Chapter XXVIII: Part 28

Art (?), n. [F. art, L. ars, artis, orig., skill in joining or fitting; prob. akin to E. arm, aristocrat, article.] 1. The employment of means to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of life; the application of knowledge or power to practical purposes. Blest with each grace of nature and of art. Pope. 2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles and rules for attaining a desired end; method of doing well some special work; Ð often contradistinguished from science or speculative principles; as, the art of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation. Science is systematized knowledge... Art is knowledge made efficient skill. J. F. Genung. 3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupation or business requiring such knowledge or skill. The fishermen can't employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea. Addison. 4. The application of skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture; one of the fine arts; as, he prefers art to literature. 5. pl. Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as, master of arts. In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts. Pope. Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation. Goldsmith. 6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters. [Archaic] So vast is art, so narrow human wit. Pope. 7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, asquired by experience, study, or observation; knack; a, a man has the art of managing his business to advantage. 8. Skillful plan; device. They employed every art to soothe... the discontented warriors. Macaulay. 9. Cunning; artifice; craft. Madam, I swear I use no art at all. Shak. Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength. Crabb. 10 To black art; magic. [Obs.] Shak. ÷ and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime, whether by advice or by assistance in the execution; complicity. µ The arts are divided into various classes. The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are concerned than the mind; as in making clothes and utensils. These are called trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to do with imagination taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful. They include poetry, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often confined to painting, sculpture, and architecture. The liberal arts (artes liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning, Ð grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts. In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity. Irving. Syn. - Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity. See Science. Ø ArÏte¶miÏa (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, a Greek goddess.] (Zo”l.) A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp. Ar·teÏmi¶siÏa (?), n. [L. Artemisia, Gr. ?.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region. ArÏte¶riÏac (?), a. [L. arteriacus, Gr. ?. See Artery.] Of or pertaining to the windpipe. ArÏte¶riÏal (?), a. [Cf. F. art‚riel.] 1. Of or pertaining to an artery, or the arteries; as, arterial action; the arterial system. 2. Of or pertaining to a main channel (resembling an artery), as a river, canal, or railroad. ÷ blood, blood which has been changed and vitalized (arterialized) during passage through the lungs. ArÏte·riÏalÏiÏza¶tion (?), n. (Physiol.) The process of converting venous blood into arterial blood during its passage through the lungs, oxygen being absorbed and carbonic acid evolved; Ð called also a‰ration and hematosis. ArÏte¶riÏalÏize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arterialized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arterializing.] To transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs; to make arterial. ArÏte·riÏog¶raÏphy , n. [Gr. ? + Ïgraphy.] A systematic description of the arteries. ArÏte¶riÏole (?), n. [NL. arteriola, dim. of L. arteria: cf. F. art‚riole.] A small artery. ArÏte·riÏol¶oÏgy (?), n. [Gr. ? + Ïlogy.] That part of anatomy which treats of arteries. ArÏte·riÏot¶oÏmy (?), n. [L. arteriotomia, Gr. ?; ? + ? a cutting.] 1. (Med.) The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting. 2. That part of anatomy which treats of the dissection of the arteries. Ø Ar·teÏri¶tis (?), n. [Artery + Ïetis.] Inflammation of an artery or arteries. Dunglison. Ar¶terÏy (?), n.; pl. Arteries (?). [L. arteria windpipe, artery, Gr. ?.] 1. The trachea or windpipe. [Obs.] ½Under the artery, or windpipe, is the mouth of the stomach.¸ Holland. 2. (Anat.) One of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart. They have tricker and more muscular walls than veins, and are connected with them by capillaries. µ In man and other mammals, the arteries which contain arterialized blood receive it from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta. See Aorta. The pulmonary artery conveys the venous blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence the arterialized blood is returned through the pulmonary veins. 3. Hence: Any continuous or ramified channel of communication; as, arteries of trade or commerce. ArÏte¶sian (?), a. [F. art‚sien, fr. Artois in France, where many such wells have been made since the middle of the last century.] Of or pertaining to Artois (anciently called Artesium), in France. ÷ wells, wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously like a fountain. They are usually of small diameter and often of great depth. Art¶ful (?), a. [From Art.] 1. Performed with, or characterized by, art or skill. [Archaic] ½Artful strains.