Chapter D (4)

=Fitzgerald, Oscar Penn.= _N. C._, 1820- ----. A bishop of the Methodist Church South, living at Atlanta. California Sketches; Christian Growth; Centenary Cameos; Bible Nights; The Class Meeting; Life of Judge Longstreet, _infra_.

=Fitzhugh, George.= _Va._, 1807-1881. A lawyer of Port Royal, Virginia, noted as an advocate of slavery as the proper condition for the mass of mankind. Sociology for the South; Cannibals All, or Slaves without Masters.

=Flagg, Edmund.= _Me._, 1815-1890. A lawyer and journalist of St. Louis and elsewhere, living in West Salem, Virginia, in recent years. Venice, the City of the Sea, a history, is his most important work. Other writings of his include North Italy since 1849; Commercial Relations of the United States; Blanche of Artois; Edmond Dantes, a sequel to Monte Christo.

=Flagg, Isaac.= _Ms._, 1843- ----. Son of W. Flagg, _infra_. A professor of Greek at Cornell University, 1871-88, and professor at the University of California since 1891. The Hellenic Orations of Demosthenes; Versicles; The Seven Against Thebes, of Æschylus; Iphigenia among the Taurians, of Euripides. _Gi._

=Flagg, John Foster Brewster.= _Ms._, 1804-1872. A Philadelphia physician. Ether and Chloroform and their Employment in Surgery, Dentistry, Midwifery, etc.

=Flagg, Wilson.= _Ms._, 1805-1884. A naturalist of Cambridge. Studies in the Field and Forest; Woods and By-Ways of New England; Halcyon Days; A Year among the Trees; A Year among the Birds.

=Flanders, Henry.= _N. H._, 1826- ----. A lawyer of Philadelphia. Maritime Law; The Law of Shipping; Lives of the United States Chief Justices (1858); Memoirs of Cumberland; Exposition of the United States Constitution; The Law of Fire Insurance; Adventures of a Virginian.

=Flash, Henry Lynden.= _O._, 1835- ----. An officer in the Confederate army during the Civil War. Since 1887 he has lived in Los Angeles. He published a volume of Poems (1860).

=Fleeta.= _See Hamilton, Kate._

=Fleming, Mrs. May Agnes [Early].= _N. B._, 1840-1880. A prolific author of sensational romances, some of which were issued under the pseudonym “Cousin May Carleton.” Among them are Guy Earlscourt’s Wife; Lost for a Woman; Pride and Passion.

=Fleming, George.= _See Fletcher, Julia._

=Fletcher, James Cooley.= _Ind._, 1823-1901. A Presbyterian clergyman, missionary to Brazil, 1851-54, author with D. P. Kidder of the once very popular work Brazil and the Brazilians, which first appeared in 1857, and reached an eighth edition in 1868. _See Hart’s American Literature._

=Fletcher, Julia Constance.= “George Fleming.” _B._, 1853- ----. Daughter of J. C. Fletcher, _supra_. A novelist whose home is in Rome. Kismet; The Head of Medusa; Mirage; Vestigia; Andromeda; The Truth About Clement Ker; For Plain Women Only. _Rob._

=Fletcher, Robert.= _E._, 1823- ----. An eminent anthropologist of Washington. Paul Broca and the French School of Anthropology; Prehistoric Trephining and Cranial Amulets; Human Proportion in Art and Anthropometry; Some Recent Experiments in Serpent Venom; The New School of Criminal Anthropology; Tattooing among Civilized People.

=Fletcher, William Baldwin.= _Ind._, 1837- ----. A physician, since 1883 superintendent of the Indiana Hospital for the Insane. Cholera, its Characteristics, History, etc. _Clke._

=Flickinger, Daniel Krumler.= _O._, 1824- ----. A clergyman belonging to the sect of United Brethren, and since 1885 a foreign missionary bishop of that faith. Off-hand Sketches of Men and Things in Western Africa; Ethiopia; The Churches, Marching Orders.

=Flint, Abel.= _Ct._, 1765-1825. A Congregational clergyman of Hartford who published a Geometry and Trigonometry with a Treatise on Surveying.

=Flint, Austin.= _Ms._, 1812-1886. A distinguished physician of New York city who held professorships in several New York medical colleges. Practice of Medicine; Continued Fever; Chronic Pleurisy; Dysentery; Physical Explanation and Diagnosis of Diseases of the Respiratory Organs; Diseases of the Heart; Essays on Conservative Medicine; Phthisis; Clinical Medicine; Manual of Auscultation and Percussion; Medical Ethics and Etiquette; Medicine of the Future. _Ap._

=Flint, Austin, Jr.= _Ms._, 1836- ----. Son of Austin Flint, _supra_, and like his father an eminent physician of New York city, connected with several hospitals and medical colleges. Text-Book of Human Physiology; Manual of Chemical Examinations of Urine in Disease; Physiological Effects of Severe and Protracted Muscular Exercise; The Source of Muscular Power; Physiology of Man. _Ap._

=Flint, Charles Louis.= _Ms._, 1824-1889. The secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, 1853-81, and one of the founders of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. The Agriculture of Massachusetts; Grass and Forage Plants; Milch Cows and Dairy Farming; Manual of Agriculture (with G. B. Emerson, _supra_). _Le._

=Flint, Henry Martyn.= _Pa._, 1829-1868. A journalist of Chicago. Life of Stephen A. Douglas; History and Statistics of United States Railroads: Mexico under Maximilian.

=Flint, Joshua Barker.= _Ms._, 1801-1864. A surgeon of Boston and subsequently of Louisville, where he was professor of surgery in the Kentucky school of medicine from 1849 till his death. He published The Practice of Medicine.

=Flint, Micah P.= _Ms._, 1807-1830. Son of T. Flint, _infra_. The Hunter and Other Poems (1826). _See Coggeshall’s Poets of the West._

=Flint, Timothy.= _Ms._, 1780-1840. A Congregational clergyman of New England who after some years of missionary labour in the Ohio Valley devoted himself to literary pursuits in Cincinnati, New York, and elsewhere. His most important work in some respects, the Geography and History of the Mississippi Valley, materially advanced the settlement of that region. His other works include Recollections of Ten Years in the Valley of the Mississippi; Indian Wars in the West; Memoir of Daniel Boone; Lectures on Natural History, etc. _Fiction_: Francis Berrian; Arthur Clenning; George Mason; The Shoshonee Valley. _See Bibliography of Ohio._

=Flower, Benjamin Orange.= _Il._, 1859- ----. Formerly the editor and publisher of The Arena at Boston. Civilization’s Inferno, or Studies in the Social Cellar; Lessons Learned from Other Lives; The New Time; Persons, Places, and Ideas; The Century of Sir Thomas More; Gerald Massey, Poet, Prophet, and Mystic. _Ar._

=Flower, Frank Abial.= _N. Y._, 1854- ----. A Wisconsin statistician, curator of the state historical society. Old Abe, the Wisconsin War Eagle; Life of Matthew H. Carpenter; History of the Republican Party.

=Floy, James.= _N. Y._, 1806-1863. A Methodist clergyman of New York city, prominent as a botanist and as an anti-slavery leader. Guide to the Orchard and Fruit Garden; Occasional Sermons, etc.; Literary Remains (1870).

