Chapter VIII: Elliptical Sentences (2)

15. Richard bade them adieu. 16. Ye men of Kent, ’tis victory or
death!--WORDSWORTH. 17. We dined yesterday with your friend and mine,
the most companionable and domestic Mr. C. 18. Great is the power of
the man who has nothing to lose.--DOYLE. 19. Each hamlet started at
the sound. 20. Look on me with thine own calm look. 21. Mr. Rigby
was not a man who ever confessed himself at fault. 22. They were
conversing with much earnestness among themselves. 23. He heard the
deep behind him, and a cry before. 24. When Deerslayer reached the
fire, he found himself surrounded by no less than eight grim savages.
25. Mine hostess, indeed, gave me a long history how the goblet had
been handed down from generation to generation. 26. The uncle and
nephew looked at each other for some seconds without speaking. 27. We
had yet seen no wild beasts, or, at least, none that came very near
us.--DEFOE. 28. We envy you your sea-breezes. 29. Which is he that
killed the deer? 30. There was the choice, and it was still open to
him to take which side he pleased. 31. There is always something to
worry you. It comes as regularly as sunrise.

EXERCISE 22

(§§ 169–188, pp. 75–82)

1. Point out every adjective. Tell whether it is descriptive or definitive (§§ 169–171), and mention the substantive to which it belongs. If the adjective can be compared, give its three degrees of comparison.[51]

1. The old, unpainted shingles of the house were black with moisture.
2. “My very dog,” sighed poor Rip, “has forgotten me!” 3. Loud was
the lightsome tumult on the shore.--BYRON. 4. Sweet are the shy
recesses of the woodland. 5. Rows of pewter and earthen dishes
glittered along the dresser. 6. The major spoke in a matter-of-fact
way. 7. The sheep and the cow have no cutting teeth, but only a hard
pad in the upper jaw.--HUXLEY. 8. The faint, foggy daylight glimmered
dimly on the bare floor and stairs. 9. He wiped his serious,
perplexed face on a red bandanna handkerchief, a shade lighter
than his complexion. 10. The yellow moonlight sleeps on all the
hills.--BEATTIE. 11. The young hostess seemed to perform her office
with a certain degree of desperate determination. 12. This warning is
meant in a friendly spirit.

13. The house remained untenanted for three years. 14. Numberless
torrents, with ceaseless sound, descend to the ocean. 15. The contest
between the two branches of the legislature lasted some days longer.

2. Write five sentences containing descriptive adjectives; five containing definitive adjectives.

3. Write sentences containing demonstrative, indefinite, relative, and interrogative adjectives.

4. Write sentences in which the indefinite article is directly followed by--

honorable, youthful, yew, ewe, euphonious, historical, history, hymn,
humble, hilarious, university, express, horticultural, oratorio,
automatic, heritage, harmonious.

EXERCISE 23

(§§ 181–187, pp. 79–82)

Point out the comparatives and the superlatives. Mention any superlatives used for emphasis (§ 200).

1. The Governor-General is the frankest and best-natured of men. 2.
The company grew merrier and louder as their jokes grew duller. 3. A
knock alarmed the outer gate. 4. At once there came the politest and
friendliest reply. 5. Many a poet has been poorer than Burns, but no
one was ever prouder.--CARLYLE. 6. The last tyrant ever proves the
worst.--POPE. 7. The profoundest secrecy was observed in the whole
transaction. 8. Earth has not anything to show more fair. 9. The
natural principle of war is to do the most harm to our enemy with the
least harm to ourselves.--IRVING. 10. During the rest of the journey,
Rose was in the strangest state of mind. 11. There’s not a nobler
man in Rome than Antony. 12. Little he ate, and less he spake. 13.
Our journey hither was through the most beautiful part of the finest
country in the world. 14. Meanwhile the throng without was constantly
becoming more numerous and more savage. 15. Vain are his weapons,
vainer is his force. 16. She might have been more lenient.

17. You’ll have to be more practical. 18. How does a love of gain
transform the gravest of mankind into the most contemptible and
ridiculous!--GOLDSMITH. 19. Most authors speak of their fame as if it
were quite a priceless matter.

20. Loveliest and best! thou little know’st
The rank, the honor, thou hast lost!--SCOTT.

21. Of two such lessons, why forget
The nobler and the manlier one?--BYRON.

EXERCISE 24

(§§ 189–198, pp. 83–87)

1. Parse each adverb by telling whether it is an adverb of manner, time, place, or degree, and by mentioning the verb, adjective, or adverb which it modifies. Compare the adverbs which are capable of comparison.

1. A great part of the island is rather level. 2. They had worked
very hard and very cheerfully. 3. When spake I such a word? 4. We can
ill spare the commanding social benefits of cities.--EMERSON. 5. She
looked up and met his eyes, and thereupon both became very grave. 6.
The silence of the prairie at night was well-nigh terrible. 7. Far in
the West there lies a desert land. 8. The whistling ploughman stalks
afield. 9. Swiftly they glided along. 10. He has only just arrived
in England. 11. Fast the white rocks faded from his view. 12. Whole
ranks instantly laid down their pikes and muskets. 13. Thick clouds
of dust afar appeared. 14. Bitter sobs came thick and fast. 15. How
long are you going to be in Paris? 16. To-morrow I intend to hunt
again. 17. Answer made King Arthur, breathing hard. 18. Some of us
laughed heartily. 19. They had spoken simply and openly about that
from the very start.

2. Form an adverb of manner from each of the following adjectives. Use each adverb in a sentence. Tell what it modifies.

Proud, careless, vehement, tender, vigorous, dainty, brave, formal,
courteous, blunt, sharp, keen, weary, heavy, true, skilful, legible.

