Chapter XXXIV: Marbod, Bishop of Rennes, 1035—1123 (1)

Career of Marbod—Relation of his _Liber lapidum_ to the prose _Evax_—Problem of Marbod’s sources—Influence of the _Liber lapidum_—Occult virtue of gems—_Liber lapidum_ meant seriously—_De fato et genesi_.

“_Nec dubium cuiquam debet falsumque videri
Quin sua sit gemmis divinitus insita virtus;
Ingens est herbis virtus data, maxima gemmis._”
—_Marbod, Liber lapidum._

[Sidenote: Career of Marbod.]

Of medieval Latin Lapidaries the earliest and what also seems to have been the classic on the subject of the marvelous properties of stones is the _Liber lapidum seu de gemmis_ by Marbod, bishop of Rennes,[3063] who lived from 1035 to 1123 and so had very likely completed this work before the close of the eleventh century. Indeed one manuscript of it seems to date from that century[3064] and there are numerous twelfth century manuscripts. These early manuscripts bear his name and the style is the same as in his other writings. Born in the county of Anjou, Marbod attended the church school there, became the schoolmaster himself from 1067 to 1081, during which time he probably composed the _Liber lapidum_, then served as archdeacon under three successive bishops, and finally himself became a bishop in 1096. He attended church councils in 1103 and 1104 and died in September, 1123, in an Angevin monastery, whose monks issued a eulogistic encyclical letter on that occasion, while two archdeacons celebrated his integrity, learning, and eloquence in admiring verse. Marbod’s own productions are also in poetical form. It is interesting to note that despite his early date he was eulogized not as a lone man of letters in an uncultured age but as “the king of orators, although at that time all Gaul resounded with varied studies.”

[Sidenote: Relation of the _Liber lapidum_ to the prose _Evax_.]

The _Liber lapidum_ is a Latin poem of 734 hexameters describing sixty stones. In the opening lines Marbod writes:

“Evax, king of the Arabs, is said to have written to Nero,
Who after Augustus ruled next in the city.[3065]
How many the species of stones, what names, and what colors,
From what regions they came, and how great the power of each one.”

Making use of this worthy book, Marbod has decided to compose a briefer account for himself and a few friends only, believing that he who popularizes mysteries lessens their majesty. As a result of this opening line and the fact that in some manuscripts Marbod’s own name is not given, his poem is sometimes listed in the catalogues as the work of Evax.[3066] There is also, however, extant a work in Latin prose which opens, “Evax, king of Arabia, to the emperor Tiberius greeting.”[3067] But as this prose work is not much longer than Marbod’s poem, and seems to be known only from a single manuscript of the fourteenth century, it is doubtful if it is the work which he professed to abbreviate. This prose work is also ascribed to Amigeron or Damigeron,[3068] to whom we have already seen that the author of _Lithica_ was supposed to be indebted and whose name was regarded as that of a famous magician. After alluding to the magnificent gifts which the emperor had sent to Evax by the centurion Lucinius Fronto and offering this book in return, the author of the prose version lists seven stones appropriate, not, strangely enough, to the seven planets, but to seven of the signs of the zodiac.[3069] Fifty chapters are then devoted to as many stones, beginning with _Aetites_, which is twenty-fifth in Marbod’s list, and ending with _Sardo_, while _Sardius_ comes tenth in Marbod’s poem. Marbod’s own order, however, sometimes varies in the manuscripts.[3070]

[Sidenote: Problem of Marbod’s sources.]

King, and Rose after him, asserted[3071] that despite Marbod’s professed abridgement of a work which Evax was supposed to have presented to Tiberius, he drew largely from Isidore of Seville’s _Etymologies_. Rose thought that some of the descriptions of stones were from Solinus, the rest from Isidore, but that the account of their virtues was from Evax. King also noted occasional extracts from the Orphic work, _Lithica_, which is not surprising in view of the fact that both Evax and the _Lithica_ seem based on Damigeron. This question of sources and ultimate origins is, however, as usual of relatively little moment to our investigation. My own impression would be that in antiquity and the middle age there exists a sort of common fund of information and stock of beliefs concerning gems which naturally is drawn upon and appears in every individual treatise upon them. But the number of gems discussed and the order in which they are considered or classified varies with each new author, and there is apt to be a similar variation in the number of statements made concerning any particular stone and the way in which these are arranged. In fine, all ancient and medieval accounts of the natures and virtues of stones bear a general resemblance to one another which is more impressive than is the similarity between any two given accounts, and testify to a consensus of opinion and to a common learned tradition concerning gems which is more significant than the possible borrowings of individual authors from one another.

[Sidenote: Influence of the _Liber lapidum_.]

However, there seems to be little doubt that the poem of Marbod is itself an outstanding work among medieval accounts of precious stones, first because of the early date of its authorship, and second because of its late persistence and popularity, which is indicated by the fourteen editions that appeared after the invention of printing.[3072] Its convenient form perhaps accounts to a considerable extent for its popularity. At any rate the manuscripts of it are numerous, and it was much used by subsequent writers of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, although citations of _Lapidarius_ cannot always be assumed to refer to Marbod. But at least the notions concerning gems which we find in his poem are a fair sample of what we should find in any Latin treatment of the same subject for several centuries to come. It is found also in a medieval French version.

[Sidenote: Occult virtue of gems.]

It does not make much difference where we begin or what stones we select from Marbod’s list as examples, since the same sort of marvelous powers are ascribed to all of them. In his prologue Marbod describes the occult virtues of gems as those “whose hidden cause gives manifest effects.” No one should doubt them or think them false, “since the virtue in gems is divinely implanted. Enormous virtue is given to herbs, but the greatest to gems.”

Adamant, hard as it is, cracks when heated with goat’s blood. It counteracts the action of the magnet. It is used in the magic arts and makes its bearer indomitable. It drives off nocturnal specters and idle dreams. It routs black venom, heals quarrels and contentions, cures the insane, and repels fierce foes.

Allectory, found inside cocks, slakes thirst. Milo overcame other athletes, and kings have won battles by its aid. It restores promptly those who have been banished, enables orators to speak with a flow of language, makes one welcome on every occasion, and endears a wife to her husband. It is advised to carry it concealed in the mouth.

The sapphire nourishes the body and preserves the limbs whole. Its bearer, who should be most chaste, cannot be harmed by fraud or envy and is unmoved by any terror. It leads those in bonds from prison. It placates God and makes Him favorable to prayers. It is good for peace-making and reconciliation. It is preferred to other gems in hydromancy, since prophetic responses can be obtained by it. As for medicinal qualities, it cools internal heat, checks perspiration, powdered and applied with milk it heals ulcers, cleanses the eyes, stops headache, and cures diseases of the tongue.

Gagates, worn as an amulet, benefits dropsy; diluted with water, it prevents loose teeth from falling out; fumigation with it is good for epileptics and it is thought to be hostile to demons; it remedies indigestion and constipation and overcomes magical illusions (_praestigia_) and evil incantations. Also

_Per suffumigium mulieri menstrua reddit_

* * * * *

_Et solet, ut perhibent, deprehendere virginitatem.
Praegnans potest aquam triduo qua mersus habetur
Quo vexabatur partum cito libera fundit._

Gagates burns when washed with water; is extinguished by anointing it with olive oil.

The magnet is especially used in the illusions of magic. The great Deendor is said to have first used it, realizing that there was no more potent force in magic, and after him the famous witch Circe employed it. Among the Medes experience revealed still further virtues of the stone. It is used to test a wife’s chastity while she is sleeping; if she is unchaste, she will fall out of bed when the gem is applied to her head. A burglar can commit theft unmolested by sprinkling it over hot coals and so driving away all the occupants of the house.

In the case of _Chelonitis_ Marbod’s account is very similar to that in Pliny’s _Natural History_,[3073] citing the Magi for the power of divination it bestows when carried under the tongue at certain times of the moon, according to whose phases its power varies. Of the gems hitherto described only in the case of adamant and gagates was there any resemblance between Marbod and Pliny and there only partial.

Pliny also briefly states that the stone _diadochos_ resembles beryl, but does not have Marbod’s statements that it is employed in water divination to show varied images of demons, “nor is there other stone stronger to evoke shades.” But if by chance it comes in contact with a corpse, it loses its wonted force, since the stone is sacred and abhors dead bodies.[3074]

[Sidenote: _Liber lapidum_ was meant to be taken seriously.]

