Chapter XXIX: Part 29

AsÏcid·iÏoÏzo¶oid (?), n. [Ascidium + zooid.] (Zo”l.) One of the individual members of a compound ascidian. See Ascidioidea. Ø AsÏcid¶iÏum (?), n.; pl. Ascidia (?). [NL., fr. ascus. See Ascus.] 1. (Bot.) A pitcherÐshaped, or flaskÐshaped, organ or appendage of a plant, as the leaves of the pitcher plant, or the little bladderlike traps of the bladderwort (Utricularia). 2. pl. (Zo”l.) A genus of simple ascidians, which formerly included most of the known species. It is sometimes used as a name for the Ascidioidea, or for all the Tunicata. AsÏcig¶erÏous (?), a. [Ascus + Ïgerous.] (Bot.) Having asci. Loudon. Ø As¶ciÏi (?), As¶cians (?), } n. pl. [L. ascii, pl. of ascius, Gr. ? without shadow; ? priv. + ? shadow.] Persons who, at certain times of the year, have no shadow at noon; Ð applied to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun. Ø AsÏci¶tes (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? (sc. ? disease), fr. ? bladder, belly.] (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the cavity of the abdomen; dropsy of the peritoneum. Dunglison. AsÏcit¶ic (?), AsÏcit¶icÏal (?), } a. Of, pertaining to, or affected by, ascites; dropsical. As·ciÏti¶tious (?), a. [See Adscititious.] Supplemental; not inherent or original; adscititious; additional; assumed. Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name. Pope. AsÏcle¶piÏad (?), n. (Gr. & L. Pros.) A choriambic verse, first used by the Greek poet Asclepias, consisting of four feet, viz., a spondee, two choriambi, and an iambus. AsÏcle·piÏaÏda¶ceous , a. [See Asclepias.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the Milkweed family. Ø AsÏcle¶piÏas , n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, named from Asclepios or Aesculapius.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the milkweed, swallowwort, and some other species having medicinal properties. ÷ butterfly (Zo”l.), a large, handsome, red and black butterfly (Danais Archippus), found in both hemispheres. It feeds on plants of the genus Asclepias. Ø As·coÏcoc¶cus (?), n.; pl. Ascococci (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? bladder, bag + ? kernel.] (Biol.) A form of micrococcus, found in putrid meat infusions, occurring in peculiar masses, each of which is inclosed in a hyaline capsule and contains a large number of spherical micrococci. As¶coÏspore (?), n. [Ascus + spore.] (Bot.) One of the spores contained in the asci of lichens and fungi. [See Illust. of Ascus.] AsÏcrib¶aÏble (?), a. Capable of being ascribed; attributable. AsÏcribe¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ascribing.] [L. ascribere, adscribere, to ascribe; ad + scribere to write: cf. OF. ascrire. See Scribe.] 1. To attribute, impute, or refer, as to a cause; as, his death was ascribed to a poison; to ascribe an effect to the right cause; to ascribe such a book to such an author. The finest [speech] that is ascribed to Satan in the whole poem. Addison. 2. To attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance; to consider or allege to belong. Syn. - To Ascribe, Attribute, Impute. Attribute denotes, 1. To refer some quality or attribute to a being; as, to attribute power to God. 2. To refer something to its cause or source; as, to attribute a backward spring to icebergs off the coast. Ascribe is used equally in both these senses, but involves a different image. To impute usually denotes to ~ something doubtful or wrong, and hence, in general literature, has commonly a bad sense; as, to impute unworthy motives. The theological sense of impute is not here taken into view. More than goodÐwill to me attribute naught. Spenser. Ascribes his gettings to his parts and merit. Pope. And fairly quit him of the imputed blame. Spenser. As¶cript (?), a. See Adscript. [Obs.] AsÏcrip¶tion (?), n. [L. ascriptio, fr. ascribere. See Ascribe.] The act of ascribing, imputing, or affirming to belong; also, that which is ascribed. As·cripÏti¶tious (?), a. [L. ascriptitius, fr. ascribere.] 1. Ascribed. 2. Added; additional. [Obs.] An ascriptitious and supernumerary God. Farindon. As¶cus (?), n.; pl Asci (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? a bladder.] (Bot.) A small membranous bladder or tube in which are inclosed the seedlike reproductive particles or sporules of lichens and certain fungi. AÐsea , adv. [Pref. aÏ + sea.] On the sea; at sea; toward the sea. AÏsep¶tic (?), a. [Pref. aÏ not + septic.] Not liable to putrefaction; nonputrescent. Ð n. An ~ substance. AÏsex¶uÏal (?; 135), a. [Pref. aÏ not + sexual.] (Biol.) Having no distinct; without sexual action; as, asexual reproduction. See Fission and Gemmation. AÏsex¶uÏalÏly (?), adv. In an asexual manner; without sexual agency. Ash (?), n. [OE. asch, esh, AS. ‘sc; akin to OHG. asc, Sw. & Dan. ask, Icel. askr, D. esch, G. esche.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees of the Olive family, having opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species furnishing valuable timber, as the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the white ash (F. Americana). Prickly ~ (Zanthoxylum Americanum) and Poison ~ (R??s venerala) are shrubs of different families, somewhat resembling the true ashes in their foliage. Ð Mountain ~. See Roman tree, and under Mountain. 2. The tough, elastic wood of the ~ tree. Ash is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound term; as, ash bud, ash wood, ash tree, etc. Ash, n., sing. of Ashes. µ Ash is rarely used in the singular except in connection with chemical or geological products; as, soda ash, coal which yields a red ash, etc., or as a qualifying or combining word; as, ash bin, ash heap, ash hole, ash pan, ash pit, ashÐgrey, ashÐgrey, ashÐcolored, pearlash, potash. Bone ~, burnt powered; bone earth. Ð Volcanic ~. See under Ashes. Ash, v. t. To strew or sprinkle with ashes. Howell. AÏshame (?), v. t. [Pref. aÏ + shame: cf. AS. ¾scamian to shame (where ¾Ï is the same as Goth. usÏ, G. erÏ, and orig. meant out), gescamian, gesceamian, to shame.] To shame. [R.] Barrow. AÏshamed¶ (?), a. [Orig. a p. p. of ashame, v. t.] Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction or consciousness of some wrong action or impropriety. ½I am ashamed to beg.¸ Wyclif. All that forsake thee shall be ashamed. Jer. xvii. 13. I began to be ashamed of sitting idle. Johnson. Enough to make us ashamed of our species. Macaulay. An ashamed person can hardly endure to meet the gaze of those present. Darwin. µ Ashamed seldom precedes the noun or pronoun it qualifies. By a Hebraism, it is sometimes used in the Bible to mean disappointed, or defeated. AÏsham¶edÏly (?), adv. Bashfully. [R.] Ash·anÏtee¶ (?), n.; pl. Ashantees (?). A native or an inhabitant of Ashantee in Western Africa. Ash·anÏtee¶, a. Of or pertaining to Ashantee. Ash¶Ðcol·ored (?), a. Of the color of ashes; a whitish gray or brownish gray. Ash¶en (?), a. [See Ash, the tree.] Of or pertaining to the ash tree. ½Ashen poles.¸ Dryden. Ash¶en, a. Consisting of, or resembling, ashes; of a color between brown and gray, or white and gray. The ashen hue of age. Sir W. Scott. Ash¶en (?), n., obs. pl. for Ashes. Chaucer. Ash¶erÏy (?), n. 1. A depository for ashes. 2. A place where potash is made. Ash¶es (?), n. pl. [OE. asche, aske, AS. asce, ‘sce, axe; akin to OHG. asca, G. asche, D. asch, Icel. & Sw. aska, Dan. aske, Goth. azgo.] 1. The earthy or mineral particles of combustible substances remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal. 2. Specifically: The remains of the human body when burnt, or when ¸returned to dust¸ by natural decay. Their martyred blood and ashes sow. Milton. The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scattered to the winds. Macaulay. 3. The color of ashes; deathlike paleness. The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame. Byron. In dust and ~, In sackcloth and ~, with humble expression of grief or repentance; Ð from the method of mourning in Eastern lands. Ð Volcanic ~, or Volcanic ash, the loose, earthy matter, or small fragments of stone or lava, ejected by volcanoes. Ash¶Ïfire , n. A low fire used in chemical operations. Ash¶Ðfur·nace (?), Ash¶Ðov·en (?), n. A furnace or oven for fritting materials for glass making. AÏschine¶ (?), a. Shining; radiant. Ash¶lar, Ash¶ler } (?), n. [OE. ascheler, achiler, OF. aiseler, fr. aiselle, dim. of ais plank, fr. L. axis, assis, plank, axle. See Axle.] 1. (Masonry) (a) Hewn or squared stone; also, masonry made of squared or hewn stone. Rough ashlar, a block of freestone as brought from the quarry. When hammerÏdressed it is known as common ashlar. Knight. (b) In the United States especially, a thin facing of squared and dressed stone upon a wall of rubble or brick. 2. (Carp.) One of the short upright pieces or studs between the floor beams and the rafters of a garret. Ashlar pieces cut off the sharp angles between the floor and ceiling. Knight. Ash¶larÏing, Ash¶lerÏing, } n. 1. The act of bedding ashlar in mortar. 2. Ashlar when in thin slabs and made to serve merely as a case to the body of the wall. Brande & C. 3. (Carp.) The short upright pieces between the floor beams and rafters in garrets. See Ashlar, 2. AÏshore¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + shore.] On shore or on land; on the land adjacent to water; to the shore; to the land; aground (when applied to a ship); Ð sometimes opposed to aboard or afloat. Here shall I die ashore. Shak. I must fetch his necessaries ashore. Shak. Ash¶toÏreth (?), n.; pl. Ashtaroth (?). The principal female divinity of the Ph?nicians, as Baal was the principal male divinity. W. Smith. Ash· Wednes¶day (?). The first day of Lent; Ð so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic church of putting ashes, on that day, upon the foreheads of penitents. Ash¶weed· (?), n. (Bot.) [A corruption of acheÐweed; F. ache. So named from the likeness of its leaves to those of ache (celery).] Goutweed. Ash¶y (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, ?shes; filled, or strewed with, ashes. 2. AshÐcolored; whitish gray; deadly pale. Shak. ÷ pale, pale as ~. Shak. A¶sian (?), a. [L. Asianus, Gr. ?, fr. ?, L. Asia.] Of or pertaining to Asia; Asiatic. ½Asian princes.¸ Jer. Taylor. Ð n. An Asiatic. A¶siÏarch (?), n. [L. Asiarcha, Gr. ?; ? + ? ruler.] One of the chiefs or pontiffs of the Roman province of Asia, who had the superintendence of the public games and religious rites. Milner. A·siÏat¶ic (?), a. [L. Asiaticus, Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to Asia or to its inhabitants. Ð n. A native, or one of the people, of Asia. A·siÏat¶iÏcism (?), n. Something peculiar to Asia or the Asiatics. AÏside¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + side.] 1. On, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest; out of the way; apart. Thou shalt set aside that which is full. 2 Kings iv. 4. But soft! but soft! aside: here comes the king. Shak. The flames were blown aside. Dryden. 2. Out of one's thoughts; off; away; as, to put aside gloomy thoughts. ½Lay aside every weight.¸ Heb. xii. 1. 3. So as to be heard by others; privately. Then lords and ladies spake aside. Sir W. Scott. To set ~ (Law), to annul or defeat the effect or operation of, by a subsequent decision of the same or of a superior tribunal; to declare of no authority; as, to set aside a verdict or a judgment. AÏside¶, n. Something spoken ~; as, a remark made by a stageplayer which the other players are not supposed to hear. Ø AÏsi¶lus (?), n. [L., a gadfly.] (Zo”l.) A genus of large and voracious twoÐwinged flies, including the bee killer and robber fly. As·Ïne¶go, As·siÏne¶go (?), n. [Sp. asnico, dim. of asno an ass.] A stupid fellow. [Obs.] Shak. As¶iÏnine (?), a. [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass. See Ass.] Of or belonging to, or having the qualities of, the ass, as stupidity and obstinacy. ½Asinine nature.¸ B. Jonson. ½Asinine feast.