Chapter XXXIV: Appendix: On the Inscriptions Found at Hissarlik (2)

Text size

+--------------------+-----------------------+
| Atlas. | Translation. |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| Pl. No. | No. Page. |
| 17, 503-4 | 2, 21 |
| 512 | 142, 173 |
| 513 | 37, 65 |
| 518 | 38, 65 |
| 519 | 39, 65 |
| 18, 529 | 40, 65 |
| 537 | 162, 232 |
| 540 | 290, 353 |
| 19, 541 | 143, 188 |
| 546 | 116, 162 |
| 553 | 147, 192 |
| 554 | 148, 192 |
| 555 | 4, 24, 368 |
| 556 | 78, 130 |
| 20, 562 | 109, 155 |
| 564 | 24, 36 |
| 565 | 18, 36 |
| 566 | 15, 36 |
| 567 | 12, 164 |
| 568 | 16, 36 |
| 570 | 20, 36 |
| 572 | 141, 172 |
| 577 | 23, 36 |
| 578_a_ | 77, 129 |
| 578_b_ | 76, 129 |
| 21, 583 | 26, 36 |
| 586 | 28, 36 |
| 587 | 144, 190 |
| 22, 592 | 71, 110 |
| 601 | 56, 94 |
| 610 | 57, 94 |
| 24, 639 | 66, 101 |
| 643 | 47, 83 |
| 644 | 48, 83 |
| 645 | 49, 83 |
| 24, 646 | 50, 83 |
| 656 | 67, 101 |
| 657 | 68, 101 |
| 660 | 122, 165 |
| 661 | 123, 165 |
| 662 | 124, 165 |
| 25, 665 | 14, 36 |
| 666 | 92, 159 |
| 669 | 93, 150 |
| 670 | 94, 150 |
| 671 | 95, 150 |
| 672 | 96, 150 |
| 674 | 97, 150 |
| 675 | 98, 150 |
| 678 | 99, 150 |
| 681 | 100, 150 |
| 682 | 101, 150 |
| 683 | 58, 94 |
| 685 | 61, 94 |
| 687 | 59, 94 |
| 689 | 60, 94 |
| 26, 700 | 83, 150 |
| 701 | 84, 150 |
| 702 | 85, 150 |
| 703 | 86, 150 |
| 705 | 87, 150 |
| 713 | 90, 150 |
| 718 | 88, 150 |
| 719 | 89, 150 |
| 720 | 91, 150 |
| 721 | 79, 135 |
| 27, 722 | 1, 15 |
| 732 | 110, 157 |
| 734 | 19, 36 |
| PLATE 30 | PLATE III. |
| 32, 774 | 131, 170 |
| 775 | 10, 34 |
| 776 | 11, 34 |
| 779 | 64, 97 |
| 782 | 136, 171 |
| 786 | 137, 171 |
| 787 | 134, 171 |
| 788 | 135, 171 |
| 34, 867 | 138, 172 |
| 868 | 139, 172 |
| 35, 872_a_ | 129, 169 |
| 874 | 132, 171 |
| 882 | 133, 171 |
| 41, 994 | 125, 166 |
| 996 | 130, 170 |
| 1003 | 70, 106 |
| 48, 1152 | 127, 167 |
| 52, 1158 | 128, 167 |
| 1257 | 126, 166 |
| 54, 1275 | 13, 35 |
| 55, 1287 | 41, 74 |
| 61, 1374 | 233, 320 |
| 64, 1433-5 | 157, 215 |
| 65, 1440 | 150, 208 |
| 1441 | 55, 87 |
| 1446 | 12, 34 |
| 67, 1497-8 | 232, 320 |
| 1505 | 184, 268 |
| 68, 1520 | 158, 219 |
| 69, 1535 | 45_a_, 82 |
| 1536 | 45_b_, 82 |
| 1537 | 45_c_, 82 |
| 1538 | 45_d_, 82 |
| 1539 | 45_e_, 82 |
| 1540 | 45_f_, 82 |
| 69, 1541 | 45_g_, 82 |
| 1553 | 46, 82 |
| 72, 1582 | 6, 25 |
| 75, 1623 | 74, 115 |
| 1628 | 155, 214 |
| 1630 | 113, 159 |
| 1632 | 51, 86 |
| 84, 1762 | 53, 87 |
| 1768 | 111, 158 |
| 1770 | 112, 158 |
| 90, 1864 | 117, 163 |
| 1880 | 118, 163 |
| 1886 | 119, 163 |
| 91, 1893 | 151, 208 |
| 97, 2022 | 153, 209 |
| 2025 | 104, 151 |
| 98, 2044 | 8, 25 |
| 101, 2272_a-d_ | 108, 155 |
| 2272_g_ | 120, 163 |
| 2272_l_ | 154, 211 |
| 102, 2290-1 | 73, 114 |
| 2292 | 102, 151 |
| 2293 | 103, 151 |
| 103, 2294 | 107, 153 |
| 2296 | 106, 152 |
| 104, 2298 | 105, 152 |
| 2299 | 152, 209 |
| PLATE 110 | PLATE VIII. |
| 114, 2317 | 156, 214 |
| 2325 | 72, 110 |
| PLATE 118 | MAP. |
| 119, 2330 | 159, 228 |
| 2331 | 65, 97 |
| 120, 2352 | 160, 229 |
| 2362 | 161, 229 |
| 120, 2363 | 170, 237 |
| 121, 2389 | 454, XLII. |
| 2390-1? | 477, XLVII. |
| 2392 | 451, XLII. |
| 2393 | 367, XXVII. |
| 122, 2423 | 384 XXX. |
| 2432 | 171, 238 |
| 2435 | 9, 27 |
| 2438 | 165, 235 |
| 2442 | 435, XXXIX. |
| 2444 | 167, 236 |
| 123, 2467 | 166, 236 |
| 125, 2515 | 489, XLIX. |
| 126, 2554 | 455, XLIII. |
| 2555 | 164, 235 |
| 2560 | 163, 234 |
| PLATE 127 | PLATE IV. |
| 130, 2561 | 176, 261 |
| 2577 | 177, 261 |
| 132, 2613 | 172, 255 |
| 2615 | 473, XLVII. |
| 133, 2633 | 179, 264 |
| 2638 | 180, 264 |
| 2639 | 174, 260 |
| 2662 | 202, 286 |
| 134, 2664 | 193, 282 |
| 2674 | 195, 283 |
| 2683 | 192, 281 |
| 135, 2694 | 404, XXXIV. |
| 2699 | 300, 372 |
| 2706 | 187, 268 |