=Folger, Peter.= _E._, 1617-1690. Grandfather of Benjamin Franklin. An emigrant from Norwich, England, in 1635. He settled successively at Watertown, Martha’s Vineyard, and in 1663 at Nantucket. He is remembered as the author of A Looking-Glass for the Times, a spirited doggerel ballad without literary merit, but a very manly appeal for religious toleration. _See Tyler’s American Literature._

=Follen, Charles Theodore Christian.= _G._, 1796-1840. A German scholar who came to America in 1824. He was German instructor at Harvard University, 1830-34, but lost his position on account of his anti-slavery opinions, and in 1836 was ordained as a Unitarian clergyman. He published a German Reader; Practical German Grammar. _See Works in five volumes, with Memoir, edited by Mrs. Follen._

=Follen, Mrs. Eliza Lee [Cabot].= _Ms._, 1787-1859. Wife of C. Follen, _supra_. A popular author for many years. Sketches of Married Life; Twilight Stories, a volume of excellent juvenile tales; The Well-spent Hour; The Skeptic; Poems; To Mothers in the Free States; Anti-Slavery Hymns and Songs; Home Dramas; Little Songs for Little People; The Old Garret Stories. _Le._

=Folsom, Charles Follen.= _Ms._, 1842- ----. A physician of Boston, professor in the Harvard Medical School, 1877-1885. Mental Diseases; Present Aspect of the Sewage Question Applied to Boston (1877).

=Folsom, George.= _Me._, 1802-1869. An antiquarian writer of New York city. Sketches of Saco and Biddeford; Dutch Annals of New York; Letters and Dispatches of Cortés, translated from the Spanish; Political Condition of Mexico.

=Folwell, William Watts.= _N. Y._, 1833- ----. An educator of Minnesota. Public Instruction in Minnesota; Lectures on Political Economy.

=Fontaine, Edward.= _Va._, 1814-1884. An Episcopal clergyman of Mississippi. How the World was Peopled, a series of ethnological lectures.

=Fontaine, Francis.= 18--. The Exile; Etowah, a Romance of the Confederacy.

=Foote, Andrew Hull.= _Ct._, 1806-1863. A rear-admiral of the United States navy. Africa and the American Flag (1854). _See Life by J. M. Hoppin, infra._

=Foote, Henry Stuart.= _Va._, 1800-1880. A prominent Mississippi politician. He was governor of his State, 1853-54, and, though opposed to secession, a member of the Confederate Congress, where he was noted for his strong opposition to Jefferson Davis. Texas and the Texans; The War of the Rebellion, or Scylla and Charybdis; Bench and Bar of the South and Southwest; Personal Reminiscences.

=Foote, Henry Wilder.= _Ms._, 1838-1889. A Unitarian clergyman of Boston, minister of King’s Chapel from 1861 till his death. Annals of King’s Chapel; Thy Kingdom Come, ten sermons on the Lord’s Prayer; The Insight of Faith. _El. Rob._

=Foote, Mrs. Mary Anna [Hallock].= _N. Y._, 1847- ----. A novelist and illustrator whose married life has been passed chiefly in the Rocky Mountain country, where the scene of much of her work is laid. The Led Horse Claim, a Romance of a Mining Camp; In Exile, and Other Stories; John Bodewin’s Testimony; The Chosen Valley; Cœur d’Alene; The Last Assembly Ball; The Cup of Trembling, and Other Stories. _Hou._

=Foote, William Henry.= _Ct._, 1794-1869. A Presbyterian clergyman and educator of West Virginia. Sketches of North Carolina; Sketches of the Presbyterian Church in Virginia; The Huguenots, or Reformed French Church; Sketches of Virginia.

=Forbes, Mrs. Harriette [Merrifield].= _Ms._, 1856- ----. A writer of Westborough, Massachusetts. The Hundredth Town, a series of historical sketches of Westborough; The Diary of Rev. Ebenezer Parkman.

=Forbes, Robert Bennet.= _Ms._, 1804-1889. A sea captain who was subsequently a Boston merchant. China and the China Trade (1844); Construction of Ships for the Merchant Service; Life Boats, Projectiles, and Other Means for Saving Life; Seamen Past and Present; Rambling Reminiscences; Notes on Some Few Wrecks and Rescues.

=Forbes, Stephen Alfred.= _Il._, 1844- ----. A professor of zoölogy in the University of Illinois and State entomologist. Studies of the Food of Birds, Fishes, and Insects; Contagious Diseases of Insects.

=Force, Manning Ferguson.= _O._, 1824-1899. Son of P. Force, _infra_. A brigadier-general in the Federal army during the Civil War, and subsequently a prominent jurist of Cincinnati. From Fort Henry to Corinth; Marching Across Carolina; The Mound Builders; Prehistoric Man; Recollections of the Vicksburg Campaign, include the most of his writings. _Clke. Scr._

=Force, Peter.= _N. J._, 1790-1868. A journalist and historian of Washington who began in 1833 a documentary history of the American colonies. Thirty years’ labour was spent upon the task, and nine volumes completed, entitled American Archives. His other works include Tracts and Other Papers relating to the Origin of the North American Colonies; Grinnell Land. His immense and valuable library was purchased by Congress in 1867.

=Force, William Quereau.= _D. C._, 1820-1880. Son of P. Force, _supra_. A meteorologist of Washington who assisted his father in preparing American Archives, and published Builder’s Guide; The Picture of Washington.

=Ford, Corydon La.= _N. Y._, 1813- ----. A physician of note who has held several medical professorships, and since 1886 has been professor emeritus in the Long Island College hospital. Questions on Anatomy, etc.; Questions on the Structure and Development of the Human Teeth; Syllabus of Lectures on Odontology, Human and Comparative.

=Ford, Mrs. Emily Ellsworth [Fowler].= _Ms._, 1826-1893. Daughter of W. C. Fowler, _infra_, and granddaughter of Noah Webster. A Brooklyn writer who has published My Recollections, a volume of verse.

=Ford, James Lauren.= _Mo._, 1854- ----. A journalist and littérateur of New York city. Dr. Dodd’s School; The Third Alarm, are tales for juvenile readers. Other works of his are Hypnotic Tales; The Literary Shop; Bohemia Invaded; Dolly Dillenbeck. _Ric. Sto._

=Ford, Paul Leicester.= _L. I._, 1865-1902. Son of Mrs. Emily Ford, _supra_. Bibliotheca Hamiltonia; Franklin Bibliography; The Honorable Peter Stirling; The True George Washington; The Story of an Untold Love; Janice Meredith. _Do. Ho. Hou. Lip._

=Ford, Mrs. Sallie [Rochester].= _Ky._, 1828- ----. Wife of S. H. Ford, _infra_. A St. Louis writer whose early writings were very popular, Grace Truman, her first book, having an extensive sale. Other works of hers are, Romance of Freemasonry; Raids and Romance of Morgan and his Men; Mary Bunyan, the Dreamer’s Blind Daughter; Evangel Wiseman; Ernest Quest.

=Ford, Samuel Howard.= _Mo._, 1819- ----. A Baptist clergyman of Memphis, Mobile, and elsewhere, living in retirement in St. Louis since 1887. The Origin of the Baptists; Servetus, Hero and Martyr.

=Ford, Thomas.= _Pa._, 1800-1850. An Illinois jurist who was governor of his State, 1842-46. History of Illinois from 1818 to 1847.

=Ford, William Henry.= _Pa._, 1839-1897. A Philadelphia surgeon twice president of the municipal board of health. He has published Healthy Dwelling-Houses and How to Build Them.

=Ford, Worthington Chauncey.= _L. I._, 1858- ----. Son of Mrs. Emily Ford, _supra_. A government statistician at Washington. American Citizens’ Manual; The Standard Silver Dollar.

=Forester, Frank.= _See Herbert, W. H._

=Forestier, Auber.= _See Moore, Mrs. Annie._

=Forney, John Weiss.= _Pa._, 1817-1881. A journalist of Philadelphia and Washington, of prominence as a politician, and secretary of the United States Senate, 1861-68. Life of General Hancock; Anecdotes of Public Men; The New Nobility, a story of England and America; What I Saw in Texas; A Centennial Commissioner in Europe; Letters from Europe; Forty Years of American Journalism. _Ap. Har. Lip._

=Forrester, Fanny.= _See Judson, Mrs._

=Forrester, Francis.= _See Wise, Daniel._

=Forry, Samuel.= _Pa._, 1811-1844. A physician and surgeon of New York city. The Climate of the United States and its Endemic Influences; Meteorology.