3. Fill each blank with an adverb of degree modifying the adjective or the adverb.

1. Ogilvie was ---- lucky that day.

2. They were thought to be ---- fashionable people.

3. She made her objections ---- delicately as she could.

4. July has been ---- hot.

5. Carlyle was ---- dainty about his food.

6. Jack did not come early ---- to find a seat.

7. The tide runs ---- fast round this point.

8. The balloon soared ---- high that it disappeared.

9. The fugitive reached the pier ---- late to take the steamer.

10. The bear growled ---- savagely that the dogs were frightened.

11. You write ---- more legibly than I.

EXERCISE 25

(§§ 194–196, p. 86)

1. Point out the relative adverbs, and mention the subordinate clause introduced by each. Tell whether each adverb expresses time, place, or manner.

1. Just as the sun went down, they heard a murmur of voices. 2. On
waking, he found himself on the green knoll whence he had first seen
the old man of the glen. 3. There is no place of general resort
wherein I do not often make my appearance. 4. Wherever he determines
to sleep, there he prepares himself a sort of nest. 5. I hastened to
the spot whence I had come. 6. Where rolled the ocean, thereon was
his home.--BYRON. 7. Where shineth thy spirit, there liberty shineth
too!--MOORE. 8. He will look on the world, wheresoever he can catch
a glimpse of it, with eager curiosity. 9. Until Lady Glenmore came
to call next day, we heard of nothing unusual. 10. When she and Miss
Pole left us, we endeavored to subside into calmness. 11. Small
service is true service while it lasts. 12. Long before we saw the
sea, its spray was on our lips. 13. As they ascended, Rip every now
and then heard long rolling peals, like distant thunder. 14. The
village clock struck five as Mr. Millbank and his guests entered the
gardens of the mansion. 15. When only a small space was left between
the armies, the Highlanders suddenly drew their broadswords and
rushed forward with a fearful yell.--MACAULAY. 16. When he rejoined
his companions, he said something to them in Welsh.

2. Point out the interrogative adverbs, and tell what each modifies.

1. Why look’st thou so? 2. Whence came ye, jolly satyrs? whence
came ye?--KEATS. 3. Where now shall I go, poor, forsaken, and
blind?--CAMPBELL. 4. Why weep ye by the tide?--SCOTT. 5. See how
the world its veterans rewards!--POPE. 6. How wildly will ambition
steer!--DRYDEN. 7. Where have you been these twenty long years? 8.
Here was a Cæsar! When comes such another?--SHAKSPERE. 9. When shall
we three meet again? 10. History is clarified experience, and yet how
little do men profit by it! Nay, how should we expect it of those who
so seldom are taught anything by their own?--LOWELL. 11. Why did you
not bring what I asked for?

3. Write ten sentences containing relative adverbs; ten containing interrogative adverbs.

EXERCISE 26

(§§ 197–203, pp. 87–89)

1. Point out the comparatives and superlatives. Tell whether each is an adjective or an adverb.

1. I thought it the most prudent method to lie still. 2. When the
people observed I was quiet, they discharged no more arrows. 3. You
know your own feelings best. 4. He was taller than any of the other
three who attended him. 5. The song and the laugh grew less and less
frequent. 6. The harder I try to forget it, the more it comes into
my mind. 7. The night grew darker and darker; the stars seemed to
sink deeper in the sky. 8. I answered in a few words, but in a most
submissive manner. 9. Their sight is much more acute than ours. 10.
The natives came by degrees to be less apprehensive of any danger
from me. 11. Whoever performs his part with the most agility, and
holds out longest in leaping, is rewarded with the blue-colored silk.
12. It received less damage than I expected. 13. Long live the most
puissant king of Lilliput! 14. Fast are the flying moments, faster
are the hoofs of our horses. 15. Nigh come the strangers and more
nigh.--SCOTT.

2. Write sentences containing either the comparative or the superlative of the following words:--

merry, uncomfortable, ill, joyfully, northern, old (_both forms_),
far, in, out, early, little (_adjective_), little (_adverb_), badly,
often, worthy, wonderful, accurate, far, nigh, top, much, severe.

3. Write six sentences containing adverbs which are incapable of comparison; six containing adjectives which are incapable of comparison.

EXERCISE 27

(§§ 204–208, pp. 89–90)

1. Write five sentences in which cardinal numerals are adjectives, five in which they are nouns. Use the same numerals in the ordinal form as adjectives, as nouns.

2. Write five sentences, each containing a numeral adverb; five containing an adverbial phrase that includes a numeral.

EXERCISE 28

(§§ 209–215, pp. 91–93)

1. Point out all the verbs and verb-phrases. Tell whether each is transitive or intransitive. Tell which are copulative; which are auxiliary. Mention any examples of the copula.

1. Little tasks make large return. 2. We must now return to the
fortress of Tillietudlem and its inhabitants. 3. Though I look old,
yet I am strong and lusty. 4. The sunshine might now be seen stealing
down the front of the opposite house. 5. He sat apart from them all,
and looked at them with a melancholy, haughty countenance; while the
rest hallooed and sang and laughed, and the room rang. 6. You cannot
relieve me, but you may add to the torments I suffer. 7. One gains
nothing by attempting to shut out the sprites of the weather. They
come in at the keyhole; they peer through the dripping panes; they
insinuate themselves through the crevices of the casement, or plump
themselves down chimney astride of the raindrops.--WHITTIER. 8. A
large lamp threw a strong mass of light upon the group. 9. The baron
pardoned the young couple on the spot. 10. Every now and then he
would turn his head slowly round.

11. The river sleeps along its course and dreams of the sky and of
the clustering foliage. 12. A severe gale compelled him to seek
shelter. 13. Miss Betsy Barker dried her eyes and thanked the Captain
heartily. 14. Pray you, look not sad. 15. I am! yet what I am who
cares, or knows?--CLARE. 16. After all, it is a glorious pastime to
find oneself in a real gale of wind, in a big ship, with not a rock
to run against within a thousand miles.--KINGSLEY. 17. We will talk
over all this another time. 18. What is progress? Movement. But what
if it be movement in the wrong direction?--DISRAELI. 19. They say
you are a melancholy fellow. 20. The valiant Clifford is no more.
21. The wreck had evidently drifted about for many months; clusters
of shellfish had fastened about it, and long seaweed flaunted at its
sides.--IRVING. 22. Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as
years of matrimony rolled on.