The vast powers, not only medicinal and physical, but of divination and magic, over the mind and affections, miraculous and supernatural, even over God, as in the statement that the sapphire can be employed to secure a more favorable answer to prayer, which Marbod assigns to gems without a sign of scruple or scepticism or disapproval on his part, have so shocked some moderns that suggestions have been made, in order to explain away the acceptance of talismanic powers of gems to such a degree by a Christian clergyman who became a bishop, that Marbod must have composed his poem when quite young and lived to repent it, or that he regarded it merely as a poetical flight and exercise, not as an exposition of scientific fact. But wherefore then was it not only widely read in the literary twelfth century but also widely cited as an authority in the scientific and equally Christian thirteenth century? No; everyone else took it precisely as Marbod meant it, as a serious statement of the marvelous powers which had been divinely implanted in gems. And why should not God be more easily reached through the instrumentality of gems, since He had endowed them with their marvelous virtues? Marbod affirms his own faith in the great virtues of gems not only at the beginning but the close of his poem, stating that while some have doubted the marvelous properties attributed to them, this has been due to the fact that so many imitation gems are made of glass, which deceive the unwary but of course lack the occult virtues of the genuine stones. If the stones are genuine and duly consecrated, the marvelous effects will without a doubt follow.

[Sidenote: _De fato et genesi._]

Marbod’s belief in the almost boundless talismanic virtues of gems is thrown into the higher relief by the fact that in another of his poems he makes an attack upon genethlialogy or the prediction of the entire life of the individual from the constellations at his birth. In _De fato et genesi_ he writes against “the common notion” (_opinio vulgi_) that all things are ruled by fate, that the hour of nativity controls man’s entire life, and the contention of the _mathematici_ that the seven planets control not only the external forces with which man comes in contact but also human character. He objects to such a doctrine as that, when Venus and Mars appear in certain relations to the sun, the babe born under that constellation will be destined to commit incest and adultery in later life. He objects that such beliefs destroy all the foundations of morality, law, and future reward or punishment; contends that there are certain races which never commit adultery or crime, yet have the same seven planets; and argues that since Jews are all circumcised on the eighth day, they should all have the same horoscope. These are familiar contentions, at least as old as Bardesanes. Marbod declares further that the astrological writer, Firmicus, employs “infirm arguments,” and that his own horoscope, taken according to Firmicus’ methods and interpreted likewise, turned out to be false, “as I proved when once I dabbled in that art.” This is interesting as showing that Gerard of York[3075] was not the only bishop of the eleventh century who was acquainted with the work of Julius Firmicus Maternus, and that even opponents of astrology are apt to have once been dabblers in it. Marbod concludes his poem with this neat turn:

“I thought I ought to write these lines briefly against
genethlialogy.
Nevertheless, that I may not seem to repel fate and horoscope
utterly,
I assert that my fate is the Word of the supreme Father,
By Whom should all things be ruled and all men confess;
And I say that the computation of my constellation is innate in me
And the liberty by which I can tend whither I will.
Therefore, if my will shall be in conjunction with reason
In the sign of the Balances with Christ regarding me,
All things will turn out prosperously for me here and everywhere:—
This is the favorable horoscope of all Christ’s followers.”

GENERAL INDEX

Names of men of learning will be found for the most part in the bibliographical index.

Aaron, 357, 379, 464, 507

Abacus, 698, 704

Abbreviation, 135, 500, 624

Abdomen, diseases of, 577

Abimelech, 399

Abortion, 61, 94

Abraham the patriarch, astrology and science of 350, 353, 355, 411, 703;
magic use of name of, 437, 449, 726

Abraxas, 371, 379

_Abrotonum_, an herb, 495

Abscess, 93

Abstinence from animal food, 295, 308, 314

Academy, the, 268, 270, 602

Accusation of magic against, Galen, 125, 165-7;
alchemists, 194;
Apuleius, 222, 232-40;
Apollonius of Tyana, 246;
the emperor Julian, 318;
Jews, 337, 436-9;
Christ and Christians, 337, 383, 395-6, 415, 424, 433, 436-9, 463,
465, 505;
pagans, 415;
philosophers, 416;
heretics, 415, 424;
Origen, 461;
Priscillian, 380-1, 519-20;
Libanius, 538;
Bede, 635;
Gerbert, 704-5;
Constantinus Africanus, 744, 755;
Dunstan, 773

Achilles, ghost of, 264;
master of, 597

Aconite, 74, 171

Acorn, 740

Acoustics, 185

Acron, 56

Adalbert, bishop of Bremen, 773

Adam, first man, 681

Adamant, 81, 294, 636;
swords of, 253, 258;
breakable by goat’s blood, 56, 85, 511, 588, 779;
by lead, 657

Adder, 279, 721

Adonai, 365, 367, 451, 583, 726

Adrianaion, 434

Adultery, discovery of, 364, 644

Advertising, 186

Aeetes, 329

Aegina, 86, 301

Aelian, a consul, 262

Aemilianus, 224

Aeon, 363-4, 378, 383, 411

Aerimancy or Aeromancy, 344, 629

Aesculapius, shrine of, 283, 329, 379;
and see other index

_Aetites_, a gem, 257, 329, 330, 581, 777

_Affroselinum_, 765

Agate, 294, 721

Agathodaemon, 173, 292, 379, 587, 661;
and see other index

Aglaides, 431

Aglaonice, 203

_Agnus castus_, an herb, 756

_Agnus Dei_, 737

Agricultural magic, 21, 70, 79-80, 93-4, 216, 219, 294, 604-5, 626

Ague, 536

Air, importance of pure, 142, 151;
pressure of, 188;
experiments with, 190-2;
and continuity of universe, 206;
star in, 478

Albicerius, 518

Alchemy, Egyptian, 12-3;
Greek, 59, 131, 193-200, 320, 544-5, 764;
Pliny, 81, 193;
Arabic and Latin, chap. xxxiii, 368, 398, 649, 663-4, 669-70, 697,
757, 773

Alcmaeon, 324

Alcohol, 468, 765

Alcoholism, 253

Alexander the Great, chap. xxiv, 186, 496, 602;
and see other index

Alexander of Abonutichus, 277-8

Alexander V, pope, 106

Alexandria, as a center of ancient learning, 27, 39, 48, 105, 109, 123,
145, 187, 224, 291, 318, 348, 449, 541, 552, 763;
dissection at, 147;
measures of, 144;
relations with India, 245;
in the pseudo-Clementine _Homilies_, 404, 408

Alexandrina, golden, 739

Alexandrinus Olympius, 300

Alive, taken from, 580, 591;
burned, see Crab

Allectory, a gem, 779

Allegory and allegorical interpretation, in alchemy, 195-8;
of the Bible, 350, 479, 484, 633;
in zoology, 396, 500, 502;
miscellaneous, 545, 626;
and see Symbolism

Almanac, 318

Almond, 78

Aloaeus, see Eloeus

Alphabet in magic and divination, 197, 370, 380, 592, 664, 711;
and see Vowel

Alphabetical order, 166, 176, 606, 610

Alpheus, river, 102

Altar, 80, 239, 295, 378

Alum, 765

Amazons, 114, 564, 603

Ambassador, see Embassy

Amber, 49, 213

American Indians, 16-17

_Amiantus_, a gem, 81, 213

Ammon, the god, 546, 553, 561-2

Ammon (or, Hammon), King of Egypt, 291

Ammonia, 571

Amnael, an angel, 195

_Amor aquae_, 764

Amulet, Egyptian, 10;
in Pliny, 70, 77, 81, 85, 87, 89, 92;
in Galen, 166, 172-3, 176;
in Plutarch, 204, 294;
Gnostic, 380;
Aristotle represented as an adept in, 563;
post-classical and early medieval medicine, 572, 580, 755;
Arabic, 655-6;
and see Ligatures and suspensions

Amusements, ancient, 137, 486

Anaesthetics, 142, 626

Anastasius, Pope, 461

Anatomy, of Galen, 145-51;
Empirics hostile to, 157;
of Rasis, 668

Andrew, St., legend of, 435

Andronicus, the prefect, 542

Anemone, 65

Angel, see Spirit

Angitia, 329

Anglo-Saxon, manuscripts, chap. xxix, 597, 612-3;
medicine, chap. xxxi

_Angobatae_, 188

Animal, incapable of magic, 4;
in early Greek religion, 23;
habits, intelligence, jealousy, and remedies employed by, 26, 57,
73-5, 217-8, 254, chap. xii, 460, 490, 574, 626;
use of parts of, 11, 20, 67-70, 75-6, 87, 133, 167, 229, 587, 606,
721, 740, 755, 766;
living in fire, 240;
sacred, 311;
minute, 275;
in art, 502;
breeding and horoscopes of, 516;
and see Abstinence from animal food, Gods, Language, Sculpture,
Transformation, and the names of individual animals