¸ Milton. As·iÏnin¶iÏty (?), n. The quality of being asinine; stupidity combined with obstinacy. AÏsi¶phonÏate (?), a. (Zo”l.) Destitute of a siphon or breathing tube; Ð said of many bivalve shells. Ð n. An ~ mollusk. Ø As·iÏpho¶neÏa (?), Ø AÏsi·phoÏna¶ta (?), Ø As·iÏphon¶iÏda (?), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? a tube.] (Zo”l.) A group of bivalve mollusks destitute of siphons, as the oyster; the asiphonate mollusks. Ø AÏsi¶tiÏa (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? food.] (Med.) Want of appetite; loathing of food. Ask (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Asking.] [OE. asken, ashen, axien, AS. ¾scian, ¾csian; akin to OS. ?sc?n, OHG. eisc?n, Sw. ¾ska, Dan. ‘ske, D. eischen, G. heischen, Lith. j‰sk¢ti, OSlav. iskati to seek, Skr. ish to desire. ?.] 1. To request; to seek to obtain by words; to petition; to solicit; Ð often with of, in the sense of from, before the person addressed. Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God. Judg. xviii. 5. If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you. John xv. 7. 2. To require, demand, claim, or expect, whether by way of remuneration or return, or as a matter of necessity; as, what price do you ask? Ask me never so much dowry. Gen. xxxiv. 12. To whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more. Luke xii. 48. An exigence of state asks a much longer time to conduct a design to maturity. Addison. 3. To interrogate or inquire of or concerning; to put a question to or about; to question. He is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself. John ix. 21. He asked the way to Chester. Shak. 4. To invite; as, to ask one to an entertainment. 5. To publish in church for marriage; Ð said of both the banns and the persons. Fuller. Syn. - To beg; request; seek; petition; solicit; entreat; beseech; implore; crave; require; demand; claim; exhibit; inquire; interrogate. See Beg. Ask, v. i. 1. To request or petition; Ð usually folllowed by for; as, to ask for bread. Ask, and it shall be given you. Matt. vii. 7. 2. To make inquiry, or seek by request; Ð sometimes followed by after. Wherefore... dost ask after my name? Gen. xxxii. 29. Ask (?), n. [See 2d Asker.] (Zo”l.) A water newt. [Scot. & North of Eng.] AÏskance¶ (?), AÏskant¶ (?), } adv. [Cf. D. schuin, schuins, sideways, schuiven to shove, schuinte slope. Cf. Asquint.] Sideways; obliquely; with a side glance; with disdain, envy, or suspicion. They dart away; they wheel askance. Beattie. My palfrey eyed them askance. Landor. Both... were viewed askance by authority. Gladstone. AÏskance¶ , v. t. To turn aside. [Poet.] O, how are they wrapped in with infamies That from their own misdeeds askance their eyes! Shak. Ask¶er , n. One who asks; a petitioner; an inquirer. Shak. Ask¶er, n. [A corruption of AS. a?exe lizard, newt.] (Zo”l.) An ask; a water newt. [Local Eng.] AÏskew¶ , adv. & a. [Pref. aÏ + skew.] Awry; askance; asquint; oblique or obliquely; Ð sometimes indicating scorn, or contempt, or entry. Spenser. Ask¶ing , n. 1. The act of inquiring or requesting; a petition; solicitation. Longfellow. 2. The publishing of banns.

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AÏslake¶ (?), v. t. & i. [AS. ¾slacian, slacian, to slacken. Cf. Slake.] To mitigate; to moderate; to appease; to abate; to diminish. [Archaic] Chaucer. AÏslant¶ (?), adv. & a. [Pref. aÏ + slant.] Toward one side; in a slanting direction; obliquely. [The shaft] drove through his neck aslant. Dryden. AÏslant¶, prep. In a slanting direction over; athwart. There is a willow grows aslant a brook. Shak. AÏsleep¶ , a. & adv. [Pref. aÏ + sleep.] 1. In a state of sleep; in sleep; dormant. Fast asleep the giant lay supine. Dryden. By whispering winds soon lulled asleep. Milton. 2. In the sleep of the grave; dead. Concerning them which are asleep... sorrow not, even as others which have no hope. 1 Thess. iv. 13. 3. Numbed, and, usually, tingling. Udall. Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb, and, as we call it, asleep. Bacon. AÏslope¶ (?), adv. & a. [Pref. aÏ + slope.] Slopingly; aslant; declining from an upright direction; sloping. ½Set them not upright, but aslope.¸ Bacon. AÏslug¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + slug to move slowly.] Sluggishly. [Obs.] Fotherby. AÏsmear¶ (?), a. [Pref. aÏ + smear.] Smeared over. Dickens. As·moÏne¶an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the patriotic Jewish family to which the Maccabees belonged; Maccabean; as, the Asmonean dynasty. [Written also Asmon‘an.] As·moÏne¶an, n. One of the ÷ family. The Asmoneans were leaders and rulers of the Jews from 168 to 35 b. c. AÏsoak¶ (?), a. [Pref. aÏ + soak.] Soaking. AÏso¶maÏtous (?), a. [L. asomatus, Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? body.] Without a material body; incorporeal. Todd. As¶oÏnant (?), a. [Pref. aÏ not + sonant.] Not sounding or sounded. [R.] C. C. Felton. Asp (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Aspen. ½Trembling poplar or asp.¸ Martyn. Asp (?), n. [L. aspis, fr. Gr. ?: cf. OF. aspe, F. aspic.] (Zo”l.) A small, hooded, poisonous serpent of Egypt and adjacent countries, whose bite is often fatal. It is the Naja haje. The name is also applied to other poisonous serpents, esp. to Vipera aspis of southern Europe. See Haje. Ø AsÏpal¶aÏthus (?), n. [L. aspalathus, Gr. ?.] (Bot.) (a) A thorny shrub yielding a fragrant oil. Ecclus. xxiv. 15. (b) A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminos‘. The species are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope. AsÏpar¶aÏgine (?), n. [Cf. F. asparagine.] (Chem.) A white, nitrogenous, crystallizable substance, C4H8N2O3+H2O, found in many plants, and first obtained from asparagus It is believed to aid in the disposition of nitrogenous matter throughout the plant; Ð called also altheine. As·paÏrag¶iÏnous (?), a. Pertaining or allied to, or resembling, asparagus; having shoots which are eaten like asparagus; as, asparaginous vegetables. AsÏpar¶aÏgus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, ?; cf. ? to swell with sap or juice, and Zend ?paregha prong, sprout, Pers. asparag, Lith. spurgas sprout, Skr. sphurj to swell. Perh. the Greek borrowed from the Persian. Cf. Sparrowgrass.