| 2707 | 186, 268 |
| 2708 | 181, 265 |
| 2721 | 189, 279 |
| 138, 2741 | 82, 139 |
| 138, 2746 | 63, 95 |
| 139, 2755 | 178, 262 |
| 140, 2768 | 52, 86 |
| 2769 | 196, 283 |
| 141, 2778 | 36, 63 |
| 2780 | 197, 284 |
| 2782 | 194, 282 |
| 2784 | 199, 285 |
| 142, 2791 | 191, 280 |
| 2803 | 198, 285 |
| 2806 | 200, 286 |
| 2815 | 422, XXVII. |
| 143, 2827 | 201, p. 286 |
| 2840 | 395, XXXII. |
| 145, 2838 _bis_ | 215, 296 |
| 2839 _bis_ | 204, 292 |
| 146, 2850 | 190, 280 |
| 147, 2862 | 209, 294 |
| 2865 | 210, 295 |
| 2889 | 29, 36 |
| 2892 | 371, XXVII. |
| 148, 2898 | 439, XL. |
| 2899 | 29, p. 36. |
| 2912 | 206, 293 |
| 2921 | 216, 296 |
| 2924 | 217, 297 |
| 149, 2951 | 213, 296 |
| 2952 | 209, 296 |
| 2964 | 378, XXVIII |
| 150, 2975 | 211, 295 |
| 2977 | 203, 291 |
| 2981 | 205, 292 |
| 2984 | 487, XLIX. |
| 2988 | 212, p. 295 |
| 2998 | 214, 296 |
| PLATE 153 | PLATE V. |
| 154, 3050 | 168, 237 |
| 3051 | 169, 237 |
| PLATE 156 | PLATE XI. B. |
| PLATE 157 | PLATE IX. |
| 158, 3063 | 231, 317 |
| 3065 | 220, 308 |
| PLATE 159 | 188, 278 |
| 160, 3084 | 229, 315 |
| 161, 3087 | 228, 315 |
| 3088 | 230, 315 |
| 3089 | 54, 87 |
| 3092 | 221, 309 |
| 3092 | 33-4, 50 |
| 3094 | 224, 311 |
| 3095 | 222, 310 |
| 3096 | 223, 310 |
| 162, 3111 | 363, XXVI. |
| 3117 | 464, XLIV. |
| 3124 | 448, XLI. |
| 3131 | 226, 312 |
| 3134 | 472, XLVI. |
| 163, 3143 | 385, XXXI. |
| 3158 | 421, XXXVI. |
| 3166 | 225, 312 |
| 164, 3171-3 |HEADING TO CONTENTS. |
| 3174-7 |LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. |
| 3187 | 366, XXVII. |
| 3189 | 431, XXXVIII. |
| 3193 | 227, 312 |
| 165, 3224 | 453, XLII. |
| 166, 3229 | 497, LII. |
| 3233 | 291, 363 |
| 3248 | 21, 36 |
| 3249 | 31, 37 |
| 166, 3252 | 388, XXXI. |
| 3258 | 7, 25 |
| 168, 3273 | 3_a_, 23 |
| 3278 | 3_b_, 23, 369 |
| PLATE 169 | PLATE X. |
| PLATE 170 | PLATE XI. A. |
| 171, 3290 | 349, XXIV. |
| 3292 | 145, 191 |
| 3295 | 146, 191 |
| 3296 | 289, 352 |
| 172, 3323 | 386, XXXI. |
| 3341 | 405, XXXIV. |
| 173, 3364 | 360, XXV. |
| 174, 3380 | 288, 352 |
| 175, 3384 | 287, 351 |
| 3390 | 286, 351 |
| 176, 3401 | 284, 342 |
| PLATE 177 | PLATE VII. A. |
| PLATE 178 | PLATE VII. B. |
| PLATE 180 | PLATE I. |
| PLATE 186 | PLATE VI. |
| 187, 3407 | 182, 265 |
| 3415 | 494, LI. |
| 188, 3439 | 207, 294 |
| 3450 | 114, 160 |
| 189, 3455 | 173, 258 |
| 3462 | 283, 341 |
| 190, 3464 | 374, XXVIII. |
| 3474 | 5, 24, 368 |
| 191, 3483 | 219, 307 |
| 192, 3484 | 262, 332 |
| 3485 | 264, 332 |
| 3486 | 247, XVIII. |
| 3489 | 256, 330 |
| 3490 | 269, 333 |
| 192, 3490_a_ | 243, XVII. |
| 3490_b_ | 244, XVII. |
| 3490_c_ | 245, XVII. |
| 3490_d_ | 246, XVII. |
| 193, 3492 | 257, 330 |
| 3493 | 258, 330 |
| 3495_d_ | 259, 330 |
| 3495_e_ | 260, 330 |
| 3495 | 218, 302 |
| 3495_a_ | 218, 302 |
| 3495_g_ | 267, 332 |
| 194, 3496 | 273, 334 |
| 3497_a_ | 274, 334 |
| 3497_b_ | 275, 334 |
| 3499 | 263, 332 |
| 3502 | 252, 330 |
| 3503 | 253, 330 |
| 3504_a_ | 261, 331 |
| 3504_f_ | 254, 330 |
| 3504_g_ | 255, 330 |
| 3504_i_ | 272, 334 |
| 195, 3511 | 285, 350 |
| 196, Selection. | 278, XX |
| 197, 3585 | 270, 334 |
| 3586 | 271, 334 |
| 3586_a_ | 236, XV |
| 198, 3587 | 234, XIV |
| 199, 3588 | 235, XIV |
| 200, 3489-94 | 242, XVII |
| 3595 | 250, XVIII |
| 3596 | 251, XVIII |
| 201, 3600 | 265, 332 |
| 3600_a_ | 266, 332 |
| 3600_b_ | 268, 332 |
| 3600_c_ | 249, XVIII |
| 202, 3601 | 281, 337 |
| 3602 | 238, XV. |
| 3603 | 248, XVIII. |
| 3603_a_ | 237, XV. |
| 3603_b_ | 240, XVI. |
| 203_a_ | 239, XVI. |
| 204 | PLATE II. |
| 205 | 276, XIX. |
| 206 | 277, XIX. |
| 208 | 282, 339 |
| 209 | 279-80, XX. |
| 211 | PLATE XII. |
| 212 | PLATE XIII. |
| 213 | PLAN I. |
| 214 | PLAN II. |
| 215 | PLAN IV. 347 |
| 216 | PLAN III. 306 |
| 217 and last. | 32, 48. |

