Hare and 2 Antelopes (_i. e._ the moon and the 2 winds prevailing in the 2 half-months) round the circle of the year. Grey. (7 M.).
No. 382. The same subject (see p. 120). Grey; polished (3 M.). (_Observe the different depths_).
No. 383. Three Animals, with _a Man in the attitude of Prayer_; “the holy sacrifice of the full moon” (B.); but see Schliemann’s explanation pp. 135, 137 (7 M.).
No. 384. The same subject as Nos. 381 and 382. Black; polish lost. _Part of the edge worn flat_ (7 M.).
PLATE XXXI. ANIMALS AND OTHER SYMBOLS.
No. 385. Same subject as Nos. 381, 382, 384, but still ruder. Grey; polished; very coarse (8 M.).
No. 386. Same subject. Yellow; polished; rude work (7 M.).
No. 387. Scroll Pattern round large, deep-sunk centre. Dark grey; polished (10 M.).
No. 388. Six ÷ alternately with six , having, perhaps, some numerical meaning. The lines and dots filled in with white on a polished black ground (8 M.).
No. 389. Four wave lines around the centre. Grey; polished; worn (3 M.).
No. 390. Similar Pattern round the edge of a Whorl remarkable for its small size. Black; polished; lines white. The space between the hole and the inner ring is filled with yellow ochre.
PLATE XXXII. GEOMETRICAL AND OTHER PATTERNS.
No. 391. Rings of dots, which M. Burnouf attempts to explain as relating to the Astronomical Calendar. Black; rude work (9 M.).
No. 392. Eleven Radii divide the field into spaces filled with cuneiform characters (where the question of true _writing_ is still to be investigated). Black; polished; rude work (10 M.).
No. 393. Six triple Rising Suns, with dots (5, 6, or 7) in the middle space. Yellow; polished; pattern white (9 M.).
No. 394. Three 卐 (one with 2 dots), and a Sign (like a letter or letters?). Yellow; polished; pattern white.
No. 395. An ornamental Quatrefoil. Brown; polished; pattern white, good work (4½ M.).
No. 396D. A Geometrical Pattern, composed of triple segments, slightly varied on two sides. Yellow; polished; patterns white (8 M.).
PLATE XXXIII. THE SÔMA TREE AND OTHER SYMBOLS.
No. 397. A sort of 5-armed Star, or 5 triple “mountains (B.),” alternately with 5 triple Signs of Lightning. The ring of beads round the centre is remarkable. Black; pattern white; fine work. Worn all over by rubbing.
No. 398. Three triple Rising Suns and a Sôma Tree (see p. 119). Black; polished. The hole is conical (9 M.).
No. 399. Five Sôma Trees and a triple Rising Sun.
No. 400. Three Sôma Trees and 2 other Signs. Dark brown; polished. Has been used (5 M.).
No. 401. Four Sôma Trees forming a Cross (see p. 119). Black; polished; pattern white. Slightly worn.
No. 402D. _Obv._ Eight irregular Rising Suns (double or quadruple).[27] _Rev._ Twelve Sôma Trees radiating from the centre (see p. 187). Greyish yellow; highly polished; rude work. The tip of the back worn by rubbing (10 M.).
PLATE XXXIV. SÔMA TREES, FLAMING ALTARS, ETC.
No. 403. A Sôma Tree and 4 Rising Suns (3 triple and 1 double). Grey; polished. Worn all over (see p. 187) (5 M.).
No. 404. Six Sôma Trees, pointing alternately to and from the centre (see p. 269). Black; polished; lines white; rude (7 M.).
No. 405. Five 卐 and an Altar with 3 flames (?). Hole conical. Yellowish; polished. Worn on under side (5½ M.).
No. 406. Four Rising Suns and a flaming Altar. Grey; polished. Worn on under side (5 M.).
No. 407. Four Rising Suns and 2 Altars. Hole conical. Small size. Black; polished; lines white. Worn on under side (8 M.).