¸ ½Artful terms.¸ Milton. 2. Artificial; imitative. Addison. 3. Using or exhibiting much art, skill, or contrivance; dexterous; skillful. He [was] too artful a writer to set down events in exact historical order. Dryden. 4. Cunning; disposed to cunning indirectness of dealing; crafty; as, an artful boy. [The usual sense.] Artful in speech, in action, and in mind. Pope. The artful revenge of various animals. Darwin. Syn. - Cunning; skillful; adroit; dexterous; crafty; tricky; deceitful; designing. See Cunning. Art¶fulÏly, adv. In an artful manner; with art or cunning; skillfully; dexterously; craftily. Art¶fulÏness, n. The quality of being artful; art; cunning; craft. Ar¶then (?), a. Same as Earthen. [Obs.] ½An arthen pot.¸ Holland. ArÏthrit¶ic (?), ArÏthrit¶icÏal (?), } a. [L. arthriticus, Gr. ?. See Arthritis.] 1. Pertaining to the joints. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Of or pertaining to arthritis; gouty. Cowper. Ø ArÏthri¶tis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? (as if fem. of ? belonging to the joints, sc. ? disease) gout, fr. ? a joint.] (Med.) Any inflammation of the joints, particularly the gout. Ar¶throÏderm (?), n. [Gr. ? joint + 'derm.] (Zo”l.) The external covering of an Arthropod. Ø ArÏthro¶diÏa (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? well articulated; ? a joint + ? shape.] (Anat.) A form of diarthrodial articulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they form only an imperfect ball and socket. ArÏthro¶diÏal (?), ArÏthrod¶ic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to arthrodia. Ø Ar·throÏdyn¶iÏa (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ?? pain.] (Med.) An affection characterized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon structural disease. Ar·throÏdyn¶ic , a. Pertaining to arthrodynia, or pain in the joints; rheumatic. Ø Ar·throÏgas¶tra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? stomach.] (Zo”l.) A division of the Arachnida, having the abdomen annulated, including the scorpions, harvestmen, etc.; pedipalpi. ArÏthrog¶raÏphy (?), n. [Gr. ? joint + Ïgraphy.] The description of joints. ArÏthrol¶oÏgy , n. [Gr. ? joint + Ïlogy.] That part of anatomy which treats of joints. Ar¶throÏmere (?), n. [Gr. ? joint + Ïmere.] (Zo”l.) One of the body segments of Arthropods. See Arthrostraca. Packard. Ø Ar·throÏpleu¶ra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? the side.] (Zo”l.) The side or limbÐbearing portion of an arthromere. Ar¶throÏpod (?), n (Zo”l.) One of the Arthropoda. Ø ArÏthrop¶oÏda (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + Ïpoda.] (Zo”l.) A large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and Crustacea. Ð ArÏthrop¶oÏdal (?), a. Ø Ar·throÏpom¶aÏta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? lid.] (Zo”l.) One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda. Ø ArÏthro¶sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? joint.] (Anat.) Articulation. Ø ArÏthros¶traÏca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? a shell.] (Zo”l.) One of the larger divisions of Crustacea, so called because the thorax and abdomen are both segmented; Tetradecapoda. It includes the Amphipoda and Isopoda. Ar·throÏzo¶ic (?), a. [Gr. ? joint + ? animal, fr. ? an animal.] (Zo”l.) Of or pertaining to the Articulata; articulate. Ar¶tiÏad (?), a. [Gr. ? even, fr. ? exactly.] (Chem.) Even; not odd; Ð said of elementary substances and of radicals the valence of which is divisible by two without a remainder. Ar¶tiÏchoke (?), n. [It. articioc?o, perh. corrupted fr. the same word as carciofo; cf. older spellings archiciocco, archicioffo, carciocco, and Sp. alcachofa, Pg. alcachofra; prob. fr. Ar. alÐharshaf, alÐkharsh?f.] (Bot.) 1. The Cynara scolymus, a plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated, and prickly involucre. The head (to which the name is also applied) is composed of numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is much esteemed as an article of food. 2. See Jerusalem artichoke. Ar¶tiÏcle (?), n. [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus joint, akin to Gr. ?, fr. a root ar to join, fit. See Art, n.] 1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as, an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as, articles of agreement. 2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia. 3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.] A very great revolution that happened in this article of good breeding. Addison. This last article will hardly be believed. De Foe. 4. A distinct part. ½Upon each article of human duty.¸ Paley. ½Each article of time.¸ Habington. The articles which compose the blood. E. Darwin. 5. A particular one of various things; as, an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article. They would fight not for articles of faith, but for articles of food. Landor. 6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic] This fatal news coming to Hick's Hall upon the article of my Lord Russell's trial, was said to have had no little influence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice. Evelyn. 7. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article. 8. (Zo”l.) One of the segments of an articulated appendage. Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made by the original thirteen States of the United States. They were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law until March, 1789. Ð Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment does in a common criminal case. Ð Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for the better government of the army. Ð In the ~ of death [L. in articulo mortis], at the moment of death; in the dying struggle. Ð Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws. Ð The ThirtyÐnine Articles, statements (thirtyÐnine in number) of the tenets held by the Church of England. Ar¶tiÏcle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Articled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Articling (?).] [Cf. F. articuler, fr. L. articulare. See Article, n., Articulate.] 1. To formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars. If all his errors and follies were articled against him, the man would seem vicious and miserable. Jer. Taylor. 2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles. He shall be articled against in the high court of admiralty. Stat. 33 Geo. III. 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as, to article an apprentice to a mechanic. Ar¶tiÏcle, v. i. To agree by articles; to stipulate; to bargain; to covenant. [R.] Then he articled with her that he should go away when he pleased. Selden. Ar¶tiÏcled (?), a. Bound by articles; apprenticed; as, an articled clerk. ArÏtic¶uÏlar (?), a. [L. articularis: cf. F. articulaire. See Article, n.] Of or pertaining to the joints; as, an articular disease; an articular process. ArÏtic¶uÏlar (?), ArÏtic¶uÏlaÏry (?), } n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

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ArÏtic¶uÏlarÏly , adv. In an articular or an articulate manner. Ø ArÏtic·uÏla¶ta (?), n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. articulatus furnished with joints, distinct, p. p. of articulare. See Article, v.] (Zo”l.) 1. One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers. µ It includes those Invertebrata having the body composed of ringlike segments (arthromeres). By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helminths) have also been included; by others it is restricted to the Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda (Insects, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Crustacea); and Anarthropoda, including the Annelida and allied forms. 2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge. 3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea. ArÏtic¶uÏlate (?), a. [L. articulatus. See Articulata.] 1. Expressed in articles or in separate items or particulars. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Jointed; formed with joints; consisting of segments united by joints; as, articulate animals or plants. 3. Distinctly uttered; spoken so as to be intelligible; characterized by division into words and syllables; as, articulate speech, sounds, words. Total changes of party and articulate opinion. Carlyle. ArÏtic¶uÏlate, n. (Zo”l.) An animal of the subkingdom Articulata. ArÏtic¶uÏlate (?)(?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Articulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Articulating (?). 1. To utter ~ sounds; to utter the elementary sounds of a language; to enunciate; to speak distinctly. 2. To treat or make terms. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To join or be connected by articulation. ArÏtic¶uÏlate, v. t. 1. To joint; to unite by means of a joint; to put together with joints or at the joints. 2. To draw up or write in separate articles; to particularize; to specify. [Obs.] 3. To form, as the elementary sounds; to utter in distinct syllables or words; to enunciate; as, to articulate letters or language. ½To articulate a word.¸ Ray. 4. To express distinctly; to give utterance to. Luther articulated himself upon a process that hand already begun in the Christian church. Bibliotheca Sacra. To... articulate the dumb, deep want of the people. Carlyle. ArÏtic¶uÏla·ted (?), a. 1. United by, or provided with, articulations; jointed; as, an articulated skeleton. 2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the organs of speech; pronounced. ArÏtic¶uÏlateÏly (?), adv. 1. After the manner, or in the form, of a joint. 2. Article by article; in distinct particulars; in detail; definitely. Paley. I had articulately set down in writing our points. Fuller. 3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds. ArÏtic¶uÏlateÏness, n. Quality of being articulate. ArÏtic·uÏla¶tion (?), n. [Cf. F. articulation, fr. L. articulatio.] 1. (Anat.) A joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton. µ Articulations may be immovable, when the bones are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable, when they are united intervening substance (amphiarthrosis), or they may be more or less freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthrosis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admitting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket joints (enarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc. 2. (Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b) One of the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. (c) One of the parts intercepted between the joints; also, a subdivision into parts at regular or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermission in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley. 3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints; any meeting of parts in a joint. 