Chapter X: Part 10

=602. Morellet Seed-eater= (_Sporophila morelleti_). L. 4.6. _Ad._ [Male]. Entire upperparts, cheeks, tail, wings and breast-band black; bases of wing-feathers, tips to coverts and underparts, except breast-band, whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown, below uniform buffy. _Yng._ [Male]. Variously intermediate between Ad. [Male] and Ad. [Female]. At least two years evidently required to reach mature plumage.

Range.--Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.

=636. Black and White Warbler= (_Mniotilta varia_). L. 5.3. _Ad._ [Male]. Above streaked black and white; throat black or white; belly white; sides streaked black and white. _Ad._ [Female]. Less black; whiter below; throat always white. _Notes._ Song, a thin, wiry, _see-see-see-see_.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana, and northern Texas, north to Hudson Bay region; winters from Gulf States south to northern South America; accidental in California.

=661. Black-poll Warbler= (_Dendroica striata_). L. 5.6. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown black, cheeks white; back streaked, gray and black; below white streaked with black; wing-bars and tail-spots white. _Ad._ [Female]. No black cap; above olive-green streaked with black. _Yng. and Ad. in winter._ Above olive-green lightly streaked with black; below _yellowish_ white; breast obscurely streaked. _Notes._ Song, a slender, wiry _tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree_, rapidly uttered. (Langille.)

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in West Indies and northern South America.

=665. Black-throated Gray Warbler= (_Dendroica nigrescens_). L. 5. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown, cheeks and throat black, a white stripe at sides of throat, a yellow line before eye; back gray streaked with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but crown not always wholly black. _Yng._ Above washed with brownish, black areas tipped with white. _Notes._ Song, _zee-ee-zee-ee_, _ze_, _ze_, _ze_, with the quality of the song of _Dendroica virens_ or _D. cA|rulescens_.

Range.--Western United States; breeds in mountains from Arizona and northern Lower California, north to Colorado and Vancouver Island; winters in Mexico.

=611. Purple Martin= (_Progne subis_). L. 7.8. _Ad._ [Male]. Shining blue-black, all feathers with dusky bases. _Ad._ [Female]. Above dull blue-black; breast grayish edged with white; belly whitish. _Yng._ [Male]. Variously intermediate between [Female] and Ad. [Male].

Range.--North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to Newfoundland and the Saskatchewan; winters in tropics.

=611a. Western Martin= (_P. s. hesperia_). [Male] similar to [Male] of No. 611; [Female] belly whiter; forehead grayish.

Range.--Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washington (and British Columbia?); winters in tropics.

=611.1. Cuban Martin= (_Progne cryptoleuca_). W. 5.50. _Ad._ [Male]. With feathers of ventral region basally marked with white. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng_. [Male]. With breast and flanks sooty grayish brown, belly _pure white_.

Range.--Cuba, north in spring to southern Florida.

=612. Cliff Swallow= (_Petrochelidon lunifrons_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Throat chestnut, forehead and rump cinnamon-buff; nape gray; crown and back glossy blue-black, the back streaked with white. _Yng._ Throat dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back blackish brown; rump cinnamon-buff, forehead usually with same.

Range.--"North America, north to the limit of trees, breeding south to the valleys of the Potomac and Ohio, southern Texas, southern Arizona, and California; Central and South America in winter; not recorded from Florida or West Indies." (A.O.U.)

=612.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow= (_Petrochelidon melanogastra_). Similar to No. 612, but smaller, W. 4.1, forehead deeper, usually chestnut, like throat, rump darker, more rusty.

Range.--Mexico, north to southern Arizona.

=613. Barn Swallow= (_Hirundo erythrogastra_). L. [Male], 7.5; [Female], 6.5. Tail deeply forked. _Ad._ [Male]. Above glossy blue-black, forehead chestnut; throat and upper breast chestnut, belly paler. _Ad._ [Female]. Forehead, and underparts paler; tail less deeply forked. _Notes._ Song, a sweet, twittering, warbling song. (The notes of all our Swallows, while simple, are diagnostic but difficult of description.)

Range.--North America, north to Greenland and Alaska; breeds through most of range; winters south to southern Brazil.

=614. Tree Swallow= (_Iridoprocne bicolor_). L. 6. _Ads._ Above steel-blue or steel-green; below white. _Yng._ Sooty gray above; white below.