2. Frame twenty sentences, each containing a verb-phrase. Use the auxiliaries mentioned in § 210. Let some of the sentences be interrogative.

3. Make a list of twenty verbs that are transitive in one sense, intransitive in another (§ 212). Use these verbs in sentences.

4. Illustrate the absolute use of transitive verbs by framing ten sentences (§ 213).

5. Make a list of six copulative verbs (§ 214). Use them in sentences. Frame sentences in which the same verbs are not copulative (§ 215).

6. Use the copula (§ 214) in twenty sentences, several of which shall illustrate its use in verb-phrases.

EXERCISE 29

(§§ 217–225, pp. 94–99)

1. Write ten sentences in each of which a weak (or regular) verb is used in the past tense; ten, in each of which a strong (or irregular) verb is used in the past tense.

2. Construct sentences in which the past tense of each of the following verbs is used: _drink_, _lie_, _sow_, _get_, _wake_, _dwell_, _sing_, _pay_, _bid_, _light_, _bereave_, _build_, _ride_, _hang_, _swim_, _lay_, _split_, _shrink_, _slay_, _wring_, _weave_, _thrive_, _spin_, _tread_, _shake_, _burst_, _slink_, _dive_, _flee_, _fly_, _swing_, _wet_, _fling_, _kneel_, _let_, _chide_.

3. Point out all the verbs (except the copula and auxiliaries) in Exercise 28, 1, and conjugate them in the present and the past tense. Tell which are weak (regular) and which are strong (irregular). Account for the person and number.

EXERCISE 30

(§§ 226–232, pp. 100–102)

1. Fill each blank with _am_, _is_, or _are_.

1. England and the United States ---- at peace.

2. Neither Arthur nor John ---- right.

3. Either a saw or an axe ---- necessary.

4. Either you or Dorothy ---- going.

5. You and I ---- going.

6. You and he ---- going.

7. Is it Mr. Allen or is it his children who ---- going?

8. Either he ---- going or you ----.

9. Either you ---- going or I ----.

10. The sum and substance of the article ---- this.

11. Half the sheep ---- missing.

12. A number of Italians ---- present.

13. The number of Italians in this town ---- small.

14. Mathematics ---- my most difficult study.

15. The number of applicants ---- not sufficient

16. A number of reasons ---- alleged.

17. The jury ---- in agreement.

18. The jury ---- being charged by the judge.

19. The committee ---- composed of five members.

20. The committee ---- always wrangling with one another.

21. I, who ---- only a beginner, cannot compete with Richards, who
---- an expert.

22. He is one of those men who ---- always out of work.

23. I am not a man who ---- easily frightened.

24. Walter is one of the best fellows there ---- in this town.

25. Is it the king and queen who ---- coming?

26. Is it the king or the queen who ---- coming?

27. They made me, who ---- the shyest of mortals, respond to a toast.

28. A gift of four hundred books, eighteen maps, and ten plaster
casts ---- to be made to our school.

29. Vocal and instrumental music ---- taught here.

30. Neither vocal nor instrumental music ---- taught here.

31. Neither elementary nor advanced physics ---- taught here.

32. Neither organic nor inorganic chemists ---- trained here.

33. One or two pages ---- missing.

34. Physics, together with algebra and Latin, ---- taught the first
year.

35. Stevenson’s “Memories and Portraits” ---- lying on the table.

36. The insurgent general with ten of his followers ---- said to have
surrendered.

37. James, as well as his sisters, ---- coming.

38. Six months ---- a long time to wait.

39. A series of lectures ---- given here every winter.

2. Make a list of ten collective nouns. Use them in sentences (1) with a singular verb, (2) with a plural verb. Explain the difference in meaning.

3. Use the relative _who_ in ten sentences in which the antecedent is in the first or the second person.

EXERCISE 31

(§§ 233–241, pp. 102–105)

1. Explain the use of _will_ and _shall_ in the following sentences.

1. We shall never forget what you have done for us. 2. “You ought to
know my military secretary,” said the general, as Lothair entered,
“and therefore I will introduce you.” 3. I am very patient; I will
wait. 4. If I do return, I will vote against them. But I will not
return. I have made up my mind to that. 5. I will send you Jennings’s
poem, if you like. 6. You will of course make a drawing and an
estimate, and send them to me (§ 240). 7. Do congratulate her for me,
will you? 8. Another Athens shall arise.--SHELLEY. 9. “I won’t allow
it!” cried Lady Niton, “he sha’n’t go!” 10. Shall I find you at home
if I call some day soon, between five and six o’clock? 11. You must
be convinced, and on reflection you will be convinced. 12. Before my
journey to Rochdale, you shall have due notice where to address me.
13. I consider myself a first-rate shot, and you shall practise with
me. 14. Shall I ever forget that party? 15. Shall you hunt to-morrow,
Mr. Deronda? 16. When shall you be at Cambridge?

17. Lady St. Jerome is a little indisposed--a cold caught at one of
her bazaars. She will hold them, and they say that no one ever sells
so much.--DISRAELI. 18. Will you be good enough to keep an account
of all the manuscripts you receive, for fear of omission? 19. O
rest ye, brother mariners, we will not wander more.--TENNYSON. 20.
Will you forward the inclosed immediately to Corbet, whose address
I do not exactly remember? 21. Byron was no common man: yet if we
examine his poetry with this view, we shall find it far enough from
faultless.--CARLYLE. 22. I shall be in town by Sunday next, and will
call and have some conversation on the subject of Westall’s proposed
design. 23. Will you go down, dear? I will follow you in a moment.
24. Will not your trip to Bath afford you an opportunity to take a
peep at Weston? 25. Never, as long as I live, will I speak to you
again, nor shall Harry, whom you have humiliated!