4. The state of being jointed; connection of parts. [R.] That definiteness and articulation of imagery. Coleridge. 5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in pronunciation; as, a distinct articulation. 6. A sound made by the vocal organs; an articulate utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant. ArÏtic¶uÏlaÏtive (?), a. Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush. ArÏtic¶uÏla·tor (?), n. One who, or that which, articulates; as: (a) One who enunciates distinctly. (b) One who prepares and mounts skeletons. (c) An instrument to cure stammering. Ø ArÏtic¶uÏlus (?)(?) n.; pl. Articuli (?). [L. See Article.] (Zo”l.) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage. Ar¶tiÏfice (?), n. [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, artis, art + facere to make: cf. F. artifice.] 1. A handicraft; a trade; art of making. [Obs.] 2. Workmanship; a skillfully contrived work. The material universe.. in the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist. Cudworth. 3. Artful or skillful contrivance. His [Congreve's] plots were constructed without much artifice. Craik. 4. Crafty device; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick. [Now the usual meaning.] Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry. Macaulay. ArÏtif¶iÏcer (?), n. [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.] 1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith. 2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. ½Artificer of fraud.¸ Milton. The great Artificer of all that moves. Cowper. 3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. (Mil.) A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also, one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory. Syn. - Artisan; artist. See Artisan. Ar·tiÏfi¶cial (?), a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.] 1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers. Artificial strife Lives in these touches, livelier than life. Shak. 2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. ½Artificial tears.¸ Shak. 3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as, artificial grasses. Gibbon. ÷ arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. Ð ÷ classification (science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as, ½the artificial system¸ in botany, which is the same as the Linn‘an system. Ð ÷ horizon. See under Horizon. ÷ light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. Ð ÷ lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. Ð ÷ numbers, logarithms. Ð ÷ person (Law). See under Person. Ð ÷ sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural, tangents, etc. Hutton. Ar·tiÏfi·ciÏal¶iÏty (?), n. The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is artificial. Ar·tiÏfi¶cialÏize (?), v. t. To render artificial. Ar·tiÏfi¶cialÏly, adv. 1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature. 2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.] The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought. Tillotson. 3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.] Sharp dissembled so artificially. Bp. Burnet. Ar·tiÏfi¶cialÏness, n. The quality of being artificial. Ar·tiÏfi¶cious (?), a. [L. artificiosus.] Artificial. [Obs.] Johnson. Art¶iÏlize (?), v. t. To make resemble. [Obs.] If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize art instead of artilizing nature. Bolingbroke. ArÏtil¶lerÏist (?), n. A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman. ArÏtil¶lerÏy (?), n. [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with arms of any kind which follow camps; F. artillerie great guns, ordnance; OF. artillier to work artifice, to fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skill in joining something, art. See Art.] 1. Munitions of war; implements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [Obs.] And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad. 1 Sam. xx. 40. 2. Cannon; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of carriages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds. µ The word is sometimes used in a more extended sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of ~. 3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to which the care and management of ~ are confided. 4. The science of ~ or gunnery. Campbell. ÷ park, or Park of ~. (a) A collective body of siege or field ~, including the guns, and the carriages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and persons necessary for working them. (b) The place where the ~ is encamped or collected. Ð ÷ train, or Train of ~, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching. ArÏtil¶lerÏyÏman (?), n. A man who manages, or assists in managing, a large gun in firing. Ø Ar·tiÏoÏdac¶tyÏla (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? even + ? finger or toe.] (Zo”l.) One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; Ð opposed to Perissodactyla. Ar·tiÏoÏdac¶tyle (?), n. (Zo”l.) One of the Artiodactyla. Ar·tiÏoÏdac¶tyÏlous (?), a. (Zo”l.) EvenÐtoed. Ar¶tiÏsan (?; 277), n. [F. artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. artigiano. See Art, n.] 1. One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist. [Obs.] 2. One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic. This is willingly submitted to by the artisan, who can... compensate his additional toil and fatigue. Hume. Syn. - Artificer; artist. Ð Artisan, Artist, Artificer. An artist is one who is skilled in some one of the fine arts; an artisan is one who exercises any mechanical employment. A portrait painter is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipulation; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the exercise of his profession. The word suggest neither the idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of peculiar skill which belong to the term artist. Art¶ist (?), n. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See Art, n., and cf. Artiste.] 1. One who practices some mechanic art or craft; an artisan. [Obs.] How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast, Instruct the articles and reward their. Waller. 2. One who professes and practices an art in which science and taste preside over the manual execution. µ The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes. 3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any manual art or occupation. Pope. 4. An artful person; a schemer. [Obs.] Syn. - Artisan. See Artisan. Ø ArÏtiste¶ (?), n. [F. See Artist.] One peculiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment, as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook. µ This term should not be confounded with the English word artist. ArÏtis¶tic , ArÏtis¶ticÏal (?), } a. [Cf. F. artistique, fr. artiste.] Of or pertaining to art or to artists; made in the manner of an artist; conformable to art; characterized by art; showing taste or skill. Ð ArÏtis¶ticÏalÏly, adv. Art¶istÏry (?), n. 1. Works of art collectively. 2. Artistic effect or quality. Southey. 3. Artistic pursuits; artistic ability. The Academy. Art¶less (?), a. 1. Wanting art, knowledge, or skill; ignorant; unskillful. Artless of stars and of the moving sand. Dryden. 2. Contrived without skill or art; inartistic. [R.] Artless and massy pillars. T. Warton. 3. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem; characterized by simplicity and sincerity; sincere; guileless; ingenuous; honest; as, an artless mind; an artless tale. They were plain, artless men, without the least appearance of enthusiasm or credulity about them. Porteus. O, how unlike the complex works of man, Heaven's easy, artless, unencumbered plan! Cowper. Syn. - Simple; unaffected; sincere; undesigning; guileless; unsophisticated; open; frank; candid. Art¶lessÏly, adv. In an artless manner; without art, skill, or guile; unaffectedly. Pope. Art¶lessÏness, n. The quality of being artless, or void of art or guile; simplicity; sincerity. Art¶ly, adv. With art or skill. [Obs.] Ar·toÏcar¶peÏous (?), Ar·toÏcar¶pous (?), } a. [Gr. ? bread + ? fruit.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to the genus Artocarpus. Ar¶toÏtype (?), n. [Art + type.] A kind of autotype. Ar·toÏty¶rite (?), n. [LL. Artotyritae, pl., fr. Gr. ? bread + ? cheese.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the primitive church, who celebrated the Lord's Supper with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. [Gen. iv. 3, 4.] Ar¶tow (?). A contraction of art thou. [Obs.] Chaucer. Arts¶man (?), n. A man skilled in an art or in arts. [Obs.] Bacon. Art· un¶ion (?). An association for promoting art (esp. the arts of design), and giving encouragement to artists. Ø A¶rum , n. [L. arum, aros, Gr. ?.] A genus of plants found in central Europe and about the Mediterranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe. The cuckoopint of the English is an example. Our common arums the lords and ladies of village children. Lubbock. µ The American ½Jack in the pulpit¸ is now separated from the genus Arum. Ar·unÏdel¶ian (?), a. Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as, Arundel or Arundelian marbles, marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of Arundel in 1624. Ar·unÏdif¶erÏous , a. [L. arundifer; arundo reed + ferre to bear.] Producing reeds or canes. AÏrun·diÏna¶ceous (?), a. [L. arundinaceus, fr. arundo reed.] Of or pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane. Ar·unÏdin¶eÏous (?), a. [L. arundineus, fr. arundo reed.] Abounding with reeds; reedy. Ø AÏrus¶pex (?), n.; pl. Aruspices (?). [L. aruspex or haruspex.] One of the class of diviners among the Etruscans and Romans, who foretold events by the inspection of the entrails of victims offered on the altars of the gods. AÏrus¶pice (?), n. [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice. Cf. Aruspex, Haruspice.] A soothsayer of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.] AÏrus¶piÏcy (?), n. [L. aruspicium, haruspicium.] Prognostication by inspection of the entrails of victims slain sacrifice. Ar¶val (?), n. [W. arwyl funeral; ar over + wylo to weep, or cf. arf”l; Icel. arfr inheritance + Sw. ”l ale. Cf. Bridal.] A funeral feast. [North of Eng.] Grose. Ar¶viÏcole (?), n. [L. arvum field + colere to inhabit.] (Zo”l.) A mouse of the genus Arvicola; the meadow mouse. There are many species. Ar¶yan (?), n. [Skr. ¾rya excellent, honorable; akin to the name of the country Iran, and perh. to Erin, Ireland, and the early name of this people, at least in Asia.] 1. One of a primitive people supposed to have lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo ???? and Paropamisan Mountains, and to have been the stock from which sprang the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other races; one of that ethnological division of mankind called also IndoÐEuropean or IndoÐGermanic.

