Chapter XXXVI: Section 1: All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain (3)

You are earnestly requested to send representatives from each county
to a State conference, to be held at Philadelphia, Thursday, January
12th, 1882, at 10 o’clock A.M., to take into consideration the wisdom
of placing in nomination proper persons for the offices of Governor,
Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of Internal Affairs and Supreme Court
Judge, and such other matters as may come before the conference,
looking to the overthrow of “boss rule,” and the elimination of the
pernicious “spoils system,” and its kindred evils, from the
administration of public affairs. It is of the utmost importance that
those fifty thousand unshackled voters who supported the independent
candidacy of Hon. Charles S. Wolfe for the office of State Treasurer
as a solemn protest against ring domination, together with the scores
of thousands of liberty-loving citizens who are ready to join in the
next revolt against “bossism,” shall be worthily represented at this
conference.

I. D. MCKEE, Chairman.

FRANK WILLING LEACH, Secretary.

Pursuant to the above call, two hundred and thirteen delegates, representing thirty-three of the sixty-six counties, met at the Assembly Building, January 12th, 1882, and organized by the election of John J. Pinkerton as chairman, together with a suitable list of vice-presidents and secretaries. After a general interchange of views, a resolution was adopted directing the holding of a State Convention for the nomination of a State ticket, May 24th. An executive committee, with power to arrange for the election of delegates from each Senatorial district, was also appointed, consisting of Messrs. I. D. McKee, of Philadelphia; Wharton Barker, of Montgomery; John J. Pinkerton, of Chester; F. M. Nichols, of Luzerne; H. S. McNair, of York, and C. W. Miller, of Crawford. Mr. Nichols afterwards declining to act, George E. Mapes, of Venango, was substituted in his place. Before the time arrived for the meeting of the convention of May 24th, several futile efforts were made to heal the breach between the two wings of the Republican party. At a conference of leading Independents held in Philadelphia, April 23d, at which Senator Mitchell was present, a committee was appointed for the purpose of conferring with a similar committee from the regular organization, upon the subject of the party differences. The members of the Peace Conference, on the part of the Independents, were Charles S. Wolfe, I. D. McKee, Francis B. Reeves, J. W. Lee, and Wharton Barker. The committee on the part of the Stalwarts were M. S. Quay, John F. Hartranft, C. L. Magee, Howard J. Reeder, and Thomas Cochran. A preliminary meeting was held at the Continental Hotel, on the evening of April 29th, which adjourned to meet at the same place on the evening of May 1st; at which meeting the following peace propositions were agreed upon:

_Resolved_, That we recommend the adoption of the following principles and methods by the Republican State Convention of May 10th.

_First._ That we unequivocally condemn the use of patronage to promote personal political ends, and require that all offices bestowed within the party shall be upon the sole basis of fitness.

_Second._ That competent and faithful officers should not be removed except for cause.

_Third._ That the non-elective minor offices should be filled in accordance with rules established by law.

_Fourth._ That the ascertained popular will shall be faithfully carried out in State and National Conventions, and by those holding office by the favor of the party.

_Fifth._ That we condemn compulsory assessments for political purposes, and proscription for failure to respond either to such assessments or to requests for voluntary contributions, and that any policy of political proscription is unjust, and calculated to disturb party harmony.

_Sixth._ That public office constitutes a high trust to be administered solely for the people, whose interests must be paramount to those of persons or parties, and that it should be invariably conducted with the same efficiency, economy, and integrity as are expected in the execution of private trusts.

_Seventh._ That the State ticket should be such as by the impartiality of its constitution and the high character and acknowledged fitness of the nominees will justly commend itself to the support of the united Republican party.

_Resolved_, That we also recommend the adoption of the following permanent rules for the holding of State Conventions, and the conduct of the party:

_First._ That delegates to State Conventions shall be chosen in the manner in which candidates for the General Assembly are nominated, except in Senatorial districts composed of more than one county, in which conferees for the selection of Senatorial delegates shall be chosen in the manner aforesaid, and the representation of each county shall be based upon its Republican vote cast at the Presidential election next preceding the convention.

_Second._ Hereafter the State Convention of the Republican party shall be held on the second Wednesday of July, except in the year of the Presidential election, when it shall be held not more than thirty days previous to the day fixed for the National Convention, and at least sixty days’ notice shall be given of the date of the State Convention.

_Third._ That every person who voted the Republican electoral ticket at the last Presidential election next preceding any State Convention shall be permitted to participate in the election of delegates to State and National Conventions, and we recommend to the county organizations that in their rules they allow the largest freedom in the general participation in the primaries consistent with the preservation of the party organization.

M. S. QUAY,
J. F. HARTRANFT,
THOMAS COCHRAN,
HOWARD J. REEDER,
C. L. MAGEE,

On the part of the Republican State Committee, appointed by Chairman Cooper.

CHARLES S. WOLFE,
I. D. MCKEE,
FRANCIS B. REEVES,
WHARTON BARKER,
J. W. LEE,

On the part of Senator Mitchell’s Independent Republican Committee.

The following resolution was adopted by the joint conference:

_Resolved_, That we disclaim any authority to speak or act for other persons than ourselves, and simply make these suggestions as in our opinion are essential to the promotion of harmony and unity.

In order, however, that there might be no laying down of arms on the part of the Independents, in the false belief that the peace propositions had ended the contest, without regard to whether they were accepted in good faith, and put in practice by the regular convention, the following call was issued by the Independent Executive Committee:

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,
CITIZENS’ REPUBLICAN ASSOCIATION OF
PENNSYLVANIA, GIRARD HOUSE.

PHILADELPHIA, May 3d, 1882.

_To the Independent Republicans of Pennsylvania_:

At a conference of Independent Republicans held in Philadelphia, on
January 12th, 1882, the following resolution was adopted, to wit:

_Resolved_, That a convention be held on the 24th day of May, 1882,
for the purpose of placing in nomination a full Independent Republican
ticket for the offices to be filled at the general election next
November.

In pursuance and by the authority of the above resolution the
undersigned, the State Executive Committee appointed at the said
conference, request the Independent Republicans of each county of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to send delegates to the Independent
Convention of May 24th, the basis of representation to be the same as
that fixed for Senators and Representatives of the General Assembly of
Pennsylvania.

Should the convention of May 10th fail to nominate as its candidates
men who in their character, antecedents and affiliations are
embodiments of the principles of true Republicanism free from the
iniquities of bossism, and of an honest administration of public
affairs free from the evils of the spoils system, such nominations, or
any such nomination, should be emphatically repudiated by the
Independent Convention of May 24th, and by the Independent Republicans
of Pennsylvania in November next.

