Chapter IV: Section IX: The Empirical Employment of the Regulative

Principles of Reason in regard to all Cosmological Ideas 508

Solution of the First and Second Antinomies 508

Remarks on the Distinction between the Mathematical-Transcendental and the Dynamical-Transcendental Ideas 510

_Comment on Kant's Method of Argument_ 510

Solution of the Third Antinomy 512

Possibility of harmonising Causality through Freedom with the Universal Law of Natural Necessity 513

Explanation of the Relation of Freedom to Necessity of Nature 514

_Comment on Kant's Method of Argument_ 517

Solution of the Fourth Antinomy 518

Concluding Note on the whole Antinomy of Pure Reason 519

_Concluding Comment on Kant's Doctrine of the Antinomies_ 519

Chapter III. THE IDEAL OF PURE REASON 522

Sections I. and II. The Transcendental Ideal 522

_Comment on Kant's Method of Argument_ 524

Section III. The Speculative Arguments in Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being 525

Section IV. The Impossibility of an Ontological Proof 527

_Comment on Kant's Method of Argument_ 528

Part II. THE TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC--_Continued._

Section V. The Impossibility of a Cosmological Proof of the Existence of God 531

_Comment on Kant's Method of Argument_ 533

Discovery and Explanation of the Transcendental Illusion in all Transcendental Proof of the Existence of a necessary Being 534

_Comment on Kant's Method of Argument_ 535

Section VI. The Impossibility of the Physico-Theological Proof 538

Section VII. Criticism of all Theology based on speculative Principles of Reason 541

_Concluding Comment_ 541

APPENDIX TO THE TRANSCENDENTAL DIALECTIC 543

The Regulative Employment of the Ideas of Pure Reason 543

_Hypotheses not permissible in Philosophy_ 543

On the Final Purpose of the Natural Dialectic of Human Reason 552

_Concluding Comment on the Dialectic_ 558

_APPENDIX A._

THE TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF METHODS 563

Chapter I. THE DISCIPLINE OF PURE REASON 563

Section I. The Discipline of Pure Reason in its Dogmatic Employment 563

Section II. The Discipline of Pure Reason in its Polemical Employment 567

Section III. The Discipline of Pure Reason in regard to Hypotheses 568

Section IV. The Discipline of Pure Reason in regard to its Proofs 568

Chapter II. THE CANON OF PURE REASON 569

Section I. The Ultimate End of the Pure Use of our Reason 569

Section II. The Ideal of the Highest Good, as a Determining Ground of the Ultimate End of Pure Reason 570

Section III. Opining, Knowing, and Believing 576

Chapter III. THE ARCHITECTONIC OF PURE REASON 579

Chapter IV. THE HISTORY OF PURE REASON 582

_APPENDIX B._

_A more detailed Statement of Kant's Relations to his Philosophical Predecessors_ 583

INDEX 607

NOTE

In all references to the _Kritik der Reinen Vernunft_ I have given the original pagings of both the first and second editions. References to Kant’s other works are, whenever possible, to the volumes thus far issued in the new Berlin edition. As the _Reflexionen Kants zur Kritik der reinen Vernunft_ had not been published in this edition at the time when the _Commentary_ was completed, the numbering given is that of B. Erdmann’s edition of 1884.

ABBREVIATIONS

Berlin edition of Kant’s works _W_

Pagings in the first edition of the _Kritik der reinen Vernunft_ A

Pagings in the second edition B

Adickes’ edition of the _Kritik der reinen Vernunft_ (1889) _K_