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JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

The Plain of Troy. ]

PLAN OF ILIUM THE GRECIAN COLONY. ]

RUINS OF TROY.

GENERAL PLAN OF RESEARCHES MADE BY M. SCHLIEMANN IN 1870, 1871, 1872 AND 1873.

[dotted line] Outer Wall of Lysimachus. [dotted line] Outer Wall of Troy. 1. Greek Wall. 2. Great Hellenic Construction. 3. Interior Bastion of Lysimachus. 4. Great Tower of Ilium. 5. Trenches for the protection of Archers. 6. Courses of stone in form of seats. 7. Ruins of Palace of Priam and later superincumbent constructions. 8. Trojan constructions erected upon old Trojan houses in the depths of the Temple of Minerva. 9. Large jars of earthenware enclosed in the wall. 10. Wall of the Temple of Minerva under Lysimachus. 11. Remains of the same Temple of Minerva. 12. House of two storeys in the basement of the Temple anterior to the taking of Troy. 13. Trojan houses. 14. Sacrificial Altar of the Trojan Minerva, with drain for carrying away the blood. 15. Inner Cistern of the Temple of Minerva of Lysimachus. 16. Remains of the Wall of the Temple of Minerva under Lysimachus. 17. Remains of Trojan houses. 18. Remains of the Temple of Minerva. 19. Wall constructed of fragments of the columns of the Temple of Minerva. 20. Outer Wall later than Troy. 21. Wall later than Troy. 22. Artificial Mound. 23. Wall of Troy. 24. Trojan houses and later walls built upon them. 25. Wall anterior to Troy. 26. Mosaic anterior to the Epoch of Priam. 27. Wall of Fortification anterior to the time of Troy. 28. Sustaining Wall anterior to Troy. 29. Mound of natural or virgin soil. 30. Hellenic Wall. 31. Excavations of Mr. Frank Calvert. 32. Outer Wall of Troy. 33. Encircling Wall later than Troy. 34. Tower later than Troy. 35. Encircling Wall later than Troy. 36. Hellenic Tower. 37. Scæan Gate, and paved road. 38. Dwelling-house. 39. Lodging for Workpeople. 40. Magazine. 41. Workpeople’s Canteen. 42. Place where the treasure of Priam was found. ]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See the Appendix, pages 369, 370.

