Chapter XXV: Part 25

2. Disposition of the mind; propensity; as, the aptness of men to follow example. 3. Quickness of apprehension; readiness in learning; d?cility; as, an aptness to learn is more observable in some children than in others. 4. Proneness; tendency; as, the aptness of iron to rust. Ap¶tote (?), n. [L. aptotum, Gr. ? indeclinable; ? priv. + ? fallen, declined, ? to fall.] (Gram.) A noun which has no distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun. ApÏtot¶ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, aptotes; uninflected; as, aptotic languages. Ø Ap¶tyÏchus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, fold.] (Zo”l.) A shelly plate found in the terminal chambers of ammonite shells. Some authors consider them to be jaws; others, opercula. Ø A¶pus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?. See Apode, n.] (Zo”l.) A genus of freshÐwater phyllopod crustaceans. See Phyllopod. Ap·yÏret¶ic (?), a. [Pref. a? not + pyretic.] (Med.) Without fever; Ð applied to days when there is an intermission of fever. Dunglison. Ø Ap·yÏrex¶iÏa (?), Ap·yÏrex·y (?), } n. [NL. apyrexia, fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to be feverish, fr. ? fire: cf. F. apyrexie.] (Med.) The absence of intermission of fever. Ap·yÏrex¶iÏal (?), a. (Med.) Relating to apyrexy. ½Apyrexial period.¸ Brande & C. Ap¶yÏrous (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? fire.] Incombustible; capable of sustaining a strong heat without alteration of form or properties. Ø A¶qua (?), n. [L. See Ewer.] Water; Ð a word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in various signification, determined by the word or words annexed. ÷ ammoni‘, the aqueous solution of ammonia; liquid ammonia; often called aqua ammonia. Ð ÷ marine (?), or ÷ marina (?). Same as Aquamarine. Ð ÷ regia (?). [L., royal water] (Chem.), a very corrosive fuming yellow liquid consisting of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It has the power of dissolving gold, the ½royal¸ metal. Ð ÷ Tofana (?), a fluid containing arsenic, and used for secret poisoning, made by an Italian woman named Tofana, in the middle of the 17th century, who is said to have poisoned more than 600 persons. Francis. Ð ÷ vit‘ (?) [L., water of life. Cf. Eau de vie, Usquebaugh], a name given to brandy and some other ardent spirits. Shak. Ø A·qua for¶tis (?). [L., strong water.] (Chem.) Nitric acid. [Archaic] A·quaÏmaÏrine¶ (?), n. (Min.) A transparent, pale green variety of beryl, used as a gem. See Beryl. A·quaÏpunc¶ture (?), n. [L. aqua water, + punctura puncture, pungere, punctum, to, prick.] (Med.) The introduction of water subcutaneously for the relief of pain. Ø Aq·uaÏrelle¶ (?), n. [F., fr. Ital acquerello, fr. acqua water, L. aqua.] A design or painting in thin transparent water colors; also, the mode of painting in such colors. Aq·uaÏrel¶list (?), n. A painter in thin transparent water colors. AÏqua¶riÏal (?), AÏqua¶riÏan (?), } a. Of or performance to an aquarium. AÏqua¶riÏan, n. [L. (assumed) Aquarianus, fr. aqua: cf. F. Aquarien. See Aqua.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Christian in the primitive church who used water instead of wine in the Lord's Supper. AÏqua¶riÏum (?), n.; pl. E. Aquariums (?), L. Aquaria (?). [L. See Aquarius, Ewer.] An artificial pond, or a globe or tank (usually with glass sides), in which living specimens of aquatic animals or plants are kept. Ø AÏqua¶riÏus (?), n. [L. aquarius, adj., relating to water, and n., a waterÐcarrier, fr. aqua. See Aqua.] (Astron.) (a) The WaterÐbearer; the eleventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of January; Ð so called from the rains which prevail at that season in Italy and the East. (b) A constellation south of Pegasus. AÏquat¶ic (?), a. [L. aquaticus: cf. F. aquatique. See Aqua.] Pertaining to water growing in water; living in, swimming in, or frequenting the margins of waters; as, aquatic plants and fowls. AÏquat·ic, n. 1. An ~ animal plant. 2. pl. Sports or exercises practiced in or on the water. AÏquat¶icÏal (?), a. Aquatic. [R.] Aq¶uaÏtile (?), a. [L. aquatilis: cf. F. aquatile.] Inhabiting the water. [R.] Sir T. Browne. A¶quaÏtint (?), A·quaÏtin¶ta (?), } n. [It. acquatinta dyed water; acqua (L. aqua) water + tinto, fem. tinta, dyed. See Tint.] A kind of etching in which spaces are bitten by the use of aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced resembling a drawing in water colors or India ink; also, the engraving produced by this method. Aq¶ueÏduct (?), n. [F. aqueduc, OF. aqueduct (Cotgr.), fr. L. aquaeductus; aquae, gen. of aqua water + ductus a leading, ducere to lead. See Aqua, Duke.] 1. A conductor, conduit, or artificial channel for conveying water, especially one for supplying large cities with water. µ The term is also applied to a structure (similar to the ancient aqueducts), for conveying a canal over a river or hollow; more properly called an aqueduct bridge. 