The simple adoption by the Harrisburg Convention of May 10th of
resolutions of plausible platitudes, while confessing the existence of
the evils which we have strenuously opposed, and admitting the justice
of our position in opposing them, will not satisfy the Independent
Republicans of this Commonwealth. We are not battling, for the
construction of platforms, but for the overthrow of bossism, and the
evils of the spoils system, which animated a despicable assassin to
deprive our loved President Garfield of his life, and our country of
its friend and peacemaker.

The nomination of slated candidates by machine methods, thereby
tending to the perpetuation of boss dominion in our Commonwealth,
should never be ratified by the Independent Republicans in convention
assembled or at the polls. Upon this very vital point there should be
no mistake in the mind of any citizen of this State. The path of duty
in this emergency leads forward, and not backward, and forward we
should go until bossism and machinism and stalwartism—aye, and
Cameronism—are made to give way to pure Republicanism. The people will
not submit to temporizing or compromising.

We appeal to the Independent Republicans of Pennsylvania to take
immediate steps toward perfecting their organization in each county,
and completing the selection of delegates to the Independent State
Convention. Use every exertion to secure the choice as delegates of
representative, courageous men, who will not falter when the time
arrives to act—who will not desert into the ranks of the enemy when
the final time of testing comes. Especially see to it that there shall
not be chosen as delegates any Pharisaical Independents, who preach
reform, yet blindly follow boss leadership at the crack of the
master’s whip. Act quickly and act discreetly.

A State Campaign Committee of fifty, comprising one member from each
Senatorial district, has been formed, and any one desiring to
co-operate with us in this movement against the enemies of the
integrity of our State, who shall communicate with us, will be
immediately referred to the committeeman representing the district in
which he lives. We urgently invite a correspondence from the friends
of political independence from all sections of the State.

Again we say to the Independent Republicans of Pennsylvania in the
interest of justice and the Commonwealth’s honor, leave no stone
unturned to vindicate the rights of the people.

I. D. MCKEE, Chairman.
WHARTON BARKER.
JOHN J. PINKERTON.
GEO. E. MAPES.
H. S. MCNAIR.
CHARLES W. MILLER.
FRANK WILLING LEACH, Secretary.

In pursuance of the above call, the Independent Convention met, May 24th, in Philadelphia, and deciding that the action of the regular Republican Convention, held at Harrisburg on May 10th, did not give the guarantee of reform demanded by the Independents, proceeded to nominate a ticket and adopt a platform setting forth their views.

Although the break between the two wings of the party was thus made final to all appearances, yet all efforts for a reconciliation were not entirely abandoned. Thos. M. Marshall having declined the nomination for Congressman at Large on the Republican ticket, the convention was reconvened June 21st, for the purpose of filling the vacancy, and while in session, instructed the State Central Committee to use all honorable means to secure harmony between the two sections of the party. Accordingly, the Republican State Committee was called to meet in Philadelphia, July, 13th. At this meeting the following propositions were submitted to the Independents:

Pursuant to the resolution passed by the Harrisburg Convention of June 21st, and authorizing the Republican State Committee to use all honorable means to promote harmony in the party, the said committee, acting in conjunction with the Republican candidates on the State ticket, respectfully submit to the State Committee and candidates of the Independents the following propositions:

_First._ The tickets headed by James A. Beaver and John Stewart, respectively, be submitted to a vote of the Republican electors of the State, at primaries, as hereinafter provided for.

_Second._ The selection of candidates to be voted for by the Republican party in November to be submitted as aforesaid, every Republican elector, constitutionally and legally qualified, to be eligible to nomination.

_Third._ A State Convention to be held, to be constituted as recommended by the Continental Hotel Conference, whereof Wharton Barker was chairman and Francis B. Reeves secretary, to select candidates to be voted for by the Republican party in November, its choice to be limited to the candidates now in nomination, or unlimited, as the Independent State Committee may prefer.

The primaries or convention referred to in the foregoing propositions to be held on or before the fourth Wednesday of August next, under regulations or apportionment to be made by Daniel Agnew, Hampton L. Carson, and Francis B. Reeves, not in conflict, however, with the acts of Assembly regulating primary elections, and the candidates receiving the highest popular vote, or the votes of a majority of the members of the convention, to receive the united support of the party.

_Resolved_, That in the opinion of the Republican State Committee the above propositions fully carry out, in letter and spirit, the resolution passed by the Harrisburg Convention, June 21st, and that we hereby pledge the State Committee to carry out in good faith any one of the foregoing propositions which may be accepted.

_Resolved_, That the chairman of the Republican State Committee be directed to forward an official copy of the proceedings of this meeting, together with the foregoing propositions, to the Independent State Committee and candidates.

Whereupon, General Reeder, of Northampton, moved to amend by adding a further proposition, as follows.

_Fourth._ A State Convention, to be constituted as provided for by the new rules adopted by the late Republican State Convention, to select candidates to be voted for by the Republican party in November, provided, if such convention be agreed to, said convention shall be held not later than the fourth Wednesday in August. Which amendment was agreed to, and the preamble and resolutions as amended were agreed to.

This communication was addressed to the chairman of the Independent State Committee, I. D. McKee, who called the Independent Committee to meet July 27th, to consider the propositions. In the meantime the Independent candidates held a conference on the night of July 13th, and four of them addressed the following propositions to the candidates of the Stalwart wing of the party:

PHILADELPHIA, July 13th, 1882.

_To General James A. Beaver, Hon. William T. Davies, Hon. John M.
Greer, William Henry Rawle, Esq., and Marriott Brosius, Esq._

_Gentlemen_: By a communication received from the Hon. Thomas V.
Cooper, addressed to us as candidates of the Independent Republicans,
we are advised of the proceedings of the State Committee, which
assembled in this city yesterday.

Without awaiting the action of the Independent State Committee, to
which we have referred the communication, and attempting no discussion
of the existing differences, or the several methods proposed by which
to secure party unity, we beg to say that we do not believe that any
of the propositions, if accepted, would produce harmony in the party,
but on the contrary, would lead to wider divisions. We therefore
suggest that the desired result can be secured by the hearty
co-operation of the respective candidates. We have no authority to
speak for the great body of voters now giving their support to the
Independent Republican ticket, nor can we include them by any action
we may take. We are perfectly free, however, to act in our individual
capacity, and desire to assure you that we are not only willing, but
anxious to co-operate with you in the endeavor to restore peace and
harmony to our party. That this can be accomplished beyond all doubt
we feel entirely assured, if you, gentlemen, are prepared to yield,
with us, all personal considerations, and agree to the following
propositions:

_First._ The withdrawal of both tickets.