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants belonging to the natural order Liliace‘, and having erect much branched stems, and very slender branchlets which are sometimes mistaken for leaves. Asparagus racemosus is a shrubby climbing plant with fragrant flowers. Specifically: The Asparagus officinalis, a species cultivated in gardens. 2. The young and tender shoots of A. officinalis, which form a valuable and wellÐknown article of food. µ This word was formerly pronounced sparrowgrass; but this pronunciation is now confined exclusively to uneducated people. ÷ beetle (Zo”l.), a small beetle (Crioceris asparagi) injurious to ~. AsÏpar¶tic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived, asparagine; as, aspartic acid. As¶pect (?), n. [L. aspectus, fr. aspicere, aspectum, to look at; ad + spicere, specere, to look, akin to E. spy.] 1. The act of looking; vision; gaze; glance. [R.] ½The basilisk killeth by aspect.¸ Bacon. His aspect was bent on the ground. Sir W. Scott. 2. Look, or particular appearance of the face; countenance; mien; air. ½Serious in aspect.¸ Dryden. [Craggs] with aspect open shall erect his head. Pope. 3. Appearance to the eye or the mind; look; view. ½The aspect of affairs.¸ Macaulay. The true aspect of a world lying in its rubbish. T. Burnet. 4. Position or situation with regard to seeing; that position which enables one to look in a particular direction; position in relation to the points of the compass; as, a house has a southern aspect, that is, a position which faces the south. 5. Prospect; outlook. [Obs.] This town affords a good aspect toward the hill from whence we descended. Evelyn. 6. (Astrol.) The situation of planets or stars with respect to one another, or the angle formed by the rays of light proceeding from them and meeting at the eye; the joint look of planets or stars upon each other or upon the earth. Milton. µ The aspects which two planets can assume are five; sextile, ?, when the planets are 600 apart; quartile, or quadrate, ?, when their distance is 900 or the quarter of a circle; trine, ?, when the distance is 1200; opposition, ?, when the distance is 1800, or half a circle; and conjunction, ?, when they are in the same degree. Astrology taught that the aspects of the planets exerted an influence on human affairs, in some situations for good and in others for evil. 7. (Astrol.) The influence of the stars for good or evil; as, an ill aspect. Shak. The astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects. Bacon. ÷ of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane. AsÏpect¶ (?), v. t. [L. aspectare, v. intens. of aspicere. See Aspect, n.] To behold; to look at. [Obs.] AsÏpect¶aÏble (?), a. [L. aspectabilis.] Capable of being; visible. ½The aspectable world.¸ Ray. ½Aspectable stars.¸ Mr. Browning. AsÏpect¶ant (?), a. (Her.) Facing each other. AsÏpect¶ed, a. Having an aspect. [Obs.] B. Jonson. AsÏpec¶tion (?), n. [L. aspectio, fr. aspicere to look at.] The act of viewing; a look. [Obs.] Asp¶en (?), Asp (?), } n. [AS. ‘sp, ‘ps; akin to OHG. aspa, Icel. ”sp, Dan. ‘sp, Sw. asp, D. esp, G. espe, „spe, aspe; cf. Lettish apsa, Lith. apuszis.] (Bot.) One of several species of poplar bearing this name, especially the Populus tremula, so called from the trembling of its leaves, which move with the slightest impulse of the air. Asp¶en (?), a. Of or pertaining to the ~, or resembling it; made of ~ wood. Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. Gay. As¶per (?), a. [OE. aspre, OF. aspre, F. ƒpre, fr. L. asper rough.] Rough; rugged; harsh; bitter; stern; fierce. [Archaic] ½An asper sound.¸ Bacon. Ø As¶per (?), n. [L. spiritus asper rough breathing.] (Greek Gram.) The rough breathing; a mark (?) placed over an initial vowel sound or over ? to show that it is aspirated, that is, pronounced with h before it; thus ?, pronounced h?s, ?, pronounced hr¾¶t?r. Ø As¶per, n. [F. aspre or It. aspro, fr. MGr. ?, ?, white (prob. from the whiteness of new silver coins).] A Turkish money of account (formerly a coin), of little value; the 120th part of a piaster. As¶perÏate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Asperating.] [L. asperatus, p. p. of asperare, fr. asper rough.] To make rough or uneven. The asperated part of its surface. Boyle. As·perÏa¶tion (?), n. The act of asperating; a making or becoming rough. Bailey. Ø AsÏper¶ges (?), n. [L., Thou shalt sprinkle.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) The service or ceremony of sprinkling with holy water. (b) The brush or instrument used in sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. As¶perÏgill (?), Ø As·perÏgil¶lum (?), } n. [LL. aspergillum, fr. L. aspergere. See Asperse, v. t. 1. The brush used in the Roman Catholic church for sprinkling holy water on the people. [Also written aspergillus.] 2. (Zo”l.) See Wateringpot shell. As·perÏgil¶liÏform (?), a. [Aspergillum + Ïform.] (Bot.) Resembling the aspergillum in form; as, an aspergilliform stigma. Gray. As·perÏiÏfo¶liÏate (?), As·perÏiÏfo¶liÏous (?), } a. [L. asper rough + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having rough leaves. µ By some applied to the natural order now called Boraginace‘ or borageworts. AsÏper¶iÏty (?), n.; pl. Asperities (?). [L. asperitas, fr. asper rough: cf. F. asp‚rit‚.] 1. Roughness of surface; unevenness; Ð opposed to smoothness. ½The asperities of dry bodies.¸ Boyle. 2. Roughness or harshness of sound; that quality which grates upon the ear; raucity. 3. Roughness to the taste; sourness; tartness. 4. Moral roughness; roughness of manner; severity; crabbedness; harshness; Ð opposed to mildness. ½Asperity of character.¸ Landor. It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received. Johnson. 