2. (Anat.) A canal or passage; as, the aqueduct of Sylvius, a channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. AÏque¶iÏty (?), n. Wateriness. [Obs.] A¶queÏous (?), a. [Cf. F. aqueux, L. aquosus, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aquose.] 1. Partaking of the nature of water, or abounding with it; watery. The aqueous vapor of the air. Tyndall. 2. Made from, or by means of, water. An aqueous deposit. Dana. ÷ extract, an extract obtained from a vegetable substance by steeping it in water. Ð ÷ humor (Anat.), one the humors of the eye; a limpid fluid, occupying the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea. (See Eye.) Ð ÷ rocks (Geol.), those which are deposited from water and lie in strata, as opposed to volcanic rocks, which are of igneous origin; Ð called also sedimentary rocks. A·queÏousÏness, n. Wateriness. AÏquif¶erÏous (?), a. [L. aqua water + Ïferous.] Consisting or conveying water or a watery fluid; as, aquiferous vessels; the aquiferous system. A¶quiÏform (?), a. [L. aqua water + Ïform.] Having the form of water. Ø Aq¶uiÏla (?), n; pl. Aquil‘ (?). [L., an eagle.] 1. (Zo”l.) A genus of eagles. 2. (Astron.) A northern constellation southerly from Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin; the Eagle. ÷ alba [L., white eagle], an alchemical name of calomel. Brande & C. Aq¶uiÏla·ted (?), a. (Her.) Adorned with eagles' heads. Aq¶uiÏline (?; 277), a. [L. aquilinus, fr. aquila eagle: cf. F. aquilin. See Eagle. ] 1. Belonging to or like an eagle. 2. Curving; hooked; prominent, like the beak of an eagle; Ð applied particularly to the nose Terribly arched and aquiline his nose. Cowper. Aq¶uiÏlon (?), n. [L. aquilo, Ïlonis: cf. F. aquilon.] The north wind. [Obs.] Shak. AÏquip¶aÏrous (?), a. [L. aqua water + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) Secreting water; Ð applied to certain glands. Dunglison. Aq·uiÏta¶niÏan (?), a. Of or pertaining to Aquitania, now called Gascony. AÏquose¶ (?), a. [L. aquosus watery, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aqueous.] Watery; aqueous. [R.] Bailey. AÏquos¶iÏty (?), n. [LL. aquositas.] The condition of being wet or watery; wateriness. Huxley. Very little water or aquosity is found in their belly. Holland. Ar (?), conj. Ere; before. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ø A¶ra (?), n. [L.] (Astron.) The Altar; a southern constellation, south of the tail of the Scorpion. Ø A¶ra (?), n. [Native Indian name.] (Zo”l.) A name of the great blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), native of South America. Ar¶ab (?; 277), n. [Prob. ultimately fr. Heb. arabah a desert, the name employed, in the Old Testament, to denote the valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea. Ar. Arab, Heb. arabi, arbi, arbim: cf. F. Arabe, L. Arabs, Gr. ?.] One of a swarthy race occupying Arabia, and numerous in Syria, Northern Africa, etc. Street ÷, a homeless vagabond in the streets of a city, particularly and outcast boy or girl. Tylor. The ragged outcasts and street Arabs who are shivering in damp doorways. Lond. Sat. Rev. Ar·aÏbesque¶ (?), n. [F. arabesque, fr. It. arabesco, fr. Arabo Arab.] A style of ornamentation either painted, inlaid, or carved in low relief. It consists of a pattern in which plants, fruits, foliage, etc., as well as figures of men and animals, real or imaginary, are fantastically interlaced or put together. µ It was employed in Roman imperial ornamentation, and appeared, without the animal figures, in Moorish and Arabic decorative art. (See Moresque.) The arabesques of the Renaissance were founded on GrecoÐRoman work. Ar·aÏbesque¶, a. 1. Arabian. [Obs.] 2. Relating to, or exhibiting, the style of ornament called arabesque; as, arabesque frescoes. Ar·aÏbesqued¶ (?), a. Ornamented in the style of arabesques. AÏra¶biÏan (?), a. Of or pertaining to Arabia or its inhabitants. ÷ bird, the phenix. Shak. AÏra¶biÏan, n. A native of Arabia; an Arab. Ar¶aÏbic (?), a. [L. Arabicus, fr. Arabia.] Of or pertaining to Arabia or the Arabians. ÷ numerals or figures, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., and the cipher 0. Ð Gum ~. See under Gum. Ar¶aÏbic, n. The language of the Arabians. µ The Arabic is a Semitic language, allied to the Hebrew. It is very widely diffused, being the language in which all Mohammedans must read the Koran, and is spoken as a vernacular tongue in Arabia, Syria, and Northern Africa. AÏrab¶icÏal (?), a. Relating to Arabia; Arabic. Ð AÏrab¶icÏalÏly, adv. Ar¶aÏbin (?), n. 1. (Chem.) A carbohydrate, isomeric with cane sugar, contained in gum arabic, from which it is extracted as a white, amorphous substance. 