_Second._ The several candidates of these tickets to pledge themselves
not to accept any subsequent nomination by the proposed convention.

Under these conditions we will unite with you in urging upon our
respective constituencies the adoption of the third proposition
submitted by your committee, and conclude the whole controversy by our
final withdrawal as candidates. Such withdrawal of both tickets would
remove from the canvass all personal as well as political antagonisms,
and leave the party united and unembarrassed.

We trust, gentlemen, that your judgment will approve the method we
have suggested, and that, appreciating the importance of concluding
the matter with as little delay as possible, you will give us your
reply within a week from this date.

Very respectfully, your obedient servants,

JOHN STEWART.
LEVI BIRD DUFF.
GEORGE W. MERRICK.
GEORGE JUNKIN.

William McMichael, Independent candidate for Congressman at Large, dissented from the proposition of his colleagues, and addressed the following communication to Chairman Cooper:

PHILADELPHIA, July 13th, 1882.

_Hon. Thomas V. Cooper, Chairman, etc._

_Dear Sir_: Your letter of July 12th is received, addressed to the
chairman of the State Committee of the Independent Republicans and
their candidates, containing certain propositions of your committee. I
decline those propositions, because they involve an abandonment of the
cause of the Independent Republicans.

If a new convention, representing all Republicans, had nominated an
entirely new ticket, worthy of popular support, and not containing the
name of any candidate on either of the present tickets, and sincerely
supporting the principles of the Independent Republicans, the
necessity for a separate Independent Republican movement would not
exist. Your proposition, however, practically proposes to re-nominate
General Beaver, and reaffirm the abuse which we oppose.

The convention of Independent Republicans which met in Philadelphia on
May 24th, announced principles in which I believe. It nominated me for
Congressman at Large, and I accepted that nomination. It declared
boldly against bossism, the spoils system, and all the evils which
impair Republican usefulness, and in favor of popular rule, equal
rights of all, national unity, maintenance of public credit,
protection to labor, and all the great principles of true
Republicanism. No other ticket now in the field presents those issues.
The people of Pennsylvania can say at the polls, in November, whether
they approve of those principles, and will support the cause which
represents them. I will not withdraw or retire unless events hereafter
shall give assurance that necessary reform in the civil service shall
be adopted; assessments made upon office-holders returned, and not
hereafter exacted; boss, machine, and spoils methods forever
abandoned; and all our public offices, from United States Senator to
the most unimportant officials, shall be filled only by honest and
capable men, who will represent the people, and not attempt to dictate
to or control them.

I shall go on with the fight, asking the support of all my
fellow-citizens who believe in the principles of the Independent
Republican Convention of May 24th.

Yours truly,
WILLIAM MCMICHAEL.

To these propositions General Beaver and his colleagues replied in the following communication:

PHILADELPHIA, July 15th, 1882.

_Hon. Thomas V. Cooper, Chairman Republican State Committee,
Philadelphia, Pa._

_Sir_: We have the honor to acknowledge the receipt through you of a
communication addressed to us by the Hon. John Stewart, Colonel Levi
Bird Duff, Major G. W. Merrick, and George Junkin, Esq.; in response
to certain propositions submitted by the Republican State Committee,
representing the Republican party of Pennsylvania, looking to an
amicable and honorable adjustment of whatever differences there may be
among the various elements of the party. Without accepting any of the
propositions submitted by your committee, this communication asks us,
as a condition precedent to any recommendation on the part of the
writers thereof, to declare that in the event of the calling of a new
convention, we will severally forbid the Republicans of Pennsylvania
to call upon us for our services as candidates for the various
positions to be filled by the people at the coming election. To say
that in the effort to determine whether or not our nomination was the
free and unbiased choice of the Republican party we must not be
candidates, is simply to try the question at issue. We have no desire
to discuss the question in any of its numerous bearings. We have
placed ourselves unreservedly in the hands of the Republicans of
Pennsylvania. We have pledged ourselves to act concurrently with your
committee, and are bound by its action. We therefore respectfully
suggest that we have no power or authority to act independently of the
committee, or make any declaration at variance with the propositions
submitted in accordance with its action. There ought to be and can be
no such thing as personal antagonism in this contest. We socially and
emphatically disclaim even the remotest approach to a feeling of this
kind toward any person. We fraternize with and are ready to support
any citizen who loves the cause of pure Republicanism, and with this
declaration we submit the whole subject to your deliberate judgment
and wise consideration.

JAMES A. BEAVER.
WILLIAM HENRY RAWLE.
MARRIOTT BROSIUS.
W. T. DAVIES.
JOHN M. GREER.

At the meeting of the Independent State Committee, July 27th, the propositions of the Regular Committee were unanimously rejected, and a committee appointed to draft a reply, which was done in the following terms:

_Thomas V. Cooper, Esq., Chairman Republican State Committee._

_Dear Sir_: I am instructed to advise you that the Independent
Republican State Committee have considered the four suggestions
contained in the minutes of the proceedings of your committee,
forwarded to me by you on the 12th instant.

I am directed to say that this committee find that none of the four
are methods fitted to obtain a harmonious and honorable unity of the
Republican voters of Pennsylvania. All of them are inadequate to that
end, for the reason that they afford no guarantee that, being
accepted, the principles upon which the Independent Republicans have
taken their stand would be treated with respect or put into action.
All of them contain the probability that an attempt to unite the
Republicans of the State by their means would either result in
reviving and strengthening the political dictatorship which we condemn
or would permanently distract the Republican body, and insure the
future and continued triumph of our common opponent, the Democratic
party.

Of the four suggestions, the first, second and fourth are so
inadequate as to need no separate discussion: the third, which alone
may demand attention, has the fatal defect of not including the
withdrawal of that “slated” ticket which was made up many months ago,
and long in advance of the Harrisburg Convention, to represent and to
maintain the very evils of control and abuses of method to which we
stand opposed. This proposition, like the others, supposing it to have
been sincerely put forward, clearly shows that you misconceive the
cause of the Independent Republican movement, as well as its aims and
purposes. You assume that we desire to measure the respective numbers
of those who support the Harrisburg ticket and those who find their
principles expressed by the Philadelphia Convention. This is a
complete and fatal misapprehension. We are organized to promote
certain reforms, and not to abandon them in pursuit of votes. Our
object is the overthrow of the “boss system” and of the “spoils
system.”

