Chapter VIII: Elliptical Sentences (3)

In parsing a conjunction, indicate the words or groups of words which it connects, tell whether it is coördinate or subordinate, and mention its correlative (§ 369) if it has one.

1. Neither witch nor warlock crossed Mordaunt’s path. 2. But I will
be bolder, and do not doubt to make it good, though a paradox, that
one great reason why prose is not to be used in serious plays, is,
because it is too near the nature of converse.--DRYDEN. 3. All down
that immense vista of gloomy arches there was one blaze of scarlet
and gold. 4. No doubt, something of Shakspere’s punning must be
attributed to his age, in which direct and formal combats of wit
were a favorite pastime of the courtly and accomplished.--COLERIDGE.
5. Bodily labor is of two kinds: either that which a man submits
to for his livelihood, or that which he undergoes for his
pleasure.--ADDISON. 6. Early upon the morrow the march was resumed.
7. The camp was broken up, and the troops were sent to quarters in
different parts of the country. 8. My attention was called off for
a moment by the cries of birds and the bleatings of sheep. 9. This
is well to be weighed, that boldness is ever blind, for it seeth not
dangers and inconveniences.--BACON. 10. At a little distance from Sir
Roger’s house, among the ruins of an old abbey, there is a long walk
of aged elms. 11. Then I sent you the Greek instead of the Persian
whom you asked for?--FITZ GERALD. 12. Rowland’s allowance at college
was barely sufficient to maintain him decently, and, his degree
nevertheless achieved, he was taken into his father’s counting-house
to do small drudgery on a proportionate stipend.

13. Though this lady never expressed an idea, Richard was not
mistaken in her cleverness. 14. If I am tired, your letter will
refresh me. 15. The young ladies however, and Mr. Pecksniff likewise,
remained in the very best of spirits in spite of these severe trials,
though with something of a mysterious understanding among themselves.
16. He went along almost gaily, nor felt the fatigue of the road.

2. Write sentences in which, the following words are used as indicated:--

for (_preposition_, _conjunction_), then (_conjunction_, _adverb_),
notwithstanding (_preposition_, _conjunction_), since (_preposition_,
_adverb_, _relative adverb_), until (_preposition_, _relative
adverb_), as (_conjunction_, _relative pronoun_, _relative adverb_),
that (_conjunction_, _relative pronoun_, _demonstrative adjective_,
_demonstrative pronoun_), but (_preposition_, _conjunction_).

3. Construct sentences containing _either_ and _or_, _neither_ and _nor_, _whether_ and _or_, _not only_ and _but also_, _both_ and _and_, _though_, _if_, _because_.

4. Construct six sentences containing coördinate conjunctions; six containing subordinate conjunctions; six containing relative adverbs.

EXERCISE 46

(§§ 372–375, pp. 155–156)

Point out all interjections, all other parts of speech used here in exclamation, and all exclamatory phrases.

1. Ring the alarum-bell! Murder and treason!--SHAKSPERE. 2.
Kipling is by far the most promising young man who has appeared
since--ahem--I appeared.--STEVENSON. 3. O, to be in England! 4.
“Courage!” he said, and pointed toward the land.--TENNYSON. 5. Ah!
my lord Arthur, whither shall I go? 6. Alas for my credulous fancy!
7. Tut, man! we must take things as they come. 8. O day, the last of
all my bliss on earth!--MARLOWE. 9. Adieu, fair Cadiz! yea, a long
adieu!--BYRON. 10. Peace, sister, peace! 11. Fie, fie, my brother!
12. How now, Thersites? what, lost in the labyrinth of thy fury? 13.
Farewell for the present, my dear sir. 14. O Jupiter! how weary are
my spirits!--SHAKSPERE. 15. Guilty, my lord, guilty! I confess, I
confess! 16. Hence, you long-legg’d spinners, hence! 17. O monstrous!
O strange! we are haunted! 18. Faith, he is gone unto the taming
school. 19. But, soft! whom have we here?

20. A Tory! a Tory! a spy! a refugee! hustle him! away with him! 21.
What! this gentleman will outtalk us all. 22. Up, up, Glentarkin!
rouse thee, ho!--SCOTT. 23. And now good-bye, my dear fellow. 24.
Ahem! you remember, friend? Grand triumphs those, eh?

EXERCISE 47

(§§ 376–392, pp. 157–162)

1. Construct ten sentences in which the simple subject (noun or pronoun) is modified by an adjective clause; ten in which the simple predicate is modified by an adverbial clause.

2. Tell the construction (as subject, predicate nominative, object, etc.) of each noun clause in § 392. Mention the simple subject and predicate of each clause.

EXERCISE 48

(§§ 395–402, pp. 163–165)

1. Tell whether each of the subordinate clauses expresses place, time, cause, or concession. Is the clause adjective or adverbial? What introduces it? What does it modify?