2. Mucilage, especially that made of gum arabic. Ar¶aÏbinÏose· (?), n. (Chem.) A sugar of the composition C5H10O5, obtained from cherry gum by boiling it with dilute sulphuric acid. Ar¶aÏbism (?), n. [Cf. F. Arabisme.] An Arabic idiom peculiarly of language. Stuart. Ar·aÏbist (?), n. [Cf. F. Arabiste.] One well versed in the Arabic language or literature; also, formerly, one who followed the Arabic system of surgery. Ar¶aÏble (?), a. [F. arable, L. arabilis, fr. arare to plow, akin to Gr. ?, E. ear, to plow. See Earable.] Fit for plowing or tillage; Ð hence, often applied to land which has been plowed or tilled. Ar¶aÏble, n. ÷ land; plow land. Ar¶aÏby (?), n. The country of Arabia. [Archaic & Poetic] Ø Ar·aÏcaÏnese¶ (?), a. Of or pertaining to Aracan, a province of British Burmah. Ð n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aracan. Ø A·raÏ?a¶ri (?), n. (Zo”l.) A South American bird, of the genus Pleroglossius, allied to the toucans. There are several species. AÏrace¶ (?), v. t. [OE. aracen, arasen, OF. arachier, esracier, F. arracher, fr. L. exradicare, eradicare. The prefix aÏ is perh. due to L. ab. See Eradicate.] To tear up by the roots; to draw away. [Obs.] Wyatt. AÏra¶ceous (?), a. [L. arum a genus of plants, fr. Gr. ?.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of plants, of which the genus Arum is the type. AÏrach¶nid (?), n. An arachnidan. Huxley. Ø AÏrach¶niÏda (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? spider.] (Zo”l.) One of the classes of Arthropoda. See Illustration in Appendix. µ They have four pairs of legs, no antenn‘ nor wings, a pair of mandibles, and one pair of maxill‘ or palpi. The head is usually consolidated with the thorax. The respiration is either by tranche‘ or by pulmonary sacs, or by both. The class includes three principal orders: Araneina, or spiders; Arthrogastra, including scorpions, etc.; and Acarina, or mites and ticks. AÏrach¶niÏdan (?), n. [Gr. ? spider.] (Zo”l.) One of the Arachnida. Ar·achÏnid¶iÏal (?), a. (Zo”l.) (a) Of or pertaining to the Arachnida. (b) Pertaining to the arachnidium. Ø Ar·achÏnid¶iÏum (?), n. [NL. See Arachnida.] (Zo”l.) The glandular organ in which the material for the web of spiders is secreted. Ø Ar·achÏni¶tis (?), n. [Gr. ? + ?.] (Med.) Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane. AÏrach¶noid (?), a. [Gr. ? like a cobweb; ? spider, spider's web + ? form.] 1. Resembling a spider's web; cobweblike. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a thin membrane of the brain and spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater. 3. (Bot.) Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose hairs or fibers, so as to resemble a cobweb; cobwebby. AÏrach¶noid, n. 1. (Anat.) The ~ membrane. 2. (Zo”l.) One of the Arachnoidea. Ar·achÏnoid¶al (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the arachnoid membrane; arachnoid. Ø Ar·achÏnoid¶eÏa (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo”l.) Same as Arachnida. AÏrach·noÏlog¶icÏal (?), a. Of or pertaining to arachnology. Ar·achÏnol¶oÏgist (?), n. One who is versed in, or studies, arachnology. Ar·achÏnol¶oÏgy (?), n. [Gr. ? spider + Ïlogy.] The department of zo”logy which treats of spiders and other Arachnida. A·r‘Ïom¶eÏter (?; 277). See Areometer. AÏr‘¶oÏstyle (?), a. & n. [L. araeostylos, Gr. ?; ? at intervals + ? pillar, column.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation. AÏr‘·oÏsys¶tyle (?), a. & n. [Gr. ? as intervals + ?. See Systyle.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation. Ar·aÏgoÏnese (?), a. Of or pertaining to Aragon, in Spain, or to its inhabitants. Ð n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aragon, in Spain. AÏrag¶oÏnite (?), n. [From Aragon, in Spain.] (Min.) A mineral identical in composition with calcite or carbonate of lime, but differing from it in its crystalline form and some of its physical characters. Ø A·raÏgua¶to (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo”l.) A South American monkey, the ursine howler (Mycetes ursinus). See Howler, n., 2. AÏraise¶¶ (?), v. t. To raise. [Obs.] Shak. Ar¶ak (?), n. Same as Arrack. Ar·aÏm‘an, Ar·aÏme¶an } (?), a. [L. Aramaeus, Gr. ?, fr. Heb. Ar¾m, i. e. Highland, a name given to Syria and Mesopotamia.] Of or pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their language; Aramaic. Ð n. A native of Aram. Ar·aÏma¶ic (?), a. [See Aram‘an, a.] Pertaining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language, or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia; Aram‘an; Ð specifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. Ð n. The Aramaic language. Ar·aÏma¶ism (?), n. An idiom of the Aramaic. Ø Ar·aÏne¶iÏda (?), Ø Ar·aÏneÏoid¶eÏa (?), } n. pl. [NL.] (Zo”l.) See Araneina. Ar·aÏne¶iÏdan (?), a. (Zo”l.) Of or pertaining to the Araneina or spiders. Ð n. One of the Araneina; a spider. Ar·aÏne¶iÏform (?)(?) a. [L. aranea spider + Ïform.] (Zo”l.) Having the form of a spider. Kirby. Ø AÏra·neÏi¶na (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. aranea spider.] (Zo”l.) The order of Arachnida that includes the spiders. µ They have mandibles, modified a poison fa?gs, leglike palpi, simple eyes, abdomen without segments, and spinnerets for spinning a web. They breathe by pulmonary sacs and trache‘ in the abdomen. See Illustration in Appendix. AÏra¶neÏose· , a. [L. araneous.] Of the aspect of a spider's web; arachnoid. AÏra¶neÏous (?), a. [L. araneosus, fr. aranea spider, spider¶s web.] Cobweblike; extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb; as, the araneous membrane of the eye. See Arachnoid. Derham.