[2] “_Trojanische Alterthümer. Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Troja_, von DR. HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN. Leipzig, in Commission bei F. A. Brockhaus, 1874.” It may be convenient to state here, lest the reader should be disappointed at finding no details of the excavations at Hissarlik in the first year (1870), that the work of that year was merely preliminary to the systematic researches of 1871-3. An account of that first year’s work, and of the arguments which convinced Dr. Schliemann that he must search for Troy at Hissarlik and no where else, will be found in his earlier work, “_Ithaque, le Péloponnèse, et Troie_.”

[3] Several misprints and wrong references in the original have been corrected. For the correction respecting the _débris_ at Jerusalem (note to p. 218), the Editor is indebted to his friend Mr. George Grove.

[4] The Anglicized form of the word is used as a matter of common sense and convenience. Dr. Schliemann does the same in German.

[5] See the Letter of Mr. S. Comnos in the _Athenæum_ of August 8th, and the Answer of Dr. Schliemann in the _Academy_ of November 7th, 1874.

[6] See Mr. Newton’s Report, and the discussion thereupon, in the _Academy_ of February 14th, 1874, and in the ‘Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries.'

[7] The _Athenæum_, November 7th, 1874. Some of Mr. Calvert’s corrections seem of importance, but we have not felt it right to use them in the absence of the reply which Dr. Schliemann will doubtless make, as he has done to his other critics.

[8] _Iliad_, II. 486. See the full quotation at p. 346. Professor Max Müller quotes the same passage in favour of the non-reality of Homer’s Troy; but surely the κλέος ἀκούομεν implies a positive tradition, and the οὐδέ τι ἴδμεν confesses ignorance of details only. Are Homer’s Hellespont, and his Plain of Troy, watered by the Scamander and Simoïs, also “to be sought rather among the Muses who dwell on Olympus than” about “the Hill of Hissarlik"?

[9] The excellent dissertation by Dr. Eckenbrecher, to which Schliemann refers at page 46, has just been republished in a revised edition, “_Die Lage des Homerischen Troja_, von Dr. GUSTAV VON ECKENBRECHER.” With 2 Maps and a View of Hissarlik, 1875. The Author has purposely kept his argument in favour of the site at Hissarlik, from Homer and the later classical writers, distinct from what he distinctly accepts as its confirmation by Schliemann’s discoveries.

[10] See the remarks on this point in the _Appendix_, p. 364. Lest the views here indicated should seem to be at variance with the frequent use of the term “pre-Hellenic” throughout this work, it may be well to explain, once for all, that “pre-Hellenic” is to be taken as signifying nothing else than “before the occupation of the site by the people of the historical Greek Ilium.”

[11] The _Phrygians_ (of which race the Trojans were a branch) are among the nations mentioned as having held in succession the supremacy at sea (θαλασσοκρατία).

[12] The evidence of the Egyptian monuments to the power of Troy, and the bearing of that evidence on the date of the remains at Hissarlik, are among the subjects which we must refrain from discussing, as both too large and as yet too imperfectly investigated. It must suffice at present to refer to the letters by M. FRANÇOIS LENORMANT in the _Academy_ for March 21st and March 28th, 1874, and to the two articles in the _Contemporary Review_ for June and July, 1874, which it is understood that Mr. GLADSTONE is about to republish under the title of ‘_Homer and Egypt_; a Contribution towards determining the Place of Homer in Chronology.'

[13] Those desirous of pursuing this study from its fountain-head may consult, besides the works quoted by Dr. Schliemann, SPIEGEL’S ‘Iranian Antiquities’ (_Eranische Alterthumskunde_, Vols. I. and II., Leipzig, 1871, 1873).

[14] Professor Van Benschoten’s ‘Remarks on Dr. Schliemann’s Discoveries,’ in the ‘Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Session of the American Philological Association, held at Hartford, July 1874.’ We have been pleased to find this testimony, while correcting this sheet for press, in the _Academy_ for January 9th, 1875.

[15] Had the first conclusions of Haug and Gomperz remained good, we should have had the very significant evidence that all the inscriptions were in the nature of dedications or invocations; but of course this question must now be held in suspense.

[16] See Max Müller’s Review of Schliemann in the _Academy_, Jan. 10th, 1874, p. 39; Schliemann’s Reply, entitled ‘Hera Boöpis and Athené Glaukopis,’ _Ibid._ Nov. 21st, 1874, p. 563, and Max Müller’s Rejoinder, _Ibid._ Nov. 24th, p. 585.