Range.--North America; breeds locally from Lat. 41A deg. on Atlantic coast and Lat. 38A deg. on Pacific coast north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics.

=615. Northern Violet-Green Swallow= (_Tachycineta thalassina lepida_). L. 5.2; W. 4.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bronze-green; upper tail-coverts greener; an indistinct nape-ring; mark above eye, cheeks and underparts white; flank-patches white, often showing from above. _Ad._ [Female]. Much duller, the head browner, _Yng._ Above brownish sooty with a greenish tinge; a whitish mark above and behind eye; below white.

Range.--Western United States, from eastern base of Rockies to Pacific; breeds from Mexico north to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America.

=615a. St. Lucas Swallow= (_T. t. brachyptera_). Similar to No. 615, but wing shorter, [Male], 4.1, [Female], 4. (Brewster.)

Range.--Lower California.

=458. Black PhA"be= (_Sayornis nigricans_). L. 7.2. _Ads._ Breast and head black, back grayer; outer web of outer tail-feather white; belly black, under tail-coverts white _streaked with dusky_. _Notes._ A liquid _hip_, a rising _kee-ree_, and a falling _kee-wray_. (Bailey.)

Range.--Mexico, except Yucatan and Pacific coast from Colima northward, north into Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona.

=458a. Western Black PhA"be= (_S. n. semiatra_). Similar to No. 458, but under tail-coverts white without dusky streaks.

Range--Pacific coast of Mexico and United States, from Colima to Oregon, including most of Arizona. (Nelson.)

=494. Bobolink; Reed bird= (_Dolichonyx oryzivorus_). _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Black; nape buffy, lower back, scapulars and upper tail-coverts white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above yellowish brown streaked with buff, and black. below yellowish white, sides streaked with black. _Winter plumage, Ads and Yng._ Like [Female] but yellower. _Notes._ Song, an irrepressible bubbling outburst of "mad music" often given on the wing; calls, a blackbird-like _chuck_ and a metallic, far carrying, _chink_.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to Utah; breeds from northern New Jersey, Illinois and Kansas, north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and Montana; migrates south through Florida and West Indies, and winters south of Amazon.

=534. Snowflake= (_Passerina nivalis_). L. 6.9. Hind toe-nail twice as long as shortest toe-nail. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Head, rump, secondaries, outer tail-feathers and below white; rest of plumage largely black. _Ad._ [Female], _summer_. Similar, but crown blackish, back edged with rusty or grayish. _Winter._ Above rusty and black, below white, breast tinged with rusty. _Notes._ Calls, a clearly piped whistle, and a peculiar _chirr_, often uttered when taking wing; song, short, simple, but rather sweet. (Minot.)

Range.--Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in winter south to northern states; irregularly to Georgia, southern Indiana, Kansas, Colorado, and eastern Oregon.

=534a. Pribilof Snowflake= (_P. n. townsendi_). Similar to No. 534, but larger, with relatively longer bill; [Male], W. 4.7; B. .5. (Ridgw.).

Range.--Aleutian and Commander Islands, Pribilof Islands, Shumagin Islands. (Ridgw.).

=535. McKay Snowflake= (_Passerina hyperborea_). L. 7.5; W. 4.6; B .4. Similar to No. 534, but with more white. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Back and scapulars entirely white. _Ad._ [Female], _summer_. Crown and hindneck white. _Yng._ Not certainly distinguishable from Yng. of No. 534. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Breeds on Hall and St. Mathews Islands, Bering Sea; in winter west coast of Alaska.

=605. Lark Bunting= (_Calamospiza melanocorys_). L. 7.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Black, patch in wing white, outer tail-feathers tipped, tertials margined with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown streaked with blackish; below white conspicuously streaked with black; all but central tail-feathers with white tips; broad wing-bars buff. _Yng._ [Male]. Variously intermediate between Ad. [Male] and [Female]. (See page 251).

Range.--Western United States, chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from western Kansas and eastern Colorado, north to western Minnesota and Assiniboia; winters in Mexico; irregular west in migrations to Idaho and southern California.