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Ø AÏran¶go (?), n. pl. Arangoes (?). [The native name.] A bead of rough carnelian. Arangoes were formerly imported from Bombay for use in the African slave trade. M?Culloch. Ø A·raÏpai¶ma (?), n. [Prob. native name.] (Zo”l.) A large freshÐwater food fish of South America. Ø AÏra¶ra (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo”l.) The palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia (Microglossus aterrimus). AÏra¶tion (?), n. [L. aratio, fr. arare to plow.] Plowing; tillage. [R.] Lands are said to be in a state of aration when they are under tillage. Brande. Ar¶aÏtoÏry (?), a. [LL. aratorius: cf. F. aratoire.] Contributing to tillage. Ø Ar·auÏca¶riÏa (?), n. [Araucania, a territory south of Chili.] (Bot.) A genus of tall conifers of the pine family. The species are confined mostly to South America and Australia. ?he wood cells differ from those of other in having the dots in their lateral surfaces in two or three rows, and the dots of contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible. Ar·auÏca¶riÏan (?), a. Relating to, or of the nature of, the Araucaria. The earliest conifers in geological history were mostly ÷. Dana. Ar¶baÏlest (?), Ar¶baÏlist (?), } n. [OF. arbaleste, LL. arbalista, for L. arcuballista; arcus bow + ballista a military engine. See Ballista.] (Antiq.) A crossbow, consisting of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger, and a mechanical device for bending the bow. It served to throw arrows, darts, bullets, etc. [Written also arbalet and arblast.] Fosbroke. Ar¶baÏlest·er (?), Ar¶baÏlist·er (?), } n. [OF. arblastere, OF. arbalestier. See Arbalest.] A crossbowman. [Obs.] Speed. Ar¶biÏter (?), n. [L. arbiter; arÏ (for ad) + the root of betere to go; hence properly, one who comes up to look on.] 1. A person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them. µ In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical word. 2. Any person who has the power of judging and determining, or ordaining, without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited. For Jove is arbiter of both to man. Cowper. Syn. - Arbitrator; umpire; director; referee; controller; ruler; governor. Ar¶biÏter, v. t. To act as ~ between. [Obs.] Ar¶biÏtraÏble (?), a. [Cf. F. arbitrable, fr. L. arbitrari. See Arbitrate, v. t.] Capable of being decided by arbitration; determinable. [Archaic] Bp. Hall. Ar¶biÏtrage (?), n. [F., fr. arbiter to give judgment, L. arbitrari.] 1. Judgment by an arbiter; authoritative determination. [Archaic] 2. (Com) A traffic in bills of exchange (see Arbitration of Exchange); also, a traffic in stocks which bear differing values at the same time in different markets. Ar¶biÏtral (?), a. [L. arbitralis.] Of or relating to an arbiter or an arbitration. [R.] ArÏbit¶raÏment (?), n. [LL. arbitramentum.] 1. Determination; decision; arbitration. The arbitrament of time. Everett. Gladly at this moment would MacIvor have put their quarrel to personal arbitrament. Sir W. Scott. 2. The award of arbitrators. Cowell. Ar¶biÏtraÏriÏly (?), adv. In an arbitrary manner; by will only; despotically; absolutely. Ar¶biÏtraÏriÏness, n. The quality of being arbitrary; despoticalness; tyranny. Bp. Hall. Ar·biÏtra¶riÏous (?), a. [L. arbitrarius. See Arbitrary.] Arbitrary; despotic. [Obs.] Ð Ar·biÏtra¶ÏriÏousÏly, adv. [Obs.] Ar¶biÏtraÏry (?), a. [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter: cf. F. arbitraire. See Arbiter.] 1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as, an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment. It was wholly arbitrary in them to do so. Jer. Taylor. Rank pretends to fix the value of every one, and is the most arbitrary of all things. Landor. 2. Exercised according to one's own will or caprice, and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse the possession of power. Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused licentiousness. Washington. 3. Despotic; absolute in power; bound by no law; harsh and unforbearing; tyrannical; as, an arbitrary prince or government. Dryden.

÷ constant, ÷ function (Math.), a quantity of function that is introduced into the solution of a problem, and to which any value or form may at will be given, so that the solution may be made to meet special requirements. Ð ÷ quantity (Math.), one to which any value can be assigned at pleasure. Ar¶biÏtrate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arbitrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arbitrating (?).] [L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to be a hearer or beholder of something, to make a decision, to give judgment, fr. arbiter. See Arbiter.] 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as, to choose to arbitrate a disputed case. 2. To decide, or determine generally. South. There shall your swords and lances arbitrate The swelling difference of your settled hate. Shak. Ar¶biÏtrate (?), v. i. 1. To decide; to determine. Shak. 2. To act as arbitrator or judge; as, to arbitrate upon several reports;; to arbitrate in disputes among heighbors; to arbitrate between parties to a suit. Ar·biÏtra¶tion (?), n. [F. arbitration, L. arbitratio, fr. arbitrari.] The hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or persons chosen by the parties. µ This may be done by one person; but it is usual to choose two or three called arbitrators; or for each party to choose one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire. Their determination is called the award. Bouvier ÷ bond, a bond which obliges one to abide by the award of an ~. Ð ÷ of Exchange, the operation of converting the currency of one country into that of another, or determining the rate of exchange between such countries or currencies. An arbitrated rate is one determined by such ~ through the medium of one or more intervening currencies. Ar¶biÏtra·tor (?), n. [L., fr. arbitrari: cf. F. arbitrateur.] 1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. See Arbitration. 2. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control; a ruler; a governor. Though Heaven be shut, And Heaven's high Arbitrators sit secure. Milton. Masters of their own terms and arbitrators of a peace. Addison. Syn. - Judge; umpire; referee; arbiter. See Judge. Ar¶biÏtra·trix (?), n. [L., fem. of arbitrator.] A female who arbitrates or judges. Ar¶biÏtress (?), n. [From Arbiter.] A female arbiter; an arbitratrix. Milton.