=Fort, George Franklin.= _N. J._, 1809-1872. A governor of New Jersey, 1850-1854. Early History and Antiquities of Freemasonry.

=Fortier, Alcée.= _La._, 1856- ----. An educator of Louisiana, professor of Romance languages in Tulane University. Le Château de Chambord; Gabriel d’Ennerich, an historical novelette; Bits of Louisiana Folk-Lore; Sept Grands Auteurs de xix^e Siècle; Histoire de la Littérature Française; Louisiana Studies; Louisiana Folk Tales. He has also annotated college editions of several French texts. _He. Ho. Hou._

=Forwood, William Stump.= _Md._, 1830-1892. A physician of Darlington, Maryland. History and Descriptive Account of Mammoth Cave, with Full Scientific Details of the Eyeless Fishes.

=Fosdick, Charles Austin.= “Harry Castlemon.” _N. Y._, 1842- ----. A voluminous author of juvenile books, among which The Gunboat Series; Rocky Mountain Series; Roughing It Series; The Steel Horse, or the Rambles of a Bicycle, are but a few of the whole number. _Co._

=Fosdick, William Whiteman.= _O._, 1825-1862. A lawyer of Cincinnati, who published Malmiztic the Toltec, a novel; Ariel and Other Poems.

=Foss, Samuel Walter.= _N. H._, 1858- ----. A writer of popular dialect and other poems, whose home is in Somerville, Massachusetts. Back Country Poems; Whiffs from Wild Meadows (verse). _Le._

=Foster, Charles Hubbs.= _N. Y._, 1833-1895. An actor and playwright of New York city, who wrote more than seventy-five plays, mostly melodramas, among which are, Twins of London; Twenty Years Dead; The Chain Gang.

=Foster, Mrs. Hannah [Webster].= _Ms._, 1759-1840. A writer who was the wife of John Foster, minister at Brighton, Massachusetts, 1784-1827, and after his death a resident of Montreal. She was the daughter of Grant Webster, a merchant of Boston, and was probably born in that city. She wrote The Boarding School; Letters of a Preceptress; but is remembered chiefly for having been the author of the once famous story, The Coquette, or the History of Eliza Wharton, which was largely based upon fact, and passed through more than thirty editions.

=Foster, John Wells.= _Ms._, 1815-1873. A geologist employed by the United States in a geological survey of the Lake Superior region, and subsequently a resident of Chicago. The Mississippi Valley; Mineral Wealth and Railroad Development; Prehistoric Races of the United States; Geology and Topography of the Lake Superior Land District (with J. D. Whitney, _infra_). _Sc._

=Foster, Mrs. Judith Ellen [Horton].= _Ms._, 1840- ----. A lawyer and prominent temperance advocate of Iowa. The Crime Against Ireland; Amendment Manual (Prohibition); The American Renaissance; Republican Contentions and Supreme Court Decisions.

=Foster, Randolph Sinks.= _O._, 1820-1903. A Methodist bishop of much prominence in his denomination. Objections to Calvinism; Christian Purity; Ministry Needed for the Times; Theism; Beyond the Grave; Centenary Thoughts; Studies in Theology. _Meth._

=Foster, Robert Verrell.= _Tn._, 1845- ----. A Cumberland Presbyterian clergyman and educator, professor of Hebrew in the Theological Seminary at Lebanon, Tennessee, since 1877. Introduction to the Study of Theology; Old Testament Studies; Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans.

=Foster, Stephen Collins.= _Pa._, 1826-1864. A famous song-writer and composer of Pittsburg and New York city. He set to music 150 or more songs, the words in nearly all cases being his own. Some of them, like the Suwanee River, My Old Kentucky Home, Nelly Bly, are known in all English-speaking lands. _See Atlantic Monthly, November, 1867._

=Foster, Stephen Symonds.= _N. H._, 1809-1881. A noted anti-slavery agitator of Worcester, Massachusetts. He married in 1845 Abby Kelly, also noted as an abolitionist. The Brotherhood of Thieves, a True Picture of the American Church and Clergy.

=Foster, Mrs. Theodosia Maria [Toll].= “Faye Huntington.” _N. Y._, 1838- ----. An educator of Verona, New York, who has written much for young people. In Earnest; What Fide Remembers; A Baker’s Dozen; A Modern Exodus, are among her works. _Lo._

=Foster, William Eaton.= _Vt._, 1851- ----. A librarian of Providence. The Civil Service Reform Movement; The Literature of Civil Service Reform in the United States; Stephen Hopkins, a Rhode Island Statesman; Town Government in Rhode Island.

=Fowler, Henry.= _Ms._, 1824-1872. A Presbyterian clergyman of Auburn, New York. The American Pulpit, a collection of sketches of American preachers.

=Fowler, Lorenzo Niles.= _N. Y._, 1811-1896. A lecturer, editor, and publisher of New York city who settled in London in 1863, and lectured frequently in England from that period. Marriage, its History and Ceremonies; Lectures on Man.

=Fowler, Mrs. Lydia [Folger].= _Ms._, 1823-1879. Wife of L. N. Fowler, _supra_. A practicing physician for some years. Nora, the Lost and Redeemed; The Pet of the Household and How to Save It; Familiar Lessons on Phrenology and Physiology; Familiar Lessons on Astronomy.

=Fowler, Orin.= _Ct._, 1791-1852. A Congregational clergyman of Fall River, noted as a temperance and anti-slavery orator, who was a member of Congress, 1848-52. Treatise on Baptism; Historical Sketch of Fall River.

=Fowler, Orson Squire.= _N. Y._, 1809-1887. Brother of L. N. Fowler, _supra_, and with him a member of the New York publishing house of Fowler & Wells, 1844-63. He was an ardent phrenologist, and wrote much on his favourite topic. Memory and Intellectual Improvement; Physiology, Animal and Mental; Matrimony; Self-Culture; Hereditary Descent; Love and Parentage; Sexual Science; Amativeness; Human Science; Creative Science; The Self-Instructor in Phrenology (with L. N. Fowler).

=Fowler, Philemon Halstead.= _N. Y._, 1814-1879. A Presbyterian clergyman of Utica. History of Presbyterianism in central New York; The Presbyterian Element in our National Life and History.

=Fowler, William Chauncey.= _Ct._, 1793-1881. A Congregational clergyman and educator of New England, who married a daughter of Noah Webster, _infra_. Memorials of the Chaunceys; The Sectional Controversy, or Passages in United States Political History; History of Durham, Connecticut; Local Law in Massachusetts and Connecticut; Essays; English Grammar; The English Language in its Elements and Forms. _Har._

=Fowler, William Worthington.= _Vt._, 1833-1881. Son of W. C. Fowler, _supra_. He was successively a lawyer, broker, and journalist of New York city. Ten Years in Wall Street; Fighting Fire, the Great Fires of History (1873); Woman on the American Frontier; Twenty Years of Inside Life in Wall Street.

=Fox, Ebenezer.= _Ms._, 1763-1843. A Bostonian who was postmaster of his city 1830-36, and the author of The Revolutionary Adventures of Ebenezer Fox (1848).

=Fox, John [William].= _Ky._, 186- ----. A Cumberland Vendetta. _Har._

=Fox, Norman.= _N. Y._, 1836- ----. A Baptist minister of New York and Missouri. George Fox and the Early Friends; Rise of the Use of Pouring and Sprinkling for Baptism; A Layman’s Ministry; Inspiration of the Apostles in Speaking and Writing.