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2. The language of the original Aryans. [Written also Arian.] Ar¶yan (?), a. Of or pertaining to the people called Aryans; IndoÐEuropean; IndoÐGermanic; as, the Aryan stock, the Aryan languages. Ar¶yanÏize , v. t. To make Aryan (a language, or in language). K. Johnston. AÏryt¶eÏnoid (?), a. [Gr. ? shaped like a ladle; ? a ladle + ? form.] (Anat.) LadleÐshaped; Ð applied to two small cartilages of the larynx, and also to the glands, muscles, etc., connected with them. The cartilages are attached to the cricoid cartilage and connected with the vocal cords. As (?), adv. & conj. [OE. as, als, alse, also, al swa, AS. eal sw¾, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as: cf. G. als as, than, also so, then. See Also.] 1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner; like; similar to; in the same manner with or in which; in accordance with; in proportion to; to the extent or degree in which or to which; equally; no less than; as, ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil; you will reap as you sow; do as you are bidden. His spiritual attendants adjured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren. Macaulay. µ As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an equality or comparison; as, give us such things as you please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please; he is not so brave as Cato; she is as amiable as she is handsome; come as quickly as possible. ½Bees appear fortunately to prefer the same colors as we do.¸ Lubbock. As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or so to answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with the priest. 2. In the idea, character, or condition of, Ð limiting the view to certain attributes or relations; as, virtue considered as virtue; this actor will appear as Hamlet. The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as a king. Dewey. 3. While; during or at the same time that; when; as, he trembled as he spoke. As I return I will fetch off these justices. Shak. 4. Because; since; it being the case that. As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to arms... they were not indifferently prepared. Sir W. Scott. [See Synonym under Because.] 5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though in meaning). We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited. Macaulay. 6. That, introducing or expressing a result or consequence, after the correlatives so and such.ÿ[Obs.] I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find thee. Rowe. So ~, so that. [Obs.] The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination. Bacon. 7. As if; as though. [Obs. or Poetic] He lies, as he his bliss did know. Waller. 8. For instance; by way of example; thus; Ð used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations. 9. Than. [Obs. & R.] The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors. Fuller. 10 Expressing a wish. [Obs.] ½As have,¸ i. e., may he have. Chaucer.

As... as. See So... as, under So. Ð As far as, to the extent or degree. ½As far as can be ascertained.¸ Macaulay. Ð As far forth as, as far as. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ð As for, or As to, in regard to; with respect to. Ð As good as, not less than; not falling short of. Ð As good as one's word, faithful to a promise. Ð As if, or As though, of the same kind, or in the same condition or manner, that it would be if. Ð As it were (as it were), a qualifying phrase used to apologize for or to relieve some expression which might be regarded as inappropriate or incongruous; in a manner. Ð As now, just now. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ð As swythe, as quickly as possible. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ð As well, also; too; besides. Addison. Ð As well as, equally with, no less than. ½I have understanding as well as you.¸ Job xii. 3. Ð As yet, until now; up to or at the present time; still; now. As (?), n. [See Ace.] An ace. [Obs.] Chaucer. AmbesÐas, double aces. Ø As (?), n.; pl. Asses (?). [L. as. See Ace.] 1. A Roman weight, answering to the libra or pound, equal to nearly eleven ounces Troy weight. It was divided into twelve ounces. 2. A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight (12 oz.); but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and afterwards to half an ounce. Ø As¶a (?), n. [NL. asa, of oriental origin; cf. Per. az¾ mastic, Ar. as¾ healing, is¾ remedy.] An ancient name of a gum. As·aÏfet¶iÏda, As·aÏf?t¶iÏda } (?), n. [Asa + L. foetidus fetid.] The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant (Ferula asaf?tida) of Persia and the East India. It is used in medicine as an antispasmodic. [Written also assaf?tida.] Ø As¶aÏphus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? indistinct, uncertain.] (Paleon.) A genus of trilobites found in the Lower Silurian formation. See Illust. in Append. Ø As·aÏraÏbac¶ca (?), n. [L. asarum + bacca a berry. See Asarone.] (Bot.) An acrid herbaceous plant (Asarum Europ‘um), the leaves and roots of which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in cephalic snuffs. As¶aÏrone (?), n. [L. asarum hazelwort, wild spikenard, Gr. ?] (Chem.) A crystallized substance, resembling