Anise, 229

Annacus, king, 340

Annunciation, 263

Anonymity, 133, 728

Ant, 71-2, 75, 81, 98, 329, 331;
Indian, 636

Anthemius of Tralles, 575

Anthropology, 300

_Anthropos_, Gnostic, 380

Antichrist, 417

Antidote, 130, 154, 253, 441, 494

Antimony, 735

Antioch, 254, 296, 404, 421, 428, 431, 472, 662, 747

Antipathy, 84, 173, 213, 217, 219, 239, 581, 605

Antiphon, an interpreter of omens, 562

Antipodes, 219, 480-1

_Antiscia_, 537

Anubion, 420

Ape, 148, 256;
and see Cynocephalus

Apelles the painter, 55

Apollo, 23, 93, 212, 253, 294, 317, 326, 371, 429, 735

Apollobeches, 58

Apollonius of Tyana, chap. viii, 165, 244, 288, 295, 390, 435, 465

Apoplexy, 536

Apothecary, 84, 129

Apparatus, magical, 28, 190;
and see Magic, materials

Apparition, 66, 68, 204, 208, 215, 437-8, 455, 496, 509-10, 779;
and see Spirit

Appion, 419-20;
and see Apion in other index

Appius, friend of Cicero, 270

Applied science, ancient, chap. v, 408;
early medieval, chap. xxxiii

Aquila, disciple of Peter, chap. xvii

Aquileia, 124

Arab, Arabia, and Arabic, early poetry, 6;
drugs and spices from, 84, 129, 765;
Apollonius of Tyana in, 261, 295;
magic of, 280;
home of the Magi, 476;
learning, 31, 159, 174, 189, 578, chaps. xxviii, xxx, xxxii;
and see Middle Ages, Translations

Arcadia, 214, 249, 283

_Archiater_, 125, 161, 536

Architecture, 122, chap. v

Archon, see Spirit

Arcturus, 331, 636

Arena, 133, 147;
and see Gladiator

Areobindus, a consul, 607

Arethusa, 102

_Argemon_, an herb, 79

_Ariolus_, 629

_Aristochia_, an herb, 615

Arithmetic, 126, 319, 619, 628, 704

Armenian, 351, 374, 497, 554

Arms and armor, 344

Aromatics, 311;
and see Spice, Unguent

Arrow, extracted, 756;
poisoned, 767

Art and the Arts, magic and, 6, 28;
standards of, 187, 407;
early medieval, chap. xxxiii;
and see Artisan and the names of various arts

Artemis Tauropolos, 429

Artemisia, 89

Artery, 147

Artisan, 482, 486

_Aruspex_, see _Haruspex_

Asbestos, 213-4, 434

Ascension, of Romulus, 274;
of Simon Magus, 422

Ascetic, see Monasticism

Asclepius, a god, 253, 277, 546, 735;
and see other index

Ash, tree, 86

Ashes, reduced to, 68, 80, 91, 170, 571-4, 581, 586-8, 590, 721

Ashthroat, an herb, 722

Asp, 57, 85, 324, 494, 571, 580, 587, 626

Asparagus, 599

Asphalt, 132, 574

Asphodel, 88

Ass, 76, 88, 230, 275, 326, 367, 734, 740

Assurbanipal, 15, 27

Assyria, magic of, 11, 15-20, 58, 295, 629;
bibliography, 33-5

Astanphaeus, 365, 367

Asthma, 76

Astral theology, 15, 17, 360-1;
and see Astrology, Star

Astrolabe, 115, 501, 542, 559, chap. xxx, 728

Astrological medicine, 179, 575, 633, 738

Astrology, chaps, iii, ix, xi, xv, xxix, xxx;
also, Egyptian, 13-4;
Sumerian or Chaldean, 15-7,
and see Chaldean;
Greek, 22, 25-6;
Pliny, 91, 94-7;
popular Roman, 127, 285;
Galen, 127, 166, 178;
Greek philosophy and, 180-1;
Vitruvius, 184-5, 187;
Hero, 193;
alchemy and, 197;
Plutarch, 207, 209;
Apuleius, 231, 239-40;
Brahmans, 253;
Lucian, 282-3;
Nechepso, Petosiris, and Manetho, 292-3;
Solinus, 330;
Horapollo, 333;
Hermes, 290-2;
Enoch, 340-1;
Philo Judaeus and Jewish, 353-6;
Pseudo-Clement, 410-3;
church fathers, 444, 455-8, 464, 466, 471-5, 492;
Augustine, 513-21;
Firmicus, 529-38;
Pseudo-Quintilian, 540;
Synesius, 543;
Nectanebus, 560-3;
Alexander of Tralles, 583;
_Herbarium of Apuleius_, 598;
_Geoponica_, 604-5;
Boethius, 621-2;
Isidore, 632-3;
Arabic, 644-52, 661-6, 670;
Salernitan, 738;
Constantinus Africanus, 756;
Marbod, 781-2;
alchemy and, 763;
magic and, 300, 432, 464, 538, 540;
and see Christ, birth of; Image; Magi; Planet; Star

Astronomy, of Egypt, 13, 542, 545, 559;
Tigris-Euphrates, 15-6, 34;
India, 31;
Greek, 31-2;
benefits of, 47, 96;
of Ptolemy, 105, 107;
and architecture, 122, 185;
history of, 366, 707;
miscellaneous, 219, 395, 520, 536, 663, 704

Atavism, 141

Atheism, 234

Athens, 28, 95, 142, 217, 230, 249, 429;
as center of learning, 135, 200, 222, 242, 269, 277, 538, 541, 602

Athlete, 186, 248, 486

Atlas, Mt., 54

Atom, Atomic theory, Atomism, 140, 169, 178, 205, 408

Attalus, king of Pergamum, 135, 171

Attalus III, 236

Augury, in Assyria, 17;
Rome, 95;
Seneca, 103;
Galen, 171;
denied by Atomists, 178;
accepted by Stoics, 180;
Neo-Platonists, 315;
Jews and early Christians on, 352, 458-9, 466, 511, 513, 534, 630;
miscellaneous, 560, 629, 673, 705

Auspices, 430, 629

Authority and Authorities, attitude to, citation by, Pliny, 46, 49, 75;
Ptolemy, 107;
Galen, 118, 152-8, 167;
Vitruvius, 186-7;
Zosimus, 198;
bogus, 215;
Cicero, 270;
Solinus, 327-8;
Hippolytus, 469;
Firmicus, 537;
Aëtius, 570;
Marcellus, 585-6;
medieval freedom with, 611;
Macer, 614;
Isidore, 624-5;
Petrocellus, 734;
miscellaneous, 32, 215, 778

Automaton, 188, 192, 230, 440

Axle-grease, 92

Baal, priest of, 386

Babel, 453

Babylon and Babylonia, 11, 14-21, 23-4, 31, 33-5, 95, 97, 227, 239,
247-8, 266, 283, 360-1, 376, 383-4, 414, 527, 537, 652, 661, 744

Bagdad, 661-2, 667, 744, 762

Balaam, prophet or magician? 267, 352-3, 385, 445-8, 459;
and the Magi, 385, 444, 474, 479, 519

Balach or Balak, 447

Baldness, 536

_Balis_, an herb, 75

Balsam, 392, 738

Baptism, 368, 373, 405, 408, 432

Barbarians, 148, 376, 445, 449, 619, 638

Barbarossa, see Frederick I

Barber, 229

Barcelona, 699

Barefoot, 599

Barley, 88;
water, 143

_Baroptenus_, a gem, 81

_Barrocus_, an herb, 615

Basilica at Fano, 187

Basilides, the heretic, 372

Basilisk, 67, 70, 75, 169, 494, 573, 603, 626, 636;
and cock, 324, 771

Basilius the magician, 639

Basin, 560

Bat, 68-9, 159, 331, 587

Bath, 142-3, 281, 587, 676, 729;
public, 140, 295, 434-5;
sea, 231-2, 405

Battle predicted, 275

Bayeux Tapestry, 502, 675

Bean, 591

Bear, 75, 92, 219, 367, 490;
licks cubs into shape, 168, 177, 331;
constellation of the, 179