=Foxton, E.= _See Palfrey, Sarah._

=Foye, James Clark.= _N. H._, 1841-1896. An educator who was a professor of chemistry at Lawrence University from 1867. Chemical Problems; Handbook of Mineralogy; Tables for Determination of United States Minerals.

=France, Lewis Browne.= _D. C._, 1833- ----. A lawyer and littérateur of Denver. Over the Old Trail; Pine Valley, a volume of short stories; Mountain Trails and Parks in Colorado. _Cr._

=Francis, Convers.= _Ms._, 1795-1863. Brother of Mrs. Lydia Child, _supra_. A Unitarian clergyman of Watertown, Massachusetts, and subsequently Parkman professor of pulpit eloquence at Harvard University, 1843-63. Life of John Eliot (_supra_); Historical Sketch of Watertown; Errors of Education, include his principal writings.

=Francis, James Bicheno.= _E._, 1815-1892. A noted hydraulic engineer of Lowell. Lowell Hydraulic Experiments; The Strength of Cast Iron Columns.

=Francis, John Wakefield.= _N. Y._, 1789-1861. A physician of much prominence at one time in medical and literary circles of New York city. Use of Mercury; Cases of Morbid Anatomy; Febrile Contagion; The Anatomy of Drunkenness; Old New York, a volume of pleasant reminiscences, comprise his principal writings. _See Life by Tuckerman._

=Francis, Samuel Ward.= _N. Y._, 1835-1886. Son of J. W. Francis, _supra_. A physician of New York city and subsequently of Newport, Rhode Island. Mott’s Clinics; Water; Inside and Out; Biographical Sketches of New York Surgeons and Physicians; Life and Death; Curious Facts Concerning Man and Nature.

=Francis, Valentine Mott.= _N. Y._, 1834. Son of J. W. Francis, _supra_. A physician of Newport who has published Hospital Hygiene.

=Francke, Kuno.= _Sg._, 1855- ----. A professor in Harvard University. Social Forces in German Literature: a Study in the History of Civilization. _Ho._

=Franklin, Benjamin.= _Ms._, 1706-1790. A celebrated philosopher, statesman, and scientist who was born in Boston but went to Philadelphia in 1723, where he worked as a journeyman printer. In 1729 he became the proprietor of The Pennsylvania Gazette, and after that date his rise in life was rapid. He established the Philadelphia Library in 1731, the American Philosophical Society in 1744, and was one of the founders in 1749 of the institution which in 1753 became the University of Pennsylvania. In 1753 he was appointed, jointly with William Hunter, postmaster-general of the colonies. He was twice sent to London as colonial agent for Pennsylvania, and in 1770 was appointed agent for Massachusetts in England. In 1776 he helped draft the Declaration of Independence. During the next nine years he was first commissioner, then minister, to France; and was also a member of the commission which negotiated the treaty of peace with England. He was the discoverer of the identity of lightning with electricity, and the inventor of the lightning-rod. As a writer his influence has been felt throughout the world, his works including essays on politics, religion, commerce, science, and philosophy. The Busybody is a series of papers of the type of those in The Spectator, but furnishing much more lively reading. Poor Richard’s Almanac, published 1732-57, was everywhere popular, and had a great influence over the mass of readers. The work by which he is best known, however, is his famous Autobiography, which has been one of the most widely read books ever printed. His Complete Works in ten volumes have been edited by J. Bigelow, _supra_. _See Edinburgh Review, July, 1806, and August, 1817; Contemporary Review, July, 1879; Harper’s Magazine, July, 1880; Godey’s Magazine, 1896; Appleton’s American Biography; Parker’s Historic Americans; Hale’s Franklin in France; Lives by Parton, McMaster, H. Mayhew, Morse; Mignet’s Vie de Franklin, 1873; Wetzel’s Franklin as an Economist._ _Put._

=Franklin, Benjamin.= _R. I._, 1819-1898. An Episcopal clergyman of Shrewsbury, New Jersey. The Creed and Modern Thought; The Church and the Era.

=Franklin, Thomas Levering.= _Pa._, 1820-1899. An Episcopal clergyman of western New York, and more recently of Philadelphia. His writings include an important work on The Creed, and several tractates on Divorce.

=Frazer, Persifor.= _Pa._, 1844- ----. A distinguished geologist attached to the State geological survey of Pennsylvania who has published Tables for the Determination of Minerals; The Geology of Lancaster County. _Lip._

=Frederic, Harold.= _N. Y._, 1856-1898. A novelist and journalist who served as the London correspondent of the New York Times from 1884. The scenes of several of his novels are placed in small American communities. Marsena, and Other Stories; The Copperhead; The Lawton Girl; In the Valley; Seth’s Brother’s Wife; The Damnation of Theron Ware; March Hares. _Ap. Scr. St._

=Fredet, Peter.= _F._, 1801-1856. A Roman Catholic priest who came from France to America in 1831, and was professor in St. Mary’s Seminary at Baltimore from that date until his death. Ancient History; Modern History; Original Texts and Translations of the Bible; Treatise on the Eucharistic Mystery; Lay Baptism; Inspiration and Canon of Scripture; Interpretation of Scripture; Doctrine of Exclusive Salvation; Necessity of Baptism; Effect of Baptism.

=Freedley, Edwin Troxell.= _Pa._, 1827- ----. A Philadelphia writer and compiler of books of useful information, but of small literary value. The Business Man’s Legal Adviser; Leading Pursuits of Leading Men; Philadelphia and its Manufactures; Opportunities for Industry; History of American Manufactures; Common Sense in Business; Home Comforts. _Lip._

=Freeman, Barnardus.= _G._, 1660-1743. A Dutch Reformed clergyman of Long Island who came to America in 1700 and was especially noted for his influence over the Indians. De Spizel der Self Kennis (Mirror of Self-Knowledge); De Weegshale der Gerade Gods (Balance of God’s Grace).

=Freeman, Frederick.= _Ms._, 1800-1883. An Episcopal clergyman and educator who was a Presbyterian minister in the earlier portion of his career. History of Cape Cod; Annals of Barnstable County; Freeman Genealogy; Civilization and Barbarism illustrated by Especial Reference to Metacomet and the Extinction of his Race.

=Freeman, James.= _Ms._, 1759-1835. The first clergyman in the United States to bear the name Unitarian. While a lay reader at King’s Chapel in Boston, in 1782, he became a Unitarian in his views, and was ordained in 1787 minister of that church, the members of which adopted Mr. Freeman’s theology as their own, and he continued in that office until his death. The oldest Episcopal church in New England thus became the first Unitarian church in America. Mr. Freeman’s Sermons and Charges were published in 1832.

=Freeman, James Midwinter.= “Robert Ranger.” _N. Y._, 1827-1900. A Methodist clergyman of New York city who published many books for children under the pseudonym “Robert Ranger.” Other works of his include Illustration in Sunday-School Teaching; Handbook of Bible Manners and Customs; Short History of the English Bible; Book of Books. _Meth._

=Freeman, Samuel.= _Me._, 1743-1831. A jurist of Portland, Maine. The Massachusetts Justice; Probate Directory; The Town Officer. _See Bibliography of Maine._

=Frémont, Mrs. Jessie [Benton].= _Va._, 1824-1902. Wife of J. C. Frémont, _infra_, and daughter of T. H. Benton, _supra_. A resident of Los Angeles. The Story of the Guard, a Chronicle of the War; A Year of American Travel; Souvenirs of My Time; Sketch of Senator Benton; Far West Sketches; Will and the Way Stories. _Lo._

=Frémont, John Charles.= _Ga._, 1813-1890. A famous soldier and politician who in 1856 was the first Republican candidate for the presidency, and served during the Civil War as a major-general in the Federal army. Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in 1842, and to Oregon and Northern California in 1843-44; Frémont’s Explorations; Memoirs of My Life. _See Appleton’s American Biography; Lives by J. Bigelow, supra, C. Upham._

=French, Alice.= “Octave Thanet.” _Ms._, 1850- ----. A writer of novels and short stories whose home has been in Davenport, Iowa, and also in Arkansas. Knitters in the Sun; Otto the Knight, and other Trans-Mississippi Stories; Stories of a Western Town; An Adventure in Photography; Expiation. _Hou. Scr._

=French, Benjamin Franklin.= _Va._, 1799-1877. A writer of New Orleans and subsequently of New York city. Biographia Americana; Memoirs of Eminent Female Writers; Historical Collections of Louisiana; History of the Iron Trade in the United States; Historical Annals of North America.