1. Though often misled by prejudice and passion, he was emphatically
an honest man. 2. When a prisoner first leaves his cell, he cannot
bear the light of day. 3. As I walked through the wilderness of this
world, I lighted on a certain place where was a den.--BUNYAN. 4. He
postponed his final decision till after the Parliament should have
reassembled. 5. They gave a dismal croak or two, and hopped aside
into the darkest corner, since it was not yet their hour to flap
duskily abroad. 6. Calmly and sadly she waited, until the procession
approached her. 7. Half the task was not done when the sun went down.
8. However I might be disposed to trust his probity, I dare not trust
his prejudices. 9. After a little more conversation we strolled to
the stable, where my horse was standing. 10. As we approached the
house, we heard the sound of music, and now and then a burst of
laughter. 11. His face was not cruel, though it was desperate.

12. We again set out for the hut, at which we deposited our golden
burdens. 13. It will be midnight before we arrive at our inn. 14.
Though I was not particularly well supplied with money, I had
enough for the expenses of my journey. 15. The day, though it began
brightly, had long been overcast. 16. As there were no men in the
company, the girls danced with each other. 17. Although without fear,
I did not neglect to use all proper precautions. 18. When I return,
I shall find things settled. 19. Clifford, as the company partook of
their little banquet, grew to be the gayest of them all. 20. The mill
where Will lived with his adopted parents stood in a falling valley
between pinewoods and great mountains. 21. As Ichabod approached this
fearful tree, he began to whistle. 22. Infected be the air whereon
they ride!--SHAKSPERE. 23. So they were forced to go, because he was
stronger than they.

24. Since you will not help me, I must trust to myself. 25. When
they beheld his face, they recognized Basil the blacksmith. 26.
This is the third day since we came to Rome. 27. Amsterdam was the
place where the leading Scotch and English assembled. 28. These
considerations might well have made William uneasy, even if all the
military means of the United Provinces had been at his absolute
disposal. 29. Although the breeze had now utterly ceased, we had made
a great deal of way during the night.

2. Illustrate clauses of place, time, cause, and concession, by constructing twenty sentences, five for each.

3. Tell whether the clauses are adjective or adverbial. What does each modify?

4. See if you can replace your clauses of time by participles or adverbial phrases.

EXERCISE 49

(§§ 403–410, pp. 166–167)

1. Point out the clauses of purpose and those of result.

1. The weather was so bad I could not embark that night. 2. She
opened the casement that the cool air might blow upon her throbbing
temples. 3. So intent were the servants upon their sports, that we
had to ring repeatedly before we could make ourselves heard. 4.
The consequence was that, according to the rules of the House, the
amendment was lost. 5. Therefore I am going this way, as I told you,
that I may be rid of my burden. 6. Tess’s friends lived so far off
that none could conveniently have been present at the ceremony. 7.
Sometimes I was afraid lest I should be charged with ingratitude.
8. There is such an echo among the old ruins and vaults that, if
you stamp but a little louder than ordinary, you hear the sound
repeated.--ADDISON. 9. They durst not speak without premeditation,
lest they should be convicted of discontent or sorrow. 10. My purpose
was, to admit no testimony of living authors, that I might not be
misled by partiality, and that none of my contemporaries might have
reason to complain.--JOHNSON. 11. It is King Richard’s pleasure that
you die undegraded.

2. Write five sentences containing each a clause of purpose; of result; an infinitive clause expressing purpose.

3. Write ten sentences in which the infinitive (without a subject) expresses purpose.

4. Review Exercise 40.

EXERCISE 50

(§§ 411–427, pp. 167–172)

1. Tell whether the conditional clauses in the following sentences are non-committal or contrary to fact, and whether they represent present, past, or future condition.

1. Should Hayley be with you, tell him I have given my friend Mr.
Rose an introductory letter to him. 2. If the judgment against
him was illegal, it ought to have been reversed. If it was legal,
there was no ground for remitting any part of it. 3. If I ever saw
horror in the human face, it was there. 4. His affliction would
have been insupportable, had not he been comforted by the daily
visits and conversations of his friend. 5. We perish if they hear a
shot.--SCOTT. 6. Can Freedom breathe if Ignorance reign?--HOLMES. 7.
If power be in the hands of men, it will sometimes be abused. 8. If
hopes were dupes, fears may be liars.--CLOUGH. 9. If you write to
Moore, will you tell him that I shall answer his letter the moment I
can muster time and spirits? 10. If you have any good news to tell,
it will not be unwelcome; if any bad, you need not be afraid. 11. I
feel quite as much bored with this foolery as it deserves, and more
than I should be, if I had not a headache. 12. Will you let me offer
you this little book? If I had anything better, it should be yours.

13. I shall hope, if we can agree as to dates, to come to you
sometime in May. 14. If I could only get to work, we could live here
with comfort. 15. If he had been left to himself, he would have
whistled life away in perfect contentment. 16. If this frolic should
lay me up with a fit of rheumatism, I shall have a blessed time with
Dame Van Winkle. 17. I know that two and two make four, and should
be glad to prove it, if I could,--though, I must say, if by any sort
of process I could convert two and two into five, it would give me
much greater pleasure.--BYRON. 18. I would not say this if I could
help it. 19. If you are disposed to write--write; and if not, I shall
forgive your silence, and you will not quarrel with mine. 20. Had
not exercise been absolutely necessary for our well-being, nature
would not have made the body so proper for it.--ADDISON. 21. Nothing
will ever be attempted, if all possible objections must first be
overcome.--JOHNSON. 22. If fashion gives the word, every distinction
of beauty, complexion, or stature ceases.--GOLDSMITH.