[17] On the whole subject of this symbolism see the recent work of PROFESSOR CONZE on the ‘Figures of Heroes and Gods’ (_Heroen-und Götter-Gestalten_). He shows that the _symbol_ preceded the _image_, two things which have been confounded in the discussion. A fuller illustration may be obtained from the use of _animals_ in the _armorial devices of the Greeks_, which has been recently discussed by Professor Curtius in a paper contributed to the Berlin Academy of Science. He believes that the practice came originally from _Assyria_, so that _Troy_ would be on the route.

[18] While writing this, we remember (though without the means of verification at hand) that Niebuhr maintains the same view in his ‘Lectures on Ancient History'; and it is confirmed by the tradition among the Æolians of the Troad, that Agamemnon was the founder of their colony (κτίστης).

[19] See the _Academy_, Jan. 9th, 1875.

[20] ‘_Anatolica_; or the Journal of a Visit to some of the ancient Ruined Cities of Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia. By the Rev. E. J. DAVIS, H.B.M.'s Consular Chaplain, Alexandria, 1874.’ Page 101.

[21] The _Academy_, Nov. 7th, 1874.

[22] The only exceptions to this description are the two terra-cottas, Pl. XXI. No. 309, and Pl. XLVIII. No. 484, and the one on Pl. XXIV. No. 349, which links the whorls with the round terra-cottas of the Greek strata.

[23] The descriptions of the patterns are partly from Dr. Schliemann’s work, and partly added by the Editor; but the chief part are from M. Burnouf’s descriptions appended to the original drawings by himself and his accomplished daughter, from which all, from Plate XXIV. and onwards, have been engraved. These descriptions are quoted simply for what they may be worth, as the _speculations_ of so eminent an orientalist. We have omitted some of them as too speculative. In special cases the initial (B) is added. The material, colour, and style of work are given from M. Burnouf’s notes. Those on Plates XXI., XXII., XXIII., are engraved from the photographs in Schliemann’s Atlas.

[24] D for _double_, denotes a whorl decorated on both sides.

[25] In M. Burnouf’s descriptions the 卐 is called “_le sacrifice_,” or “_le saint sacrifice_.”

[26] Where the depth is not given, we have been unable to discover the objects in the Atlas; neither the numbers nor the depths being given on the drawings.

[27] One of numerous examples showing the workman’s _free hand_; he has not measured his spaces with any exactness.

[28] This is rather suggestive of a _teetotum_.

[29] An example of one of the rudest attempts at drawing from the _latest_ pre-Hellenic stratum; some equally rude figures are scratched on a wall at Pompeii.

[30] This is an example of many cases, in which the pattern may be viewed quite differently, according as we start from the centre or from the circumference.

[31] Dr. Schliemann desires us to add that this ship was the “Dorothea” (Captain Simonsen), owned by the merchants Wachsmuth and Kroog.--{ED.}

[32] Each of these Memoirs forms a chapter of the Translation.

[33] For this remarkable vessel see Chapter XXIII. and Plate XVII.

[34] But a second was found in the stratum above (see the Illustration, No. 35, at the end of the Introduction).

[35] The word by which Dr. Schliemann usually denotes these curious objects is _carrousels_, as a translation of _fusaioli_, the term applied by the Italian antiquaries to the similar objects found in the marshes about Modena. It is difficult to choose an English word, without assuming their use on the one hand, or not being specific enough on the other. _Top_ and _teetotum_ are objectionable on the former grounds, and _wheel_ is objectionable on both. On the whole, _whorl_ seems most convenient, and Dr. Schliemann gives his approval to this term. Their various shapes are shown in the Plates at the end of the volume. Those in the form of single cones, with flat bases, seem to be what Dr. Schliemann calls volcanoes (_Vulkans_), the hole representing the _crater_.--{ED.}

[36] See p. 280.

[37] See the Plan of Greek Ilium (Plan I.).

[38] See the Plan of Dr. Schliemann’s Researches. (Plan II.).

[39] The double form of an outer and inner gate, and the use of πύλαι in the plural for a city gate, are both far too frequent to justify our founding an argument merely on the plural form of the Σκαίαι πύλαι.--{ED.}

[40]

Νῦν δὲ δὴ Αἰνείαο βίη Τρώεσσιν ἀνάξει,
Καὶ παίδων παῖδες, τοί κεν μετόπισθε γένωνται.

“But o’er the Trojans shall Æneas reign,
And his sons’ sons, through ages yet unborn.”

This is the declaration of Poseidon to the gods, when Æneas was in peril of his life by the sword of Achilles. (But compare p. 182).--{ED.}

[41] To this statement there are at least some exceptions. See the Analysis by M. Damour, of Lyon, at the end of the book.--{ED.}

[42] We omit here the Author’s further enumeration of the objects composing the “King’s Treasure,” as they are fully described on the occasion of their wonderful discovery (Chapter XXIII.). Meanwhile the Plate opposite gives a general view of the whole.--{ED.}

[43] Engraved among the lithographic plates at the end of the volume, Pl. LI., No. 496. Since the publication of Dr. Schliemann’s work, many of these Trojan inscriptions have been more certainly determined to be real inscriptions in the _Cyprian syllabic character_, through the researches of Dr. Martin Haug and Professor Gomperz of Vienna. (See the Appendix.)--{ED.}

[44] Dr. Schliemann has since pronounced these crown-shaped vessels to be _covers_ of vases; though they may, he thinks, have been used for cups as well. One is seen placed on the splendid vase on p. 48.--[ED]

[45] See Plan III., p. 306.