26. Yet he for whom I grieve shall never know it. 27. Shall you
let him go to Italy? 28. Prone to the dust Oppression shall be
hurled.--CAMPBELL. 29. You sha’n’t go on with this affair, I tell
you, Harry. 30. I shall probably return this evening, but I will see
you before I go.--TROLLOPE. 31. In the interim I shall leave town; on
Sunday I shall set out for Herefordshire, from whence, when wanted, I
will return. 32. If my father does not return with me in the spring,
it shall not be for want of urging on my part.--COOPER.

2. Fill each blank with _will_ or _shall_.

1. I ---- be glad to see you.

2. We ---- be obliged to go home early.

3. I ---- help you whenever you wish.

4. I promise that he ---- not trouble you again.

5. You ---- be kind enough to take your seat.

6. We ---- miss our train, I fear.

7. I must hurry or I ---- be late.

8. Robert ---- have as much as is good for him.

9. Arthur ---- disobey me in spite of all I can do.

10. Arthur ---- obey you, I am sure.

11. Arthur ---- obey me, or I ---- punish him.

12. If we reject these offers, we ---- regret it.

13. I ---- no longer endure his insolence.

14. ---- they return in season for dinner?

15. I ---- have to excuse you this time, I suppose.

16. I ---- gladly see you at any time.

17. You ---- not leave this room until you have confessed.

18. He ---- give you the money, I feel confident.

19. He ---- give you the money, or I ---- have no more to do with him.

20. ---- we allow them to do as they please?

3. Write declarative sentences, using _will_ or _shall_ in the first person (singular or plural) to express a threat, a promise, resolution, consent, desire, determination, simple futurity.

4. Fill the blanks in the following questions with _will_ or _shall_. Write sentences (using _will_ or _shall_) in answer.

1. ---- you promise to do better?

2. ---- you make any promises if he insists?

3. ---- we miss our train?

4. ---- we go? Just ask us!

5. ---- I go now? I fear I am wearying you.

6. ---- I tell you what I really think?

7. ---- you call a cab for me, if you please?

8. ---- you be glad to see him?

9. ---- you see me if I call at one o’clock?

10. ---- we see you this evening?

11. ---- you be kind enough to open that door, or ---- I?

12. ---- you miss your brother?

13. ---- we wait here, or ---- you relent and let us go with you?

14. ---- we allow this evil to continue?

15. ---- you forgive me?

EXERCISE 32

(§§ 242–245, pp. 106–107)

1. Name all the complete (or compound) tenses and explain their formation.

1. Four long years in the times of the war had he languished a
captive.--LONGFELLOW. 2. The adventurer has subsequently returned to
his native country. 3. Spiders had built their webs in the angles of
the walls and ceilings. 4. Whole fleets had been cast away. Large
mansions had been blown down. 5. I am just returned from staying
three days at a delightful inn by the river Ouse, where we always go
to fish (§ 242, 1, note).--FITZ GERALD. 6. In the evening we reached
a village where I had determined to pass the night. 7. I have sent by
the Gisbornes a copy of the “Elegy on Keats.” 8. I have really done
my best. 9. Our visits to the islands have been more like dreams than
realities. 10. We are here arrived at the crisis of Burns’s life. 11.
The chills of a long winter had suddenly given way; the north wind
had spent its last gasp; and a mild air came stealing from the west.
12. The officer at last turned away, having satisfied himself that
the room was empty. 13. Carson will have reached shelter long before
this.

2. Construct ten sentences in which the verbs in Exercise 29, 2 are used in the perfect tense.

3. Turn the verbs in these sentences into the pluperfect tense; into the future perfect tense. Write sentences in which the same verbs are used as perfect participles; as perfect infinitives.

EXERCISE 33

(§§ 246–254, pp. 107–112)

1. Tell whether each verb is in the active or the passive voice.

2. If the verb is active, change it to the passive, and make such other changes as may be necessary. If the verb is passive, change it to the active.

3. Conjugate each verb in the tense in which it occurs.

1. The customs of mankind are influenced in many ways by climate. 2.
The door, which was slightly ajar, was suddenly pushed open. 3. The
landlord handed the stranger the newspaper. 4. After a short pause,
my host resumed his narration. 5. During the greater part of that
night my slumbers were disturbed by strange dreams. 6. Not a word was
spoken, not a sound was made. 7. The great willow tree had caught
and retained among its leaves a whole cataract of water. 8. Early in
the morning I was awakened by the voices of Peter and his wife. 9.
He that is loudly praised will be clamorously censured.--JOHNSON.
10. Out of this story he formed a tragedy. 11. The assailants were
repulsed in their first attack, and several of their bravest officers
were shot down in the act of storming the fortress sword in hand. 12.
This fatal question has disturbed the quiet of many other minds. 13.
No genius was ever blasted by the breath of critics.--JOHNSON. 14.
The jury then heard the opinion of the judge.

15. What cruel maxims are we taught by a knowledge of the
world!--MISS BURNEY. 16. Their departure made another material change
at Mansfield. 17. The appearance of a housemaid prevented any further
conversation. 18. Each word of this leave-taking was overheard by
Kezia. 19. Before nine o’clock next morning the two canoes were
installed on a light country cart. 20. An old harper was summoned
from the servants’ hall. 21. He had been wounded at Waterloo. 22.
This advice struck the disputants dumb. 23. Through the night were
heard the mysterious sounds of the desert. 24. A violent storm of
rain obliged them to take shelter in an inn. 25. Far was heard the
fox’s yell.--SCOTT. 26. Adams highly commended the doctor’s opinion.

4. Rewrite the following sentences, changing the form of the verbs from active to passive, or from passive to active. Notice the effect upon subjects and objects.