In behalf of this we are willing and anxious to join hands with you
whenever it is assured that the union will be honestly and earnestly
for that purpose. But we cannot make alliances or agree to compromises
that in their face threaten the very object of the movement in which
we have engaged. Whether your ticket has the support of many or few,
of a majority or a minority of the Republican voters, does not affect
in the smallest degree the duty of every citizen to record himself
against the abuses which it represents. Had the gentlemen who compose
it been willing to withdraw themselves from the field, as they were
invited to join in doing, for the common good, by the Independent
Republican candidates, this act would have encouraged the hope that a
new convention, freely chosen by the people, and unembarrassed by
claims of existing candidates, might have brought forth the needed
guarantee of party emancipation and public reform.

This service, however, they have declined to render their party; they
not only claim and receive your repeated assurances of support, but
they permit themselves to be put forward to secure the use of the
Independent Republican votes at the same time that they represent the
“bossism,” the “spoils” methods, and the “machine” management which we
are determined no longer to tolerate. The manner in which their
candidacy was decreed, the means employed to give it convention
formality, the obligations which they incur by it, the political
methods with which it identifies them, and the political and personal
plans for which their official influence would be required, all join
to make it the most imperative public duty not to give them support at
this election under any circumstances.

In closing this note, this committee must express its regret, that,
having considered it desirable to make overtures to the Independent
Republicans, you should have so far misapprehended the facts of the
situation. It is our desire to unite the Republican party on the sure
ground of principle, in the confidence that we are thus serving it
with the highest fidelity, and preserving for the future service of
the Commonwealth that vitality of Republicanism which has made the
party useful in the past, and which alone confers upon it now the
right of continued existence. The only method which promises this
result in the approaching election is that proposed by the Independent
Republican candidates in their letter of July 13th, 1882, which was
positively rejected by your committee.

On behalf of the Independent Republican State Committee of
Pennsylvania,

I. D. MCKEE, Chairman.

With this communication ended all efforts at conciliation.

* * * * *

The election followed, and the Democratic ticket, headed by Robert E. Pattison of Philadelphia, received an average plurality of 40,000, and the Independent Republican ticket received an average vote of about 43,000–showing that while Independence organized did not do as well in a gubernatorial as it had in a previous off-year, it yet had force enough to defeat the Republican State ticket headed by Gen. James A. Beaver. All of the three several State tickets were composed of able men, and the force of both of the Republican tickets on the hustings excited great interest and excitement; yet the Republican vote, owing to the division, was not out by nearly one hundred thousand, and fifty thousand more Republicans than Democrats remained at home, many of them purposely. In New York, where dissatisfaction had no rallying point, about two hundred thousand Republicans remained at home, some because of anger at the defeat of Gov. Cornell in the State nominating convention—some in protest against the National Administrations, which was accused of the desire for direct endorsement where it presented the name of Hon. Chas. J. Folger, its Secretary of the Treasury, as the home gubernatorial candidate,—others because of some of the many reasons set forth in the bill of complaints which enumerates the causes of the dissatisfaction within the party.

At this writing the work of Republican repair is going on. Both the Senate and House at Washington are giving active work to the passage of a tariff bill, the repeal of the revenue taxes, and the passage of a two-cent letter postage bill—measures anxiously hastened by the Republicans in order to anticipate friendly and defeat unfriendly attempts on the part of the Democratic House, which comes in with the first session of the 48th Congress.

In Pennsylvania, as we close this review of the struggle of 1882, the Regular and Independent Republican State Committees—at least the heads thereof—are devising a plan to jointly call a Republican State Convention to nominate the State ticket to be voted for in November, 1883. The groundswell was so great that it had no sooner passed, than Republicans of all shades of opinion, felt the need of harmonious action, and the leaders everywhere set themselves to the work of repair.

The Republicans in the South differed from those of the North in the fact that their complaints were all directed against a natural political enemy—the Bourbons—and wherever there was opportunity they favored and entered into movements with Independent and Readjuster Democrats, with the sole object of revolutionizing political affairs in the South. Their success in these combinations was only great in Virginia, but it proved to be promising in North Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and may take more definite and general shape in the great campaign of 1884.

The Democratic party was evidently surprised at its great victory in 1882, and has not yet formally resolved what it will do with it. The Congress beginning with December, 1883, will doubtless give some indication of the drift of Democratic events.

The most notable law passed in the closing session of the 47th Congress, was the Civil Service Reform Bill, introduced by Senator Geo. H. Pendleton of Ohio, but prepared under the direction of the Senate Judiciary Committee. The Republicans, feeling that there was some public demand for the passage of a measure of the kind, eagerly rushed to its support, at a time when it was apparent that the spoils of office might slip from their hands. From opposite motives the Democrats, who had previously encouraged, now ran away from it, but it passed both Houses with almost a solid Republican vote, a few Democrats in each House voting with them. President Arthur signed the bill, but at this writing the Commission which it creates has not been appointed, and of course none of the rules and constructions under the act have been formulated. Its basic principles are fixed tenure in minor places, competitive examinations, and non-partisan selections.

POLITICAL CHANGES—1883.

In the fall of 1883 nearly all of the States swept by the tidal wave of 1882 showed that it had either partially or completely receded, and for the first time since the close of the Hayes administration (always excepting the remarkable Garfield-Hancock campaign), the Republican party exhibited plain signs of returning unity and strength. Henry Ward Beecher has wittily said that “following the war the nation needed a poultice, and got it in the Hayes administration.” The poultice for a time only drew the sores into plainer view, and healing potions were required for the contests immediately following. The divisions of 1882 were as much the result of the non-action of the Hayes administration, as of the misunderstandings and feuds which later on found bitter manifestation between the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds of New York.

The Independents took no organized form except in New York and Pennsylvania, and yet the underlying causes of division for the time swept from their Republican moorings not only the States named, but also Massachusetts, Connecticut, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Kansas, Colorado and California.

The year 1882 seemed the culmination of every form of Republican division, and then everything in the States named gave place to faction. Very wisely the Republican leaders determined to repair the mischief, as far as possible, in the otherwise uneventful year of 1883. Their efforts were in most instances successful, especially in Massachusetts where Robinson overthrew Gen. Butler’s State administration by 20,000 majority; in Pennsylvania, where the Republican State ticket received about 20,000 majority, after the reunion of the Regular and independent factions. In Pennsylvania the efforts at reconciliation made in the Continental Conference, and in subsequent conventions, gave fruit in 1883, and at this writing in July, 1884 there is no mark of division throughout the entire State, if we except such as must inevitably follow the plain acceptance of Free Trade and Protective issues. Very few of the Republicans of Pennsylvania favor Free Trade, and only in the ranks of this few could any division be traced after the close of the elections of 1883.