[46] _Iliad_, V. 640-642, where Tlepolemus boasts of his ancestor Hercules--

Ὅς ποτε δεῦρ’ ἐλθὼν ἕνεχ’ ἵππων Λαομέδοντος,
Ἓξ οἴῃς σὺν νηυσὶ καὶ ἀνδράσι παυροτέροισιν,
Ἰλίου ἐξαλάπαξε πόλιν, χήρωσε δ’ ἀγυιάς.

“With but six ships, and with a scanty band,
The horses by Laomedon withheld
Avenging, he o’erthrew this city, Troy,
And made her streets a desert.”

[47] This most important key to the archæological evidence collected by Dr. Schliemann has been preserved in the present translation. The depths are given in _meters_ for the reasons stated in the Preface.

[48] These objects resemble those from other strata, engraved in Chapter IV. and subsequently.

[49] Chapter XVI., p. 239; comp. Chap. XV., p. 230, XVII., p. 250, XIX., p. 272.

[50] It will be seen, however, from the analysis of M. Damour, that traces of iron (probably in the state of an ore) are found in one of the sling-bullets discovered by Dr. Schliemann.--{ED.}

[51] See Plan II. at the end of the volume.

[52] Chapter X.

[53] _Nimbus und Strahlenkranz._

[54] See the Sections on the Plates of Whorls.

[55] For examples of this type see Nos. 337, 340, 341, &c.

[56] See the Illustrations to Chapter II., p. 65.

[57] ‘Le Signe de la Croix,’ pp. 88-89.

[58] See the Sections of Plain Whorls, Pl. XXI., Nos. 436-440.

[59] This statement needs considerable qualification. The notes on M. Burnouf’s drawings, supplied by Dr. Schliemann for this book, frequently describe the decorated whorls as worn and rubbed, especially on the under side and at the point, in some cases “by a circular motion.” All this strongly favours the hypothesis of their use for spindles.--{ED.}

[60] These restorations are indicated in the engravings by light shading.

[61] XIII. i., p. 122, Tauchnitz edition.

[62] Strabo, XIII. i., p. 99. See the Map of the Plain of Troy.

[63] XIII. i., p. 103.

[64] ‘Rheinisches Museum,’ Neue Folge, III., s. 573-608.

[65] ‘Jahresbericht über das Gymnasium Fridericianum,’ Schwerin, 1871 und 1872.

[66] ‘Rheinisches Museum,’ Neue Folge, 2. Jahrg., s. 1 fg.

[67] ‘Dissertation on the Topography of the Trojan War.’ Edinburgh, 1822. Second Edition. ‘The Plain of Troy described,’ &c. 1863. Dr. Schliemann might have added the weighty authority of Mr. Grote, ‘History of Greece,’ vol. i., chap. xv.--{ED.}

[68] Dr. Émile Burnouf has published a very clear and interesting account of Dr. Schliemann’s discoveries, in the ‘Revue des Deux Mondes’ for Jan. 1, 1874.--{ED.}

[69] As we call it, _lamp-black_, that is, tolerably pure carbon.--{ED.}

[70] See the Cut No. 1 on p. 15.

[71] These are the vases so often mentioned as having the form of great champagne glasses (see the Cuts on pp. 85, 158, 166, 171). Dr. Schliemann also applies the name to the unique boat-shaped vessel of pure gold found in the Treasure.--{ED.}

[72] If M. Burnouf meant this seriously at the time, it can now only stand as a curious coincidence, interesting as one example of the tentative process of this new enquiry. (See the Appendix.)--{ED.}

[73] These indications of a fifth pre-Hellenic settlement, if confirmed by further investigation, would seem to point to the spread of the Lydians over western Asia Minor.--ED.

[74] This date refers to Dr. Schliemann’s former opinion, that there were Byzantine remains at Hissarlik. He now places the final destruction of Ilium in the fourth century, on the evidence of the latest coins found there. See pp. 318, 319.--ED.

[75] _Voyage de la Troade_ (3e éd. Paris, 1802).

[76] See Plan I., of Greek Ilium, at the end of the volume.

[77] See the Frontispiece.

[78] See Plan II., of the Excavations, at the end of the volume.

[79] The Turkish _piaster_ is somewhat over twopence English.

[80] Herod. VII. 43.

[81] Strabo, XIII. 1. 8; Arrian, I. 11.; Plutarch, Life of Alexander the Great, viii.

[82] See Plan II., of the Excavations.

[83] The various forms of the whorls are shown in the lithographed plates at the end of the volume.

[84] See Plate IV. View of the Northern part of the Plain of Troy.