No. 408. Three Rising Suns and an Altar. Small size. Very black earth, like trachyte; lines white. Worn (5 M.).
No. 409. Similar Pattern on a larger Whorl. Grey. Hole conical.
PLATE XXXV. FLAMING ALTARS AND SÔMA TREES.
No. 410. Four Sôma Trees, forming a Cross (see p. 119). Ashy grey; unpolished; coarse (9 M.).
No. 411. Three Altars and 3 irregular 卐. Brownish grey; polished; pattern yellow (6 M.).
No. 412. Four Altars (?) arranged in a Cross, with dots (stars?). Dark grey; very coarse.
No. 413. Six flaming Altars. Black; polished; lines white; good work (7 M.).
No. 414. Four Altars forming a Cross (see p. 121). Yellow; polished (8 M.).
No. 415. Five Altars. Small size. Black; pattern white; work good.
PLATE XXXVI. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 416. Three flaming Altars. Grey; pattern white; good (8 M.).
No. 417. A double Circle, with 5 broad arms; on each a Sign of Lightning. Brownish yellow; slightly polished; well made. Hole conical (4 M.).
No. 418. Five Signs (_Qu._, letters?). Brown.
No. 419. A five-armed irregular Cross, with 2 卐 and 2 Signs of Lightning. Yellowish; coarsely kneaded (7 M.).
No. 420. Two triple Rising Suns and a double zigzag (lightning) round more than half the circumference. A beautiful black; polished; lines white. A little worn on under side.
No. 421D. _Obv._ Irregular cross with zigzags (Signs of Lightning) on arms. _Rev._ A curious Geometric Pattern (7 M.).
PLATE XXXVII. GEOMETRIC AND OTHER PATTERNS.
No. 422D. A triangular Pattern on both sides (8 M.).
No. 423. A six-armed cross with Signs of Lightning on the arms. Fine yellow earth; polished; white pattern (9 M.).
No. 424. Four triple Rising Suns (one broken off) and a flaming Altar. Black; polished; coarse (8 M.).
No. 425. Four Segmental Curves, with dots (see Plate). Much worn. Brownish yellow (10 M.).
No. 426. Irregular marks, , zigzags, &c. Brown; polished; work bad.
PLATE XXXVIII. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 427. (See the Plate.) Yellow; polished; pattern white (8 M.).
No. 428. A double Rising Sun and 3 Owls’ Faces (?). Yellow; pattern white (2 M.).
No. 429. Very irregular Star with numerous dots. Red earth; coarse; very bad work.
No. 430. Two Spots between 2 large double Arcs. Yellow; polished (8 M.).
No. 431. (See the Plate.) Brownish yellow; pattern white (5 M.).
No. 432. Zigzag Pattern round edge (see the Plate). Brown; very good.
PLATE XXXIX. INSCRIPTION, AND OTHER PATTERNS.
No. 433. Fine six-pointed Star. Yellow; polished; pattern white.
No. 434. Three curious Figures round margin. (See the Plate.) Greyish yellow; fair work (7 M.).
No. 435. An Inscription. Brown; very coarse (5 M.).
No. 436. Three double Rising Suns and an Altar (?). Coarse.
No. 437. Three |‘s alternately with 3 =V='s. Much worn all round[28] (5 M.).
No. 438. Looks like an Inscription. Brown. Worn at the ends.
PLATE XL. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 439. Four triple Rising Suns and an Altar (?) (5 M.).
No. 440. A fine double Polygonal Star, with dots in the space between. Brown; pattern white (10 M.).
No. 441. Three triple Rising Suns and an Arrow-head . Light brown; polished (7 M.).
No. 442. Signs like Figures round a broad, deep centre.
No. 443. Two double Rising Suns and 5 large Spots (_Qu._, the 5 planets?) Dark brown; fine; polished.
No. 444. A plain Whorl, modelled into a sort of seven-pointed Star. Brownish black (8 M.).
No. 445D. A very curious Pattern on both sides (see the Plate). Black; polished; good work.
PLATE XLI. VARIOUS IRREGULAR PATTERNS.