Beard, 416

Beast, name of the, 582

Beasts, wild, 216, 229, 564, 669;
dealers in, 133

Beauty, 300, 486

Beaver, 502, 636;
castration of, 231, 332, 574

Bed-bug, 68, 85, 89, 175

Bee, 76, 85, 219, 615, 636, 721;
and see Honey

Beech tree, 213

Beetle, 81, 219, 581

Behbit el-Hagar, 559

Behemoth, 346-7, 367

Bektanis, 559

Bell, church, 722

Bellerophon, 282

Bell’s palsy, 738

Belt, see Girdle

Bemarchius, rival of Libanius, 538

Berenice, 463, 558

Beryl, 780

Bethlehem, star of, see Christ, birth of; Magi, who came to
Christ child

Betony, 77, 86, 737

Bibliography, of Pliny, 46, 215;
Isidore, 623;
Peter the Deacon, 746

Bile, 171, 177

Bird, 73, 78, 80, 201, 218, 236, 325, 460, 544;
rite of strangling, 301;
mechanical, 192, 266;
and see Augury and the names of individual birds

Birth-control, 94

Birth-mark, 713

Bishop, 542

Bishopwort, 722

Bitumen, 571, 574, 603

Bituminous trefoil, 175

Black, 68, 175, 582, 591

Bladder, 536, 599, 769

Bleeding, 75, 125, 141-2, 162, 177, 576, 676, 679, 681, 684-5, 688,
724, 728, 735, 737-8

Blind, 536, 590

Blood, miraculous, 231;
human, use of, 61, 102, 175, 227, 581, 603, 629, 721;
human, and the moon, 98, 146, 391;
circulation of, 409, 430;
of various animals used, 86-7, 89, 131, 159, 166, 175, 587, 590,
727, 729, 737, 766-7;
and see Adamant, Bleeding, Hemorrhage

Blotch, 640

Boar, 69, 92, 580, 599

Boëthus, 134

Boil, 88

Bones, stuck in throat, 71, 583;
number in body, 372;
prehistoric, 407;
use of, 573, 583, 656

Book, trade in Roman empire, 134-5;
magic, 432, 435, 472, 505, 705;
loss of, 752

Bordeaux, 568

Borellus, duke, 704

Botany, 20, 65, 129, 343, 463;
and see Herb

Box, 229, 250

Boy, in divination and magic, 81, 239, 249, 416-9, 463;
and peony, 173

Bracelet, 81, 89

Brahmans, 248-54, 258, 266, 376, 407, 410, 412, 450-1, 556, 564

Brain, center of nervous system, 145-6;
cavities of, 659-60, 735;
inflammation of, 536;
of various animals used, see names of individual animals

Bread, 89, 424;
blessing and breaking, 727

Breastplate of high priest, 495

Breath and breathing, 134, 146, 207, 658

Brindisi, 764

Britain and Briton, 59, 141, 206-7, 376, 489

Bronze, 764

Buddha, 251

Bugloss, viper’s, an herb, 722

_Buglossa_, an herb, 615

Bull, 79, 86, 168, 261, 367, 599, 765-6;
tamed by fig-tree, 77, 213, 332, 626

Bulrush, 92

_Buprestis_, 77, 494

Burial, magic, 69-70, 80, 88, 662, 666;
alive, 421

Burned to death, 433, 571, 639

Business, 97, 107, 128, 248, 666;
early Christian attitude to, 494

Butter, 154, 721-2

Byzantine, 189, 194-5, 323, 398, 482, 555, 569, 607, 732, 745, 761-2

Cabbage, 86, 175

Cabbala, 7, 365

Caesarea, 404-6

Cairo, 8

Calchas, 271

_Calculus_, 536

Calendar, 13-4, 327, 345, 676, 686, 712

Calf, 150, 571

Caligula, emperor, 193, 349

Caliph, 607, 653, 670, 745

_Camaleon_, 600;
and see Chameleon

Camel, 396, 636

Campus Martius, 424-5

Canal, Isthmian, 262

Candelabrum, 380

Candle, magic, 87, 380, 385, 469

Candlestick, seven-branched, 385, 676

Cannibal, 61-2, 573

Canute, king, 351

Carolingian, 616, 635

Carpenter, 393

_Carpesium_, a drug, 132

Carpocrates, a heretic, 371

Cart rut, 81, 88-91, 721

Carthage, 222, 269, 553, 744

Carton, 129

Carystus, 213

Cask, 767-8

Caspian Sea, 489

Castoria, 739

Cat, 68, 636

Cataract, in eye, 175, 729

Catarrh, 82, 88-9, 142, 176

Caterpillar, 80

Cathedral, 501-2, 761

_Catochites_, a gem, 330

Caul of an ox, 469

Cauldron, 468

Cauterization, 536, 723

Cecrops, 415

Cedar, 20

_Celidonius_, see Swallow-stone

Celt and Celtic, 245, 567-8, 722, 732

Cemetery, 434

Cenchrea, 136

Centaur, 603;
and see Chiron in other index

Centipede, 76, 494, 587

Cerberus, 280

Ceremonial, Egypt, 10;
Assyria, 18, 20;
Pliny, 64, 69, 71, 77-82, 90;
Apuleius, 230, 235;
Orphic, 295;
rite of strangling birds, 301;
Gnostic, 378;
Marcellus, 590-2;
Arabic, 663;
medieval medicine, 726;
and see Herb, plucking of; Spirit, invocation of; etc.

Chalcite, 132

Chaldean (mostly mere mentions of), 16-7, 98, 102, 185, 201, 230, 239,
250, 253, 272-4, 279, 281, 287, 316, 323, 353, 375-6, 380, 399, 430,
444, 456, 469, 476, 479, 519, 560, 632, 703, 711, 744

_Chalkydri_, 347

Cham, see Ham

Chameleon, 62, 175, 581

Chance, experience, 36, 75, 156, 172, 754;
and fate, 210

Chaplet, 295

Characters, magic use of, 229, 257, 314, 317, 512, 579, 592-3, 604,
630, 645, 654, 724-30

Charicles, 232

Chariot, 423

Charlatan, 668-9;
and see Old-wives

Charlemagne, 214, 556, 672, 764

Charon, 277

Chastisements, 204

Chastity, 78, 81, 83, 204, 216, 295, 308, 326, 564, 581, 588, 590,
599, 799-80;
and see Virgin

Cheese, 142, 325, 509

Chelidonia and Chelidonius, see Swallow-wort and Swallow-stone

_Chelonitis_, a gem, 780

Chemical and Chemistry, 132-40, 467-9;
and see Alchemy

Chick, 76, 754, 771;
Aristotle on embryology of, 30, 146

Chickpea, 88

Child-bearing and Child-birth, 76, 78, 84, 87, 92, 94, 102, 175, 177,
216, 253, 260, 295, 325, 496, 581, 685, 713, 726, 738, 740;
formation of child in womb, 150, 545, 557, 757;
child born after eight months dies, 181, 356, 757;
monstrous birth, 627;
and see Abortion, Birth-control

Chimaera, 367

China and Chinese, 6-7, 214;
and see Seres

Chiromancy, 386

Chneph or Chnuphis, 379

Chrism, 738

Christ, 137-9, 243, 363, 379, 386, 404-5, 422, 510, 527, 529, 620,
674-5, 782;
accused of magic, see Accusation;
birth of, and astrology, 386, 438, 457, 464, 471-9, 703;
birth, virgin, 460;
child, chap. xvi, 390;
power of name of, 434, 452, 466, 638-9, 725, 729-30

Christian and Christianity, Book II, _passim_; 137, 139, 207, 275-6,
285, 296, 298, 306, 312, 320, 327, 554, 568, 584, 602, chap. xxvii,
642, 715;
and see Religion, Theology

Christmas, 678

Chronology, 135, 209, 624, 711;
and see Calendar

Church fathers, Book II, _passim_, 180, 225, 241, 302, 618

Cicada, 169

_Cinaedia_, 590

Cinnabar, 626, 761, 764

Cinnamon, 129-30, 256

Circe, 21, 65, 324, 434, 509, 629

Circle, magic, 78, 86-7, 91, 197, 281, 366, 599;
squaring the, 706;
Cardan’s concentric, 769

Circumcision, 449, 475, 781

Circus, 295, 486

City, fortune of, predicted, 273, 283;
ancient, 489, 504;
ideal, 349-50, 460

Civilization, magic and origin of, 5-6;
Pliny as source for history of, 43

Clairvoyance, 647;
and see Divination, natural

Clarus, 224

Classical heritage, 555, 618, 636;
and see Middle Ages

Classics, superstition in, 21-4

Claudia, 55

Clay, animals, 393, 769;
and see Pottery

Climate, 184

Cloak, virtue of, 397, 435

Clock, see Time

Clothing, virtue in, 136, 295, 382, chap. xvi, 407, 441, 534, 598, 666;
and see names of various articles of