2. Write twenty sentences, each containing a conditional clause. Tell whether each condition refers to present, past, or future time. Which of them are contrary to fact?

EXERCISE 51

(§§ 428–429, p. 173)

1. Point out the clauses of comparison and explain such forms of verbs or pronouns as may require comment.

1. Dull as a flower without the sun, he sat down upon a stone. 2.
He sighed as if he would break his heart. 3. The modern steamship
advances upon a still and overshadowed sea with a pulsating tremor of
her frame, an occasional clang in her depths, as if she had an iron
heart in her iron body.--CONRAD. 4. It would have been as difficult,
however, to follow up the stream of Donatello’s ancestry to its dim
source, as travellers have found it to reach the mysterious fountains
of the Nile. 5. I will become as liberal as you. 6. The triumph was
as destructive to the victorious as to the vanquished. 7. The public
conduct of Milton must be approved or condemned, according as the
resistance of the people to Charles the First shall appear to be
justifiable or criminal. 8. There was no one in all Clavering who
read so many novels as Madame Fribsby. 9. No kind of power is more
formidable than the power of making men ridiculous.--MACAULAY.

10. The leader of the orchestra was sawing away at his violin as
savagely as if he were calling on his company to rush up and seize
a battery of guns.--BLACK. 11. He shouts as if he were trying his
voice against a northwest gale of wind. 12. The playground seemed
smaller than when I used to sport about it. 13. The blood in me ran
cold, and I drew in my breath as if I had been struck. 14. There are
few things more formidable than the unwonted anger of a good-natured
man.--MILLER. 15. Nor was Lochiel less distinguished by intellectual
than by bodily vigor. 16. He showed less wisdom than virtue. 17. He
was as courageous an animal as ever scoured the woods. 18. As fierce
a beak and talon as ever struck--as strong a wing as ever beat,
belonged to Swift.--THACKERAY.

19. Homer’s description of war had as much truth as poetry
requires.--MACAULAY. 20. Of all the objects I have ever seen, there
is none which affects my imagination so much as the sea.--ADDISON.
21. “Somebody must go,” murmured Mrs. Heathcliff, more kindly
than I expected. 22. We do not so often disappoint others as
ourselves.--JOHNSON. 23. The battle raged as fiercely on the lake
as on the land. 24. The young man looked down on me from the corner
of his eyes, for all the world as if there were some mortal feud
unavenged between us.--E. BRONTË.

2. Write ten sentences containing _as if_ with a subjunctive.

3. Insert personal pronouns of the first or third person.

1. You are much stronger than ----.

2. Your anger hurts yourself more than it hurts ----.

3. You are not so studious as ----.

4. He was quite as much to blame as ----.

5. I blame myself rather than ----.

6. You should rather blame yourself than ----.

7. How much older are you than ----?

8. Is Jack more ambitious than ----?

9. Do you wish to please yourself more than ----?

10. Your conduct was less censurable than ----.

EXERCISE 52

(§§ 430–436, pp. 173–176)

1. Change the direct statements to indirect discourse, prefixing _He said_. Thus,--

Supper was announced shortly after my arrival.

He said that supper was announced shortly after his arrival.

Be careful to make the proper changes in person and tense.

1. Supper was announced shortly after my arrival. 2. Misery loves
company. 3. Iron floats in mercury. 4. The grime and sordidness of
the House of the Seven Gables seem to have vanished. 5. Nothing is
to be seen. 6. Straws show which way the wind blows. 7. I remained
undecided whether or not to follow my servant. 8. Rest of mind and
body seems to have reëstablished my health. 9. The fortifications
consist of a simple wall overgrown with grass and weeds. 10. Fire is
a good servant but a bad master. 11. Not a cheer was heard; not a
member ventured to second the motion. 12. The most rigid discipline
is maintained. 13. Without our consent, such an expedition cannot
legally be undertaken. 14. The newspapers will happily save me the
trouble of relating minute particulars.

15. The ringing of bells is at an end; the rumbling of the carriages
has ceased; the pattering of feet is heard no more. 16. My mind has
been much disturbed, and too agitated for conversation. 17. While all
this is taking place within the Towers, vast bodies of people are
assembling without. 18. The spelling and handwriting are those of a
man imperfectly educated. 19. I have an unconquerable repugnance to
return to my chamber. 20. I like to see a man know his own mind.

2. Change into a direct statement each clause that is in the indirect discourse. Mention the construction of the clause (as subject, object, etc.).