No. 446. Sun with rays, Altar, 卐 through a sun or moon (?), &c. M. Burnouf explains the 3 dots as denoting “royal majesty.”
No. 447. Curious composition of 卐, long lines, and short lines. Yellowish earth; badly modelled (9 M.).
No. 448D. Curious Pattern on both sides (see Plate). Brown; polished (9 M.).
No. 449D. _Obv._ Eleven straight Rays, with rows of dots between, and 1 zigzag Ray. _Rev._ 2 Rising Suns and a 卐. Grey; not polished. N.B. “The edge cut all round by the friction of thread, like the kerbstone of a well by the cord"--(B.) (8 M.).
No. 450D. _Obv._ 3 double Rising Suns and 2 curious signs -|-. _Rev._ 3 concentric Circles, with short Rays between the first and second. Grey; polished; good work.
PLATE XLII. VARIOUS REMARKABLE PATTERNS.
No. 451D. _Obv._ Pentagonal Star, with Spots ☉, and dots, and raised rim with dots round the hole. _Rev._ Sun, with 5 hooked rays (?) and 3 Spots ☉. Yellow earth; badly kneaded; not polished.
No. 452. A pair of |‘s and a pair of round a deep broad centre. Reddish earth, very badly kneaded; polished.
No. 453. Two small Segmental Curves, filled with dots, and 2 Signs like ladders. Brown; polished (6 M.).
No. 454. Two quadruple Rising Suns, a + with curved arms, several dots, and a curious cruciform Sign. Fine brown earth (4 M.).
PLATE XLIII. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 455D. Four Triangles on each side. Fine black earth; polished (6 M.).
No. 456. Six groups of Stars (?). A dirty yellowish brown; rudely kneaded. Wheel-shaped, with lines on the broad flat edge.
No. 457. Dots and strange Characters (_Qu._, letters?). Blackish earth; burnt; pattern white (?).
No. 458. Four Arrow-heads ↑ alternately with 4 Spots ☉ Brown-black;
polished (7 M.).
No. 459. Wheel-shaped, with Pattern on the broad flat edge (see Plate). Reddish earth.
No. 460. Three double Rising Suns and a Sign of 3 Strokes (_Qu._, a letter?). Black; polished; pattern white (5 M.).
PLATE XLIV. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 461. Covered with strange Characters (_Qu._, letters?). Coarse brown earth; very badly modelled.
No. 462. Strange Characters looking like letters. Reddish earth; polished; very coarse.
No. 463. Strange rude Marks. Black; very coarse.
No. 464D. _Obv._ Four Quatrefoils. _Rev._ (see Plate). Red earth; burnt on one side. Much worn at both ends (9 M.).
No. 465D. _Obv._ Two very rude Quadrupeds.[29] _Rev._ Three Signs (_Qu._, letters?). Coarse grey earth; very bad work. Worn (3½ M.).
PLATE XLV. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 466. Six irregular V-shaped Signs. Bright brown (8 M.).
No. 467. Three Characters (_Qu._, letters?) and 5 Spots ☉. Yellowish; polished; rude (5 M.).
No. 468. Five rude Birds, perhaps the Falcon of the Aryan mythology (see pp. 120, 135). Reddish yellow; burnt.
No. 469. Three strange Characters (_Qu._, letters?) with Spots (stars?). Brown; polished; badly kneaded. Hole badly made.
No. 470. Cross of a curious form. Rose-coloured earth; good. Looks _new_, though from the _lowest Stratum_ (12 M.).
No. 471. Four triple Rising Suns, and a + with a Spot ☉. Black; pattern white; good (7 M.).
PLATE XLVI. VARIOUS REMARKABLE PATTERNS.
No. 472. An Inscription. Greyish; polished; letters white; coarse (6 M.).
No. 473. Two Circles of Strokes and Dots. Reddish yellow; very coarse (4 M.).
No. 474. Five strange Characters. Brown-black; polish gone. Irregularly worn all round (4 M.).