[85] Homer, _Iliad_, II. 790-794:--

Ἀγχοῦ δ’ ἱσταμένη προσέφη πόδας ὠκέα Ἶρις·
Εἴσατο δὲ φθογγὴν υἷϊ Πριάμοιο Πολίτῃ,
Ὃς Τρώων σκοπὸς ἵζε, ποδωκείῃσι πεποιθὼς,
Τύμβῳ ἐπ’ ἀκροτάτῳ Αἰσυήταο γέροντος,
Δέγμενος ὁππότε ναῦφιν ἀφορμηθεῖεν Ἀχαιοί--

“Swift Iris stood amidst them, and the voice
Assuming of Polites, Priam’s son,
The Trojan scout, who, trusting to his speed,
Was posted on the summit of the mound
Of ancient Æsyetes, there to watch
Till from their ships the Grecian troops should march--”

[86] See Plate V., View of the South-eastern part of the Plain of Troy. The word “perpetual” (_ewigem_) in reference to the snow on Ida is omitted at the desire of the Author, who has ascertained that the summit is clear of snow in July and August.--{ED.}

[87] The difference of temperature in the springs seems to have been disproved afterwards. (See Chapter V., p. 92.)--{ED.}

[88] This work has now been done. See ‘Introduction,’ p. 51.

[89] The ‘Introduction’ has already shown how Dr. Schliemann changed his opinion as to the magnitude of Troy. Compare also Chapter XXIII. It is hard to see how the vague poetic language of the passage cited furnishes any _data_ for the computation in the text.--{ED.}

[90] See the Map.

[91] Lycophron’s _Cassandra_; Virgil’s _Æneid_, III., 302-305; Strabo, XIII., 1.

[92] For the further and most interesting discoveries which speedily led Dr. Schliemann to recal this conjecture, and which have affected all previous theories about the ages of stone and bronze, see the beginning of Chapter IV.

[93] The stone implements here described are so similar in form to the better-made objects of the same sort, exhibited in subsequent illustrations, that it seems superfluous to engrave them here.--{ED.}

[94] This depth of 10 meters, or 33 feet, is that which Dr. Schliemann came to regard as the _lower_ limit of the ruins of the true heroic Troy. The depth of 7 meters, or 23 feet, presently mentioned is the _upper_ limit of the same stratum. (See the Introduction and the later Memoirs.)--{ED.}

[95] These, like all the objects of copper found at Troy, are coated with verdigris and malachite. (Letter-press to the Atlas.)

[96] See Plate LI., No. 496. Comp. Chapter IX., p. 138. This is one of the most important of the inscriptions determined to be such by Professor Gomperz. It has _six_ characters. (See the Appendix.)

[97] This is given on Plate XXII., No. 326, from the Photograph, and more accurately from M. Burnouf’s drawing on Plate XLVIII., No. 482. Dr. Schliemann supposed that it bore an inscription; but he afterwards recalled the opinion. (See Chapter IX., p. 137.)--[ED.]

[98] These cups, as already observed, are really covers of vases, the “coronet” being the upper, instead of the under part.--{ED.}

[99] In these the Author afterwards recognized moulds for casting instruments and ornaments of copper. (See Chapter IX.)--[ED.]

[100] This refers to the _lowest_ of the _strata_, which Dr. Schliemann long took for the ruins of the Homeric Troy.--[ED.]

[101] A few, however, were afterwards found in lower strata, at 6 and even 8 meters. (See p. 295.)--[ED.]

[102] See the Frontispiece and Plan II.

[103] Gabriel de Mortillet, _Le Signe de la Croix avant le Christianisme_.

[104] Plates XXI. to LII. at the end of the volume.

[105] Copied in the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Organ der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie und Urgeschichte_, 1871, Heft III.

[106] Émile Burnouf, _La Science des Religions_.

[107] A. W. Franks, _Horæ ferales_, pl. 30, fig. 19.

[108] The cut, for which we are indebted to Mr. Fergusson, represents the foot-print of Buddha, as carved on the Amraverti Tope, near the river Kistna. Besides the _suastika_, repeated again and again on the heels, the cushions, and the toes, it bears the emblem of the _mystic rose_, likewise frequently repeated (comp. the lithographed whorls, Nos. 330, 339, &c.), and the central circles show a close resemblance to some of the Trojan whorls.--{ED.}

[109] See an illustration to Chapter X. for similar ivories, still more interesting, from their greater depth, than those mentioned in the text, which are very imperfectly shown on the original photograph.

[110] See the Plate of Idols, p. 36.

[111] See Cut, No. 13, p. 35.

[112] Dr. Schliemann is here speaking of the “cups” which he afterwards decided to be _covers_, which of course represent only the _head_, the _body_ being on the vase.--{ED.}

[113] See Cut, No. 54, p. 86.

[114] _Ithaque, le Péloponnèse et Troie._ Dr. Schliemann’s subsequent change of opinion on this point is explained in subsequent chapters, and in the Introduction.