Clyster, 142

Cock, 168, 175, 320, 324-5, 766, 771, 779;
cock-crow, 280, 405

Cog-wheel, 192

Cold, quality, 140, 161, 219;
drink, 141;
disease, 589

Colic, 87, 169, 579, 582, 590

Cologne, three kings of, 446, 477

_Colonus_, 638

Colony, Greek, 318

Color, discussed, 140, 486;
changing, 216;
in magic, 90, 367, 369, 590, 721;
and see the names of individual colors

Combustible compounds, see Candle

Comedy, Greek, 22-4

Comet, 96, 115, 457, 543, 633, 635, 673

Commodus, emperor, 125, 129

Compass, points of, 91, 114, 378, 586, 591, 724

_Compotus_ or _Computus_, 536, 676-7, 728

Compound, magical or medicinal, 10, 83, 140, 152, 159-60, 172, 571,
586-7, 722, 734

Conception, 562, 656, 724, 740

_Condrion_, an herb, 74

Confederate, in magic fraud, 467

Conjunction, astrological, 104, 642, 648-9

Conjuration of an herb, 583;
and see Incantation, Spirit, invocation of

Consecration, of a painted grape, 80;
of gems, 295, 781;
and see Holy

Constantine the Great, 525ff.

Constantine Monomachos, 745

Constantine Porphyrygennetos, 604

Constantius, emperor, 525ff.

Constans, emperor, 525ff.

Constantinople, 472, 477, 494, 533, 541;
and see Byzantine

Constellation, 14, 114, 178, 304, 709

Constipation, 779

Consumption, 213, 373, 536, 588

Cook, 148

Copernican theory, 32

Copperas, 467

Coptic, 361, 377

Coral, 656

Cordova, 704, 762

Corinth, 123, 136, 230, 262, 280

Corn extracted, 71

Corpse, 147, 229, 309, 629, 780;
and see Necromancy, Resurrection

Cosmetics, 152, 668

Cotton, 252

Couch, 561

Cough, 88, 176

Counter-irritant, 723

Cow, 77, 79, 81, 85, 325, 769

Crab, and snake, 99;
river, use of eye of, 68-9;
burned alive, 80, 178;
use of ash of, 170, 572;
stone in head of, 737

Crane, sentinel, 217;
windpipe of, used in magic, 278, 467

Craw-fish, 217

Creation, 16, 346, 408, chap. xxi, 504-5, 627-8;
position of stars at, 711, 713

Credulity and scepticism, chap. ix;
in Pliny, 50-1, 61-4, 67, 70, 77, 80-1, 88, 98;
Galen and the Empirics, 157-8, 168-9, 175;
Seneca, 102-3;
Plutarch, 204, 212-3;
other cases, 225, 244, 255, 388, 440, 491-2, 539, 573-4, 626, 637,
655, 671, 780

Crete, 129, 135, 249, 260

Cricket, 67, 737

Crime and criminal, 147, 167, 171, 207, 225, 581;
and see Magic, evil and criminal; Sin

Critical days, 158, 161, 164, 179-80, 356, 756

Crocodile, 74, 166, 218, 238, 280

Cropleek, 722

Cross, nail from, 280;
in sky, 475;
sign of, 432, 434, 466, 638-9, 722

Crow, 207, 314, 324, 409, 636, 655

Cruelty, 136, 225

Crystal, 294, 767

Cube, 184

Cuckoo, 81

Cummin seed, 93

Cuneiform, 15

Cup, Joseph’s divining, 386

Cupping glass, 192

Curlew, 217

Curse, 28, 93, 366, 434

Cynics, 277

_Cynocephalia_, an herb, 67

Cynocephalus, 70, 333

Cyprus, magic of, 59;
oil of, 68;
Galen’s visit to, 131-2

Cyrene, 541

Dacian, 597

Daedalus, 283

Daily life, magic in, 9-10, 20;
experience from, 54

Danish, 612

Dardanus, a magician, 58-9, 463, 558

Darius, 256, 260

“Dark Ages,” 618

Date, the fruit, 20

Date, discussed of, Ptolemy, 105;
Hero, 188;
Greek alchemists, 193-4;
works of Apuleius, 222-5;
Solinus, 326-7;
Horapollo, 331;
Enoch literature, 341-2;
apocryphal Gospels, 388-9;
_Pseudo-Clementines_, 404-6;
_Physiologus_, 497-9;
Augustine, 504;
_Mathesis_ of Firmicus, 526-7;
Synesius, 541;
Pseudo-Callisthenes and Julius Valerius, 552-5;
Aëtius, 570;
Marcellus, 584-5;
early medieval pseudo-literature, 594-6;
Macer, 612-3;
Thebit, 661;
introduction of Arabic alchemy, 773;
and see Calendar,

Chronology, _Compotus_, Creation, Easter

Day, observance of, lucky and unlucky, 14, 21, 106, 383, 513, 582, 588,
590, 592, 661, chap. xxix, 721, 725, 727, 754;
and see Critical; Egyptian; Moon, day of; Planetary week

Dead Sea, 138

Deaf, 536

Decans, 178, 291, 315, 376, 453

Deendor, a magician, 780

Deer, 68, 70, 74, 84, 94, 207, 294, 324, 586, 734

Degree, academic, 619;
medical, 751-2

Delirium, 536

Delphic oracle, 201, 266, 283, 326, 538, 582

Demeter, 429

Demigod, 546

Demiurge, 212, 383

Demon, see Spirit

Dentistry, 12;
and see Tooth

Depilatories, see Hair

Deroldus, bishop, 733

Desert, herbs in, 54

Desiderius, abbot, 747

Design, argument from, 139, 148, 408, 490

Desire, as a factor in magic, 644

Deucalion, 341

_Devotio_, see Curse

Dew, 102

Diacastoria, 739

_Diadochos_, a gem, 780

Diagram, 366-7, 674

Dialectic, 420, 439, 536

Diana, 130

Dice, 136, 486

Dick, Mr., 64

_Dictamnon_, see Dittany

Dictation, ancient, 45, 134

Dictionary, 599, 624

Dictynna, 249

Die, 582;
and see Dice

Diet, 98, 137, 142, 159, 282, 414, 429, 577, 587, 668, 684, 735

Digestion, 137, 205, 585

Dinocrates, 186

Diocletian, emperor, 194

Diomedes, 330

Dionysius, an Egyptian, 440

Dionysus, the god, 251, 546

Dioptrics, 108

Dipsas, a snake, 172, 284, 494

Direction, observance of, in magic, 90-1, 666;
and see Compass, Right, Left

Disease, 25, 98, 150, 208, 219, 310, 430, 434, 536;
magic transfer of, 19, 61, 71, 79, 213, 588-9;
and see Spirit, Woman, and the names of individual diseases

Dissection, 88, 134, 146-8, 164, 581, 746

Dittany, 218, 495

Dives and Lazarus, 448

_Divinatio_, a disease, 755; and see 150-1

Divination, chaps. ix, xxix, 86, 127, 143, 165, 180, 253, 285, 533,
539-40, 713;
varieties listed, 560;
in China, 6-7;
Egypt, 13;
Tigris-Euphrates, 17;
India, 251;
relation to magic, 5, 14, 17, 60, 226, 233, 295, 432, 512, 543, 629;
by divine revelation, 205, 249, 314, 364, 533,
and see Prophecy;
by demons, 442-3, 510, 546;
natural, 103, 205, 239, 305, 314, 318-9, 419, 518, 542-3;
by animals, 315, 325-6, 490,
and see Augury;
by eating parts of animals, 70, 257, 314;
by boys, 249, 418-9, 463;
by enthusiasm, 180;
by herbs, 66, 77, 614;
by drinking or inhaling, 313;
by Kalends, 677, 684;
by lots, numbers, names, 112, 679, 682, 711, 713,
and see Lot-casting;
by polished surfaces, 774;
by sounds, 313, 430;
by stones, 70;
by symbols, 166;
by winds, 676, 678;
and see Aerimancy, Cup, Dream, Geomancy, Haruspex, Hydromancy, Knot,
Liver, Moon, Omen, Pyromancy, Sacrifice, Sieve, Selenomancy,
Thunder

Dog, kennel, 69;
jealous, 75;
puppyhood, 150;
omens from, 231;
prescience of, 325;
as symbol, 367;
demons as, 435;
and mandragora, 607;
torn to pieces by, 277, 425;
to stop bark or attack of, 77, 216, 249, 424, 605;
disease transferred to, 88, 590-1;
use of parts of, 68, 70, 89, 90, 159, 168-9, 573-4, 737, 755;
mad, and bite of, 68, 82, 86, 131, 169, 178, 259, 263-4, 284, 373,
391, 572, 656, 713, 754