No. 475. (See the Plate.) Black; polished; bad work (8 M.).
No. 476. Four double Rising Suns and a Sign (_Qu._, letter?). Black; polished; pattern white (7 M.).
PLATE XLVII. GEOMETRIC AND OTHER PATTERNS.
No. 477D. _Obv._ A six-pointed Star, with circle in middle and triple edges (or 6 such figures as Burnouf calls _mountains_ in other cases).[30] _Rev._ A Circle with 8 rays, alternately double and triple. Black.
No. 478. The _Rosa Mystica_, as a cinquefoil, with rows of triple dots along each petal (see p. 160). Dark grey; polished; good. N.B. Completely worn by circular friction (7 M.).
No. 479. Six Spots round the centre, enclosed by a Circle with crooked rays (_Qu._, the moon and 5 planets within the revolving sphere of heaven?). Grey; coarse.
No. 480. Four quadruple Zigzags (Signs of Lightning), arranged as a Cross (see p. 160). Very beautiful black; polished; pattern very white; angles very sharp; very hard. One of the finest Trojan Whorls (10 M.).
No. 481D. Five parallel Circles of quadruple lines on the edge and both faces, probably meant for a wheel in rapid motion (comp. Plate XXIII. No. 340). “The exactly parallel circular lines were marked on the moist clay with a _comb_, as is proved by the way in which their extremities cross at the point of junction."--B.
PLATE XLVIII. VARIOUS PATTERNS.
No. 482. Three 卐 (Sacrifices) and 2 obscure Signs.--B. (Comp. Plate XXII. No. 326, and Schliemann’s description, pp. 84 and 137.) Reddish; very rude; kneaded. The _axes_ of the Whorl and the hole do not coincide (8½ M.).
No. 483. A 卐 and rude Figures (_Qu._, animals or letters?). Grey; polished; very coarse (4 M.).
No. 484. A Terra-cotta Tripod. The top (in the upper figure) shews the Tree of Life (in the middle) attacked by the Caterpillar (on the right), the symbol of the Powers of Mischief. On the left is a 卐 and other Marks. Grey; polished; work rude (3 M.).
No. 485. Three concentric rows of Dots: 12 in the inner, 14 in the next, and 17 in the outer border, which is marked by a Circle and divided by straight lines. M. Burnouf explains the inner ring of dots as the 12 months of the year, and the 2 outer as referring to the days and lunations (8 M.).
PLATE XLIX. A BALL AND WHORLS.
No. 486. A Celestial Sphere, with lines marking the Zones and the Ecliptic. (The Ecliptic is not continued across the S. hemisphere, but ends at the extremities of a hole pierced through the middle of the Ball, possibly signifying the ancient belief that the nocturnal course of the Sun was subterranean.) Black; unpolished (8 M.).
No. 487. Three quintuple Rising Suns, with a Sun crossed by a 卐. Grey; polished; very regular (7 M.).
No. 488. Three Arcs, enclosing dots, and 2 卐. “The 3 stations of the Sun. The Morning and Evening Sacrifices, with their priests: the Noon has 3 priests."--B. Grey. Worn by circular friction.
No. 489. Four triple Arcs (Rising Suns) and a 卐. “The 4 quarters of the month or of the year, with the Holy Sacrifice."--B. Fine black earth (10 M.).
No. 490D. _Obv._ Three Suns and 3 卐 alternately. “The 3 stations of the Sun and the 3 Sacrifices.” _Rev._ Three triple Radii. Fine black earth; polished (4 M.).
PLATE L. REMARKABLE BALL AND WHORL.
No. 491. Six faces of a Terra-cotta Ball, with Celestial Emblems, fully described at p. 168. “One of the most interesting objects in the whole collection” (SCHL.) Yellowish earth (5 M.).
No. 492. A Whorl, so nearly globular as to form a transition to the Balls. Triple lines and rows of dots round the border; curious characters (_Qu._, letters?) round the whole. Reddish yellow; badly kneaded; not polished.