=French, Henry Willard.= _Ct._, 1853- ----. A lecturer and miscellaneous writer of Boston. Art and Artists in Connecticut; Our Boys in China; Our Boys in India; Through Arctics and Tropics; Gems of Genius; Nuna the Brahmin Girl; Lance of Kehama; Oscar Peterson; Colonel Thorndike’s Adventures; and the novels, The Only One; Castle Foam; Ego. _Le. Lo._

=French, John William.= _Ct._, 1809-1871. An Episcopal clergyman of Washington, 1842-56, and from the latter date till his death professor of ethics at West Point. He was the author of a work on Practical Ethics.

=French, Mrs. L. Virginia [Smith].= _Va._, 1830-1881. A writer and educator of Memphis. Wind Whispers, a collection of poems; Legend of the South; Iztalixo, a Tragedy; My Roses, the Romance of a June Day.

=French, William Henry.= _Md._, 1815-1881. An officer who served in the army of the United States during the Mexican, Seminole, and Civil wars. His only published work is a manual of Instruction for Field Artillery.

=Freneau= [frē-nō´], =Philip.= _N. Y._, 1752-1832. A journalist of New York city who, during the Revolution, produced much patriotic verse that was very effective as well as popular, though none of it is marked by any high degree of excellence. Poems of Philip Freneau, written chiefly during the Late War (1786); Poems Written between the Years 1768 and 1794; Poems Written and Published during the American Revolution; Collection of Poems on American Affairs. Among his prose writings are, The Philosopher of the Forest; Essays by Robert Slender. _See American Literatures by Hart, Nichol, and Richardson._ _Cr._

=Frey, Albert Romer.= _N. Y._, 1858- ----. A writer of New York city upon Shakesperean and dramatic topics, who has also published a work upon Sobriquets and Nicknames. _Hou._

=Frey, Joseph Samuel Christian Frederick.= _G._, 1773-1850. A clergyman of Jewish descent who became a Christian in 1798, and, after coming to America in 1816, was for some ten years a Presbyterian minister and subsequently a Baptist preacher, especially active as a missionary to the Jews. Narrative of My Life: Hebrew Bible; Hebrew Grammar; Judah and Israel; Joseph and Benjamin; The Passover; Scripture Types.

=Frieze, Henry Simmons.= _Ms._, 1817-1889. A professor of Latin in the University of Michigan from 1854 until his death. He published editions of Quintilian and Virgil’s Æneid, and was the author of The Story of Giovanni Dupré.

=Frisbie, Levi.= _Ct._, 1748-1806. A Congregational clergyman of Ipswich, Massachusetts, who published Sermons and Orations.

=Frisbie, Levi.= _Ms._, 1783-1822. Son of L. Frisbie, _supra_. A tutor and professor at Harvard College from 1805 till his death. Miscellaneous Writings of Professor Frisbie, edited with Memoir by Andrews Norton, _infra_, appeared in 1823.

=Fritschel, Gottfried Leonhard Wilhelm.= _G._, 1836-1889. A Lutheran clergyman who came from Germany to the United States in 1857, and was a professor of theology in the seminary at Mendota, Illinois, from that time. He published (in German) Meditations on the Passion of Christ; History of Protestant Missions among North American Indians in the 17th and 18th Centuries.

=Frost, John.= _Me._, 1800-1859. An educator of Philadelphia who was a prolific writer and compiler of historical and other works of indifferent merit. Their number was very great, and the sale of some of them extensive. Among them are, Beauties of English History; Beauties of French History; Wild Scenes in a Hunter’s Life; Pioneer Mothers in the West; The Presidents of the United States; Pictorial History of the United States; History of the World. _Har. Le._

=Frothingham, Ellen.= _Ms._, 1835-1902. Daughter of N. L. Frothingham, _infra_. A Bostonian who published several fine translations from Lessing (The Laocoön); Auerbach; Goethe (Hermann and Dorothea); Grillparzer (Sappho); “Marie-Herbert” (Poems of Therese).

=Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon.= _Ms._, 1793-1870. A Unitarian clergyman of Boston whose writing displays singular grace and refinement. Deism or Christianity; Sermons in the Order of a Twelvemonth; Metrical Pieces, Original and Translated.

=Frothingham, Octavius Brooks.= _Ms._, 1822-1895. Son of N. L. Frothingham, _supra_. A Unitarian clergyman of extremely radical views who resigned his charge in New York city in 1879, and returned to Boston the next year, devoting the remainder of his life to literary pursuits. He was at one period art critic for the New York Tribune. Stories from the Lips of the Teacher; Stories from the Old Testament; The Religion of Humanity; The Cradle of the Christ; Memoir of W. H. Channing, _supra_; The Safest Creed; Beliefs of the Unbelievers; Creed and Conduct; The Spirit of the New Faith; The Rising and the Setting Faith; Visions of the Future; Lives of Gerrit Smith, George Ripley, Theodore Parker; History of New England Transcendentalism; Boston Unitarianism; Recollections and Impressions. _Hou. Put._

=Frothingham, Richard.= _Ms._, 1812-1880. A journalist and local historian of Charlestown, Massachusetts. History of the Siege of Boston; The Rise of the Republic; History of Charlestown; Life of General Joseph Warren; The Command in the Battle of Bunker Hill. _Lit._

=Frothingham, Washington.= _N. Y._, 1822- ----. A Presbyterian clergyman of Albany. Atheos, or Tragedies of Unbelief; The Martel Papers: Scenes in the Reign of Terror.

=Fry, James Barnet.= _Il._, 1827-1894. A colonel and brevet major-general in the United States army who was retired from active service in 1881, and thereafter lived in New York city. Sketch of the Adjutant-General’s Department, 1775-1875; Historical and Legal Effects of Brevets in Great Britain and the United States from their Origin in 1692; Army Sacrifices; McDowell and Tyler in the Campaign of Bull Run; Operations of the Army under Buell; New York and Conscription.

=Fuller, Andrew S----.= _N. Y._, 1828-1896. A horticultural writer and journalist of New York city, editor of Woodward’s Record of Horticulture. The Fruit Tree Culturist; The Grape Culturist; The Small Fruit Culturist; The Strawberry Culturist; Practical Forestry; The Propagation of Plants; The Nut Culturist.

=Fuller, Anna.= _Ms._, 1853- ----. A Boston novelist. Pratt Portraits; A Literary Courtship; Peak and Prairie; A Venetian June. _Put._

=Fuller, Edward.= _N. Y._, 1860- ----. A Boston journalist, subsequently on the staff of the Providence Journal. The Complaining Millions of Men, a novel of social conditions in Boston.