Dog-days, 572, 728, 756, 765

Dogmatism, 154, 159, 735

Dog-star, 66, 98, 178, 604

Dolphin, 55, 218, 260

Domitian, emperor, 249-50, 259-65

Door, used in magic, 71, 591;
affected by magic, 226-7, 314, 449;
trap, 469

Dorians, 219

Dositheus, 365, 417

Dove, 142, 168, 324, 332, 636, 740

_Draconites_, a gem, 75

Dragon, 75, 231, 257, 326, 367, 392, 429, 561, 603, 766;
use of parts of, 68, 70;
combat with elephant, 74, 257, 626;
flying, 347

_Dragontes_, an herb, 614

Drama, and magic, 22-3, 324;
liturgical, 476-7

Dream and divination from, in Egypt, 13-4;
in cuneiform texts, 17;
Pliny, 56, 81;
Galen, 123, 154, 156, 166, 170, 177-80;
Plutarch, 204, 205;
Apuleius, 231;
Apollonius, 260;
Lucian, 283;
Neo-Platonists, 314, 545;
Philo, 354, 358;
Pilate’s wife, 395;
Origen, 459;
Nectanebus, 560-2;
Alkindi, 646;
miscellaneous, 197, 329, 412, 434, 437, 459, 463, 487, 509, 534,
627, 671, 680-1, 720, 754, 763, 779

“Dream-senders,” 368

Dropsy, 69, 213, 536, 779

Drugs, 55, 61, 84, 89, 128, 132, 370, 467, 561, 668

Druid, 46, 59, 67, 79, 640

Drum, 204, 313

Dualism, 361, 409

Duck, 87-8

Dung, 68, 69, 86, 166, 168, 588, 656, 734, 740, 769

Dye, 324, 467, chap. xxxiii

Ea, a god, 18

Eagle, 87, 90, 176, 217, 257, 325-6, 332, 441, 496, 574, 636

Ear, 536

Earache, 169, 579, 755

Ear-wax, 721, 769

Earth, appeased, conjured, personified, and deified, 66, 79, 86, 251,
295, 583, 598;
virtue of, 81, 88, 592, and see Cart rut, Terra sigillata;
things not allowed to touch the ground, 70, 79, 81, 173, 582, 588;
sphericity of, 480;
miscellaneous, 211, 373;
and see Burial, Land and Water, Underground

Earthquake, 97, 101, 250, 254, 264, 271, 430, 469, 562

Earthworm, 68-9, 89, 176, 573-4, 587, 720

Easter, 521, 677;
mystery of, 677

Ebionites, 405

Ebony, 560

Echeneis, 212, 491, 626

Eclipse, 96, 98, 203-4, 209, 262, 333, 386, 564, 673

Editions, especially early printed, Pliny, 53;
Ptolemy, 106, 110;
Galen, 119;
Solinus, 326;
Firmicus, 525;
Pseudo-Callisthenes and Julius Valerius, 551-2;
_Letter of Alexander_, 555;
post-classical medicine, 566-7, 577;
_Herbarium of Apuleius_, 597;
Ethicus, 601;
_Geoponica_, 604;
Dioscorides, 606-10;
Macer, 612;
Isidore, 623;
Latin translations from Arabic, 642, 649ff., 653, 657, 665, 668, 716;
_Regimen Salernitanum_, 736;
Constantinus Africanus, chap. xxxii;
treatises on arts, 760;
Marbod, 775, 778

Education, as experienced or discussed by, Galen, 118-28;
Vitruvius, 187;
Plutarch, 200-1;
Apuleius, 222-4;
Lucian, 277;
Christ child, 394;
Cyprian, 429-31;
Firmicus, 525;
Synesius, 540-1;
Bede, 634-5;
Rasis, 667;
Gerbert, 704;
Constantinus, 744;
Dunstan, 773;
Marbod, 775

Eel, 491

Egg, shell, 54;
test of freshness, 55;
made by hiss of snakes, 67;
addled by certain men, 83;
so-called, of alchemy, 198;
goose, 277;
filled with dye, 467;
portents from, 562, 773;
raw, 729

Egypt, 7-14, 27-8, 30-1, 193-5, 198, 206, 228-30, 239, 248, 250, 287,
289, 300, 325, 331-4, 360, 376, 379, 391, 414-6, 430, 437-8, 446,
450, 452, 459, 503, 527, 537, 543, 558-60, 598, 744;
and see Plagues of

Egyptian Days, 14, chap. xxix, 728

Elchasaites, 373

Elections, astrological, 372-3, 386, 517

Electrum, 590

Elements, various theories of, 25, 139, 157, 218, 254, 382, 408, 410,
478, 485, 488, 528-9, 622, 645, 720;
not found in a pure state, 140, 489

Elephant, intelligence of, 73, 75, 169, 218, 256, 636;
habits, 213, 322, 324, 332, 460;
dissection of, 148;
compared with fly, 408;
white, 763;
and see Dragon for combat with

Elephantiasis, 57, 170, 572

Eleusinian mysteries, 101, 148

Elijah, 386, 555

Elixir, 670

Eloeus, 365, 367

Eloi, 583

Elymas the sorcerer, 461

Elysian fields, 207

Embalming, magic in, 8

Embassy, of Philo, 349; Synesius, 541;
Leo, 557

Embryology, see Chick, Child-birth

Emerald, 434, 656, 772

Emperor, Roman, 47, 50, 124, 129-30, 135, 176, 186, 194, 529;
and see names of individual emperors

Empiric, _Empirica_, Empiricism, 56-7, 155-7, 172, 735, 754

_Empousa_, 310

Empyrean, see Heaven

Enceladus, 254

Encyclopedia, ancient, 43;
Arabic, 663;
medieval, 52, 569

Endor, witch of, 385, 448, 464, 469-71, 506, 509-10, 629, 635

Entrails, see Intestines, Liver divination

Ephesus, 259-62

Ephod, 448

Epic, 16, 18

Epicurean, 138, 150, 283, 408, 441

Epidaurus, 329

Epilepsy, 69, 87, 90, 173, 235, 238, 536, 578-81, 614, 723, 726, 730,
735-6, 754-6, 779

Epitome, 495, 554-5, 568-9, 594, 603ff.

Er, vision of, 212

Erataoth, a spirit, 367

Eretrians, 260

Eridu, 15

_Erigeron_, an herb, 89

_Erystion_, an herb, 598

Essenes, 405

Ether, 254, 373;
and see Heaven

Ethics, 602

Ethiopia and Ethiopic, 141, 245, 256, 283, 327, 341, 345, 398, 435,
498, 554, 558-60, 654, 658, 744

Etruscan, 467, 630

Etymology, 625

Eucharist, 369

Eucrates, 280-1

Eugenianus, 133

Eugenics, 414

_Eumeces_, a gem, 81

Euphrates, a philosopher, 246, 253, 263;
and see Tigris-

Eustachian tube, 576

Evangelists, four, 502, 674, 721

Eve, 350, 511, 681

Evil, problem of, 305, 309, 349;
eye, see Fascination

Evolution, doctrine of, 149, 493

Ewe hop plant, 722

Excommunication, 542

Excrement, human, 74, 143, 573;
and see Dung

Exercise, physical, 587

Exorcism, 18, 24, 280, 299, 368, 386, 435, 533-4, 682, 722

Experience, Experiment, Experimental method, and magic, 57, 431-2, 447,
469, 540;
in Pliny, 53-7, 83, 88;
Ptolemy, 106-7;
Galen, 118, 121, 144-63, 169, 173, 175, 179;
Vitruvius, 187;
Hero, 190;
Greek alchemists, 198;
Plutarch, 213;
Apuleius, 237;
Simon Magus, 420-2;
Firmicus, 532;
post-classical medicine, 569, 573, 578-80, 583-7;
Dioscorides, 606;
Macer, 615;
Arabic, 644-6, 657, 669;
early medieval medicine, 734-5, 738, 753-4;
arts and alchemy, 762, 765-70;
and see Empiric, Observation

Eye complaints and cures, 56, 82, 87, 98, 166, 175, 289, 325, 490,
496, 536, 586, 589-90, 640, 670, 720, 755, 779;
evil, see Fascination