=484. Canada Jay; Whiskey Jack= (_Perisoreus canadensis_). L. 11.5. _Ads._ Black of hindhead reaching to back of eye; back, wings, and tail gray, belly lighter, throat white; forehead buffy white. _Notes._ _ca-ca-ca_ and a number of peculiar sounds impossible to reproduce on paper. (Bendire.)

Range.--Eastern North America; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan; northern Minnesota, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay region, west to the Rockies in Alberta.

=484a. Rocky Mountain Jay= (_P. c. capitalis_). Similar to No. 484, but head white, black of hindhead grayer and _not_ reaching to eye.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico and Arizona north to Montana and Idaho.

=484b. Alaskan Jay= (_P. c. fumifrons_). Very near to No. 484, but forehead averaging more yellowish.

Range.--Alaska; interior and west to Cook Inlet, north of southern coast region.

=484c. Labrador Jay= (_P. c. nigricapillus_). Similar to No. 484, but black of hindhead deeper and reaching forward as a well defined ring around the eye; below browner.

Range.--Labrador.

=485. Oregon Jay= (_Perisoreus obscurus_). Similar to No. 484, but back feathers with _light shaft streaks_, forehead less white, underparts nearly uniform white.

Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to southern British Columbia.

=485a. Gray Jay= (_P. o. griseus_). Similar to No. 485, but larger and grayer; back, etc., deep mouse gray, instead of brown; below grayish white instead of brownish white. (Ridgw.)

Range.--British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California, east of Coast and Cascade Ranges. (Ridgw.)

=491. Clarke Nutcracker= (_Nucifraga columbiana_). L. 12. _Ads._ Gray; wings and middle tail-feathers black, tips of secondaries and outer tail-feathers white. _Notes._ A loud, harsh, _car-r-car-r_.

Range.--Mountains of western North America, from northern Lower California, Arizona and New Mexico, north to northern Alaska: casually east to Mississippi Valley.

=475. American Magpie= (_Pica pica hudsonia_). L. 20. _Ads._ Bill _black_; scapulars, belly and most of inner margins of primaries white; wings glossy blue black, tail externally greenish; back and breast velvety black. _Notes._ _Cack_, _cack_, also garrulous gabble intermixed with whistling notes. (Bendire.)

Range.--Western North America, east to the Plains, west to Cascade and Sierra Ranges; breeds from northern New Mexico and northern Arizona north to Alaska strays farther east in winter.

=476. Yellow-billed Magpie= (_Pica nuttalli_). Similar to No. 475, but bill and eye-space _yellow_; smaller, L. 18. _Notes._ A harsh, rasping, _cac-cac-cac_; and a low, rich whistle, audible only at a short distance.

Range.--California, west of Sierra Nevada, "north to Red Bluff and south to Santa Paula." (Grinnell.)

=493. Starling= (_Sturnus vulgaris_). L. 8.5; T. 2.5. _Ad. summer_, Metallic green and purple spotted above with buffy; bill _yellow_. _Ad. winter._ Similar, but above heavily spotted with brownish buff; below heavily spotted with white; bill blackish. _Notes._ A long-drawn, two-noted whistle, the second lower; and a chattering, metallic call when in flocks.

Range.--Europe and northern Asia; accidental in Greenland; introduced into New York City in 1890; now common, extending east to New Haven, Connecticut, north to Ossining, New York, south to Staten Island and Plainfield, New Jersey.

=495. Cowbird= (_Molothrus ater_). L. 7.9; W. 4.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Head and neck coffee-brown, body greenish black. _Ad._ [Female]. Brownish gray, throat lighter. _Yng._ Like [Female]. _Notes._ A metallic twitter, and by the male, a long-drawn, glassy _kluck-tse-e-e_; and watery gurgling notes uttered with spread wings and tail.

Range.--United States: rare west of Rockies; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Little Slave Lake; west to eastern Oregon, Nevada, and southeastern California; winters from southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, Indian Territory, northern Texas, and southeastern California, southward.

=495a. Dwarf Cowbird= (_M. a. obscurus_). Similar to No. 495, but smaller, L. 7.5; W. 4.

Range.--Southwestern United States; from Gulf Coast of Texas west along Mexican boundary to Arizona and Lower California; winters south of United States.

=496. Red-eyed Cowbird= (_Callothrus robustus_). L. 9. _Ad._ [Male]. Velvety bronze-black; wings and tail shining blue-black. _Ad._ [Female]. Dull black, wings and tail with slight greenish reflections.