camphor, obtained from the Asarum Europ‘um; Ð called also camphor of asarum. AsÏbes¶tic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling asbestus; inconsumable; asbestine. AsÏbes¶tiÏform (?), a. [L. asbestus + Ïform.] Having the form or structure of asbestus. AsÏbes¶tine (?), a. Of or pertaining to asbestus, or partaking of its nature; incombustible; asbestic. AsÏbes¶tous (?), a. Asbestic. AsÏbes¶tus (?), AsÏbes¶tos (?; 277), } n. [L. asbestos (NL. asbestus) a kind of mineral unaffected by fire, Gr. ? (prop. an adj.) inextinguishable; ? priv. + ? to extinguish.] (Min.) A variety of amphibole or of pyroxene, occurring in long and delicate fibers, or in fibrous masses or seams, usually of a white, gray, or greenÐgray color. The name is also given to a similar variety of serpentine. µ The finer varieties have wrought into gloves and cloth which are incombustible. The cloth was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been recommended for firemen's clothes. Asbestus in also employed in the manufacture of iron sa?es, for fireproof roofing, and for lampwicks. Some varieties are called amianthus. Dana. Ab¶soÏlin (?), n. [Gr. ? soot.] (Chem.) A peculiar acrid and bitter oil, obtained from wood soot. As¶caÏrid (?), n.; pl. Ascarides (?) or Ascarids. [NL. ascaris, fr. Gr. ?.] (Zo”l.) A parasitic nematoid worm, espec. the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, often occurring in the human intestine and allied species found in domestic animals; also commonly applied to the pinworm (Oxyuris), often troublesome to children and aged persons. AsÏcend¶ (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ascended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascending.] [L. ascendere; ad + scandere to climb, mount. See Scan.] 1. To move upward; to mount; to go up; to rise; Ð opposed to descend. Higher yet that star ascends. Bowring. I ascend unto my father and your father. John xx. 17. Formerly used with up. The smoke of it ascended up to heaven. Addison. 2. To rise, in a figurative sense; to proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, from modern to ancient times, from one note to another more acute, etc.; as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity; to ascend to our first progenitor. Syn. - To rise; mount; climb; scale; soar; tower. AsÏcend¶, v. t. To go or move upward upon or along; to climb; to mount; to go up the top of; as, to ascend a hill, a ladder, a tree, a river, a throne. AsÏcend¶aÏble (?), a. Capable of being ascended. AsÏcend¶anÏcy (?), AsÏcend¶ance (?), } n. Same as Ascendency. AsÏcend¶ant (?), n. [F. ascendant, L. ascendens; p. pr. of ascendere.] 1. Ascent; height; elevation. [R.] Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant. Temple. 2. (Astrol.) The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which roses above the horizon at the moment of one's birth; supposed to have a commanding influence on a person's life and fortune. µ Hence the phrases To be in the ~, to have commanding power or influence, and Lord of the ~, one who has possession of such power or influence; as, to rule, for a while, lord of the ascendant. Burke. 3. Superiority, or commanding influence; ascendency; as, one man has the ascendant over another. Chievres had acquired over the mind of the young monarch the ascendant not only of a tutor, but of a parent. Robertson. 4. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred; a relative in the ascending line; a progenitor; Ð opposed to descendant. Ayliffe. AsÏcend¶ant (?), AsÏcend¶ent (?), } a. 1. Rising toward the zenith; above the horizon. The constellation... about that time ascendant. Browne. 2. Rising; ascending. Ruskin. 3. Superior; surpassing; ruling. An ascendant spirit over him. South. The ascendant community obtained a surplus of wealth. J. S. Mill. Without some power of persuading or confuting, of defending himself against accusations, ... no man could possibly hold an ascendent position. Grote. AsÏcend¶enÏcy (?), n. Governing or controlling influence; domination; power. An undisputed ascendency. Macaulay. Custom has an ascendency over the understanding. Watts. Syn. - Control; authority; influence; sway' dominion; prevalence; domination. AsÏcend¶iÏble (?), a. [L. ascendibilis.] Capable of being ascended; climbable. AsÏcend¶ing, a. Rising; moving upward; as, an ascending kite. Ð AsÏcend¶ingÏly, adv. ÷ latitude (Astron.), the increasing latitude of a planet. Ferguson. Ð ÷ line (Geneal.), the line of relationship traced backward or through one's ancestors. One's father and mother, grandfather and grandmother, etc., are in the line direct ascending. Ð ÷ nodeÿhaving, that node of the moon or a planet wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed northward. It is also called the northern node. Herschel. Ð ÷ series. (Math.) (a) A series arranged according to the ~ powers of a quantity. (b) A series in which each term is greater than the preceding. Ð ÷ signs, signs east of the meridian. AsÏcen¶sion , n. [F. ascension, L. ascensio, fr. ascendere. See Ascend.] 1. The act of ascending; a rising; ascent. 