Eyebrow, 151, 159, 175

Eyelash, 92, 151

_Facies_, astrological, 710, 716

Faith, requisite in magic, 644

Falernian wine, 132, 586

Familiar spirit, see Spirit

Family, 300

Famine, 603

Fascination, 71, 83, 217, 294, 324

Fasting, 78, 82, 93, 174, 593, 705

Fat, 67, 91, 130, 168, 755

Fate, 181, 240, 306, 310, 315-6, 353, 375, 620

Fates, three, 210, 565

Faust, Faustus, or Faustinianus, 404, 406, 413, 417

Feather, 70, 236

Fee, physician’s, 670, 684, 688, 740

Fennel, 722;
tasted by snake, 74, 490, 626

Fern, 80, 769

Festival, 22, 107

Fever, 18, 49, 65-6, 71, 89, 91, 141, 536, 569, 575, 668, 720, 727,
759;
and see Quartan, Tertian

Fibula, 301

Fifty, 356, 383

Fig-tree, see Bull, tamed by

Figure, 709-10;
human, 723;
and see Image, Mannikin, Statue

_Fili_, Irish, 640

Finger, middle, 589, 592;
use of two, 583

Fire, the element, 88, 229, 310, 417;
marvelous, 252, 256, 368;
at Rome in 192 A. D., 125, 134;
universal, 104;
not burned by, 416

Fire engine, 192

Firmament, see Heaven;
Waters above the

First-born, 581

Fish, 30, 49, 74, 77, 218, 236-7, 260, 325-6, 469, 589, 636, 657, 756

Five, 92, 169, 357, 383, 590

Flea, 605

Float, 192

Flood, 16, 340, 475, 493

_Florilegia_, 618

Fluxion, 583

Fly, insect, 76, 175, 408

Flying, 397;
of Simon Magus, 416-7, 422-7

Foam, of snake, 67;
horse, 70, 86, 589

Folk-lore, 300, 567, 587, 722-3, 732

Foot, 580;
and see Barefoot

Form, 487, 542

Fossil shells, 493

Fotis, 229

Fountain, marvelous, 102, 318, 347, 546, 769

Four, 91, 356, 674-5, 728, 767

Fox, 80, 89, 90, 168, 490

Franklin, Benjamin, 414

Frederick I, Barbarossa, emperor, 477

Free-Masonry, 183

Free will, see Will

Frenzy, 755

Frog, 68, 80, 90, 92, 159, 168, 231, 491, 508, 588, 591, 656

Fruit, 85, 142, 599, 724

Fumigation, 69, 282, 512, 740, 779

Funeral, 214

Furnace, 81, 393, 434, 657, 764

Future life, 8, 25, 47;
and see Soul, immortality of

Gabriel, angel, 343, 367, 447, 452, 454

_Gagates_, a gem, 154, 495, 724, 779

_Gaia Seia_, 599

_Galactis_, 294

_Galactites_, 329

Gall, 68, 71, 587, 726, 764-6

Gall nut, 467

Games, Greek national, 186, 201

Ganges, 258

_Garamantica_, a gem, 97

Garlic, 213, 722

Gas, 55, 142

Gate, city, 591, 600

Gaudentius, 404

Gaul, 46, 76, 92, 568, 597, 672, 776;
and see Druid

Gazelle, 68, 70, 87

Gehenna, 367

Gem, Assyrian, 20;
Pliny, 68, 70-1, 80-1;
Apollonius, 254-8;
Orphic, 293-6;
Gnostic, 27, 378-80;
Pseudo-Plutarch, 216;
Solinus,328-9;
St. John and, 398;
Origen, 460;
Epiphanius, 495-6;
Augustine, 511;
in medicine, 590;
Pseudo-Dioscorides, 611, 654;
_Geoponica_, 605;
Isidore, 626-7;
found in animals, 75, 294, 603, 737, 740, 755, 772, 779;
Marbod, chap, xxxiv;
and see Consecration;
Image, engraved on;
and names of individual gems

Genealogical table, 624

Generation, spontaneous, 86, 219, 238, 324, 509, 511;
of various animals, 408-9, 460;
in fire, 102, 324;
human, 211;
and corruption, 210;
ruled by stars, 97;
organs of, used in magic, 11, 68-9, 356;
and see Child-birth, Conception, Eugenics, Private parts

Genethlialogy, 115, 273, 353, 412, 456, 513, 517, 560, 622, 629, 703,
708, 781

Genius, see Spirit, orders of

Gentiles, 479, 674, 771

Geocentric theory, 32, 105, 488

Geography, discussed by Pliny, 43-4;
Ptolemy, 105-7;
Philostratus, 244;
Solinus, 327;
other ancient, 488;
Ethicus, 600-4;
other medieval, 707

Geology, 493

Geomancy, 314, 343, 629, 648, 685

Geometry, 122-3, 126, 185, 318, 536, 542, 619, 663, 70

Gerard, archbishop of York, 689, 782

Germ of disease, 219

German, invaders, 148, 351;
language, 498, 728;
scholarship, 15-6, 30-1, 350, 684

Germany, 45, 557

Ghost, 233, 263, 280, 455, 540, 705;
and see Necromancy;
Endor, witch of

Giant, 254, 407, 430

Girdle or ungirded, 69, 87, 284, 512, 599

Girl, magic power of, 216;
and see Virgin

Githrife, an herb, 722

Gladiator, 124, 149, 581, 673

Glass, Egyptian, 12;
Roman, 590, 762;
medieval, 729, 764-7;
gems of, 781;
and see Stained

Glaucon, 143, 161

_Glossopetra_, a gem, 98

Glue, 765

Gnostic and Gnosticism, chap. xv, 197, 211, 290, 298, 305, 360, 397,
405, 411, 472, 547, 584, 661, 720

Goat, 69, 87, 130, 168, 213, 218, 256, 325, 367, 467, 490, 581-2, 729,
755, 759, 765-9;
and see Adamant and blood of

Goblet, 258

God and gods, antiquity of belief in, 5-6, 203;
animal, 14, 283, 503;
celestial, 14, 17, 25-6, 289, 309, 530;
and nature, 409; and man, 206, 208, 254, 274, 416;
and Roman emperors, 130, 529;
and art, 486;
and magic, 8, 230, 235-6, 249, 312, 320, 543;
Pliny concerning, 47, 97;
Seneca, 103;
Galen, 139, 151, 167, 180;
Plutarch, 210;
Gnostic, 362, 375;
Christian attitude to pagan, 317;
Firmicus, 527-30;
Boethius, 621;
name of, 599;
winged, 301;
and see Apollo and other individual names of gods, Christ, First
cause, Trinity, etc.

Goetia, 22, 247, 250, 505

Gold, 69, 78-81, 215, 257, 301, 325, 386, 590, 599, 739, 755;
chap. xxxiii;
and see Alchemy

Gonorrhoea, 536

Goose, 168, 301

Gorgon, 301

Gothic art, 501-2, 761

Gout, 81, 142, 277, 284, 571, 575, 579-81, 755

Grafting, 55

Grain, 325

Grammar, 535, 596, 612, 625

Grasshopper, 491

Gravitation, 481

Greece and Greek, magic, 20-8, 58;
science, 28-32, 46-7, 51, 62, 64;
culture, 274, 283;
animals, 73;
language, ancient, 154, 186, 222-3, 377, 420;
language, medieval, 331-2, 625

Greek church, 397, 735

Greek fire, 256-7

Griffin, 257, 325

Grimoald, abbot, 613

Groin, 71, 590

Ground, see Earth, Underground

Gruel, 142

Guadalquivir, 254

Gull, 159

Gum, 468

Gyges, 257

Gymnosophists, 247, 251, 260, 564

Gynecology, see Women, diseases of

Hades, see Underworld

Hadrian, emperor, 136, 200, 244, 318

Hail, see Weather

Hair, 69-70, 81, 151, 159, 176, 581;
net, 175, 213;
tonic, 738

Halcyon days, 255, 491

_Halicacabum_, 77

Hallucination, 509

Ham, son of Noah, first magician, 414

Hand, laying on of, 386;
and see Left, Right

Handkerchief, 213, 386

Hangman’s noose, 71

Hare, 159, 169, 253, 580

Harewort, 722

Harp, magic, 773

Harran, 661-2

_Haruspex_, 95, 104, 511, 513, 534, 629

Hathor goddesses, 14

Hatto, bishop of Vich, 704

Hawk, 74, 314, 332, 561

Hawkweed, 74, 332

Hazel rod, 725-6, 730

Head, habit of inclining, 659;
magical speaking, 662, 705

Headache, 18, 71, 92, 175, 591

Hearsay, 585

Heart, physiology of, 30, 146-9, 153, 737;
used in medicine and magic, 70, 89, 727