1. The booming of a gun told them that the last yacht had rounded the
lightship. 2. All of a sudden she thought she heard something move
behind her. 3. Though they spoke French fluently, I perceived that
it was not their native language. 4. I soon found that, in making
the acquaintance of the young man, I had indeed made a valuable
acquisition. 5. I thanked him, but said that Dr. Johnson had come
with me from London, and I must return to the inn and drink tea with
him; that my name was Boswell, and I had travelled with him in the
Hebrides. 6. I discovered that he was wonderfully fond of interfering
with other people’s business. 7. I had heard that he had been
unhappy, that he had roamed about, a fevered, distempered man, taking
pleasure in nothing. 8. I had observed that the old woman for some
time past had shown much less anxiety about the book. 9. I learned
that times had gone hard with her. 10. I perceived that the objects
which had excited my curiosity were not trees, but immense upright
stones.

11. That no man can legally promise what he cannot legally perform
is a self-evident proposition.--MACKINTOSH. 12. That there are some
duties superior to others will be denied by no one. 13. It can
hardly be doubted that the highest obligation of a citizen is that
of contributing to preserve the community. 14. Reports had been
brought back that six Christians were lingering in captivity in
the interior of the country. 15. If it be true that, by giving our
confidence by halves, we can scarcely hope to make a friend, it is
equally true that, by withdrawing it when given, we shall make an
enemy.--PRESCOTT. 16. He concluded with the assurance that the whole
fleet would sail on the following day. 17. Pen protested that he had
not changed in the least.

3. Write five sentences in which indirect discourse is expressed by an infinitive clause (§ 435).

EXERCISE 53

(§ 436, p. 176)

1. Change each of the sentences quoted at the end of § 436 into one of the other two passive constructions described in that section.

2. Write ten sentences in each of which a clause in the indirect discourse is the subject of a passive verb.

EXERCISE 54

(§§ 438–439, pp. 177–178)

1. Explain the use of _shall_, _should_, _will_, or _would_ in each instance. Change the indirect discourse to the direct.

1. I believe I should like to live in a small house just outside a
pleasant English town all the days of my life.--FITZ GERALD. 2. The
sultan said he would oblige us with donkeys or anything else if we
would only give him a few more pretty cloths.--SPEKE. 3. I think that
I should like it to be always summer. 4. He often told his friends
afterwards, that unless he had found out this piece of exercise,
he verily believed he should have lost his senses.--ADDISON. 5.
Do you remember once saying to me that you hoped you should never
leave Brentham? 6. I knew that he would not have accepted office in
1841–1842 if he could have avoided it. 7. Promise you will give him
this little book of drawings. 8. I have often thought that there has
rarely passed a life of which a judicious and faithful narrative
would not be useful.--JOHNSON. 9. She said, very quietly, that she
wished to speak to him after breakfast, and that he would find her
in her sitting room. 10. Lady Annabel had promised the children that
they should some day ride together to Marringhurst.

11. One of them told us that he would make us a canoe. 12. Promise,
Marion--pray promise you will not even mention my name to him when
you write next. 13. He felt that no argument of his would be of any
use. 14. I know very well that I shall sign my own death warrant on
the day when I retire from business. 15. She knew very well now that
Grandcourt would not go without her; but if he must tyrannize over
her, he should not do it precisely in the way he would choose. She
would oblige him to stay in the hotel. 16. They were afraid that they
should not long be able to put him off with promises. 17. Bungay
replied that he should be happy to have dealings with Mr. Pendennis.

2. Fill the blanks with the proper auxiliary (_shall_ or _should_, or _will_ or _would_).

1. Your father said that he ---- be glad to see me.

2. I told him that I ---- be obliged to dismiss him.

3. I wrote that we ---- gladly accept his invitation.

4. My friends believed that I ---- not be willing to go.

5. Robert thinks that he ---- have to work evenings.

6. Robert says that I ---- have to work evenings.

7. They say that Robert ---- work evenings, although he ought not.

8. I promised that Robert ---- not work evenings.

9. I told Mary that I was sure she ---- succeed.

10. Mary said she had no doubt that I ---- succeed.

11. Mary will say that she has no doubt I ---- succeed.

12. I repeat that I have no doubt you ---- succeed.

13. He declared that you ---- go, even against your will.

14. The report is that we ---- dissolve partnership.

3. Change the indirect statements in the sentences which you have just made to direct statements.

EXERCISE 55

(§§ 440–445, pp. 179–181)

1. Some, but not all, of the following sentences contain indirect questions. Point out these questions and tell what introduces them (interrogative pronoun, interrogative adverb, subordinate conjunction). Mention the construction of each interrogative clause (as subject, object, etc.).

2. Turn each indirect question into a direct question.

3. Point out such relative clauses as you find in the sentences. Are they adjective or adverbial modifiers?

1. Warrington did not know what his comrade’s means were. 2. He could
scarcely tell whether she was imbued with sunshine, or whether it was
a glow of happiness that shone out of her. 3. I started the question
whether duelling was consistent with moral duty.--BOSWELL. 4. The
pilgrims then began to inquire if there was no other way to the gate.
5. He knew not what to make of the letter. 6. I hardly heard what
he said. 7. Every one knows practically what are the constituents
of health or of virtue.--NEWMAN. 8. Think calmly over what I have
written. 9. Then she asked him whence he was and whither he was
going; and he told her. 10. What to expect, he knew not. 11. Theseus
wondered what this immense giant could be. 12. Hack says it was Mrs.
Bungay who caused all the mischief. 13. The question was how best
to extricate the army from its perilous position. 14. Addison was a
delightful companion when he was at his ease. 15. I doubt whether the
wisest of us know what our own motives are.