Ar¶blast (?), n. A crossbow. See Arbalest. Ar¶bor (?), n. [OE. herber, herbere, properly a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium. See Herb, and cf. Herbarium.] A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade; a bower. Sir P. Sidney. Ar¶bor, n. [Written also arbour.] [L., a tree, a beam.] 1. (Bot.) A tree, as distinguished from a shrub. 2. [Cf. F. arbre.] (Mech.) (a) An axle or spindle of a wheel or opinion. (b) A mandrel in lathe turning. Knight. ÷ Day, a day appointed for planting trees and shrubs. [U.S.] Ar¶boÏraÏry (?), a. [L. arborarius, fr. arbor tree.] Of or pertaining to trees; arboreal. Ar¶boÏra·tor (?), n. [L., fr. arbor tree.] One who plants or who prunes trees. [Obs.] Evelyn. Ø Ar¶bor DiÏa¶n‘ (?). [L., the tree of Diana, or silver.] (Chem.) A precipitation of silver, in a beautiful arborescent form. ArÏbo¶reÏal (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a tree, or to trees; of nature of trees. Cowley. 2. Attached to, found in or upon, or frequenting, woods or trees; as, arboreal animals. Woodpeckers are eminently arboreal. Darwin. Ar¶bored (?), a. Furnished with an arbor; lined with trees. ½An arboreal walk.¸ Pollok. ArÏbo¶reÏous (?), a. [L. arboreous, fr. arbor tree.] 1. Having the form, constitution, or habits, of a proper tree, in distinction from a shrub. Loudon. 2. Pertaining to, or growing on, trees; as, arboreous moss. Quincy. Ar·boÏres¶cence (?), n. The state of being arborescent; the resemblance to a tree in minerals, or crystallizations, or groups of crystals in that form; as, the arborescence produced by precipitating silver. Ar·boÏres¶cent (?), a. [L. arborescens, p. pr. of arborescere to become a tree, fr. arbor tree.] Resembling a tree; becoming woody in stalk; dendritic; having crystallizations disposed like the branches and twigs of a tree. ½Arborescent hollyhocks.¸ Evelyn. Ar¶boÏret (?), n. [OF. arboret, dim. of arbre tree, L. arbor] A small tree or shrub. [Obs.] Spenser. Among thickÐwoven arborets, and flowers Imbordered on each bank. Milton. Ø Ar·boÏre¶tum (?), n.; pl. Arboreta (?). [L., a place grown with trees.] A place in which a collection of rare trees and shrubs is cultivated for scientific or educational purposes. ArÏbor¶icÏal (?), a. Relating to trees. [Obs.] ArÏbor¶iÏcole (?), a. [L. arbor + colere to inhabit.] (Zo”l.) TreeÐinhabiting; Ð said of certain birds. Ar·borÏiÏcul¶turÏal (?), a. Pertaining to arboriculture. Loudon. Ar·borÏiÏcul¶ture (?; 135), n. [L. arbor tree + cultura. See Culture.] The cultivation of trees and shrubs, chiefly for timber or for ornamental purposes. Ar·borÏiÏcul¶turÏist, n. One who cultivates trees. ArÏbor¶iÏform (?), a. Treelike in shape. Ar¶borÏist (?), n. [F. arboriste, fr. L. arbor tree.] One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge of trees. Howell. Ar·borÏiÏza¶tion (?), n. [Cf. F. arborisation, fr. L. arbor tree.] The appearance or figure of a tree or plant, as in minerals or fossils; a dendrite. Ar¶borÏized (?), a. Having a treelike appearance. ½An arborized or moss agate.¸ Wright. Ar¶borÏous (?), a. Formed by trees. [Obs.] From under shady, arborous roof. Milton. Ar¶bor vine· (?). A species of bindweed. Ø Ar¶bor vi¶t‘ (?). [L., tree of life.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen tree of the cypress tribe, genus Thuja. The American species is the T. occidentalis. 2. (Anat.) The treelike disposition of the gray and white nerve tissues in the cerebellum, as seen in a vertical section. Ar¶busÏcle (?), n. [L. arbuscula small tree, shrub, dim. of arbor tree.] A dwarf tree, one in size between a shrub and a tree; a treelike shrub. Bradley. ArÏbus¶cuÏlar (?), a. Of or pertaining to a dwarf tree; shrublike. Da Costa. ArÏbus¶tive (?), a. [L. arbustivus, fr. arbustum place where trees are planted.] Containing copses of trees or shrubs; covered with shrubs. Bartram. Ar¶buÏtus (?), Ar¶bute (?), } n. [L. arbutus, akin to arbor tree.] The strawberry tree, a genus of evergreen shrubs, of the Heath family. It has a berry externally resembling the strawberry; the arbute tree. Trailing arbutus (Bot.), a creeping or trailing plant of the Heath family (Epig‘a repens), having white or usually roseÐcolored flowers with a delicate fragrance, growing in small axillary clusters, and appearing early in the spring; in New England known as mayflower; Ð called also ground laurel. Gray. Arc (?), n. [F. arc, L. arcus bow, ~. See Arch, n.] 1. (Geom.) A portion of a curved line; as, the arc of a circle or of an ellipse. 2. A curvature in the shape of a circular ~ or an arch; as, the colored arc (the rainbow); the arc of Hadley's quadrant. 3. An arch. [Obs.] Statues and trophies, and triumphal arcs. Milton. 4. The apparent ~ described, above or below the horizon, by the sun or other celestial body. The diurnal arc is described during the daytime, the nocturnal arc during the night. Electric ~, Voltaic ~. See under Voltaic. ArÏcade¶ (?), n. [F. arcade, Sp. arcada, LL. arcata, fr. L. arcus bow, arch.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A series of arches with the columns or piers which support them, the spandrels above, and other necessary appurtenances; sometimes open, serving as an entrance or to give light; sometimes closed at the back (as in the cut) and forming a decorative feature. (b) A long, arched building or gallery. 2. An arched or covered passageway or avenue. ArÏcad¶ed (?), a. Furnished with an arcade. ArÏca¶diÏa (?), n. [L. Arcadia, Gr. ?.] 1. A mountainous and picturesque district of Greece, in the heart of the Peloponnesus, whose people were distinguished for contentment and rural happiness. 