Heat and Hot, 140, 142, 161, 175-6, 191;
and see Qualities

Heathen, see Pagan

Heatherberry, 722

Heaven and Heavens, one or many? 16, 345, 363, 365, 372, 382, 459,
487-8, 709;
empyrean, 484;
and see Music of spheres, Star, Universe, Waters above the firmament

Hebdomad, sacred, 16, 365, 380

Hebrew, 554, 577-8, 709, 711, 749;
and see Jew

Hecate, 215, 280

Hedge, 91

Hedge-hog, 325, 502, 734

Hedgerife, 722

Helen, Simon’s, 363-5

Helena, empress, 477

Helenus, seer, 294

Heliocentric theory, 32, 97

Heliotrope, an herb, 65, 87, 636

Hell, see Underworld

Hellebore, 74, 490, 636

Hellene and Hellenism, 20-1, 245, 541

Hellenistic, 16, 22, 30-2, 39, 51, 183, 189, 288, 294

Hemlock, the poison, 490

Hemorrhage, 536, 576

Hen, omen from, 231

Henbane, 722

Hera, goddess, 429

Heracles, 251, 546, 582

Heracleidae, 541

Herb, Egyptian, 10;
Assyrian, 19-20;
Greek, 23;
Cretan, 129;
sacred, 76, 178;
Anglo-Saxon, 722;
Pliny, 54-7, 65-7, 76-9;
Galen, 154, 167;
Plutarch, 215-6;
Apuleius, 229;
Orphic, 295-6, 429-30;
Gnostic, 371;
Nectanebus, 561, post-classical medicine, 583, 591;
_Herbarium of Apuleius_, 597-9;
Pseudo-Dioscorides, 606;
Macer, 614-5;
used by animals, 324-5, and see Animals, remedies employed by;
conjuration of, 583;
plucking of, 57, 65, 93, 160, 173, 252, 291, 583, 614, 626, 721,
724, 727, 729

Herbal, 596-9

Herbalist, 79, 128

Hercules, see Heracles

Heredity, 75, 253; and see Atavism

Herefridus, 635

Heresy, chap. xv, 488, 494, 507-8

_Hermesias_, a compound, 84

Hermogenes the magician, 435

Hero, a kind of spirit, 180-1, 309-10, 469, 546

Herod the king, 473, 479

Heron, 218, 324

Hind, 279, 721

Hippomanes, 324

Hippopotamus, 75, 169

History and Historians, relation to this investigation, 201;
Roman, 14, 94, 96, 201, 602;
omens and portents in, 14, 675;
attitude to, of Empirics, 156;
Vitruvius, 185;
Lucian, 285-6;
Cicero, 274;
Horapollo, 333-4;
of medicine, 153, 156, 735;
of philosophy, 180;
of astronomy, 537, 707;
of alchemy, 195;
ages of, 383, 648, 675, 709;
astrological interpretation of, see Conjunctions, Planets,
_Magnus Annus_;
quantitative method and source-analysis in, 533ff.;
medieval attitude to, 617;
harlequins of, 359

Holy Ghost or Spirit, 363-4, 372, 397, 447

Holy salt, 722, 727

Holy wafer, 729

Holy water, 434, 721, 724, 727, 735

Honey, 66, 68, 70, 76, 129, 142, 229, 295, 599;
Attic and Hymettus, 132

Honoratus, 638

Hoopoe, 324

Horaeus, 367

Horn, 496, 586, 599, 722;
magic drinking, 191, 255

Horoscope, 14, 115, 209, 315, 516, 532, 560, 630

Horse, 55, 70, 86, 168, 589, 722, 730, 767;
and see Mare

Horus, 195

Hour, observance of, 712, 714, 726

House, astrological, 114, 397

Household magic, 9, 69;
and see Door, Threshold, Wall, etc.

Human body, symmetry of, 184, 519;
eight parts of, 452, 720;
use of parts of, 61, 81, 167, 229, 573;
and see Blood; Sacrifice, human;
Saliva, Sweat, etc.

Humanism, 20, 338

Humors, 536, 738

Hyacinth, a gem, 496, 656

Hydromancy, 233, 505, 629, 779-80

Hydromel, 79

Hydrophobia, 56, 169, 171, 496, 574;
and see Dog, mad

Hydroscope, 542

Hydrostatic balance, 761

Hyena, 67, 69-70, 332, 396, 587, 605, 728

Hymn, 18, 23, 317-8, 374, 433, 441, 640

Hypatia, 541

Hyperborean, 280, 413

Hyphasis, river, 256

Hyrcanian Sea, 488

Ialdabaoth, 367, 383

Iao, Iaoth, etc., 367, 379-80, 583

Iarchas the Brahman, 251ff.

Ichneumon, 74, 218, 575

Idolatry, 421, 433, 452, 475, 603;
and see Image

Ikhnaton, 9

Illuminated manuscripts, 498, 502, 547, 597, 676, 746

Image, engraved and astrological, 173, 267, 292, 316, 443, 579, 582,
645-6, 664-6;
Apuleius’ wooden, 233;
Egyptian mannikins, 8;
sacrificial, 261;
mystic seal, 367, 378, 382;
of wax, 10, 19, 25, 560-3;
other magic, 10, 19, 236, 280, 314, 344, 441, 769

Imagination, power of, 644, 660

Iman, doctrine of the hidden, 356

Immortality, see Soul

Impotence, 391

Incantation, antiquity of, 6;
Egyptian, 8, 12-4;
Assyrian, 17-9;
in Pliny, 69-72, 79, 88, 92-4;
Galen, 166, 173-4;
Apuleius, 230, 233, 239;
other classical authors, 25, 253, 257, 279-81, 314;
Gnostic, 299, chap. xv;
Jewish and early Christian, 352, 398, 418-9, 437, 442-3, 449-50,
463, 492, 510, 512;
pseudo-literature and post-classical medicine, 537, 560-1, 568, 573,
579-83, 588-93, 598-9, 605;
Arabic, 654-5;
early medieval, 596, 626-9, 675, 696;
in medicine, chap. xxxi, 754, 759;
alchemy, 769-70;
old Irish, 640;
and see Words, power of

Incense, 722

Incest, 475, 754

Incubus, 574

India, chap. viii;
science of, 31;
drugs from, 84, 132;
home of Magi, 476-7;
marvels of, 325-6, 496, 564, 756;
occult science of, 652-6, 710, 763;
miscellaneous, 503, 744

Indigestion, 779

Industry, and magic, 12, chap. xxxiii

Infant, exposure of, 147;
ailments, 69, 169, 615

Ink, invisible, 467

Innocent III, pope, 759

Insanity, 216, 536, 585, 755, 779;
and see Frenzy, Lunacy, etc.

Insomnia, 90

Instruments, scientific, 107, 751;
and see Musical

Intent, as a factor in magic, 644-6

Interrogations, astrological, 713-4

Intestines, 87-8, 175, 409, 414, 592

Inventions, 44, 149, 187-9, 426, 604

Invisible, to become, 71, 251, 416, 562, 638, 640;
writing, 265

Invocation, see Necromancy and Spirit

Iris, 132

Iron, magic use of, 66, 69-71, 81, 89, 213, 765, 769;
taboo of, 78, 81, 92, 614;
oxide of, 130;
quenching hot, 713, 756

Isaac the patriarch, 437

Ishmaelite, 711

Isis, goddess, 195, 223, 280, 300, 546, 559

Island, floating, 102

Ismuc, 183

Israel, twelve tribes of, 495

Istria, 601-2

Itacius, bishop, 381

Italian Renaissance, see Renaissance

Italians and Italy, 184, 557

Iunx, 265-7

Ivory, 301, 599

Ivy, 767-8

Jacob the patriarch, 354, 358, 444;
and Esau, 369, 479, 514

Jambres, Jamnes, or Jannes, the magician, 59, 431, 461

James, brother of Jesus, 392, 401, 403, 405

James the Great, St., 434-6

Jannes the magician, see Jambres

Jared, and magic, 415

Jasper, 294, 572

Jaundice, 49, 217, 536

Jealousy, see Animal, and Professions, learned

Jeremiah, legend of, 399

Jerusalem, 393, 399, 415, 423, 477

Jesus, see Christ

Jew and Jewish, 219, 434, 436, 465, 474-5, 583, 746, 762, 773, 781;
magic, 59, 437-9, 449;
religion, 137;
tradition, 473

Jewelry, 301;
and see Gem

John the Baptist, 364, 737

John, duke of Campania, 557

Jonathan, 471