5. Sharpness; disagreeableness; difficulty. The acclivities and asperities of duty. Barrow. Syn. - Acrimony; moroseness; crabbedness; harshness; sourness; tartness. See Acrimony. AÏsper¶maÏtous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, seed.] (Bot.) Aspermous. AÏsper¶mous , a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seeds; aspermatous. AÏsperne¶ (?), v. t. [L. aspernari; a (ab) + spernari.] To spurn; to despise. [Obs.] Sir T. More. As¶perÏous (?), a. [See Asper, a.] Rough; uneven. Boyle. AsÏperse¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspersed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspersing.] [L. aspersus, p. p. of aspergere to scatter, sprinkle; ad + spargere to strew. See Sparse.] 1. To sprinkle, as water or dust, upon anybody or anything, or to besprinkle any one with a liquid or with dust. Heywood. 2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and injurious charges; to tarnish in point of reputation or good name; to slander or calumniate; as, to asperse a poet or his writings; to asperse a man's character. With blackest crimes aspersed. Cowper. Syn. - To slander; defame; detract from; calumniate; vilify. Ð To Asperse, Defame, Slander, Calumniate. These words have in common the idea of falsely assailing the character of another. To asperse is figuratively to cast upon a character hitherto unsullied the imputation of blemishes or faults which render it offensive or loathsome. To defame is to detract from a man's honor and reputation by charges calculated to load him with infamy. Slander (etymologically the same as scandal) and calumniate, from the Latin, have in common the sense of circulating reports to a man's injury from unworthy or malicious motives. Men asperse their neighbors by malignant insinuations; they defame by advancing charges to blacken or sully their fair fame; they slander or calumniate by spreading injurious reports which are false, or by magnifying slight faults into serious errors or crimes. AsÏpersed¶ (?), a. 1. (Her.) Having an indefinite number of small charges scattered or strewed over the surface. Cussans. 2. Bespattered; slandered; calumniated. Motley. AsÏpers¶er (?), n. One who asperses; especially, one who vilifies another. AsÏper¶sion (?), n. [L. aspersio, fr. aspergere: cf. F. aspersion.] 1. A sprinkling, as with water or dust, in a literal sense. Behold an immersion, not and aspersion. Jer. Taylor. 2. The spreading of calumniations reports or charges which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body with foul water; calumny. Every candid critic would be ashamed to cast wholesale aspersions on the entire body of professional teachers. Grote. Who would by base aspersions blot thy virtue. Dryden. AsÏpers¶ive (?), a. Tending to asperse; defamatory; slanderous. Ð AsÏpers¶iveÏly, adv. Ø As·per·soir¶ (?), n. [F.] An aspergill. Ø As·perÏso¶riÏum (?), n.; pl. Aspersoria (?). [LL. See Asperse.] 1. The stoup, basin, or other vessel for holy water in Roman Catholic churches. 2. A brush for sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. As¶phalt (?), AsÏphal¶tum (?), } n. [Gr. ?, of eastern origin: cf. F. asphalte.] 1. Mineral pitch, Jews' pitch, or compact native bitumen. It is brittle, of a black or brown color and high luster on a surface of fracture; it melts and burns when heated, leaving no residue. It occurs on the surface and shores of the Dead Sea, which is therefore called Asphaltites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in many parts of Asia, Europe, and America. See Bitumen. 2. A composition of bitumen, pitch, lime, and gravel, used for forming pavements, and as a waterÐproof cement for bridges, roofs, etc.; asphaltic cement. Artificial asphalt is prepared from coal tar, lime, sand, etc. Asphalt stone, Asphalt rock, a limestone found impregnated with asphalt. As¶phalt, v. t. To cover with ~; as, to asphalt a roof; asphalted streets. Ø As·phalte¶ (?), n. [F. See Asphalt.] Asphaltic mastic or cement. See Asphalt, 2. AsÏphal¶tic (?), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing, asphalt; bituminous. ½Asphaltic pool.¸ ½Asphaltic slime.¸ Milton. AsÏphal¶tite (?), a. Asphaltic. AsÏphal¶tite (?), a. Asphaltic. Bryant. Ø AsÏphal¶tus , n. See Asphalt. As¶phoÏdel (?), n. [L. asphodelus, Gr. ?. See Daffodil.] (Bot.) A general name for a plant of the genus Asphodelus. The asphodels are hardy perennial plants, several species of which are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. µ The name is also popularly given to species of other genera. The asphodel of the early English and French poets was the daffodil. The asphodel of the Greek poets is supposed to be the Narcissus poeticus. Dr. Prior. Pansies, and violets, and asphodel. Milton. AsÏphyc¶tic (?), a. Pertaining to asphyxia. Ø AsÏphyx¶iÏa (?), AsÏphyx¶y (?), } n. [NL. asphyxia, fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to throb, beat.] (Med.) Apparent death, or suspended animation; the condition which results from interruption of respiration, as in suffocation or drowning, or the inhalation of irrespirable gases. AsÏphyx¶iÏal (?), a. Of or relating to asphyxia; as, asphyxial phenomena. AsÏphyx¶iÏate (?), v. t. To bring to a state of asphyxia; to suffocate. [Used commonly in the past pple.] AsÏphyx¶iÏa·ted (?), AsÏphyx¶ied (?), p. p. In a state of asphyxia; suffocated. AsÏphyx·iÏa¶tion (?), n. The act of causing asphyxia; a state of asphyxia. As¶pic (?), n. [F. See Asp.] 1. The venomous asp. [Chiefly poetic] Shak. Tennyson. 2. A piece of ordnance carrying a 12 pound shot. [Obs.] As¶pic, n. [F., a corrupt. of spic (OF. espi, F. ‚pi), L. spica (spicum, spicus), ear, spike. See Spike.] A European species of lavender (Lavandula spica), which produces a volatile oil. See Spike. As¶pic, n. [F., prob. fr. aspic an asp.] A savory meat jelly containing portions of fowl, game, fish, hard boiled eggs, etc. Thackeray. Ø As·piÏdoÏbran¶chiÏa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, ?, shield + ? gills.] (Zo”l.) A group of Gastropoda, with limpetlike shells, including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets. AsÏpir¶ant (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. aspirant, p. pr. of aspirer. See Aspire.] Aspiring. AsÏpir¶ant, n. [Cf. F. aspirant.] One who aspires; one who eagerly seeks some high position or object of attainment. In consequence of the resignations... the way to greatness was left clear to a new set of aspirants. Macaulay. As¶piÏrate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspirated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspirating (?).] [L. aspiratus, p. p. of aspirare to breathe toward or upon, to add the breathing h; ad + spirare to breathe, blow. Cf. Aspire.] To [pronounce with a breathing, an ~, or an h sound; as, we aspirate the words horse and house; to aspirate a vowel or a liquid consonant. As¶piÏrate (?), n. 1. A sound consisting of, or characterized by, a breath like the sound of h; the breathing h or a character representing such a sound; an aspirated sound.