PLATE LI. A BALL AND INSCRIBED WHORLS.
No. 493. A Ball, with its 8 segments developed, fully described at pp. 167-8. Black earth; polished; patterns white (5 M.).
No. 494. Whorl with an Inscription. Blackish earth; badly kneaded. (M. Burnouf pronounces this and No. 496 to be by the same workman as the Whorl with the developed pattern (Plate XXV. No. 357) and the two Inscribed Vases, No. 3, p. 23, and No. 33, P. 50) (7 M.).
No. 495D. A small Whorl, with cruciform Pattern on both sides (see Plate). Light brown (M.).
No. 496. Very important Inscribed Whorl. The Inscription is the same as that shown in No. 115, p. 161. (See Appendix, pp. 366-368.) Red coarse earth; not polished; work very coarse (7 M.).
PLATE LII. TWO REMARKABLE TROJAN BALLS.
No. 497. Ball with an Inscription; showing 3 Faces and the Pattern developed. Brownish grey; polished; pattern white (8 M.).
No. 498. Ball, with its 8 segments developed, representing the starry heavens, with a 卐 and the Tree of Life. Yellow earth; badly modelled (8 M.). (Dr. Schliemann has 25 Terra-cotta Balls, most of them covered with dots, and representing stars, with or without lines denoting the equator, the colures, the zones, and the ecliptic.)
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE
OF
DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN.
FROM THE PREFACE TO HIS
‘ITHACA, THE PELOPONNESUS, AND TROY.’
AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.
When, in the year 1832, at Kalkhorst, a village in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, at the age of ten, I presented my father, as a Christmas gift, with a badly written Latin essay upon the principal events of the Trojan war and the adventures of Ulysses and Agamemnon, little did I think that, six-and-thirty years later, I should offer the public a work on the same subject, after having had the good fortune to see with my own eyes the scene of that war, and the country of the heroes whose names have been immortalized by Homer.
As soon as I had learnt to speak, my father related to me the great deeds of the Homeric heroes. I loved these stories; they enchanted me and transported me with the highest enthusiasm. The first impressions which a child receives abide with him during his whole life; and, though it was my lot, at the age of fourteen, to be apprenticed in the warehouse of E. Ludwig Holtz in the small town of Fürstenberg, in Mecklenburg, instead of following the scientific career for which I felt an extraordinary predisposition, I always retained the same love for the famous men of antiquity which I had conceived for them in my first childhood.
In the small shop where I was employed for five years and a half, first by Mr. Holtz and then by his successor, the excellent Mr. Th. Huckstädt, my occupation consisted in retailing herrings, butter, brandy, milk and salt, grinding potatoes for the still, sweeping the shop, and so forth. I only came into contact with the lower classes of society.
From five in the morning to eleven at night I was engaged in this work, and had not a moment free for study. Moreover I rapidly forgot the little that I had learnt in my childhood, but I did not lose the love of learning; indeed I never lost it, and, as long as I live, I shall never forget the evening when a drunken miller came into the shop. He was the son of a Protestant clergyman in a village near Teterow, and had almost concluded his studies at the Gymnasium when he was expelled on account of his bad conduct. To punish him for this, his father made him learn the trade of a miller. Dissatisfied with his lot, the young man gave himself up to drink, which however had not made him forget his Homer; for he recited to us about one hundred lines of the poet, observing the rhythmic cadence. Although I did not understand a word, the melodious speech made a deep impression upon me, and I wept bitter tears for my unhappy fate. Thrice I got him to repeat to me those god-like verses, paying him with three glasses of brandy, which I bought with the few pence that made up my whole fortune. From that moment I never ceased to pray God that by His grace I might yet have the happiness to learn Greek.