1. I was brought up by my uncle. 2. I have found them. 3. We were
delayed by the storm. 4. They were warned by the pilot. 5. She saw
us. 6. That winter will never be forgotten by any of us. 7. You
surprise me. 8. Will you meet me? 9. Was he struck by a bullet? 10.
Have you forgotten me? 11. How the crowd cheered him! 12. Tom, the
blacksmith, makes horseshoes. 13. The schooner was run down by the
steamship. 14. The old man has opened a little shop. 15. Mary has
invited Ellen. 16. Mary might have invited Ellen. 17. Mary will
invite Ellen. 18. The storm has made great havoc along the coast.
19. The children have been called home by their nurse. 20. He vexes
me. 21. The tower was struck by lightning yesterday. 22. A policeman
helped her over the crossing. 23. I was amused by your letter.

5. Use each of the following verbs in both the active and the passive of the past, the future, and the perfect (or present perfect):--_send_, _bring_, _teach_, _drink_, _get_, _set_, _lay_, _leave_, _find_, _forget_.

6. Use each of the verbs in § 105 in the active voice of the past tense with both a direct and an indirect object. Change to the passive.

EXERCISE 34

(§§ 255–261, pp. 113–114)

1. Point out all the progressive and all the emphatic verb-phrases. Mention the tense and voice of each. Note any instances where _do_ and _did_ are not emphatic.

1. Thus did the long sad years glide on. 2. Now pray do settle in
England. 3. Meanwhile, I go about in my little ship, where I do think
I have two honest fellows to deal with. 4. I remember. I do indeed
remember--too well! 5. Not until it was broad daylight did I quit
the haunted house. 6. Do but look on her eyes. 7. Roland reached the
boat just as the gang plank was being hauled in. 8. We are being
entertained by the Archers. 9. The man at our wheel was spinning his
spokes desperately to avoid banging into vessels we could not see,
but whose bells were ringing everywhere about us. 10. Wild weeds are
gathering on the wall. 11. I did actually pick up a French crown
piece, worth about a dollar and six cents, near high-water mark. 12.
I was loitering about the old gray cloisters of Westminster Abbey.
13. The friends of Coningsby were now hourly arriving. 14. My eyes
have been leaving me in the lurch again.

15. They had been for some time passing through narrow gorges of
the mountains, along the edges of a tumbling stream. 16. We are
just sitting down to dinner with a pleasant party. 17. The large
Newfoundland house-dog was standing by the door. 18. “Do thou,”
said Bertram, “lead the way.”--SCOTT. 19. Music in his ears his
beating heart did make. 20. Over the hillsides the wild knell is
tolling.--HOLMES.

2. Write sentences in which the verb _teach_ is used in the present progressive, past progressive, future progressive, perfect progressive, pluperfect progressive, and future perfect progressive tenses of the active voice.

3. Write ten questions containing some form of _do_ (or _did_).

EXERCISE 35

(§§ 262–286, pp. 115–123)

Point out all the verbs in the imperative or the subjunctive mood. Tell the subjects of the imperatives and explain the forms and uses of the subjunctives.

1. And now dispatch we toward the court, my lords.--SHAKSPERE. 2. I
think you had better speak to Lady Corisande yourself (§ 285). 3. My
dear boy, God bless thee a thousand times over! 4. O that the desert
were my dwelling place! 5. “Rest we here,” Matilda said.--SCOTT.
6. Go where thy destiny calls thee. 7. Now Hesper guide my
feet.--AKENSIDE. 8. O that such hills upheld a freeborn race!--BYRON.
9. Perish those riches which are acquired at the expense of my honor
or my humanity!--GOLDSMITH. 10. Would all were well! but that will
never be.--SHAKSPERE. 11. The distaff were more fitting for you. 12.
Robert hesitated, as if he were inclined to refuse. 13. Do what they
might, the hook was in their gills.--GEORGE MEREDITH. 14. Fare you
well, fair gentlemen.--SHAKSPERE. 15. Suffice it to say, the robbers
were defeated. 16. Disclose thy treachery, or die! 17. Let us not be
influenced by any angry feelings. 18. Be that as it may, Kidd never
returned to recover his wealth.

19. I would to God my heart were flint, like Edward’s.--SHAKSPERE.
20. Move we on.--SCOTT. 21. Mark that the signal-gun be duly
fired.--BYRON. 22. The hull drives on, though mast and sail be
torn. 23. I am glad that you liked my song, and, if I liked the
others myself so well as that I sent you, I would transcribe them
for you also.--COWPER. 24. I beseech you, punish me not with your
hard thoughts.--SHAKSPERE. 25. If there be change, no change I
see.--LANDOR. 26. Be it as thou wilt. 27. Weep you no more, sad
fountains. 28. If thou leave thy father, he will die.--WORDSWORTH.
29. Come thou no more for ransom, gentle herald.--SHAKSPERE. 30.
Learn thou his purpose. 31. Come, go we in procession to the
village.--SHAKSPERE. 32. The destruction of property which took place
within a few weeks would be incredible, if it were not attested by
witnesses unconnected with each other and attached to very different
interests.

33. I wish I were as I have been,
Hunting the hart in forest green.--SCOTT.

34. Come what come may,
Time and the hour runs through the roughest day.--SHAKSPERE.

35. Buried be all that has been done,
Or say that naught is done amiss.--CRABBE.

EXERCISE 36

(§§ 272–286, pp. 118–123)

Fill each blank with a verb in the appropriate form.

1. O that he ---- here!

2. Would that I ---- there!

3. If he ---- a little older, I should take him into partnership.

4. ---- you asked me to go, I should have refused.

5. ---- you to ask me, I should refuse.

6. If you ---- there, I should have seen you.

7. I am glad I saw the play, even if I ---- a little disappointed.

8. I should have been glad to see the play, even if I ---- a little
disappointed.

9. I should be glad to see the play, even if I ---- a little
disappointed.

10. I shall be glad to see the play, even if I ---- a little
disappointed.

11. Though he ---- to increase my salary, I should not remain in his
employ. [Use the copula.]

12. Unless he ---- to increase my salary, I should not remain in his
employ. [Use the copula.]

13. When Tom saw you, you looked as if you ---- angry. [Use the
copula.]

14. When Tom sees you, I suppose you will look as if you ---- angry.

15. I must remind him to post this letter, lest he ---- it.

EXERCISE 37

(§§ 287–295, pp. 124–127)

Explain the meaning of each potential verb-phrase, and parse the phrase. In parsing such a phrase, describe it merely as a potential verb-phrase and tell the tense, voice, person, and number, without assigning it to any mood.