16. I puzzled my head for some time to find out which of the two
cases was the more applicable. 17. I returned to the studies which I
had neglected. 18. I cannot tell how I dared to say what I did. 19.
How long he slept he could not say. 20. Fanny, in dismay at such an
unprecedented question, did not know which way to look, or how to
be prepared for an answer.--MISS AUSTEN. 21. What my course of life
will be when I return to England is very doubtful. 22. I cannot tell
you how vaingloriously I walked the streets. 23. Then I told what a
tall, upright, graceful person their great-grandmother Field once
was. 24. When the bean-vines began to flower on the poles, there was
one particular variety which bore a vivid scarlet blossom. 25. I know
not which way I must look. 26. Why she submitted, Mrs. Turpin could
not have told you. 27. I began to become conscious what a strange
den that sanctum was. 28. How Ferguson escaped, was, and still is, a
mystery. 29. How far he felt the force of this obligation will appear
in the sequel.

4. Write sentences containing indirect questions introduced by _who_, _which_, _what_, _when_, _how_, _why_, _whether_, _if_.

5. Fill the blanks with _who_ or _whom_. Tell, in each sentence, whether _who_ or _whom_ is an interrogative or a relative pronoun.

1. I know ---- it was that broke the window.

2. I know ---- it was that you saw.

3. I know ---- you saw.

4. I know the person ---- you saw.

5. I asked if the man ---- we saw was Douglas.

6. I asked if the boy ---- broke the window was Archer.

7. I know ---- it was you overheard.

8. Tell me ---- it is that I resemble.

9. Tell me ---- I resemble.

10. Tell me ---- you think I resemble.

11. Tell me if I resemble anybody ---- you know.

6. Turn all the indirect questions which you have just written into direct questions.

7. Construct sentences in which each of the verbs (or verb-phrases) is followed by an indirect question:--

asked, tell, inquire, is learning, see, might discover, had heard,
have found, doubt, have perceived, is thinking, wonders, knew, was
told, understands, to comprehend, is, could ascertain, has reported,
will announce.

EXERCISE 56

(§ 447, p. 182)

1. Turn each indirect question into the direct form. Explain the use of _shall_, _should_, _will_, _would_.

1. “I doubt,” said Donatello, “whether they will remember my voice
now.” 2. I did not know whether to resent his language or pursue my
explanations. 3. I clambered to its apex, and then felt much at a
loss as to what should be next done. 4. How we shall live I cannot
imagine. 5. When I shall get to town I cannot divine, but it will
be between this and Christmas. 6. I scarcely know which of us three
would be the sorriest. 7. I can feel for you, because I know what I
should feel in the same situation. 8. Let us see if she will know
you. 9. I wonder how you will answer me a year hence. 10. I asked if
Georgiana would accompany her. 11. You must see the carriage, Jane,
and tell me if you don’t think it will suit Mrs. Rochester exactly,
and whether she won’t look like Queen Boadicea, leaning back against
those purple cushions.--C. BRONTË. 12. Catherine had no idea why her
father should be crosser or less patient in his ailing condition
than he was in his prime. 13. Mr. Hindley will have to proceed to
extremities,--see if he won’t!

2. Fill the blanks with the proper auxiliary (_shall_, _should_, _will_, _would_). Then change each indirect question to the direct form.

1. Tom asked me if I ---- like to go with him.

2. They inquired whether I ---- prefer to go or to stay.

3. She asked me if I ---- help her.

4. Tell me whether he ---- consent or not.

5. He wishes to know if you ---- recommend him.

6. I was in doubt whether I ---- succeed or fail.

7. I do not know whether you ---- find her at home or at her uncle’s.

8. He is in doubt whether or not he ---- get the appointment.

9. We think we ---- like to sail on the twentieth.

10. He thinks he ---- like to be a farmer.

EXERCISE 57

(§§ 448–453, pp. 183–186)

1. Mention the substantives that make up the compound subjects and the verbs that make up the compound predicates in § 450; in Exercise 4.

2. See if you can make any of the sentences compound by inserting personal pronouns as subjects.

3. Divide each compound sentence in § 452 and in Exercise 6 into the independent coördinate clauses that compose it.

4. Make each sentence in § 450 complex by inserting or adding a subordinate clause. Is your clause adjective or adverbial? What does it modify?

5. Divide each complex sentence in Exercises 17, 25, 39 (2), 48–51, into the independent (main) clause and the subordinate clause.

EXERCISE 58

(§§ 458–461, pp. 188–190)

1. Analyze (according to the directions in §§ 458–461) the simple sentences in Exercise 1. In analyzing, describe each sentence as declarative, interrogative, etc. If the sentence is imperative, supply the subject.

2. Analyze the compound and the complex sentences in Exercises 6, 17, 25, 39 (2), 48–51.

3. Analyze the compound complex sentences in §§ 456–457, 515.

EXERCISE 59

(§§ 462–473, pp. 191–196)

1. Point out the adjectives used as modifiers of the subject. Substitute for each an adjective phrase; an adjective clause (§§ 467–468).