2. Fig.: Any region or scene of simple pleasure and untroubled quiet. Where the cow is, there is Arcadia. J. Burroughs. ArÏca¶diÏan (?), ArÏca¶dic (?), } a. [L. Arcadius, Arcadicus, fr. Arcadia: cf. F. Arcadien, Arcadique.] Of or pertaining to Arcadia; pastoral; ideally rural; as, Arcadian simplicity or scenery. ArÏcane¶ (?), a. [L. arcanus.] Hidden; secret. [Obs.] ½The arcane part of divine wisdom.¸ Berkeley. Ø ArÏca¶num (?), n.; pl. Arcana (?). [L., fr. arcanus closed, secret, fr. arca chest, box, fr. arcere to inclose. See Ark.] 1. A secret; a mystery; Ð generally used in the plural. Inquiries into the arcana of the Godhead. Warburton. 2. (Med.) A secret remedy; an elixir. Dunglison. Ø Arc·Ïbou·tant¶ (?), n. [F.] (Arch.) A flying buttress. Gwilt. Arch (?), n. [F. arche, fr. LL. arca, for arcus. See Arc.] 1. (Geom.) Any part of a curved line. 2. (Arch.) (a) Usually a curved member made up of separate wedgeÐshaped solids, with the joints between them disposed in the direction of the radii of the curve; used to support the wall or other weight above an opening. In this sense arches are segmental, round (i. e., semicircular), or pointed. (b) A flat arch is a member constructed of stones cut into wedges or other shapes so as to support each other without rising a curve. µ Scientifically considered, the ~ is a means of spanning an opening by resolving vertical pressure into horizontal or diagonal thrust. 3. Any place covered by an ~; an archway; as, to pass into the arch of a bridge. 4. Any curvature in the form of an ~; as, the arch of the aorta. ½Colors of the showery arch.¸ Milton. Triumphal ~, a monumental structure resembling an arched gateway, with one or more passages, erected to commemorate a triumph. Arch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arching.] 1. To cover with an ~ or arches. 2. To form or bend into the shape of an ~. The horse arched his neck. Charlesworth. Arch, v. i. To form into an arch; to curve.

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ArchÏ („rchÏ, except in archangel and one or two other words). [L. archÏ, Gr. ???. See ArchÏ.] A prefix signifying chief, as in archbuilder, archfiend. Arch (?), a. [See ArchÏ, pref.] 1. Chief; eminent; greatest ; principal. The most arch act of piteous massacre. Shak. 2. Cunning or sly; sportively mischievous; roguish; as, an arch look, word, lad. [He] spoke his request with so arch a leer. Tatler. Arch, n. [See ArchÏ, pref.] A chief. [Obs.] My worthy arch and patron comes toÐnight. Shak. Ïarch (?). [Gr. ? chief, commander, ? to rule. See Arch, a.] A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler). ArÏch‘¶an (?), a. [Gr. ? ancient, fr. ? beginning.] Ancient; pertaining to the earliest period in geological history. ArÏch‘¶an, n. (Geol.) The earliest period in geological period, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It includes an Azoic age, previous to the appearance of life, and an Eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life. µ This is equivalent to the formerly accepted term Azoic, and to the Eozoic of Dawson. Ar·ch‘Ïog¶raÏphy (?), n. [Gr. ? ancient + Ïgraphy.] A description of, or a treatise on, antiquity or antiquities. Ar·ch‘ÏoÏlith¶ic (?), a. [Gr. ? ancient + ? pertaining to a stone.] (Arch‘ol.) Of or pertaining to the earliest Stone age; Ð applied to a prehistoric period preceding the Paleolithic age. Ar·ch‘ÏoÏlo¶giÏan (?), n. An arch‘ologist. Ar·ch‘ÏoÏlog¶ic (?), Ar·ch‘ÏoÏlog¶icÏal (?), } Relating to arch‘ology, or antiquities; as, arch‘ological researches. Ð Ar·Ïch‘ÏoÏlog¶icÏalÏly, adv. Ar·ch‘Ïol¶oÏgist (?), n. One versed in arch‘ology; an antiquary. Wright. Ar·ch‘Ïol¶oÏgy (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? ancient (fr. ? beginning) + ? discourse, ? to speak.] The science or study of antiquities, esp. prehistoric antiquities, such as the remains of buildings or monuments of an early epoch, inscriptions, implements, and other relics, written manuscripts, etc. Ø Ar·ch‘Ïop¶teÏryx (?), n. [Gr. ? ancient + ? wing.] (Paleon.) A fossil bird, of the Jurassic period, remarkable for having a long tapering tail of many vertebr‘ with feathers along each side, and jaws armed with teeth, with other reptilian characteristics. Ar·ch‘ÏoÏstom¶aÏtous (?), a. [Gr. ? ancient + ? mouth.] (Biol.) Applied to a gastrula when the blastorope does not entirely up. Ar·ch‘ÏoÏzo¶ic (?), a. [Gr. ? ancient + ? animal.] (Zo”l.) Like or belonging to the earliest forms of animal life. ArÏcha¶ic (?), a. [Gr. ? oldÐfashioned, fr. ? ancient.] Of or characterized by antiquity or archaism; antiquated; obsolescent. ArÏcha¶icÏal (?), a. Archaic. [R.] Ð ArÏcha¶icÏalÏly, adv. Ar¶chaÏism (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? ancient, fr. ? beginning: cf. F. archa‹sme. See Arch, a.] 1. An ancient, antiquated, or oldÐfashioned, word, expression, or idiom; a word or form of speech no longer in common use. 2. Antiquity of style or use; obsoleteness. A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism and remoteness from ordinary use) to our Scriptural vocabulary. De Quincey. Ar¶chaÏist, n. 1. Am antiquary. 2. One who uses archaisms. Ar·chaÏis¶tic (?), a. Like, or imitative of, anything archaic; pertaining to an archaism. Ar¶chaÏize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Archaized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Archaizing.] [Gr. ?.] To make appear archaic or antique. Mahaffy. Arch·an¶gel (?), n. [L. archangelus, Gr. ?: cf. OF. archangel, F. archange. See ArchÏ, pref., and Angel.] 1. A chief angel; one high in the celestial hierarchy. Milton. 2. (Bot.) A term applied to several different species of plants (Angelica archangelica, Lamium album, etc.). Arch·anÏgel¶ic (?), a. [Cf. F. archang‚lique.] Of or pertaining to archangels; of the nature of, or resembling, an archangel. Milton.