1. Enough! You may depart. 2. Men should travel. 3. What must be
shall be. That’s a certain text.--SHAKSPERE. 4. At times, with
a strong effort, he would glance at the open door which still
seemed to repel his eyes. 5. Nothing can bring you peace but
yourself.--EMERSON. 6. It was sometimes sad enough to watch him as
he sat alone. He would have a book near him, and for a while would
keep it in his hands.--TROLLOPE. 7. O, my friend! may I believe
you? May I speak to you? 8. Presently he faced Adrian, crying, “And
I might have stopped it!” 9. Nothing is impossible to the man who
can will.--EMERSON. 10. A scholar may be a well-bred man, or he
may not.--EMERSON. 11. “I trust we’re at liberty to enter,” said
the elder lady with urbanity. “We were told that we might come at
any time.” 12. I sent for you that I might have your counsel and
assistance. 13. I could no longer doubt the doom prepared for me.

14. I am as well as I can expect to be under the excitement which I
suffer. 15. I can become a party to no such absurd proceeding. 16. I
could scarcely refrain from tears. 17. Come! we must go back. 18. We
must be strangers to each other in future. 19. As my horse must now
have eaten his provender, I must needs thank you for your good cheer,
and pray you to show me this man’s residence, that I may have the
means of proceeding on my journey.

EXERCISE 38

(§§ 289–291, pp. 125–126)

1. Fill each blank with _can_ or _may_.

1. ---- I borrow your pen?

2. Yes, you ----.

3. No, you ---- not.

4. I ---- swim across this river some day, for I know well enough
that I ----.

5. I shall ask my father if I ---- swim across this river. I know
well enough that I ----.

6. My father is confident that I ---- swim across the river safely.

7. My father says that I ---- swim across the river if I will wait
until he ---- go with me.

8. ---- I trouble you to give me that tennis racket?

9. It ---- be that you will regret this.

10. It ---- not be that you will regret this.

11. ---- you take a vacation this year, or is permission still
refused?

12. Why not ask if you ---- take a vacation?

13. You ---- take your vacation after I have taken mine.

14. The weather man says we ---- hope for sunshine to-morrow.

15. He ---- be thankful that he escaped so easily.

16. When you are twenty-one, you ---- have your own way.

2. Write sentences asking permission in the first, second, and third persons. Write sentences (1) granting these requests; (2) refusing them.

EXERCISE 39

(§§ 297–308, pp. 127–132)

1. Justify the use of the auxiliary (_should_ or _would_). In some of the sentences, _should_ might be substituted for _would_. Which are they?

1. If I were you, I would not dwell too much on this fancy of yours.
2. I have neither servants nor clothes, and, if it had not been for
these good people, I should not have had food. 3. I should delight
in having her for a sister-in-law. 4. I should hardly wish to go out
before Friday. 5. I shouldn’t wonder if this made him set his teeth.
6. Well, that’s over! and I’m sure neither Oliver nor I would go
through it again for a million of money. 7. If I were you, I would
turn it over in my mind. 8. I should be afraid to express myself in
this manner, if the matter were not clear and indisputable.--BURKE.
9. I should like to remain where I am for another week or ten days.
10. Would you do me the favor to look at a few specimens of my
portrait-painting?--DICKENS. 11. “Would you come?” she said, with
a serious, searching glance, and in a kind of coaxing manner.--“I
should be an intruder, my dear lady,” said Theodore, declining the
suggestion.--DISRAELI.

12. I should not like to be out of my seat were the House in
session.--W. J. LOCKE. 13. If I were you I would not tempt Fate
by remaining here a day longer.--W. E. NORRIS. 14. Candidates
would rather, I suppose, climb in at a window than be absolutely
excluded.--COWPER. 15. Impey would not hear of mercy or delay. 16. I
should not be surprised if he were here immediately. 17. There’s a
plantation of sugar-canes at the foot of that rock: should you like
to look?--GEORGE ELIOT.

2. Explain the use of the auxiliary (_shall_, _should_, or _will_, _would_) in each subordinate clause.

1. With this purpose in view, he sent a skilful architect to build
him such a palace as should be fit for a man of his vast wealth
to live in. 2. Their majesties commanded me to submit to whatever
Bobadilla should order in their name. 3. Should you find yourself
able to push on to Braemar, your visit will be most welcome. 4. It’s
a simple affair enough, if you’ll just leave it as it stands. 5.
Fearing to awaken Joseph a second time, lest he should again hazard
all by his thoughtlessness, he crept softly out of the wigwam. 6. I
watched the grapes from day to day till they should have secreted
sugar enough from the sunbeams. 7. If an old prophecy should come to
pass, we may see a man, some time or other, with exactly such a face
as that. 8. He kept his heart continually open, and thus was sure to
catch the blessing from on high, when it should come.--HAWTHORNE.
9. This law provided that the presidency of Bengal should exercise
a control over the other possessions of the Company. 10. It is time
that we should proceed.

11. It is necessary that he should have some work to do. 12. I
shall be thankful if you will condescend to enlighten my ignorance.
13. It was natural that the leading authors should affect a style
of levity and derision.--JEFFREY. 14. I will take care that you
shall not be troubled by him again. 15. That the Duke of Wellington
should cordially approve is singular enough. 16. “Boys,” interrupted
Wilder, “it is now proper that you should know something of my
future movements.”--COOPER. 17. We all stood ready to succor them
if there should be occasion.--DEFOE. 18. You are so well qualified
for the task yourself that it is impossible you should need any
assistance; at least, it is hardly possible that I should afford you
any.--COWPER. 19. The brave sufferer refused to purchase liberty,
though liberty to him would have been life, by recognizing the
authority which had confined him. 20. I meant that he should walk
off, but he did not choose to understand me. 21. When time shall
serve, you shall have the fruit of my labors.--COWPER.