1. Standing in the door was a tearful child. 2. A tall Scot shut off
my view. 3. An iron mask concealed the prisoner’s face. 4. Honorable
men pay their debts. 5. A tumble-down shed stood in the hollow. 6. A
three-cornered hat was cocked over one of his ears. 7. The American
Indians are becoming extinct. 8. An experienced stenographer should
spell correctly. 9. A deep fosse or ditch was drawn round the whole
building. 10. The royal army was assembled at Salisbury. 11. The
mid-day meal was excellent. 12. The morning mist lies heavy upon
yonder chain of islands.

2. Construct sentences, using the following adjective phrases as modifiers of the subject:--

of great height; in a red hat; with black hair; from Cairo; to
Indianapolis; from India; with high gables; of brilliant plumage; on
the rear platform; in a state of intense agitation; between the two
ships; over the mountain; on the summit of the tower.

3. Substitute (if possible) an adjective clause for each adjective phrase in the sentences you have just written.

4. Point out all participles used as modifiers of the simple subject in Exercise 42. Write ten sentences containing such modifiers (§ 469).

5. Construct ten sentences similar to those in § 470 (with infinitives modifying the simple subject).

6. Write ten sentences containing nouns or pronouns in the possessive case used as modifiers of the subject (§ 471).

7. Write ten sentences containing nouns in apposition with the subject (§§ 88, 5; 472); five in which a noun clause is thus used (§§ 386, 473).

EXERCISE 60

(§§ 474–481, pp. 196–199)

1. Point out all the adverbs used to modify the simple predicate. Substitute for each an adverbial phrase or clause.

1. The witness chose his words deliberately. 2. The old man moved
slowly down the street. 3. I carefully avoided making that promise.
4. Do not speak so loud. 5. I am eagerly looking forward to your
visit. 6. That golf ball must have hit him hard. 7. Allan has played
in public twice. 8. I shall call you early. 9. We often see your
eccentric friend. 10. The priest shook his head doubtfully. 11. Your
father barely escaped drowning. 12. The next morning Chester awoke
late. 13. The accident happened here. 14. The captain had gone below.
15. Marion refuses to go by coach unless she can sit outside. 16.
Frank left home three years ago, and has not been heard from since.
17. Look yonder and tell us where the path lies.

18. We were then presented to Governor Gore. 19. I have not
been there since April. 20. Bruce was afterward ashamed of his
discouragement. 21. The sun will soon set. 22. You are expected to
arrive in good season hereafter. 23. Alice cannot spell correctly.
24. The Indian suddenly disappeared. 25. The girl laughed carelessly.
26. The moose fell heavily to the earth. 27. He passionately longs
to see Italy. 28. All foreigners seem to speak rapidly. 29. Edith
listened attentively.

2. Write ten sentences in which the simple predicate is modified by an infinitive (§§ 323, 477); by an adverbial objective or by a phrase containing one (§§ 109, 478); by a nominative absolute (§§ 345, 479); by an indirect object (§§ 105, 480); by a cognate object (§§ 108, 481).

3. Point out the complementary infinitives and the infinitives of purpose in Exercise 40, and tell what verb each modifies.

EXERCISE 61

(§§ 482–493, pp. 200–204)

1. Point out the complements and describe each (as direct object, predicate nominative, etc.). Analyze the sentences.

1. The most amazing wonder of the deep is its unfathomable
cruelty.--CONRAD. 2. Music is Love in search of a word.--LANIER. 3.
The destination of the fleet was still a matter of conjecture. 4. The
reports from the front made Washington anxious. 5. Plato says that
the punishment which the wise suffer who refuse to take part in the
government, is, to live under the government of worse men.--EMERSON.
6. I thought your book an imposture; I think it an imposture
still.--JOHNSON. 7. Moses chose able men out of all Israel and made
them heads over the people. 8. The old gray porter raised his torch.
9. This you will call impudence. 10. Firm and irrevocable is my doom.
11. In return for mere board and lodging, Topham became Mr. Starkey’s
assistant. 12. It was they who attacked us.

13. Serene will be our days and bright. 14. Warwick thought the
situation awkward, but he held his peace. 15. If there were not too
great a risk of the dispersion of their fleet, I should think their
putting to sea a mere manœuver to deceive.--IRVING. 16. I thought
“Aladdin” capital fun.--STEVENSON. 17. The faces of the father
and mother had a sober gladness; the children laughed; the eldest
daughter was the image of Happiness at seventeen; and the aged
grandmother, who sat knitting in the warmest place, was the image
of Happiness grown old. 18. His stories were what frightened people
worst of all. 19. The old man was nervous, fidgety, and very pale.
20. I am growing old, the grey hairs thicken upon me, my joints are
less supple, and, in mind as well as body, I am less enterprising
than in former years.--SOUTHEY. 21. I was uneasy about my letter.
22. Confidence is almost everything in war. 23. He thinks me a
troublesome fellow.