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2. A mark of aspiration (?) used in Greek; the asper, or rough breathing. Bentley. 3. An elementary sound produced by the breath alone; a surd, or nonvocal consonant; as, f, th in thin, etc. As¶piÏrate (?), As¶piÏra¶ted (?), } a. [L. aspiratus, p. p.] Pronounced with the h sound or with audible breath. But yet they are not aspirate, i. e., with such an aspiration as h. Holder. As·piÏra¶tion (?), n. [L. aspiratio, fr. aspirare: cf. F. aspiration.] 1. The act of aspirating; the pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emission of breath; an aspirated sound. If aspiration be defined to be an impetus of breathing. Wilkins. 2. The act of breathing; a breath; an inspiration. 3. The act of aspiring of a ardently desiring; strong wish; high desire. ½Aspirations after virtue.¸ Johnson. Vague aspiration after military renown. Prescott. As¶piÏra·tor (?), n. 1. (Chem.) An apparatus for passing air or gases through or over certain liquids or solids, or for exhausting a closed vessel, by means of suction. 2. (Med.) An instrument for the evacuation of the fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood. AsÏpir¶aÏtoÏry (?), a. Of or pertaining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air AsÏpire¶ (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aspired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspiring.] [F. aspirer, L. aspirare. See Aspirate, v. t.] 1. To desire with eagerness; to seek to attain something high or great; to pant; to long; Ð followed by to or after, and rarely by at; as, to aspire to a crown; to aspire after immorality. Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell; Aspiring to be angels, men rebel. Pope. 2. To rise; to ascend; to tower; to soar. My own breath still foments the fire, Which flames as high as fancy can aspire. Waller. AsÏpire¶, v. t. To ~ to; to long for; to try to reach; to mount to. [Obs.] That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds. Shak. AsÏpire¶, n. Aspiration. [Obs.] Chapman. AsÏpire¶ment (?), n. Aspiration. [Obs.] AsÏpir¶er (?), n. One who aspires. AsÏpir¶ing, a. That aspires; as, an Aspiring mind. Ð AsÏpir¶ingÏly, adv. Ð AsÏpir¶ingÏness, n. Asp¶ish (?), a. Pertaining to, or like, an asp. As·porÏta¶tion (?), n. [L. asportatio, fr. asportare to carry away; abs = ab + portare to bear, carry.] (Law) The felonious removal of goods from the place where they were deposited. µ It is adjudged to be larceny, though the goods are not carried from the house or apartment. Blackstone. AÏsprawl¶ (?), adv. & a. Sprawling. AÏsquat¶ (?), adv. & a. Squatting. AÏsquint¶ (?), adv. [Cf. Askant, Squint.] With the eye directed to one side; not in the straight line of vision; obliquely; awry, so as to see distortedly; as, to look asquint. Ass (?), n. [OE. asse, AS. assa; akin to Icel. asni, W. asen, asyn, L. asinus, dim. aselus, Gr. ?; also to AS. esol, OHG. esil, G. esel, Goth. asilus, Dan. ‘sel, Lith. asilas, Bohem. osel, Pol. osiel. The word is prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. ath?n she ~. Cf. Ease.] 1. (Zo”l.) A quadruped of the genus Equus (E. asinus), smaller than the horse, and having a peculiarly harsh bray and long ears. The tame or domestic ~ is patient, slow, and sureÐfooted, and has become the type of obstinacy and stupidity. There are several species of wild asses which are swiftÐfooted. 2. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a dolt. Shak. Asses' Bridge. [L. pons asinorum.] The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid, ½The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another.¸ [Sportive] ½A schoolboy, stammering out his Asses' Bridge.¸ F. Harrison. Ð To make an ~ of one's self, to do or say something very foolish or absurd. As·saÏf?t¶iÏda (?), n. Same as Asafetida. As¶saÏgai (?), As¶seÏgai (?), n. [Pg. azagaia, Sp. azagaya, fr. a Berber word. Cf. Lancegay.] A spear used by tribes in South Africa as a missile and for stabbing, a kind of light javelin. Ø AsÏsa¶i (?). [It., fr. L. ad + satis enough. See Assets.] (Mus.) A direction equiv?lent to very; as, adagio assai, very slow. AsÏsail¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assailing.] [OE. assailen, asailen, OF. asaillir, assailler, F. assaillir; ? (L. ad) + saillir to burst out, project, fr. L. salire to leap, spring; cf. L. assilire to leap or spring upon. See Sally.] 1. To attack with violence, or in a vehement and hostile manner; to assault; to molest; as, to assail ? man with blows; to assail a city with artillery. No rude noise mine ears assailing. Cowper. No storm can now assail The charm he wears within. Keble. 2. To encounter or meet purposely with the v??? of ??stering, as an obstacle, difficulty, or the like. The thorny wilds the woodmen fierce assail. Pope. 3. To attack morally, or with a view to produce ?anges in the feelings, character, conduct, existing usages, institutions; to attack by words, hostile influence, etc.; as, to assail one with appeals, arguments, abuse, ridicule, and the like. The papal authority... assailed. Hallam. They assailed him with keen invective; they assailed him with still keener irony.