=Fuller, Henry Blake.= _Il._, 1857- ----. A novelist of Chicago. The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani; The Chatelaine of La Trinité; The Cliff Dwellers; With the Procession; The Puppet-Booth, twelve one-act plays. _Cent. Har._

=Fuller, Hiram.= _Ms._, _c._ 1815-1880. A journalist of New York city who at the outset of the Civil War supported the Confederate cause, and emigrated to England on that account. Subsequently he became an adventurer in Paris. The Groton Letters; Belle Brittan on a Tour; Sparks from a Locomotive; Grand Transformation Scenes in the United States.

=Fuller, Margaret.= _See Ossoli._

=Fuller, Richard.= _S. C._, 1804-1876. A Baptist clergyman of Charleston, and subsequently of Baltimore. Argument on Baptist Close Communion; Sermons; Scriptural Baptism.

=Fuller, Richard Frederick.= _Ms._, 1821-1869. Brother of M. Fuller, _supra_. A lawyer of Boston who published Visions in Verse; Chaplain Fuller, a life of his brother Arthur.

=Fuller, Samuel.= _N. Y._, 1802-1895. An Episcopal clergyman, professor at the Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Connecticut. Confirmation, its Authority and Nature; The Revelation of St. John Self-Interpreted.

=Fuller, Samuel Richard.= _Ms._, 1850- ----. Son of S. Fuller, _supra_. An Episcopal clergyman of Massachusetts. Personality, a volume of Sermons. _Hou._

=Fullerton, George Stuart.= _E. I._, 1859- ----. An Episcopal clergyman, professor of moral philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania. The Conception of the Infinite and the Solution of the Mathematical Antinomies, a psychological treatise; A Plain Argument for God. _Lip._

=Fullerton, William Morton.= _Ct._, 1865- ----. A journalist in Boston for several years, and since 1890 a member of the Paris staff of the London Times. Cairo, a descriptive essay; Patriotism and Science, a collection of essays. _Mac. Rob._

=Fulton, John.= _S._, 1834- ----. An Episcopal clergyman noted as an able exponent of canon law, and professor of that subject at the Episcopal Divinity School in Philadelphia. Letters on Christian Unity; Index Canonum; The Laws of Marriage; Documentary History of the Episcopal Church in the Confederate States; The Beautiful Land, a description of Palestine; The Chalcedonian Decree. _Wh._

=Fulton, Justin Dewey.= _N. Y._, 1828-1901. A Baptist clergyman, prominent in Boston and Brooklyn for his continued and violent attacks upon the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Element in American History; The True Woman; Show Your Colors, a story of Boston Life; The Way Out; Witnessing for the Truth, or the Overthrow of the Papacy; Rome in America, include the most of his work, which is of interest as an example of religious bigotry if for no other reason.

=Furness, Mrs. Helen Kate [Rogers].= 1837-1883. Wife of H. H. Furness, _infra_. A Shakespearean scholar of Philadelphia who published A Concordance to the Poems of Shakespeare. _Lip._

=Furness, Horace Howard.= _Pa._, 1833- ----. Son of W. H. Furness, _infra_. A distinguished Shakespearean scholar of Philadelphia, widely known in the literary world for his scholarly and exhaustive variorum editions of King Lear, Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, Midsummer Night’s Dream, and others of Shakespeare’s plays. _Lip._

=Furness, William Henry.= _Ms._, 1802-1896. A Unitarian clergyman of Philadelphia, from 1825 to 1875 pastor of the Unitarian church in that city. A theologian of radical views, but reverent temper. The Unconscious Truth of the Four Gospels; Jesus and his Biographers; History of Jesus; Thoughts on the Life and Character of Jesus; The Story of the Resurrection Told Once More; The Power of Spirit; Discourses; The Veil Lifted and Jesus becoming Visible; Verses: Translations and Hymns; The Faith of Jesus; a much admired translation of Schiller’s Song of the Bell. _See Harvard Graduates’ Magazine, June, 1896._ _El. Lip._

=Futhey, John Smith.= _Pa._, 1820-1888. A lawyer and antiquarian of Eastern Pennsylvania. History of Chester County; Historical Collections of Chester County.

G

=Gage, Mrs. Frances Dana [Barker].= _O._, 1808-1884. A prominent advocate of woman-suffrage who lectured much on that subject as well as upon temperance and anti-slavery. Elsie Magoon, a temperance story; Poems; Gertie’s Sacrifice; Nightcaps, a Series of Books; Sparks Upward. She wrote much over the signature “Aunt Fanny.” _Lip._

=Gage, Mrs. Matilda Joslyn.= _N. Y._, 1826-1898. A noted woman suffragist of Fayetteville, New York. Woman’s Rights Catechism; Woman as an Inventor; Woman, Church, and State; History of Woman Suffrage (with Miss Anthony and Mrs. Stanton). _Ke._

=Gage, Simon Henry.= _N. Y._, 1851- ----. A physiologist who has been professor of physiology at Cornell University. The Microscope and Histology; Anatomical Technology (with B. G. Wilder, _infra_).

=Gage, William Leonard.= _N. H._ 1832-1889. A Congregational clergyman of Hartford, 1868-84. Trinitarian Sermons to a Unitarian Congregation; Songs of War Time; Light in Darkness; Life of Carl Ritter; Studies in Bible Lands; Verses; The Home of God’s People; A Leisurely Journey; Palestine, Historic and Descriptive; The Salvation of Faust; a number of translations from the German. _Lo._

=Gallagher= [găl´a-ḡer], =William Davis.= _Pa._, 1808-1894. A journalist of Cincinnati prominent in the early literary annals of the Ohio Valley, whose home in later years was near Louisville. Miami Woods and Other Poems; A Golden Wedding, and Other Poems; Erato (verse). _See Griswold’s Poets and Poetry of America._ _Clke._

=Gallatin, Albert.= _Sd._, 1761-1849. A financier of distinction. He came to America from Switzerland in 1780, and was active in political affairs. He was secretary of the treasury under President Jefferson; an associate of Adams and Clay in negotiating the Treaty of Peace with Great Britain in 1815; minister to France 1816-23; subsequently minister to Great Britain. After his retirement from public life he became a banker in New York city. Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United States; Synopsis of the Indian Tribes; Notes on the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America; Peace with Mexico; War Expenses. His writings have been edited in six volumes by H. Adams, _supra_. _See Lives by H. Adams, J. A. Stevens._ _Lip._

=Gallaudet= [găl-aw-dĕt´], =Edward Miner.= _Ct._, 1837- ----. Son of T. H. Gallaudet, _infra_. Popular Manual of International Law; Life of T. H. Gallaudet, _infra_.

=Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins.= _Pa._, 1787-1851. A celebrated educator of deaf-mutes, who was superintendent of the institution for deaf-mutes at Hartford, the first in the United States, 1817-30. Child’s Book of the Soul; The Youth’s Book of Natural Theology; Sermons Preached to an English Congregation in Paris; Bible Stories for the Young. _See Lives by H. Humphrey, E. M. Gallaudet._

=Gallitzin, Demetrius Augustine.= Prince. _Hd._, 1770-1841. The son of the Russian ambassador to France, he came to America in 1792, was educated as a Sulpitian priest, and founded the Roman Catholic colony of Loretto in Pennsylvania in 1803. Defence of Catholic Principles; Appeal to the Protestant Public; Six Letters of Advice; Letter to a Protestant Friend on the Holy Scripture. _See Lives by Lemcke, Heyden, Brownson._

=Galloway, Charles Betts.= _Mi._, 1849- ----. A bishop of the Methodist Church South. Methodism a Child of Providence; Aaron’s Rod in Public Morals.

=Galloway, Joseph.= _Md._, 1731-1803. A Philadelphia lawyer who was a noted loyalist, and went to England after the evacuation of the city by the English. Historical and Political Reflections on the American Rebellion; The Prophetic History of the Church of Rome.