24. At the end of this strange season, Burns gloomily sums up
his gains and losses. 25. Little fire grows great with little
wind.--SHAKSPERE. 26. As he rose to walk, he found himself stiff
in the joints. 27. Noise had been my native element. 28. I caught
tantalizing glimpses of green fields, shut from me by dull lines of
high-spiked palings. 29. One house in a back street was bright with
the cheerful glare of lights.

2. Write ten simple sentences, each containing the direct object of a verb; a predicate objective; a predicate nominative; a predicate adjective. Analyze your sentences.

EXERCISE 62

(§§ 494–497, pp. 205–206)

1. Point out any modifiers of complements in the sentences called for in Exercise 61, 2. Introduce other modifiers of complements if you can without injuring the sentences.

2. Write sentences similar to those in § 492, taking care to include in each a complement modified.

3. Write ten sentences, each containing a substantive complement modified by an adjective clause (§ 496); an adjective complement modified by an adverbial clause (§ 497). Analyze your sentences.

4. Point out all modifiers of complements in Exercises 12 and 22.

5. Analyze the sentences in § 495.

EXERCISE 63

(§§ 498–500, pp. 207–208)

1. Write ten sentences illustrating adjectives (or adjective phrases) modified either by adverbs or by groups of words used adverbially.

2. Write ten sentences, each containing a possessive noun modified; an appositive modified; an adverbial phrase modified.

3. Write ten sentences illustrating the use of adjective or adverbial clauses as modifiers of modifiers.

4. Analyze the sentences in § 498.

EXERCISE 64

(§§ 501–503, p. 209)

Point out the independent elements. Tell whether each is an interjection, a vocative (nominative by direct address), an exclamatory nominative, or a parenthetical expression. Analyze the sentences.

1. The king, Melfort said, was determined to be severe. 2. O Mary,
go and call the cattle home. 3. Pardon me, my dear fellow. 4.
Between ourselves, I shall not be sorry to have a quiet evening.
5. Knowledge, indeed, and science express purely intellectual
ideas.--NEWMAN. 6. Oh! oh! pictures don’t pay. 7. To make a long
story short, the company broke up. 8. True, our friend is already
in his teens. 9. To use a ready-made similitude, we might liken
universal history to a magic web.--CARLYLE. 10. Poor fellows! they
only did as they were ordered, I suppose. 11. The world, as we said,
has been unjust to him. 12. Therefore, good Brutus, be prepared to
hear.

13. Peace! count the clock. 14. Excuse, no doubt, is in readiness for
such omission. 15. The lord--for so I understood he was--looked at
me with an air of surprise. 16. Lo, Cæsar is afraid. 17. Delay not,
Cæsar; read it instantly. 18. My counsel, I need not say, made full
use of this hint. 19. My small services, you remember, were of no
use. 20. I knew--one knows everything in dreams--that they had been
slain. 21. I knew it, I say, to be a fallacy. 22. Liberty! freedom!
tyranny is dead! 23. Stay, ho! and let us hear Mark Antony.

EXERCISE 65

(§§ 504–523, pp. 210–219)

1. Analyze the simple sentences in § 509; the compound sentences in § 511; the complex sentences in § 512; the compound complex sentences in §§ 514–515.

2. Study the examples in §§ 517–523, and explain their structure orally. Tell whether the various subordinate clauses are simple, compound, or complex, and why. Give the construction of each. Analyze the sentences.

3. Construct five complex sentences on the principle of § 517; of § 520; of § 521; of § 522.

EXERCISE 66

(§§ 524–526, pp. 220–223)

1. Study the sentences in §§ 525–526 until you can explain their structure.

2. Find, in some good English or American author, ten sentences of considerable length and explain their structure.

EXERCISE 67

(§§ 527–533, pp. 224–226)

1. Analyze the sentences in § 528. Explain the ellipsis in each sentence.

2. Supply the word or words omitted in each of the elliptical sentences in § 533 (p. 226). Explain the ellipsis in each sentence.

3. Analyze the sentences in § 533.

4. Write five sentences illustrating each of the following kinds of ellipsis:--(1) the subject of an imperative; (2) a relative pronoun; (3) the conjunction _that_; (4) the copula and its subject with _while_, _when_, _though_, _if_; (5) ellipsis in a clause with _as_ or _than_.

EXERCISE 68

(§§ 448–526, pp. 183–223)

The following compound, complex, and compound complex sentences will give further practice in analysis and in study of the relations of clauses.

1. Deerslayer hesitated a single instant ere he plunged into the
bushes. 2. The mind of man is like a clock that is always running
down and requires to be as constantly wound up.--HAZLITT. 3. He
became sensible that his life was still in imminent peril. 4. A young
author is apt to run into a confusion of mixed metaphors, which leave
the sense disjointed, and distract the imagination.--GOLDSMITH. 5.
Everybody kept his head as best he might and scrambled for whatever
he could get. 6. The dialogue had been held in so very low a whisper
that not a word of it had reached the young lady’s ears. 7. The
captain screwed his lips up, and drummed on the table, but he did not
speak. 8. Poor Andrew Fern had heard that his townsman’s sloop had
been captured by a privateer. 9. Through the grounds we went, and
very pretty I thought them. 10. He sometimes made doleful complaint
that there were no stagecoaches, nowadays.