[115] The various types of whorls spoken of here and throughout the work are delineated in the lithographic Plates at the end of the volume, and are described in the List of Illustrations.

[116] These “rising suns” are the arcs with their ends resting on the circumference of the whorl, as in Nos. 321-28, and many others on the Plates. M. Burnouf describes them as “stations of the sun.”

[117] For the type of whorls with “sôma-trees” or “trees of life” (four, or more, or fewer), see Nos. 398, 400, 401, 404, &c. In No. 410 the four trees form a cross.

[118] Plate LII., No. 498.

[119] This falcon seems to be represented by rude two-legged figures on some of the whorls:--_e. g._ on Plate XLV., No. 468 (comp. p. 135).

[120] _Abhandlungen der K. bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften_, 1846, S. 127.

[121] A. Kuhn, ‘Herabkunft des Feuers.'

[122] _Geschichte der Kunst._

[123] See the cut No. 75 and also on Plate XXX., No. 382. M. Burnouf describes the animal to the right as a _hare_, the symbol of the Moon, and the other two as the _antelopes_, which denote the prevailing of the two halves of the month (_quinzaines_).

[124] See Plate XXXV., No. 414. The same symbol is seen on several other examples.

[125] _Iliad_, XIV. 346-351. An English writer ought surely to use our old-fashioned form _Jove_, which is also even philologically preferable as the stem common to Ζεύς and _Ju_-piter (Διο = Ζεϝ = _Jov_), rather than the somewhat pedantically sounding Ζεύς.--{ED.}

[126] _Essays_, II. 93.

[127] _Iliad_, XX. 216-218:--

Κτίσσε δὲ Δαρδανίην· ἐπεὶ οὔπω Ἴλιος ἱρὴ Ἐν πεδίῳ πεπόλιστο,
πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων, Ἀλλ’ ἔθ’ ὑπωρείας ᾤκεον πολυπίδακος Ἴδης.

“By Dardanus, of cloud-compelling Jove Begotten, was Dardania peopled
first, Ere sacred Ilion, populous city of men, Was founded on the
plain; as yet they dwelt On spring-abounding Ida’s lowest spurs.”

[128] See Plate XXII., No. 327.

[129] _Essays_, II. 324.

[130] _Herabkunft des Feuers_, p. 59.

[131] See, for example, _Iliad_, XI. 633-635, _Odyssey_, XV. 116, 446.

[132] Dr. Schliemann found afterwards that these fragments did not belong to double cups. (See Chap. XXII., p. 313, and ‘Introduction,’ p. 15.)

[133] As the device on a seal may be presumed to be significant, and as patterns strikingly similar to this occur on some of the whorls (_e.g._ on Plate XLIV., No. 461), we have a strong argument for the significance of the latter class of devices.--{ED.}

[134] See Plate XXII., No. 321.

[135] That is, belonging to the lowest stratum.

[136] Chapter VII., p. 121.

[137] See No. 380, on Plate XXIX.

[138] See No. 383, on Plate XXX.

[139] Plate XXIX., No. 379. The front bears 4 卐; on the back are the emblems described, which are shown separately in detail, and of which M. Burnouf gives an elaborate description. (See List of Illustrations.)

[140] Plate XXVIII., No. 377; compare Plate XXVII., No. 367.

[141] See Plate XXII., No. 328; the _depth_ (14 M.) deserves special notice. The _wheel-shape_, which is characteristic of the whorls in the lowest stratum, is seen at No. 314, Plate XXI.

[142] Chapter IV., p. 84. See Plate XXII., No. 326, from the Atlas of Photographs, and Plate XLVIII., No. 482, from M. Burnouf’s drawings.

[143] Plate XXX., No. 383.

[144] Page 83, and Plate LI., No. 496. This is one of the inscriptions examined by Professor Gomperz. (See Appendix.)

[145] See Cut, No. 81, and Plate XXVII., No. 369. The latter is an inscription, which Professor Gomperz has discussed. (See Appendix.)

[146] Iliad, VI. 168-170:--

Πέμπε δέ μιν Λυκίηνδε, πόρεν δ’ ὅ γε σήματα λυγρά,
Γράψας ἐν πίνακι πτυκτῷ θυμοφθόρα πολλά,
Δεῖξαι δ’ ἠνώγειν ᾧ πενθερῷ ὄφρ’ ἀπόλοιτο.

“But to the father of his wife, the King
Of Lycia, sent him forth, with tokens charged
Of dire import, on folded tablets traced,
Which, to the monarch shown, might work his death.”

[147] Chapter IV., pp. 83-84. Though not Phœnician, these are Cyprian letters, and they have been discussed by Professor Gomperz, who found in this very whorl his _experimentum crucis_. (See Appendix.)

[148] Chapter IV., p. 87.

[149] Some examples of these jars, still more interesting on account of the great depth at which they were found, are seen in Plate XI., p. 290.

[150] Chapter VIII.

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Troy and Its RemainsChapter XXXIV: Appendix: On the Inscriptions Found at Hissarlik (2)

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