22. I shall be so glad if you will tell me what to read.--GEORGE
ELIOT. 23. I protest against such a combat, until the king of England
shall have repaid the fifty thousand bezants.--SCOTT. 24. Unless
something should go wrong, I flatter myself that the performance
will elicit your generous approbation. 25. A seat in the cabinet was
offered to him, on condition that he would give efficient support to
the ministry in Parliament. 26. The proposition which he made was,
that Fox should be Secretary of State.

27. That night he put forth a proclamation, directing that the posts
should be stopped, and that no person should, at his peril, venture
to harbor the accused members.--MACAULAY. 28. Hyde interfered, and
proposed that the question should be divided. 29. I am sorry that you
should be bothered in this way. 30. I am sorry that Murray should
groan on my account.--BYRON. 31. There are old brass andirons,
waiting until time shall revenge them on their paltry substitutes.
32. Should he be acquitted, that, I imagine, should end the matter.
33. A rumor was circulated that some new pageant was about to
be exhibited, which should put a fitting close to the splendid
festivities. 34. If this new purpose of conquest shall be abandoned,
Richard may yet become King of Jerusalem by compact.--SCOTT. 35.
Saladin desires no converts save those whom the holy prophet shall
dispose to submit themselves to his law. 36. Pride now came to
Montezuma’s aid, and, since he must go, he preferred that it should
appear to be with his own free will. 37. God forbid that I should
regret those gifts!

EXERCISE 40

(§§ 309–323, pp. 132–137)

1. Point out each infinitive and explain its construction as noun, as complementary infinitive, as infinitive of purpose, as modifier of a noun or an adjective, or as part of a verb-phrase (with an auxiliary).

2. Point out any modifiers or objects of infinitives.

1. To advance toward London would have been madness. 2. To trace
the exact boundary between rightful and wrongful resistance is
impossible.--MACAULAY. 3. I was too young to keep any journal of
this voyage. 4. The baron hastened to receive his future son-in-law.
5. It was her habit to go over to the deanery (§ 318). 6. He could
not consent to turn his back upon a party of helpless travellers.
7. The fixed purpose of these men was to break the foreign yoke.
8. Here rise no cliffs the vale to shade. 9. They saw the gleaming
river seaward flow (§ 322). 10. She perceived one of the eyes of the
portrait move. 11. His first scheme was to seize Bristol. 12. The
first business of the Commons was to elect a Speaker. 13. The old man
frequently stretched his eyes ahead to gaze over the tract that he
had yet to traverse. 14. When other things sank brooding to sleep,
the heath appeared slowly to awake and listen.--HARDY. 15. All were
anxious to hear the story of the mysterious picture. 16. I see the
lights of the village gleam through the rain and the mist. 17. Then
the bishop rose from his chair to speak.

18. To dismiss him from his high post was to emancipate him from all
restraint. 19. This is not a time to hesitate. 20. Burghers hastened
to man the wall. 21. I felt Leslie’s hand tremble on my arm. 22. He
heard a mighty bowstring twang.--MORRIS. 23. Mr. Ralph Nickleby sat
in his private office one morning, ready dressed to walk abroad. 24.
I put down the letters, and began to muse over their contents. 25.
Waves of clear sea are, indeed, lovely to watch. 26. Halifax had now
nothing to give. 27. The neighborhood seemed to breathe a tranquil
prosperity. 28. It is always perilous to adopt expediency as a guide.
29. Soldiers were drawn up to keep the passage clear.

3. Write sentences containing an infinitive used as subject, as predicate nominative, as appositive, as the object of a preposition, as an adjective; a complementary infinitive; an infinitive of purpose; an infinitive used with _shall_, with _will_, with _must_.

4. Note any modifiers or objects that you have used with the infinitives.

EXERCISE 41

(§§ 324–328, pp. 137–139)

1. Point out each infinitive clause. Mention the verb of which it is the object. Find the subject of each infinitive. When it is possible, substitute a _that_-clause for the infinitive clause.

1. It might seem irreverent to make the gray cathedral and the tall
time-worn palaces echo back the exuberant vociferation of the market.
2. We have made you wait. 3. We then went to Pembroke College, and
waited on his old friend Dr. Adams, the master of it, whom I found
to be a most polite, pleasing, communicative man.--BOSWELL. 4. The
doctor expects Captain Starbuck to recover. 5. For a good sailor to
foul the first buoy was ludicrous enough. 6. Will you ask Annie to
feed the parrot? 7. I believe it to be a speaking likeness. 8. I
suppose them to be utterly ignorant of their own condition.

9. Hepzibah bade her young guest sit down. 10. Calamity and peril
often force men to combine. 11. He knew himself to be a liar whom
nobody trusted. 12. I must not ask the reader to suppose that he was
cheerful. 13. I felt this melancholy to be infectious. 14. No one on
seeing Mr. Crawley took him to be a happy man, or a weak man, or an
ignorant man, or a wise man.--TROLLOPE. 15. Humanity impelled him to
rescue the poor wretch.

2. Write sentences containing infinitive clauses used after verbs of _wishing_, _commanding_, _believing_, _declaring_, _perceiving_.

3. Fill each blank with a personal pronoun.

1. He believes the author to be ----. [First person.]

2. He believes that the author is ----. [First person.]

3. I knew the thief to be ----. [Third person.]

4. I thought that the thief was ----. [Third person.]

5. We thought the strangers to be ----. [Third person.]

6. We thought that the strangers were ----. [Third person.]

4. Fill each blank with _who_ or _whom_.

1. The man ---- I believe to be responsible for this accident is the
engineer.

2. I believe that the man ---- is responsible for this accident is
the engineer.

3. My knock was answered by a lad ---- I believed to be a lodger.

4. You are not the person ---- I believed you to be.

EXERCISE 42

(§§ 329–343, pp. 140–143)

1. Point out all the participles, present and past, and tell what substantive each modifies. Mention such as are used as pure adjectives. Mention any modifiers or objects of participles.