=Gallup, Joseph Adams.= _Ct._, 1769-1849. A Vermont physician, professor in Vermont Medical College, which he founded. Epidemic Diseases in Vermont; Outlines of the Institutes of Medicine.

=Gammell, William.= _Ms._, 1812-1889. An educator of Rhode Island, professor at Brown University, 1835-64. Life of Roger Williams; History of American Baptist Missions.

=Gannett, Ezra Stiles.= _Ms._, 1801-1871. A Unitarian clergyman of prominence in Boston for many years, who published a great number of single sermons and addresses. See _Memoir by W. C. Gannett._

=Gannett, Henry.= _Me._, 1846- ----. The chief topographer of the United States Geological Survey since 1882. Boundaries of the United States; The Building of a Nation; Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States; Results of Primary Triangulation; Manual of Topographical Methods; Geographic Dictionaries of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey.

=Gannett, William Channing.= 1840- ----. Son of E. S. Gannett, _supra_. A Unitarian clergyman of Minneapolis, and subsequently of Rochester, New York. A Year of Miracle, a poem in Four Sermons; Memoir of E. S. Gannett, _supra_; The Thought of God in Hymns and Poems (with F. L. Hosmer). _A. U. A. El. Rob._

=Garden, Alexander.= _S._, _circa_ 1685-1750. An Episcopal clergyman of Charleston remembered for his vigorous opposition to Whitefield. Six Letters to the Reverend George Whitefield; Two Sermons. _See Tyler’s American Literature._

=Garden, Alexander.= _S._, 1728-1791. A botanical writer of Charleston for whom Linnæus named the genus Gardenia. He went to England as a loyalist in 1783, and became vice-president of the Royal Society.

=Garden, Alexander.= _S. C._, 1757-1829. Son of A. Garden, 2d. An officer in the American army during the Revolution. Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War (1822). _See edition of 1865._

=Gardener, Mrs. Helen.= _See Smart, Mrs._

=Gardiner, Frederick.= _Me._, 1822-1889. An Episcopal clergyman, professor in the Berkeley Divinity School at Middletown from 1869. The Island of Life, an Allegory; Commentary on Epistle of Jude; Harmony of the Four Gospels in Greek; Harmony of the Four Gospels in English; Diatessaron; The Principles of Textual Criticism; The Old and New Testament in their Mutual Relations; Aids to Scripture Study. _Hou._

=Gardner, Augustus Kinsley.= _Ms._, 1812-1876. Son of S. J. Gardner, _infra_. A physician of New York city. The French Metropolis; Causes of Sterility; Conjugal Sins; Our Children, a Handbook for Parents; Old Wine in New Bottles; Ships and Shipbuilders of New York; translation of Scanzoni’s Diseases of Females.

=Gardner, Charles Kitchell.= _N. J._, 1787-1869. A United States army officer who was postmaster of Washington in President Polk’s administration. Dictionary of United States Army Commissioned Officers from 1789 to 1853; Compendium of Military Tactics; Permanent Designation of Companies, and lesser works.

=Gardner, Dorsey.= _Pa._, 1842-1894. A journalist of New York city who was one of the revisers of the Webster International Dictionary. Quatre Bras, Ligny, and Waterloo; Condensed Etymological Dictionary of the English Language.

=Gardner, Eugene C.= _Ms._, 1836- ----. An architect of Springfield, Massachusetts. Homes and All About Them; The House that Jill Built; Homes and How to Make Them; Illustrated Homes; Home Interiors; Common Sense in Church-Building; Town and Country School Buildings.

=Gardner, Samuel Jackson.= _Ms._, 1788-1864. A lawyer of Boston, and subsequently a journalist of Newark, New Jersey, whose essays over the signature “Decius” were issued in book form with the title Autumn Leaves.

=Garfield, James Abram.= _O._, 1831-1881. The twentieth president of the United States. A statesman of Ohio, prominent as a general in the Federal army during the Civil War, and subsequently as a congressman till his elevation to the presidency. In July, 1881, he was mortally wounded by an assassin, and died in the September following. His Complete Works have been edited by B. A. Hinsdale, _infra_. _See Appleton’s American Biography; Life by J. R. Gilmore, infra, 1880; Eulogy by G. F. Hoar._

=Garland, Hamlin.= _Wis._, 1860- ----. A novelist who was for some years a resident of Boston, and then returned to the Western States, in which the scenes of his realistic fictions are mainly laid. Main Travelled Roads; A Spoil of Office; Prairie Folks; Prairie Songs; Crumbling Idols; Rose of Dutcher’s Coolly; Little Norsk. _St._

=Garland, Landon Cabell.= _Va._, 1810-1895. A mathematician who held professorships in several Southern colleges, and published Trigonometry, Plane and Spherical.

=Garman, Samuel.= _Pa._, 1846- ----. A naturalist of Cambridge, assistant in the Agassiz Museum there. The Reptiles and Batrachians of North America; Reptiles and Batrachians of Bermuda. _Clke._

=Garnett, James Mercer.= _Va._, 1840- ----. A professor of English literature at the University of Virginia since 1882. Translation of Beowulf; Anglo-Saxon Poems; Translations of Elene, Judith, Athelstan, and Byrhtnoth.

=Garretson, James Edmund.= “John Darby.” _Del._, 1828-1895. A physician of Philadelphia, dean of the dental college there from 1879. System of Oral Surgery; Odd Hours of a Physician; Thinkers and Thinking; Two Thousand Years Ago; Hours with John Darby; Brushland; 19th Century Common Sense. _Lip._

=Garrett, Alexander Charles.= _I._, 1832- ----. The first Protestant Episcopal bishop of Northern Texas. Historical Continuity, a series of Sketches on the Church. _Wh._

=Garrigues, Henry Jacques.= _Dk._, 1831- ----. A Danish physician who came to America in 1875, and since 1886 has been professor of practical obstetrics in the post-graduate medical school of New York city. Gastro-Elytrotomy; Practical Guide in Antiseptic Midwifery.

=Garrison, James Harney.= _Mo._, 1842- ----. A clergyman and editor of religious journals. Heavenward Way; Alone With God.

=Garrison, Joseph Fithian.= _N. J._, 1823-1892. An Episcopal clergyman of Camden, New Jersey, professor of canon law at the Philadelphia Episcopal Divinity School for some years. The Formation of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States; The American Prayer Book.

=Garrison, William Lloyd.= _Ms._, 1805-1879. A very celebrated anti-slavery journalist of Boston who established The Liberator in 1831, and was its editor for the thirty-five years of its existence. His uncompromising attitude roused the fiercest opposition in both North and South, and he was at one time dragged through the streets of Boston by a mob who intended to hang him for his newspaper utterances, but he fortunately lived to see the triumph of his ideas and the liberation of the slave. Thoughts on African Colonization; Sonnets and Other Poems. _See Johnson’s Garrison and his Times; Life by his Sons._

=Gath.= _See Townsend, G. A._

=Gay, Ebenezer.= _Ms._, 1696-1787. A Unitarian clergyman of Hingham from 1718 until his death. The Old Man’s Calendar, a sermon preached on his eighty-fifth birthday, went through several editions in America and England, and was translated into several continental languages.

=Gay, Eben Howard.= _Ms._, 1858- ----. Nephew of S. H. Gay, _infra_. A banker of Boston who has published A Treatise on Municipal Bonds.