Arch·bish¶op (?), n. [AS. arcebisceop, arcebiscop, L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. ?. See Bishop.] A chief bishop; a church dignitary of the first class (often called a metropolitan or primate) who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese. Arch·bish¶opÏric (?), n. [AS. arcebiscoprÆce. See Ïric.] The jurisdiction or office of an archbishop; the see or province over which archbishop exercises archiepiscopal authority. Arch¶ brick· (?). A wedgeÐshaped brick used in the building of an arch. Arch·but¶ler (?), n. [Pref. archÏ + butler.] A chief butler; Ð an officer of the German empire. Arch·cham¶berÏlain (?), n. [Cf. G. erzk„mmerer. See ArchÏ, pref.] A chief chamberlain; Ð an officer of the old German empire, whose office was similar to that of the great chamberlain in England. Arch·chan¶celÏlor (?), n. [Cf. Ger. erzkanzler. See ArchÏ, pref.] A chief chancellor; Ð an officer in the old German empire, who presided over the secretaries of the court. Arch·chem¶ic (?), a. Of supreme chemical powers. [R.] ½The archchemic sun.¸ Milton.

Arch·dea¶con (?), n. [AS. arcediacon, archidiacon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. ?. See ArchÏ, pref., and Deacon.] In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, whom he assists, and by whom he is appointed, though with independent authority. Blackstone. Arch·dea¶conÏry, n. The district, office, or residence of an archdeacon. See Benefice. Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries. Blackstone. Arch·dea¶conÏship, n. The office of an archdeacon. Arch·di¶oÏcese (?), n. [Pref. archÏ + diocese.] The diocese of an archbishop. Arch·du¶cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to an archduke or archduchy. Arch·duch¶ess (?), n. [Pref. archÏ + duchess.] The consort of an archduke; also, a princess of the imperial family of Austria. See Archduke. Arch·duch¶y, n. The territory of an archduke or archduchess. Ash. Arch·duke¶ (?), n. [Pref. archÏ + duke.] A prince of the imperial family of Austria. µ Formerly this title was assumed by the rulers of Lorraine, Brabant, Austria, etc. It is now appropriated to the descendants of the imperial family of Austria through the make line, all such male descendants being styled archduke, and all such female descendants archduchesses. Arch·duke¶dom (?), n. An archduchy. Ø Ar·cheÏbiÏo¶sis (?), n. [Pref. archeÏ ? archiÏ + Gr. ?, ?, life.] To origination of living matter from nonÐliving. See Abiogenesis. Bastian. Arched (?), a. Made with an arch or curve; covered with an arch; as, an arched door. Ar·cheÏgo¶niÏal (?), a. Relating to the archegonium. Ø Ar·cheÏgo¶niÏum (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? the first of a race.] (Bot.) The pistillidium or female organ in the higher cryptogamic plants, corresponding to the pistil in flowering plants. ArÏcheg¶oÏny (?), n. [See Archegonium.] (Biol.) Spontaneous generation; abiogenesis. ArÏchel¶oÏgy (?), n. [Gr. ? an element or first principle + Ïlogy.] The science of, or a treatise on, first principles. Fleming. Ø Ar·chenÏceph¶aÏla (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. ? + ? the brain.] (Zo”l.) The division that includes man alone. R. Owen. Arch·en¶eÏmy (?), n. [Pref. archÏ = enemy.] A principal enemy. Specifically, Satan, the grand adversary of mankind. Milton. Arch·enÏter¶ic (?), a. (Biol.) Relating ? the archenteron; as, archenteric invagination. Ø Arch·en¶terÏon , n. [Pref. archÏ + Gr. ? intestine.] (Biol.) The primitive enteron or undifferentiated digestive sac of a gastrula or other embryo. See Illust. under Invagination. Ar·cheÏol¶oÏgy (?), n., Ar·cheÏoÏlog·icÏal (?), a. Same as Arch‘ology, etc. Arch¶er (?), n. [OF. archier, F. archer, LL. arcarius, fr. L. arcus bow. See Arc, Arch, n.] A bowman, one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow. Arch¶erÏess (?), n. A female archer. Markham. Arch¶er fish· (?). (Zo”l.) A small fish (Toxotes jaculator), of the East Indies; Ð so called from ?? ejecting drops of water from its mouth at its prey. The name is also applied to Ch‘todon rostratus. Arch¶erÏship, n. The art or skill of an archer. Arch¶erÏy (?), n. [OE. archerie.] 1. The use of the bow and arrows in battle, hunting, etc.; the art, practice, or skill of shooting with a bow and arrows. 2. Archers, or bowmen, collectively. Let all our archery fall off In wings of shot aÐboth sides of the van. Webster (1607). Arch¶es (?), pl. of Arch, n. Court of ÷, or ÷ Court (Eng. Law), the court of appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whereof the judge, who sits as deputy to the archbishop, is called the Dean of the Arches, because he anciently held his court in the church of St. MaryÐleÐBow (de arcubus). It is now held in Westminster. Mozley & W. Ar¶cheÏty·pal (?), a. Of or pertaining to an archetype; consisting a model (real or ideal) or pattern; original. ½One archetypal mind.¸ Gudworth. µ Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world as it existed as an idea of God before the creation. Ar¶cheÏty·palÏly, adv. With reference to the archetype; originally. ½Parts archetypally distinct.