11. Lights gleamed in the distance, and people were already astir.
12. That few men celebrated for theoretic wisdom live with conformity
to their precepts, must be readily confessed.--JOHNSON. 13. Down went
Pew with a cry that rang high into the night. 14. Pluck the dog off,
lest he throttle him. 15. I knew that the worst of men have their
good points. 16. A rumor spread that the enemy was approaching in
great force. 17. Mr. Henry went and walked at the low end of the hall
without reply; for he had an excellent gift of silence. 18. It is a
bright brisk morning, and the loaded wagons are rolling cheerfully
past my window. 19. The musician was an old gray-headed negro, who
had been the itinerant orchestra of the neighborhood for more than
half a century. 20. After he had waited three hours, the general’s
patience was exhausted, and, as he learned that the Mexicans were
busy in preparations for defence, he made immediate dispositions for
the assault.--PRESCOTT.

21. As I rode along near the coast, I kept a very sharp lookout in
the lanes and woods. 22. Every man desires to live long, but no
man would be old.--SWIFT. 23. If my face had been pale the moment
before, it now glowed almost to burning. 24. The sentinels who paced
the ramparts announced that the vanguard of the hostile army was in
sight. 25. Her heart was happy and her courage rose. 26. There is a
report that Clifford is to be secretary. 27. The season of winter,
when, from the shortness of the daylight, labor becomes impossible,
is in Zetland the time of revel, feasting, and merriment. 28.
Every log which is carried past us by the current has come from an
undiscovered country. 29. The fair heavens shone over the windy blue
seas, and the green island of Ulva lay basking in the sunlight. 30.
The greatest event was, that the Miss Jenkynses had purchased a new
carpet for the drawing room. 31. My grandfather made a bow to the
motley assemblage as he entered. 32. Talk to a man about himself, and
he is generally captivated.

33. Pen was as elated as if somebody had left him a fortune. 34. When
the morning dawned, the king gazed with admiration at the city, which
he hoped soon to add to his dominions.--IRVING. 35. No one doubts
that the sloth and the ant-eater, the kangaroo and the opossum, the
tiger and the badger, the tapir and the rhinoceros, are respectively
members of the same orders.--HUXLEY. 36. The traveller, a man of
middle age, wrapped in a gray frieze cloak, quickened his pace when
he had reached the outskirts of the town, for a gloomy extent of
nearly four miles lay between him and his home. 37. It was a scene on
which I had often looked down, but where I had never before beheld a
human figure. 38. He found that he had undertaken a task which was
beyond his power. 39. In the Dutch garden is a fine bronze bust of
Napoleon, which Lord Holland put up in 1817, while Napoleon was a
prisoner at Saint Helena.

40. The girl’s was not one of those natures which are most attracted
by what is strange and exceptional in human character. 41. Mrs.
Pendennis was sure that he would lead her dear boy into mischief,
if Pen went to the same college with him. 42. I had been some time
at sea before I became aware of the fact that hearing plays a
perceptible part in gauging the force of the wind. 43. The Macedonian
conqueror, when he was once invited to hear a man that sang like a
nightingale, replied with contempt, that he had heard the nightingale
herself; and the same treatment must every man expect, whose praise
is that he imitates another.--JOHNSON. 44. Tie a couple of strings
across a board and set it in your window, and you have an instrument
which no artist’s harp can rival.--EMERSON. 45. I was on the point
of asking what part of the country he had chosen for his retreat.
46. That no man can lawfully promise what he cannot lawfully do is a
self-evident proposition.--MACKINTOSH.

47. How far the governor contributed towards the expenses of the
outfit is not very clear. 48. The next epoch in the history of Russia
was that of Peter the Great, whose genius overcame the obstacles
consequent on the remoteness of its situation, and opened to its
people the career of European industry, arts, and arms.--ALISON.
49. As the chase lengthens, the sportsmen drop off, till at last
the foremost huntsman is left alone, and his horse, overcome with
fatigue, stumbles and dies in a rocky valley.--JEFFREY. 50. The
Lowland knight, though startled, repeats his defiance; and Sir
Roderick, respecting his valor, by a signal dismisses his men
to their concealment, and assures him anew of his safety. 51. I
stood awe-struck--I cannot tell how long--watching how the live
flame-snakes crept and hissed, and leapt and roared, and rushed in
long horizontal jets from stack to stack before the howling wind, and
fastened their fiery talons on the barn-eaves, and swept over the
peaked roofs, and hurled themselves in fiery flakes into the yard
beyond.--KINGSLEY. 52. When I was at Grand Cairo, I picked up several
Oriental manuscripts, which I have still by me.--ADDISON. 53. Often
have I wondered at the temerity of my father, who, in spite of an
habitual general respect which we all in common manifested towards
him, would venture now and then to stand up against him in some
argument touching their youthful days.--LAMB. 54. By all means begin
your folio; even if the doctor does not give you a year, even if he
hesitates about a month, make one brave push and see what can be
accomplished in a week.--STEVENSON.