=Gay, Sydney Howard.= _Ms._, 1814-1888. Great-grandson of E. Gay, _supra_. A journalist of New York and Chicago, during the Civil War the managing editor of the New York Tribune. Life of James Madison; Bryant and Gay’s Popular History of the United States, of which the preface only was the work of Mr. Bryant. _Hou. Scr._

=Gayarré, Charles Étienne Arthur.= _La._, 1805-1895. A jurist of New Orleans, profoundly versed in the history of his State. Histoire de la Louisiane; Romance of the History of Louisiana; Colonial History of Louisiana; Louisiana as a French Colony; The Spanish Domination in Louisiana; Philip the Second, a Biography; Louisiana Supreme Court Reports; School for Politics, a drama; Fernando de Lemos, a novel; Aubert Dubayet, a sequel to the preceding; School for Politics, a Dramatic Novel.

=Gayler, Charles.= _N. Y._, 1820-1892. A dramatist of New York city among whose many plays are, The Gold Hunters; Taking the Chances; Fritz. Among his various novels are, The Romance of a Poor Young Man; Out of the Streets, both of which were dramatized by their author.

=Gaylord, Glance.= _See Bradley, Warren._

=Geer, George Jarvis.= _Ct._, 1821-1885. An Episcopal clergyman, long rector of St. Timothy’s Church, New York city, and the author of The Conversion of St. Paul, a series of Discourses.

=Gemünder, George.= _Wg._, 1816-1899. A violin-maker who came to America from Würtemberg in 1847, and settled in New York city, 1852. He published Progress in Violin-Making.

=Genin, John Nicholas.= _N. Y._, 1819-1878. A noted hatter of New York city who wrote a History of the Hat from the Earliest Ages.

=Genth, Frederick Augustus Louis Charles William.= _G._, 1820-1893. A professor of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania from 1872. Ammonia Cobalt Bases (with O. W. Gibbs, _infra_); Minerals of North Carolina; First and Second Preliminary Reports on the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania.

=Genung= [je-nŭng´], =John Franklin=. _N. Y._, 1850- ----. A professor at Amherst College. A Study of In Memoriam; The Epic of the Inner Life, an annotated translation of Job; Practical Elements of Rhetoric; The Study of Rhetoric in College Courses. _Gi. Hou._

=George, Henry.= _Pa._, 1839-1897. A very widely known political economist of New York city whose radical views upon economic and social topics have met with much criticism both in America and Europe. Progress and Poverty; Our Land and Land Policy; The Subsidy Question and the Democratic Party; Protection or Free Trade; The Irish Land Question; The Land Question; Social Problems.

=George, Nathan Dow.= _N. H._, 1808-1896. A Methodist clergyman, long prominent in Maine, and subsequently in Massachusetts. An Examination of Universalism; Universalism Not of God; Materialism Anti-Scriptural; Annihilation Not of the Bible. _Meth._

=Gerard, James Watson.= _N. Y._, 1822-1900. A lawyer of New York city. The Pelican Papers, a satire; Titles to Real Estate in New York City; Title of the Corporation and Others to the Streets, Wharves, Lands, and Franchises in New York City; The Peace of Utrecht; Aquarelles (verse); Ostrea, or the Loves of the Oysters, a collection of humourous verse. _Put._

=Gerhard, William Paul.= _G._, 1854- ----. A sanitary engineer of New York city. Theatre Fires and Panics; Anlagen von Haus-Entwässerungen; Diagram for Sewer Calculations; House Drainage and Sanitary Plumbing; Guide to General House Inspection; Domestic Sanitary Appliances; Prinzipien der Haus-Kanalization, include his principal writings. _Wil._

=Gerhard, William Wood.= _Pa._, 1809-1872. A Philadelphia physician. Diagnosis of Chest Diseases; Spotted Fever; Fevers; Clinical Guide.

=Gerhart= [gair´hart], =Emmanuel Vogel.= _Pa._, 1817-1904. A German Reformed clergyman of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, professor of theology in Franklin and Marshall College. Philosophy and Logic; Monograph of the Reformed Church; Child’s Heidelberg Catechism; Institutes of the Christian Religion.

=Gerrish, Theodore.= _Me._, 1846- ----. A clergyman of Portland, Maine. Army Life; Will Newton, the Young Volunteer; Life in the World’s Wonderland; The Blue and the Gray, an army history (with J. Hutchinson).

=Gholson, William Yates.= _O._, 1807-1870. An Ohio jurist who published Speeches on Payment of the Public Debt of the United States.

=Gianque, Florien.= _O._, 1843- ----. A Cincinnati lawyer of Swiss descent. Laws of Election in Ohio; Election and Naturalization Laws of the United States; Manual for Ohio Road Supervisors; Manual for Guardians and Trustees; Manual for Assignees, Insolvent Debtors, etc.; Laws of Ohio relating to Roads, Ditches, Bridges, and Water-Courses; Manual for Notaries, etc.; Appendix to Ohio Revised Statutes. _Clke._

=Gibbes= [ḡĭbz], =Robert Wilson.= _Ms._, 1809-1866. A physician, educator, and journalist of Columbia, South Carolina. Monograph of the Squalidæ; Typhoid Pneumonia; Documentary History of South Carolina; Documentary History of the American Revolution.

=Gibbon, John [Oliver].= _Pa._, 1827-1896. A major-general in the Federal army during the Civil War who published The Artillerist’s Manual.

=Gibbons, Henry.= _Del._, 1808-1848. Son of W. Gibbons, _infra_. A physician of San Francisco, professor in the Pacific Medical College who was the author of an anti-tobacco treatise, Tobacco and its Effects.

=Gibbons, James.= _Md._, 1834- ----. A cardinal of the Roman Catholic church since 1886. The Faith of Our Fathers; Our Christian Heritage; The Ambassador of Christ.

=Gibbons, James Sloan.= _Del._, 1810-1892. Son of W. Gibbons, _infra_. A prominent financier and philanthropist of New York city. He was a noted abolitionist, and was a pioneer in the movement for preserving the forests. The Banks of New York; The Public Debt of the United States. He wrote the popular war song, “We are Coming, Father Abraham.”

=Gibbons, Mrs. Phœbe [Earle].= _Pa._, 1821-190-. An author of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Dutch, and Other Essays; French and Belgians. _Lip._

=Gibbons, William.= _Pa._, 1781-1845. A philanthropist and scientist of Wilmington, Delaware. He wrote Truth Vindicated, a notably clear exposition of the principles of the Friends.

=Gibbs, George.= _L. I._, 1815-1873. A lawyer and antiquarian of New York city. The Judicial Chronicle; Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon or Trade Language of Oregon; Comparative Vocabulary; Research relative to the Ethnology and Philology of America; Suggestions relating to Scientific Observation in Russian America.

=Gibbs, Josiah Willard.= _Ms._, 1790-1861. A philologist who was professor of sacred literature at Yale University, 1824-61. Philological Studies; New Latin Analyst; Teutonic Etymology.

=Gibbs, Josiah Willard.= _Ct._, 1839-1903. Son of J. W. Gibbs, _supra_. A professor of physics at Yale University, and the author of scientific papers and monographs.

=Gibbs, [Oliver] Wolcott.= _N. Y._, 1822-1903. Brother of G. Gibbs, _supra_. A chemist of distinction, Rumford professor at Harvard University, and author of scientific papers.

=Gibson, Louis Henry.= _Ind._, 1854- ----. An architect of Indianapolis. Beautiful Houses, a Study in Housebuilding; Convenient Houses; Gradual Reduction Milling; Artistic Houses at Moderate Cost. _Cr._

=Gibson, William.= _Md._, 1788-1868. A once famous physician of Philadelphia, professor of surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, 1819-55. Principles and Practice of Surgery; Rambles in Europe. _See Gross’s Sketches of Contemporaries._

=Gibson, William.= _Md._, 1826-1887. A United States naval officer retired in 1879. Sailing Directions for the Kattegat, etc.; Poems of Many Years; Vision of Faery Land, and Other Poems; a translation of the Miscellaneous Poems of Goethe. _Le._