There seemed, however, no hope of my escaping from the sad and low position in which I found myself. And yet I was released from it as if by a miracle. In lifting a cask too heavy for me, I hurt my chest; I spat blood and was no longer able to work. In despair I went to Hamburg, where I succeeded in obtaining a situation as cabin-boy on board of a ship bound for La Guayra in Venezuela.[31]
On the 28th of November, 1841, we left Hamburg, but on the 12th of December we were shipwrecked in a fearful storm off the island of Texel. After innumerable dangers, the crew were saved. I regarded it as my destiny to remain in Holland, and resolved to go to Amsterdam and enlist as a soldier. But this could not be done as quickly as I had imagined, and the few florins, which I had collected as alms on the island of Texel and in Enkhuyzen, were soon spent in Amsterdam. As my means of living were entirely exhausted, I feigned illness and was taken into the hospital. From this terrible situation I was released by the kind ship-broker J. F. Wendt of Hamburg, who heard of my misfortune and sent me the proceeds of a small subscription which had been raised for me. He at the same time recommended me to the excellent Consul-General of the North German Confederation in Amsterdam, Mr. W. Hepner, who procured me a situation in the office of Mr. F. C. Quien.
In my new situation my work consisted in stamping bills of exchange and getting them cashed in the town, and in carrying letters to and from the post-office. This mechanical occupation suited me, for it left me time to think of my neglected education.
First of all I took pains to learn to write legibly, and then, in order to improve my position, I went on to the study of the modern languages. My annual salary amounted only to 800 francs (32_l._), half of which I spent upon my studies; on the other half I lived, miserably enough to be sure. My lodging, which cost 8 francs a month, was a wretched garret without a fire, where I shivered with cold in winter and was scorched with the heat in summer; my breakfast consisted of rye-meal porridge, and my dinner never cost more than a penny farthing. But nothing spurs one on more to study than misery and the certain prospect of being able to release oneself from it by unremitting work. I applied myself with extraordinary diligence to the study of English. Necessity showed me a method which greatly facilitates the study of a language. This method consists in reading a great deal aloud, without making a translation; devoting one hour every day to writing essays upon subjects that interest one, correcting these under a teacher’s supervision, learning them by heart, and repeating in the next lesson what was corrected on the previous day. My memory was bad, since from my childhood it had not been exercised upon any object; but I made use of every moment, and even stole time for study. I never went on my errands, even in the rain, without having my book in my hand and learning something by heart; and I never waited at the post-office without reading. By such means I gradually strengthened my memory, and in half a year I had succeeded in acquiring a thorough knowledge of the English language. I then applied the same method to the study of French, the difficulties of which I overcame likewise in another six months. These persevering and excessive studies had in the course of one year strengthened my memory to such a degree that the study of Dutch, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese appeared very easy, and it did not take me more than six weeks to write each of these languages and to speak them fluently. But my passion for study caused me to neglect my mechanical occupation in the office, especially when I began to consider it beneath me. My principals would give me no promotion; they probably thought that a person who shows his incapacity for the business of a servant in an office is therefore quite worthless for any higher duties.
At last, through the intercession of my worthy friends, L. Stoll of Mannheim and Ballauff of Bremen, I had the good fortune to obtain a situation as correspondent and bookkeeper in the office of Messrs. B. H. Schröder and Co. in Amsterdam, who engaged me at a salary of 1200 francs (48_l._); but when they saw my zeal, they paid me 2000 francs as an encouragement. This generosity, for which I shall ever be grateful to them, was in fact the foundation of my prosperity; for, as I thought that I could make myself still more useful by a knowledge of Russian, I set to work to learn that language also. But the only Russian books that I could procure were an old grammar, a lexicon, and a bad translation of Telemachus. In spite of all my inquiries I could not find a teacher of Russian, for no one in Amsterdam understood a word of the language: so I betook myself to study without a master, and, with the help of the grammar, I learnt the Russian letters and their pronunciation in a few days. Then, following my old method, I began to write short stories of my own composition and to learn them off by heart. As I had no one to correct my work, it was, no doubt, very bad indeed, but I tried at the same time to correct my faults by the practical exercise of learning Telemachus by heart. It occurred to me that I should make more progress if I had some one to whom I could relate the adventures of Telemachus; so I hired a poor Jew for 4 francs a week, who had to come every evening for two hours to listen to my Russian recitations, of which he did not understand a syllable.