2. Specifically: The visible ascent of our Savior on the fortieth day after his resurrection. (Acts i. 9.) Also, Ascension Day. 3. An ascending or arising, as in distillation; also that which arises, as from distillation. Vaporous ascensions from the stomach. Sir T. Browne. ÷ Day, the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide, the day on which commemorated our Savior's ~ into heaven after his resurrection; Ð called also Holy Thursday. Ð Right ~ (Astron.), that degree of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a star, or other celestial body, in a right sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the meridian with the star; Ð expressed either in degrees or in time. Ð Oblique ~ (Astron.), an arc of the equator, intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator which rises together with a star, in an oblique sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a star. It is little used in modern astronomy. AsÏcen¶sionÏal (?), a. Relating to ascension; connected with ascent; ascensive; tending upward; as, the ascensional power of a balloon. ÷ difference (Astron.), the difference between oblique and right ascension; Ð used chiefly as expressing the difference between the time of the rising or setting of a body and six o'clock, or six hours from its meridian passage. AsÏcen¶sive (?), a. [See Ascend.] 1. Rising; tending to rise, or causing to rise. Owen. 2. (Gram.) Augmentative; intensive. Ellicott. AsÏcent¶ (?). [Formed like descent, as if from a F. ascente, fr. a verb ascendre, fr. L. ascendere. See Ascend, Descent.] 1. The act of rising; motion upward; rise; a mounting upward; as, he made a tedious ascent; the ascent of vapors from the earth. To him with swift ascent he up returned. Milton. 2. The way or means by which one ascends. 3. An eminence, hill, or high place. Addison. 4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it makes with a horizontal line; inclination; rising grade; as, a road has an ascent of five degrees. As·cerÏtain¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascertained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ascertaining.] [OF. acertener; a (L. ad) + certain. See Certain.] 1. To render (a person) certain; to cause to feel certain; to make confident; to assure; to apprise. [Obs.] When the blessed Virgin was so ascertained. Jer. Taylor. Muncer assured them that the design was approved of by Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream ascertained him of its effects. Robertson. 2. To make (a thing) certain to the mind; to free from obscurity, doubt, or change; to make sure of; to fix; to determine. [Archaic] The divine law... ascertaineth the truth. Hooker. The very deferring [of his execution] shall increase and ascertain the condemnation. Jer. Taylor. The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority... persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers. Smollett. The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and measure of taxation. Gibbon. 3. To find out or learn for a certainty, by trial, examination, or experiment; to get to know; as, to ascertain the weight of a commodity, or the purity of a metal. He was there only for the purpose of ascertaining whether a descent on England was practicable. Macaulay. As·cerÏtain¶aÏble (?), a. That may be ascertained. Ð As·cerÏtain¶aÏbleÏness, n. Ð As·cerÏtain¶aÏbly, adv. As·cerÏtain¶er (?), n. One who ascertains. As·cerÏtain¶ment (?), n. The act of ascertaining; a reducing to certainty; a finding out by investigation; discovery. The positive ascertainment of its limits. Burke. AsÏces¶sanÏcy (?), n. AsÏces¶sant (?), a. See Acescency, Acescent. [Obs.] AsÏcet¶ic (?) a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to exercise, to practice gymnastics.] Extremely rigid in selfÐdenial and devotions; austere; severe. The stern ascetic rigor of the Temple discipline. Sir W. Scott. AsÏcet¶ic, n. In the early church, one who devoted himself to a solitary and contemplative life, characterized by devotion, extreme selfÐdenial, and selfÐmortification; a hermit; a recluse; hence, one who practices extreme rigor and selfÐdenial in religious things. I am far from commending those ascetics that take up their quarters in deserts. Norris. ÷ theology, the science which treats of the practice of the theological and moral virtues, and the counsels of perfection. Am. Cyc. AsÏcet¶iÏcism (?), n. The condition, practice, or mode of life, of ascetics. As¶cham (?), n. [From Roger Ascham, who was a great lover of archery.] A sort of cupboard, or case, to contain bows and other implements of archery. Ø As¶ci , n. pl. See Ascus. As¶cian , n. One of the Ascii. AsÏcid¶iÏan (?), n. [Gr. ? bladder, pouch.] (Zo”l.) One of the Ascidioidea, or in a more general sense, one of the Tunicata. Also as an Adj. Ø AsÏcid·iÏa¶riÏum (?), n. [NL. See Ascidium.] (Zo”l.) The structure which unites together the ascidiozooids in a compound ascidian. AsÏcid¶iÏform , a. [Gr. ? a pouch + Ïform.] (Zo”l.) Shaped like an ascidian. Ø AsÏcid·iÏoid¶eÏa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. ascidium + Ïoid. See Ascidium.] (Zo”l.) A group of Tunicata, often shaped like a twoÐnecked bottle. The group includes, social, and compound species. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aperture. The integument is usually leathery in texture. See Illustration in Appendix.

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