Macaulay. Syn. - To attack; assault; invade; encounter; fall upon. See Attack. AsÏsail¶aÏble (?), a. Capable of being assailed. AsÏsail¶ant (?), a. [F. assaillant, p. pr. of assaillir.] Assailing; attacking. Milton. AsÏsail¶ant, n. [F. assaillant.] One who, or that which, assails, attacks, or assaults; an assailer. An assailant of the church. Macaulay. AsÏsail¶er (?), n. One who assails. AsÏsail¶ment (?), n. The act or power of assailing; attack; assault. [R.] His most frequent assailment was the headache. Johnson. As¶saÏmar (?), n. [L. assare to roast + amarus, bitter.] (Chem.) The peculiar bitter substance, soft or liquid, and of a yellow color, produced when meat, bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the like, are roasted till they turn brown. As·samÏese¶ (?), a. Of or pertaining to Assam, a province of British India, or to its inhabitants. Ð n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Assam. Ø As·saÏpan¶ (?), Ø As·saÏpan¶ic (?), n. [Prob. Indian name.] (Zo”l.) The American flying squirrel (Pteromys volucella). AsÏsart¶ , n. [OF. essart the grubbing up of trees, fr. essarter to grub up or clear ground of bushes, shrubs, trees, etc., fr. LL. exartum, exartare, for exsaritare; L. ex + sarire, sarrire, saritum, to hoe, weed.] 1. (Old Law) The act or offense of grubbing up trees and bushes, and thus destroying the tickets or coverts of a forest. Spelman. Cowell. 2. A piece of land cleared of trees and bushes, and fitted for cultivation; a clearing. Ash. ÷ land, forest land cleared of woods and brush. AsÏsart¶, v. t. To grub up, as trees; to commit an ~ upon; as, to assart land or trees. Ashmole. AsÏsas¶sin (?), n. [F. (cf. It. assassino), fr. Ar. ?hashishin one who has drunk of the hashish. Under its influence the Assassins of the East, followers of the Shaikh alÐJabal (Old Man of the Mountain), were said to commit the murders required by their chief.] One who kills, or attempts to kill, by surprise or secret assault; one who treacherously murders any one unprepared for defense. AsÏsas¶sin, v. t. To assassinate. [Obs.] Stillingfleet. AsÏsas¶sinÏate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assassinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assassinating (?).] [LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.] 1. To kill by surprise or secret assault; to murder by treacherous violence. Help, neighbors, my house is broken open by force, and I am ravished, and like to be assassinated. Dryden. 2. To assail with murderous intent; hence, by extended meaning, to maltreat exceedingly. [Archaic] Your rhymes assassinate our fame. Dryden. Such usage as your honorable lords Afford me, assassinated and betrayed. Milton. Syn. - To kill; murder; slay. See Kill. AsÏsas¶sinÏate (?), n. [F. assassinat.] 1. An assassination, murder, or murderous assault. [Obs.] If i had made an assassinate upon your father. B. Jonson. 2. An assassin. [Obs.] Dryden. AsÏsas·siÏna¶tion (?), n. The act of assassinating; a killing by treacherous violence. AsÏsas¶siÏna·tor (?), n. An assassin. AsÏsas¶sinÏous (?), a. Murderous. Milton. AsÏsas¶tion (?), n. [F., fr. LL. assatio, fr. L. assare to roast.] Roasting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. AsÏsault¶ (?), n. [OE. asaut, assaut, OF. assaut, asalt, F. assaut, LL. assaltus; L. ad + saltus a leaping, a springing, salire to leap. See Assail.] 1. A violent onset or attack with physical means, as blows, weapons, etc.; an onslaught; the rush or charge of an attacking force; onset; as, to make assault upon a man, a house, or a town. The Spanish general prepared to renew the assault. Prescott. Unshaken bears the assault Of their most dreaded foe, the strong southwest. Wordsworth. 2. A violent onset or attack with moral weapons, as words, arguments, appeals, and the like; as, to make an assault on the prerogatives of a prince, or on the constitution of a government. Clarendon. 3. (Law) An apparently violent attempt, or ? offer with force or violence, to do hurt to another; an attempt or offer to beat another, accompanied by a degree of violence, but without touching his person, as by lifting the fist, or a cane, in a threatening manner, or by striking at him, and missing him. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a battery. Blackstone. Wharton. Practically, however, the word assault is used to include the battery. Mozley & W. Syn. - Attack; invasion; incursion; descent; onset; onslaught; charge; storm. AsÏsault¶, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaulting.] From Assault, n.: cf. OF. assaulter, LL. assaltare.] 1. To make an ~ upon, as by a sudden rush of armed men; to attack with unlawful or insulting physical violence or menaces. Insnared, assaulted, overcome, led bound. Milton. 2. To attack with moral means, or with a view of producing moral effects; to attack by words, arguments, or unfriendly measures; to assail; as, to assault a reputation or an administration. Before the gates, the cries of babes newborn,... Assault his ears. Dryden. µ In the latter sense, assail is more common. Syn. - To attack; assail; invade; encounter; storm; charge. See Attack. AsÏsaut¶aÏble (?), a. Capable of being assaulted. AsÏsault¶er (?), n. One who assaults, or violently attacks; an assailant. E. Hall. AsÏsay¶ (?), n. [OF. asai, essai, trial, F. essa. See Essay, n.] 1. Trial; attempt; essay. [Obs.] Chaucer. I am withal persuaded that it may prove much more easy in the assay than it now seems at distance. Milton. 