Ohio was an exception to the Republican work of reconciliation. Division still continued, and Judge Hoadly, a leading and very talented Democrat, was elected Governor by about 15,000 majority, after a contest which involved the expenditure of large sums of money. In the Convention which nominated Hoadly, Senator Pendleton was practically overthrown because of his attachment to the Civil Service law which takes his name, and later on he was defeated for U. S. Senator by Mr. Payne, the McLean and Bookwalter factions uniting for his overthrow, which was accomplished despite the efforts of Thurman, Ward and other leaders of the older elements of the party. Both the Hoadly and Payne battles were won under the banners of the “Young Democracy.”

Any compilation of the returns of 1883 must be measurably imperfect, for in only a few of the States were important and decisive battles waged. Such as they were, however, are given in the table on the next page:

State Elections of 1882 and 1883, compared with the Presidential
Election of 1880.
┌───────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────
│ STATES. │ 1880.[67]
├───────────────┼───────────┬───────────┬───────────┬───────────
│ „ │ Garfield, │ Hancock, │ Weaver, │ Dow,
│ │ Rep. │ Dem. │ Gbk. │ Pro.
├───────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────
│Alabama │ 56,221│ 91,185│ 4,642│
│Arkansas │ 42,436│ 60,775│ 4,079│
│California │ 80,348│ 80,426│ 3,392│
│Colorado │ 27,450│ 24,647│ 1,435│
│[68]Connecticut│ 67,071│ 64,415│ 868│ 40
│Delaware │ 14,133│ 15,275│ 120│
│Florida │ 23,654│ 27,964│ │
│Georgia │ 54,086│ 102,470│ 969│
│Illinois │ 318,037│ 277,321│ 26,358│ 443
│Indiana │ 232,164│ 225,522│ 12,986│
│Iowa │ 183,927│ 105,845│ 32,701│ 592
│Kansas │ 121,549│ 59,801│ 19,851│ 25
│Kentucky │ 106,306│ 149,068│ 11,499│ 258
│Louisiana │ 38,637│ 65,067│ 439│
│Maine │ 74,039│ 65,171│ 4,408│ 93
│Maryland │ 78,515│ 93,706│ 818│
│Massachusetts │ 165,205│ 111,960│ 4,548│ 682
│Michigan │ 185,341│ 131,597│ 34,895│ 942
│Minnesota │ 93,903│ 53,315│ 3,267│ 286
│Mississippi │ 34,854│ 75,750│ 5,797│
│Missouri │ 153,567│ 200,699│ 35,135│
│Nebraska │ 54,979│ 28,523│ 3,950│
│Nevada │ 8,732│ 9,613│ │
│New Hampshire │ 44,852│ 40,794│ 528│ 180
│New Jersey │ 120,555│ 122,565│ 2,617│ 191
│New York │ 555,544│ 534,511│ 12,373│ 1,517
│North Carolina │ 115,874│ 124,208│ 1,126│
│Ohio │ 375,048│ 340,821│ 6,456│ 2,616
│Oregon │ 20,619│ 19,948│ 249│
│Pennsylvania │ 444,704│ 407,428│ 20,668│ 1,939
│Rhode Island │ 18,195│ 10,779│ 236│ 20
│South Carolina │ 58,071│ 112,312│ 556│
│Tennessee │ 107,677│ 128,191│ 5,917│ 43
│Texas │ 57,893│ 156,428│ 27,405│
│Vermont │ 45,567│ 18,316│ 1,215│
│Virginia │ 84,020│ 128,586│ │
│West Virginia │ 46,243│ 57,391│ 9,079│
│Wisconsin │ 144,400│ 114,649│ 7,986│ 69
├───────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────
│ Total │ 4,454,416│ 4,444,952│ 308,578│ 10,305
│ │ │ │ │
│Plurality │ 9,464│ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│Total vote │ 9,219,947
│
├───────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────
│ STATES. │ 1882.[69]
├───────────────┼───────────┬───────────┬───────────┬───────────
│ „ │ Rep. │ Dem. │ Gbk. │ Pro.
├───────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────
│Alabama │ 46,386│ 100,591│ │
│Arkansas │ 49,352│ 87,675│ 10,142│
│California │ 67,175│ 90,694│ 1,020│ 5,772
│Colorado │ 27,552│ 29,897│ │
│[68]Connecticut│ 54,853│ 59,014│ 607│ 1,034
│Delaware │ 10,088│ 12,053│ │
│Florida │ 20,139│ 24,067│ 3,553│
│Georgia │ 24,930│ 81,443│ 68│
│Illinois │ 254,551│ 249,067│ 11,306│ 11,202
│Indiana │ 210,234│ 220,918│ 13,520│
│Iowa │ 149,051│ 112,180│ 30,817│
│Kansas │ [70]98,166│ [70]61,547│ [70]23,300│
│Kentucky │ 79,036│ 110,813│ 736│
│Louisiana │ 33,953│ 49,892│ │
│Maine │ 72,724│ 63,852│ 1,302│ 395
│Maryland │ 74,515│ 80,725│ 1,833│
│Massachusetts │[70]134,358│[70]116,678│ [70]4,033│ [70]2,141
│Michigan │[70]157,925│[70]149,443│ [70]1,572│ [70]4,440
│Minnesota │ 92,802│ 46,653│ 3,781│ 1,545
│Mississippi │ 30,282│ 48,159│ │
│Missouri │ 128,239│ 198,620│ 33,407│
│Nebraska │ 43,495│ 28,562│ 16,991│
│Nevada │ [69]7,362│ [69]6,906│ │
│New Hampshire │ 38,299│ 36,879│ 449│ 338
│New Jersey │ 97,860│ 99,962│ 6,063│ 2,004
│New York │[70]409,422│[71]482,822│ [71]10,527│ [71]16,234
│North Carolina │ 111,320│ 111,763│ │
│Ohio │ 297,759│ 316,874│ 5,345│ 12,202
│Oregon │ 21,481│ 20,069│ │
│Pennsylvania │[72]359,232│[72]355,791│ [72]23,996│ [72]5,196
│Rhode Island │ 10,056│ 5,311│ 120│
│South Carolina │ │ 67,458│ 17,719│
│Tennessee │ [73]91,693│[73]123,929│ [73]9,538│
│Texas │ 41,761│ 142,087│ 41,825│
│Vermont │ 35,839│ 14,466│ 1,535│
│Virginia │ 100,690│ 94,184│ │
│West Virginia │ 43,440│ 46,661│ │
│Wisconsin │ 94,606│ 103,630│ 2,496│ 13,800
├───────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────
│ Total │ 3,620,844│ 4,051,035│ 277,691│ 76,303
│ │ │ │ │
│Plurality │ │ 130,195│ │
│ │ │ │ │
│Total vote │ 8,025,975
│
├───────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────
│ STATES. │ 1883.[68]
├───────────────┼───────────┬───────────┬───────────┬───────────
│ „ │ Rep. │ Dem. │ Gbk. │ Pro.
├───────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────
│Alabama │ │ │ │
│Arkansas │ │ │ │
│California │ │ │ │
│Colorado │ │ │ │ [68]
│Connecticut │ 51,749│ 46,146│ │
│Delaware │ │ │ │
│Florida │ │ │ │
│Georgia │ │ 23,680│ │
│Illinois │ │ │ │
│Indiana │ │ │ │
│Iowa │ 164,182│ 139,093│ 23,089│
│Kansas │ │ │ │
│Kentucky │ 89,181│ 133,615│ │
│Louisiana │ │ │ │
│Maine │ │ │ │
│Maryland │ 80,707│ 92,694│ │ 1,881
│Massachusetts │ 160,092│ 150,228│ │ 13,950
│Michigan │ 122,330│ 127,376│ │
│Minnesota │ 72,404│ 57,859│ │
│Mississippi │ │ │ │
│Missouri │ │ │ │
│Nebraska │ 52,305│ 47,795│ │
│Nevada │ │ │ │
│New Hampshire │ │ │ │
│New Jersey │ 97,047│ 103,856│ 2,960│ 4,153
│New York │ 429,252│ 445,817│ 7,187│ 19,368
│North Carolina │ │ │ │
│Ohio │ 347,164│ 359,793│ 2,937│ 8,362
│Oregon │ │ │ │
│Pennsylvania │ 319,106│ 302,031│ 4,452│ 6,602
│Rhode Island │ 13,068│ 10,907│ │
│South Carolina │ │ │ │
│Tennessee │ │ │ │
│Texas │ │ │ │
│Vermont │ │ │ │
│Virginia │ │ │ │
│West Virginia │ │ │ │
│Wisconsin │ │ │ │
├───────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────┼───────────
│ Total │ 1,998,587│ 2,040,890│ 40,629│ 54,316
│ │ │ │ │
│Plurality │ │ 42,303│ │
│ │ │ │ │
│Total vote │ 4,134,458