½ Dana. Ar¶cheÏtype (?), n. [L. archetypum, Gr. ?, fr. ? stamped first and as model; ? ? + ? stamp, figure, pattern, ? to strike: cf. F. arch‚type. See ArchÏ, pref.] 1. The original pattern or model of a work; or the model from which a thing is made or formed. The House of Commons, the archetype of all the representative assemblies which now meet. Macaulay. Types and shadows of that glorious archetype that was to come into the world. South. 2. (Coinage) The standard weight or coin by which others are adjusted. 3. (Biol.) The plan or fundamental structure on which a natural group of animals or plants or their systems of organs are assumed to have been constructed; as, the vertebrate archetype. Ar·cheÏtyp¶icÏal (?), a. Relating to an archetype; archetypal. Ø ArÏche¶us (?), n. [LL. arch?us, Gr. ? ancient, primeval, fr. ? beginning. See ArchiÏ, pref.] The vital principle or force which (according to the Paracelsians) presides over the growth and continuation of living beings; the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers. [Obs.] Johnson. Ar¶chiÏ (?). [L., archiÏ, Gr. ?, a prefix which is from the same root as ? to be first, to begin; ? the first place, beginning; ? chief. Cf. AS. arceÏ, erceÏ, OHG. erziÏ.] A prefix signifying chief, arch; as, architect, archiepiscopal. In Biol. and Anat. it usually means primitive, original, ancestral; as, archipterygium, the primitive fin or wing. Ø Ar·chiÏanÏnel¶iÏda (?), n. pl. [NL.; pref. archiÏ + annelida.] (Zo”l.) A group of Annelida remarkable for having no external segments or distinct ventral nerve ganglions. Ar¶chiÏa·ter (?), n. [L. archiatrus, Gr. ?; pref. ? + ? physician, ? to heal.] Chief physician; Ð a term applied, on the continent of Europe, to the first or body physician of princes and to the first physician of some cities. P. Cyc. Ø Ar·chiÏblas¶tuÏla (?), n. [Pref. archi + blastula.] (Biol.) A hollow blastula, supposed to be the primitive form; a c?loblastula. Ar¶chiÏcal (?), a. [Gr. ? able to govern, fr. ? beginning, government. See ArchÏ, pref.] Chief; primary; primordi?.] [Obs.] Cudworth. Ar·chiÏdiÏac¶oÏnal (?), a. [L. archidiaconus, Gr. ?, equiv. to E. archdeacon.] Of or pertaining to an archdeacon. This offense is liable to be censured in an archidiaconal visitation. Johnson. Ar·chiÏeÏpis¶coÏpaÏcy (?), n. [Pref. archiÏ + episcopacy.] 1. That form of episcopacy in which the chief power is in the hands of archbishops. 2. The state or dignity of an archbishop. Ar·chiÏeÏpis¶coÏpal (?), a. [Pref. archiÏ + episcopal.] Of or pertaining to an archbishop; as, Canterbury is an archiepiscopal see. Ar·chiÏeÏpis·coÏpal¶iÏty (?), n. The station or dignity of an archbishop; archiepiscopacy. Fuller. Ar·chiÏeÏpis¶coÏpate (?), n. [Pref. archiÏ + episcopate.] The office of an archbishop; an archbishopric. Ø ArÏchi¶eÏrey (?), n. [Russ. archier‚i, fr. Gr. ?; pref. ? (E. archÏ) + µ priest.] The higher order of clergy in Russia, including metropolitans, archbishops, and bishops. Pinkerton. Ar¶chil (?; 277), n. [OF. orchel, orcheil, It. orcella, oricello, or OSp. orchillo. Cf. Orchil.] 1. A viole?dye obtained from several species of lichen (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), which grow on maritime rocks in the Canary and Cape Verd Islands, etc. Tomlinson. 2. The plant from which the dye is obtained. [Written also orchal and orchil.] Ar·chiÏlo¶chiÏan (?), a. [L. Archilochius.] Of or pertaining to the satiric Greek poet Archilochus; as, Archilochian meter. Ar¶chiÏmage (?), Ø Ar·chiÏma¶gus (?), } n. [NL.; pref. archiÏ + L. magus, Gr. ?, a Magian.] 1. The high priest of the Persian Magi, or worshipers of fire. 2. A great magician, wizard, or enchanter. Spenser. Ar·chiÏman¶drite (?), n. [L. archimandrita, LGr. ?; pref. ? (E. archÏ) + ? an inclosed space, esp. for cattle, a fold, a monastery.] (Gr. Church) (a) A chief of a monastery, corresponding to abbot in the Roman Catholic church. (b) A superintendent of several monasteries, corresponding to superior abbot, or father provincial, in the Roman Catholic church. Ar·chiÏmeÏde¶an (?), a. [L. Archimedeus.] Of or pertaining to Archimedes, a celebrated Greek philosopher; constructed on the principle of Archimedes' screw; as, Archimedean drill, propeller, etc. ÷ screw, or Archimedes' screw, an instrument, said to have been invented by Archimedes, for raising water, formed by winding a flexible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw. When the screw is placed in an inclined position, and the lower end immersed in water, by causing the screw to revolve, the water is raised to the upper end. Francis. Ø Ar·chiÏme¶des (?), n. (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Bryzoa characteristic of the subcarboniferous rocks. Its form is that of a screw. Arch¶ing (?), n. 1. The arched part of a structure. 2. (Naut.) Hogging; Ð opposed to sagging. Ar·chiÏpeÏlag¶ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an archipelago. Ar·chiÏpel¶aÏgo , n.; pl. Ïgoes or Ïgos (?). [It. arcipelago, properly, chief sea; Gr. pref ? + ? sea, perh. akin to ? blow, and expressing the beating of the waves. See Plague.] 1. The Grecian Archipelago, or ’gean Sea, separating Greece from Asia Minor. It is studded with a vast number of small islands. 2. Hence: Any sea or broad sheet of water interspersed with many islands or with a group of islands.

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