2. Examination and determination; test; as, an assay of bread or wine. [Obs.] This can not be, by no assay of reason. Shak. 3. Trial by danger or by affliction; adventure; risk; hardship; state of being tried. [Obs.] Through many hard assays which did betide. Spenser. 4. Tested purity or value. [Obs.] With gold and pearl of rich assay. Spenser. 5. (Metallurgy) The act or process of ascertaining the proportion of a particular metal in an ore or alloy; especially, the determination of the proportion of gold or silver in bullion or coin. 6. The alloy or metal to be assayed. Ure. [Assay and essay are radically the same word; but modern usage has appropriated assay chiefly to experiments in metallurgy, and essay to intellectual and bodily efforts. See Essay.] µ Assay is used adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, assay balance, assay furnace. ÷ master, an officer who assays or tests gold or silver coin or bullion. Ð ÷ ton, a weight of 29.166% grams. AsÏsay¶, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assaying.] [OF. asaier, essaier, F. essayer, fr. essai. See Assay, n., Essay, v.] 1. To try; to attempt; to apply. [Obs. or Archaic] ToÐnight let us assay our plot. Shak. Soft words to his fierce passion she assayed. Milton. 2. To affect. [Obs.] When the heart is ill assayed. Spenser. 3. To try tasting, as food or drink. [Obs.] 4. To subject, as an ore, alloy, or other metallic compound, to chemical or metallurgical examination, in order to determine the amount of a particular metal contained in it, or to ascertain its composition. AsÏsay¶, v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. [Archaic. In this sense essay is now commonly used.] She thrice assayed to speak. Dryden. AsÏsay¶aÏble (?), a. That may be assayed. AsÏsay¶er , n. One who assays. Specifically: One who examines metallic ores or compounds, for the purpose of determining the amount of any particular metal in the same, especially of gold or silver. AsÏsay¶ing, n. The act or process of testing, esp. of analyzing or examining metals and ores, to determine the proportion of pure metal. Ø Asse (?), n. (Zo”l.) A small foxlike animal (Vulpes cama) of South Africa, valued for its fur. As·seÏcuÏra¶tion (?), n. [LL. assecuratio, fr. assecurare.] Assurance; certainty. [Obs.] As·seÏcure¶ (?), v. t. [LL. assecurare.] To make sure or safe; to assure. [Obs.] Hooker. As·seÏcu¶tion (?), n. [F. ass‚cution, fr. L. assequi to obtain; ad + sequi to follow.] An obtaining or acquiring. [Obs.] Ayliffe. As¶seÏgai (?), n. Same as Assagai. AsÏsem¶blage , n. [Cf. F. assemblage. See Assemble.] 1. The act of assembling, or the state o? being; association. In sweet assemblage every blooming grace. Fen???. 2. A collection of individuals, or of individuals, or of particular things; as, a political assemblage; an assemblage of ideas. Syn. - Company; group; collection; concourse; gathering; meeting; convention. Assemblage, Assembly. An assembly consists only of persons; an assemblage may be composed of things as well as persons, as, an assemblage of incoherent objects. Nor is every assemblage of persons an assembly; since the latter term denotes a body who have met, and are acting, in concert for some common end, such as to hear, to deliberate, to unite in music, dancing, etc. An assemblage of skaters on a lake, or of horse jockeys at a race course, is not an assembly, but might be turned into one by collecting into a body with a view to discuss and decide as to some object of common interest. AsÏsem¶blance , n. [Cf. OF. assemblance.] 1. Resemblance; likeness; appearance. [Obs.] Care I for the... stature, bulk, and big assemblance of a man ? Give me the spirit. Shak. 2. An assembling; assemblage. [Obs.] To weete [know] the cause of their assemblance. Spenser. AsÏsem¶ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assembled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assembling (?).] [F. assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring together to collect; L. ad + simul together; akin to similis like, Gr. ? at the same time, and E. same. Cf. Assimilate, Same.] To collect into one place or body; to bring or call together; to convene; to congregate. Thither he assembled all his train. Milton. All the men of Israel assembled themselves. 1 Kings viii. 2. AsÏsem¶ble, v. i. To meet or come together, as a number of individuals; to convene; to congregate. Dryden.

The Parliament assembled in November. W. Massey. AsÏsem¶ble, v. i. To liken; to compare. [Obs.] Bribes may be assembled to pitch. Latimer. AsÏsem¶bler (?), n. One who assembles a number of individuals; also, one of a number assembled. AsÏsem¶bly (?), n.; pl. Assemblies (?). [F. assembl‚e, fr. assembler. See Assemble.] 1. A company of persons collected together in one place, and usually for some common purpose, esp. for deliberation and legislation, for worship, or for social entertainment. 2. A collection of inanimate objects. [Obs.] Howell. 3. (Mil.) A beat of the drum or sound of the bugle as a signal to troops to assemble. µ In some of the United States, the legislature, or the popular branch of it, is called the Assembly, or the General Assembly. In the Presbyterian Church, the General Assembly is the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, composed of ministers and ruling elders delegated from each presbytery; as, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, or of Scotland.

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