POLITICAL CHANGES—1884.

The Republican National Convention met at Chicago, in the Exposition Building, on Tuesday, June 3d, 1884. It was called to order by Senator Sabin, the Chairman of the National Committee, who at the conclusion of his address, at the request of his Committee, presented the name of Hon. Powell Clayton, of Arkansas, for temporary President. Gen. Clayton, as a friend of Blaine, was antagonized by the field, which named Hon. John R. Lynch for the place. An exciting debate followed, at the close of which Mr. Lynch received 431 votes to 387 for Clayton. Ex-Senator Henderson of Missouri was made permanent President without a contest. The contested seats were amicably settled, the most notable being that of the straight-out Republicans of Virginia against Gen. Mahone’s delegation. The latter was admitted, the only contest being in the Committee. The Blaine leaders did not antagonize, but rather favored Mahone’s admission, as did the field generally, for the State Convention which elected this delegation had openly abandoned the name of the Readjuster Party and taken that of the Republican. None of the Straightouts expressed dissatisfaction at what appeared to be the almost universal sentiment.

Candidates for the Nomination.

On the third day the following candidates were formally placed in nomination, after eloquent eulogies, the most notable being those of Judge West of Ohio, in behalf of Blaine; Gen. H. H. Bingham, of Penna., for President Arthur; and Geo. W. Curtis for Senator Edmunds:

JAMES G. BLAINE, _of Maine_.
CHESTER A. ARTHUR, _of New York_.
JOHN SHERMAN, _of Ohio_.
GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, _of Vermont_.
JOHN A. LOGAN, _of Illinois_.
JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, _of Connecticut_.

On the adjoining page is given the result of the ballots.

The convention sat four days, completed its work harmoniously, and adopted a platform without a negative vote. [We give it in full in our Book of Platforms, and compare its vital issues with that of the Democratic in our comparison of Platform Planks.]

The Democratic National Convention.

This body assembled at Chicago, in the Exposition Building, on Tuesday, July 8th, 1884, and was called to order by Ex-Senator Barnum, the Chairman of the National Committee. The Committee presented Governor Richard B. Hubbard, of Texas, for temporary chairman. After his address a notable contest followed on the adoption of the unit rule, the debate being participated in by many delegates. Mr. Fellows, of New York, favored the rule, as did all of the advocates of Governor Cleveland’s nomination for President, while John Kelly opposed it with a view to give freedom of choice to the twenty-five delegates from New York who were acting with him. The contest was inaugurated by Mr. Smalley, of Vermont, who was instructed by the National Committee to offer the following resolution:

_Resolved_, that the rules of the last Democratic Convention govern this body until otherwise ordered, subject to the following modification: That in voting for candidates for President and Vice-President no State shall be allowed to change its vote until the roll of the States has been called, and every State has cast its vote.

Mr. Grady, of New York, offered the following amendment to the resolution:

When the vote of a State, as announced by the chairman of the delegation from such State is challenged by any member of the delegation, then the Secretary shall call the names of the individual delegates from the State, and their individual preferences as expressed shall be recorded as the vote of such State.

After discussion the question was then put, the chairman of each State delegation announcing its vote as follows:

THE VOTE IN DETAIL. ──────────────┬────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── _States._ │ First Ballot. ──────────────┼──────┬───────┬───────┬──────┬──────┬─────┬───────┬─────┬───── │ No. │ │ │ │ │Sher-│ │ │Sher- „ │Dele- │ │ │ Ed- │ │man, │ │Lin- │man, │gates.│Blaine.│Arthur.│munds.│Logan.│John.│Hawley.│coln.│W. T. ──────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼──────┼──────┼─────┼───────┼─────┼───── [74]Alabama │ 20│ 1│ 17│ │ 1│ │ │ │ Arkansas │ 14│ 8│ 4│ 2│ │ │ │ │ California │ 16│ 16│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Colorado │ 6│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Connecticut │ 12│ │ │ │ │ │ 12│ │ Delaware │ 6│ 5│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ Florida │ 8│ 1│ 7│ │ │ │ │ │ Georgia │ 24│ │ 24│ │ │ │ │ │ Illinois │ 44│ 3│ 1│ │ 40│ │ │ │ Indiana │ 30│ 18│ 9│ 1│ │ 2│ │ │ Iowa │ 26│ 26│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Kansas │ 18│ 12│ 4│ │ 1│ │ 1│ │ Kentucky │ 26│ 5½│ 16│ │ 2½│ 1│ │ 1│ [74]Louisiana │ 16│ 2│ 10│ │ 3│ │ │ │ Maine │ 12│ 12│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Maryland │ 16│ 10│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ Massachusetts │ 28│ 1│ 2│ 25│ │ │ │ │ Michigan │ 26│ 15│ 2│ 7│ │ │ │ │ 2 Minnesota │ 14│ 7│ 1│ 6│ │ │ │ │ Mississippi │ 18│ 1│ 17│ │ │ │ │ │ Missouri │ 32│ 5│ 10│ 6│ 10│ 1│ │ │ Nebraska │ 10│ 8│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Nevada │ 6│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ New Hampshire │ 8│ │ 4│ 4│ │ │ │ │ New Jersey │ 18│ 9│ │ 6│ │ 1│ │ 2│ New York │ 72│ 28│ 31│ 12│ │ │ │ 1│ North Carolina│ 22│ 2│ 19│ │ 1│ │ │ │ Ohio │ 46│ 21│ │ │ │ 25│ │ │ Oregon │ 6│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Pennsylvania │ 60│ 47│ 11│ 1│ 1│ │ │ │ Rhode Island │ 8│ │ │ 8│ │ │ │ │ South Carolina│ 18│ 1│ 17│ │ │ │ │ │ Tennessee │ 24│ 7│ 16│ │ 1│ │ │ │ Texas │ 26│ 13│ 11│ │ 1│ │ │ │ Vermont │ 8│ │ │ 8│ │ │ │ │ Virginia │ 24│ 2│ 21│ │ 1│ │ │ │ West Virginia │ 12│ 12│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wisconsin │ 22│ 10│ 6│ 6│ │ │ │ │ _Territories._│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Arizona │ 2│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Dakota │ 2│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Idaho │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Montana │ 2│ 1│ │ 1│ │ │ │ │ New Mexico │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Utah │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Washington │ 2│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wyoming │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Dist. of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Columbia │ 2│ 1│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ ──────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼──────┼──────┼─────┼───────┼─────┼───── Total │ 820│ 334½│ 278│ 93│ 63½│ 30│ 13│ 4│ 2 ──────────────┴──────┴───────┴───────┴──────┴──────┴─────┴───────┴─────┴─────

──────────────┬────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── _States._ │ Second Ballot. ──────────────┼──────┬───────┬───────┬──────┬──────┬─────┬───────┬─────┬───── │ No. │ │ │ │ │ J. │ │ │ G. „ │Dele- │ │ │ Ed- │ │Sher-│ │Lin- │Sher- │gates.│Blaine.│Arthur.│munds.│Logan.│ man │Hawley.│coln.│ man ──────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼──────┼──────┼─────┼───────┼─────┼───── [74]Alabama │ 20│ 2│ 17│ │ 1│ │ │ │ Arkansas │ 14│ 11│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ California │ 16│ 16│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Colorado │ 6│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Connecticut │ 12│ │ │ │ │ │ 12│ │ Delaware │ 6│ 5│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ Florida │ 8│ 1│ 7│ │ │ │ │ │ Georgia │ 24│ │ 24│ │ │ │ │ │ Illinois │ 44│ 3│ 1│ │ 40│ │ │ │ Indiana │ 30│ 18│ 9│ 1│ │ 2│ │ │ Iowa │ 26│ 26│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Kansas │ 18│ 13│ 2│ │ 2│ │ 1│ │ Kentucky │ 26│ 5│ 17│ │ 2│ 1│ │ 1│ [74] Louisiana │ 16│ 4│ 9│ │ 2│ │ │ │ Maine │ 12│ 12│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Maryland │ 16│ 12│ 4│ │ │ │ │ │ Massachusetts │ 28│ 1│ 3│ 24│ │ │ │ │ Michigan │ 26│ 15│ 4│ 5│ │ │ │ │ 2 Minnesota │ 14│ 7│ 1│ 6│ │ │ │ │ Mississippi │ 18│ 1│ 17│ │ │ │ │ │ Missouri │ 32│ 7│ 10│ 5│ 8│ 1│ │ │ Nebraska │ 10│ 8│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Nevada │ 6│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ New Hampshire │ 8│ │ 5│ 3│ │ │ │ │ New Jersey │ 18│ 9│ │ 6│ │ 1│ │ 2│ New York │ 72│ 28│ 31│ 12│ │ │ │ 1│ North Carolina│ 22│ 3│ 18│ │ 1│ │ │ │ Ohio │ 46│ 23│ │ │ │ 23│ │ │ Oregon │ 6│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Pennsylvania │ 60│ 47│ 11│ 1│ 1│ │ │ │ Rhode Island │ 8│ │ │ 8│ │ │ │ │ South Carolina│ 18│ 1│ 17│ │ │ │ │ │ Tennessee │ 24│ 7│ 16│ │ 1│ │ │ │ Texas │ 26│ 13│ 11│ │ 2│ │ │ │ Vermont │ 8│ │ │ 8│ │ │ │ │ Virginia │ 24│ 2│ 21│ │ 1│ │ │ │ West Virginia │ 12│ 12│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wisconsin │ 22│ 11│ 6│ 5│ │ │ │ │ _Territories._│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Arizona │ 2│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Dakota │ 2│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Idaho │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Montana │ 2│ 1│ │ 1│ │ │ │ │ New Mexico │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Utah │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Washington │ 2│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wyoming │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Dist. of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Columbia │ 2│ 1│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ ──────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼──────┼──────┼─────┼───────┼─────┼───── Total │ 820│ 349│ 275│ 85│ 61│ 28│ 13│ 4│ 2 ──────────────┴──────┴───────┴───────┴──────┴──────┴─────┴───────┴─────┴─────