As the ceilings of the rooms in Holland consist of single boards, people on the ground-floor can hear what is said in the third storey. My recitations therefore, delivered in a loud voice, annoyed the other tenants, who complained to the landlord, and twice during my study of the Russian language I was forced to change my lodgings. But these inconveniences did not diminish my zeal, and in the course of six weeks I wrote my first Russian letter to a Russian in London, and I was able to converse fluently in this language with the Russian merchants who had come to Amsterdam for the indigo auctions.
After I had concluded my study of the Russian language, I began to occupy myself seriously with the literatures of the languages which I had learnt.
In the beginning of the year 1846, my worthy principals sent me as their agent to St. Petersburg, where a year later I established a mercantile house on my own account; but, during the first eight or nine years that I spent in Russia, I was so overwhelmed with work that I could not continue my linguistic studies, and it was not till the year 1854 that I found it possible to acquire the Swedish and Polish languages.
Great as was my wish to learn Greek, I did not venture upon its study till I had acquired a moderate fortune; for I was afraid that this language would exercise too great a fascination upon me and estrange me from my commercial business. When, however, I could no longer restrain my desire for learning, I at last set vigorously to work at Greek in January 1856; first with Mr. N. Pappadakes, and then with Mr. Th. Vimpos of Athens, always following my old method. It did not take me more than six weeks to master the difficulties of modern Greek, and I then applied myself to the ancient language, of which in three months I learned sufficient to understand some of the ancient authors, and especially Homer, whom I read and re-read with the most lively enthusiasm.
I then occupied myself for two years exclusively with the ancient Greek literature; and during this time I read almost all the old authors cursorily, and the Iliad and Odyssey several times.
In the year 1858 I travelled to Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Italy and Egypt, where I sailed up the Nile as far as the second cataract in Nubia. I availed myself of this opportunity to learn Arabic, and I afterwards travelled across the desert from Cairo to Jerusalem. I visited Petra, traversed the whole of Syria, and in this manner I had abundant opportunity of acquiring a practical knowledge of Arabic, the deeper study of which I afterwards continued in St. Petersburg. After leaving Syria, I visited Athens in the summer of 1859, and I was on the point of starting for the island of Ithaca when I was seized with an illness which obliged me to return to St. Petersburg.
Heaven had blessed my mercantile undertakings in a wonderful manner, so that at the end of 1863 I found myself in possession of a fortune such as my ambition had never ventured to aspire to. I therefore retired from business, in order to devote myself exclusively to the studies which have the greatest fascination for me.
In the year 1864 I was on the road to visit the native island of Ulysses and the Plain of Troy, when I allowed myself to be persuaded to visit India, China and Japan, and to travel round the world. I spent two years on this journey, and on my return in 1866 I settled in Paris, with the purpose of devoting the rest of my life to study, and especially to archæology, which has the greatest charm for me.
At last I was able to realize the dream of my whole life, and to visit at my leisure the scene of those events which had such an intense interest for me, and the country of the heroes whose adventures had delighted and comforted my childhood. I started, therefore, last summer, and visited in succession the places which still possess such living poetic memorials of antiquity.
I had not, however, the ambition of publishing a work on the subject; this I only decided upon doing when I found what errors almost all archæologists had spread about the site once occupied by the Homeric capital of Ithaca, about the stables of Eumæus, the Island of Asteris, ancient Troy, the sepulchral mounds of Batiea and of Æsyetes, the tomb of Hector, and so forth.
Apart from the hope of correcting opinions which I hold to be erroneous, I should consider myself fortunate could I aid in diffusing among the intelligent public a taste for the beautiful and noble studies which have sustained my courage during the hard trials of my life, and which will sweeten the days yet left me to live.
HENRY SCHLIEMANN.
_6, Place St.-Michel, Paris, Dec. 31st, 1868._
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Troy and Its RemainsChapter VI: Appendix: On the Inscriptions Found at Hissarlik 363
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