1. The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and
done.--WHITMAN. 2. Even the tight windows and the heavy silken
curtains drawn close could not shut out the sound of the driving
sleet. 3. Godolphin was not a reading man. 4. Mr. Sikes, dragging
Oliver after him, elbowed his way through the thickest of the crowd.
5. Betrayed, deserted, disorganized, unprovided with resources,
begirt with enemies, the noble city was still no easy conquest. 6.
Thus regretted and cautioned on all hands, Mordaunt took leave of the
hospitable household. 7. Far away, an angry white stain undulating
on the surface of steely-gray waters, shot with gleams of green,
diminished swiftly, without a hiss, like a patch of pure snow melting
in the sun.--CONRAD. 8. I set her on my pacing steed.--KEATS.

9. But the poor traveller paused here barely for a minute, and then
went on, stumbling through the mud, striking his ill-covered feet
against the rough stones in the dark, sweating in his weakness,
almost tottering at times, and calculating whether his remaining
strength would serve to carry him home.--TROLLOPE. 10. His teeth are
set, his hand is clenched. 11. Passing through the ravine, they came
to a hollow, like a small amphitheatre. 12. He found the house gone
to decay--the roof fallen in, the windows shattered, and the doors
off the hinges. 13. And now, sir, when you next go to the British
Museum, look for a poet named Vaughan. 14. A heavy sea struck us
on our starboard quarter, almost throwing us on our beam-ends. 15.
He stood chuckling and rubbing his hands, and scarcely hearing a
word the parson said. 16. The light struggles dimly through windows
darkened by dust. 17. We sailed merrily forward for several days,
meeting with nothing to interrupt us.

2. Write sentences containing the past participles of six weak verbs; of six strong verbs.

3. Write sentences containing a participle used as a pure adjective; a participle used as a predicate adjective; a participle modified adverbially; a participle taking an object.

4. Write ten sentences each containing a perfect participle. Substitute for each a clause introduced by _when_.

EXERCISE 43

(§§ 344–346, p. 144)

Explain all examples of the nominative absolute. Substitute a modifying clause in each sentence.

1. A carriage, drawn by half a dozen horses, came driving at a
furious rate, the postilions smacking their whips like mad. 2. As far
as the eye could reach, the sea in every direction was of a deep blue
color, the waves running high and fresh, and sparkling in the light.
3. For some years past there had been a difficulty about the rent,
things not having gone at the Dragon of Wantly as smoothly as they
had used to go. 4. He began to talk rapidly, all diffidence subdued.
5. Noon coming, and the Doctor not returning, Mr. Lorry advised with
Lucie. 6. The second mate falling ill during the passage, I was
promoted to officer of the watch. 7. The dog now roused himself and
sat on his haunches, his ears moving quickly backward and forward.
8. This done, Mazeppa spread his cloak. 9. She was seated alone, her
arms on the table, her head bent down. 10. There being some time upon
his hands, he left his luggage at the cloak-room, and went on foot
along Bedford Street to the church.

EXERCISE 44

(§§ 347–353, pp. 145–147)

1. Point out the present participles, and also the verbal nouns in _-ing_ (participial nouns). Show the difference. Mention any modifiers or complements used with either.

1. The consternation was extreme. Some were for closing the gates
and resisting; some for submitting; some for temporizing. 2. A
troop of strange children ran at his heels, hooting after him, and
pointing at his gray head. 3. The wicket opened on a stone staircase
leading upward. 4. Watching and toil were to me pleasure, for my
body was strong, and my spirits winged. 5. The lingerings of decent
pride were visible in her appearance. 6. His deep bass voice had
a quavering in it, his eyes looked dim, and the lines on his face
were deep. 7. There were several French privateers hovering on the
coast. 8. He does not like talking of these matters to strangers.
9. Miss Matty cared much more for the circumstance of her being a
very good card-player. 10. His discourse was broken off by his man’s
telling him he had called a coach. 11. Swallows and martens skimmed
twittering about the eaves. 12. I have loved, lived with, and left
the sea without ever seeing a ship’s tall fabric of sticks, cobwebs,
and gossamer go by the board.--CONRAD.

13. The sexton was a meek, acquiescing little man, of a bowing, lowly
habit; yet he had a pleasant twinkling in his eye. 14. The rain
always made a point of setting in just as he had some outdoor work to
do. 15. I have been employed this morning in composing a Latin motto
for the king’s clock. 16. Two more of the boats were lost by being
stove and swamped alongside. 17. I heard the ripple washing in the
reeds. 18. After wandering through two or three streets, I found my
way to Shakspere’s birthplace. 19. Rip’s heart died away at hearing
of these sad changes in his home and friends. 20. The fish did not
bite freely, and we frequently changed our fishing ground without
bettering our luck. 21. Lady Niton sat blinking and speechless. 22. I
cannot help hearing things, and reading things, and observing things,
and they fill me with disquietude. 23. Here was circumstance after
circumstance goading me onward. 24. I sat staring at a book of my
own making. 25. That thought actually drove out of my head the more
pressing danger.

2. Write sentences in which (1) a verbal noun and (2) a present participle are formed from--

run, hunt, leap, swim, strike, find, speak, sing, shout, play, skate,
blow, spend, listen, eat, move, translate, recite, murmur, whisper,
read, talk, complain, paint, build, give, breathe, teach, flow, shine.

3. Whenever it is possible, substitute either a noun or an infinitive for each verbal noun in your sentences.

4. Select three of these verbal nouns, and write other sentences in which each is used (1) as a subject, (2) with a direct and an indirect object, (3) with an adjective modifier, (4) with an adverbial modifier.

EXERCISE 45

(§§ 354–371, pp. 148–154)

1. Point out and parse the prepositions and conjunctions.

In parsing a preposition, tell (1) the object, and (2) the word to which the preposition shows the relation of the object.