──────────────┬────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── _States._ │ Third Ballot. ──────────────┼──────┬───────┬───────┬──────┬──────┬─────┬───────┬─────┬───── │ No. │ │ │ │ │ J. │ │ │ G. „ │Dele- │ │ │ Ed- │ │Sher-│ │Lin- │Sher- │gates.│Blaine.│Arthur.│munds.│Logan.│ man │Hawley.│coln.│ man ──────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼──────┼──────┼─────┼───────┼─────┼───── [75]Alabama │ 20│ 2│ 17│ │ 1│ │ │ │ Arkansas │ 14│ 11│ 3│ │ │ │ │ │ California │ 16│ 16│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Colorado │ 6│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Connecticut │ 12│ │ │ │ │ │ 12│ │ Delaware │ 6│ 5│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ Florida │ 8│ 1│ 7│ │ │ │ │ │ Georgia │ 24│ │ 24│ │ │ │ │ │ Illinois │ 44│ 3│ 1│ │ 40│ │ │ │ Indiana │ 30│ 18│ 10│ │ │ 2│ │ │ Iowa │ 26│ 26│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Kansas │ 18│ 15│ │ │ 2│ │ 1│ │ Kentucky │ 26│ 6│ 16│ │ 2│ 1│ │ 1│ [75] Louisiana │ 16│ 4│ 9│ │ 2│ │ │ │ Maine │ 12│ 12│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Maryland │ 16│ 12│ 4│ │ │ │ │ │ Massachusetts │ 28│ 1│ 3│ 24│ │ │ │ │ Michigan │ 26│ 18│ 3│ 3│ │ 1│ │ │ Minnesota │ 14│ 7│ 2│ 5│ │ │ │ │ Mississippi │ 18│ 1│ 16│ │ │ │ │ 1│ Missouri │ 32│ 12│ 11│ 4│ 4│ 1│ │ │ Nebraska │ 10│ 10│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Nevada │ 6│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ New Hampshire │ 8│ │ 5│ 3│ │ │ │ │ New Jersey │ 18│ 11│ 1│ │ │ │ 6│ │ New York │ 72│ 28│ 32│ 12│ │ │ │ │ North Carolina│ 22│ 4│ 18│ │ │ │ │ │ Ohio │ 46│ 25│ │ │ │ 21│ │ │ Oregon │ 6│ 6│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Pennsylvania │ 60│ 50│ 8│ 1│ 1│ │ │ 1│ Rhode Island │ 8│ │ │ 8│ │ │ │ │ South Carolina│ 18│ 2│ 16│ │ │ │ │ │ Tennessee │ 24│ 7│ 17│ │ │ │ │ │ Texas │ 26│ 14│ 11│ │ 1│ │ │ │ Vermont │ 8│ │ │ 8│ │ │ │ │ Virginia │ 24│ 4│ 20│ │ │ │ │ │ West Virginia │ 12│ 12│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wisconsin │ 22│ 11│ 10│ │ │ │ │ │ _Territories._│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Arizona │ 2│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Dakota │ 2│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Idaho │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Montana │ 2│ 1│ │ 1│ │ │ │ │ New Mexico │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Utah │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Washington │ 2│ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ │ Wyoming │ 2│ │ 2│ │ │ │ │ │ Dist. of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Columbia │ 2│ 1│ 1│ │ │ │ │ │ ──────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼──────┼──────┼─────┼───────┼─────┼───── Total │ 820│ 375│ 274│ 69│ 53│ 25│ 13│ 8│ 2 ──────────────┴──────┴───────┴───────┴──────┴──────┴─────┴───────┴─────┴─────

──────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────── _States._ │ Fourth Ballot. ──────────────┼──────┬───────┬───────┬──────┬──────┬─────┬───────┬───── │ No. │ │ │ │ │ │ │ „ │Dele- │ │ │ Ed- │ │Sher-│ │Lin- │gates.│Arthur.│Blaine.│munds.│Logan.│man. │Hawley.│coln. ──────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼──────┼──────┼─────┼───────┼───── [76]Alabama │ 20│ 12│ 8│ │ │ │ │ Arkansas │ 14│ 3│ 11│ │ │ │ │ California │ 16│ │ 16│ │ │ │ │ Colorado │ 6│ │ 6│ │ │ │ │ Connecticut │ 12│ │ │ │ │ │ 12│ Delaware │ 6│ 1│ 5│ │ │ │ │ Florida │ 8│ 5│ 3│ │ │ │ │ Georgia │ 24│ 24│ │ │ │ │ │ Illinois │ 44│ 3│ 34│ │ 6│ │ │ Indiana │ 30│ │ 30│ │ │ │ │ Iowa │ 26│ 2│ 24│ │ │ │ │ Kansas │ 18│ │ 18│ │ │ │ │ Kentucky │ 26│ 15│ 9│ │ 1│ │ │1[77] Louisiana │ 16│ 7│ 9│ │ │ │ │ Maine │ 12│ │ 12│ │ │ │ │ Maryland │ 16│ 1│ 15│ │ │ │ │ Massachusetts │ 28│ 7│ 3│ 18│ │ │ │ Michigan │ 26│ │ 26│ │ │ │ │ Minnesota │ 14│ │ 14│ │ │ │ │ Mississippi │ 18│ 16│ 2│ │ │ │ │ Missouri │ 32│ │ 32│ │ │ │ │ Nebraska │ 10│ │ 10│ │ │ │ │ Nevada │ 6│ │ 6│ │ │ │ │ New Hampshire │ 8│ 2│ 5│ 3│ │ │ │ New Jersey │ 18│ 0│ 17│ 1│ │ │ │ New York │ 72│ 30│ 26│ 9│ │ │ 2│ 1 North Carolina│ 22│ 12│ 8│ │ │ │ 1│ Ohio │ 46│ 0│ 46│ │ │ │ │ Oregon │ 6│ 0│ 6│ │ │ │ │ Pennsylvania │ 60│ 8│ 51│ 1│ │ │ │ Rhode Island │ 8│ 1│ 7│ │ │ │ │ South Carolina│ 18│ 15│ 2│ 1│ │ │ │ Tennessee │ 24│ 12│ 11│ │ │ │ │ Texas │ 26│ 8│ 15│ │ │ │ │ Vermont │ 8│ 0│ 0│ 8│ │ │ │ Virginia │ 24│ 20│ 4│ │ │ │ │ West Virginia │ 12│ 0│ 12│ │ │ │ │ Wisconsin │ 22│ 0│ 22│ │ │ │ │ _Territories._│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Arizona │ 2│ 0│ 2│ │ │ │ │ Dakota │ 2│ 0│ 2│ │ │ │ │ Idaho │ 2│ 0│ 2│ │ │ │ │ Montana │ 2│ 0│ 2│ │ │ │ │ New Mexico │ 2│ 2│ 0│ │ │ │ │ Utah │ 2│ 0│ 2│ │ │ │ │ Washington │ 2│ 0│ 2│ │ │ │ │ Wyoming │ 2│ 2│ 0│ │ │ │ │ Dist. of │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Columbia │ 2│ 1│ 1│ │ │ │ │ ──────────────┼──────┼───────┼───────┼──────┼──────┼─────┼───────┼───── Total │ 820│ 207│ 541│ 41│ 7│ │ 15│ 2 ──────────────┴──────┴───────┴───────┴──────┴──────┴─────┴───────┴─────