Range.--Southern and eastern Mexico north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande, Texas.

=620. Phainopepla= (_Phainopepla nitens_). L. 7.5. Crested. _Ad._ [Male]. Shining black; inner vanes of primaries largely white, showing in flight. _Ad._ [Female]. Dark gray, tail blacker, wing-coverts and quills narrowly margined with whitish. _Yng._ Like [Female]. _Notes._ Calls, commonest, like call of young Robin; male has also a scold, a Meadowlark-like note and a harsh _ca-rack_ or _ca-racack_; song, a jumble of flute-like tones and weak, squeaky notes. (Bailey.)

Range.--Mexico north to western Texas, southern Utah and southern California; winters from Mexican border southward.

=509. Rusty Blackbird= (_Scolecophagus carolinus_). L. 9.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Nearly uniform greenish black, sometimes with rusty edgings. _Ad._ [Female]. Slaty gray, generally with some rusty edgings. Winter plumage of both sexes similar to summer but widely tipped with rusty above and yellowish rusty below. _Notes._ More musical than those of other Blackbirds; calls, _tcback_ or _turalee_ repeated several times. (Bendire.)

Range.--Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and Manitoba, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Virginia, southern Illinois, and Kansas, southward.

=510. Brewer Blackbird= (_Scolecophagus cyanocephalus_). L. 10. _Ad._ [Male]. Whole head violet-purple, rest of plumage bright greenish black. _Ad._ [Female]. Grayish brown, throat paler, wings and tail greenish black, no rusty. Winter plumage with light grayish brown edgings to the feathers of the anterior part of the body. _Notes._ _Chack_ and a loud, shrill whistle. (Bailey.)

Range.--Western North America from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Texas and northern Lower California north to the Saskatchewan and British Columbia; winters in the southern parts of its range; casually east to Mississippi River states.

=511. Purple Grackle= (_Quiscalus quiscula_). L. [Male], 12. _Ad._ [Male]. Head, purple, steel-green or steel-blue; back purple, brassy green or greenish; the feathers _always_ with _iridescent_ bars. _Notes._ _Tchak_ and a short unmusical call uttered with spread wings and tail.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds in lower Mississippi Valley and east of Alleghanies, from Georgia to Massachusetts; winters from Virginia southward through its breeding range.

=511a. Florida Grackle= (_Q. q. aglA|us_). Similar to 511, but slightly smaller, head always violet purple; back always bottle-green, with iridescent bars.

Range.--Florida, north on the Atlantic coast to Virginia, west on the Gulf Coast to Texas.

=511b. Bronzed Grackle = (_Q. q. A|neus_). Head as in No. 511, back and belly bronze, the feathers _wholly without_ iridescent bars.

Range.--Eastern United States west to the Rockies; breeds from southern Texas to Great Slave Lake, east to Alleghanies, and, in New York, east and northeast to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Labrador; winters chiefly in lower Mississippi valley; migrates in part east of the Alleghanies.

=513. Boat-tailed Grackle= (_Megaquiscalus major_). L. [Male], 16; W. 7.5; T. 7. _Ad._ [Male]. Head and neck glossy purple; back and belly glossy greenish blue. _Ad._ [Female]. Much smaller, T. 5.2; above blackish brown; below soiled rusty buff. _Notes._ _Tchack_, a variety of hoarse, rather forced whistles and a gurgling roll as of a Coot pattering over the water.

Range.--Florida, north along the coast to Virginia; west along coast to Texas.

=513a. Great-tailed Grackle= (_M. m. macrourus_). Similar to No. 513, but larger, [Male], L. 18; T. 9. Foreback and breast, as well as head and neck, purple, only rump and lower belly greenish blue; [Female] blacker both above and below than [Male] of 513. _Notes._ _Tchack_, and a greater variety of squeaky calls and hoarse whistles than are uttered by No. 513.

Range.--Eastern Texas and south into Mexico.

=486. American Raven= (_Corvus corax sinuatus_). L. 24; W. 16; B. 2.7. _Ads._ Resembling No. 488, in color but glossier below and with the feathers of throat narrow and lengthened; nape feathers gray at base. _Notes._ A hoarse, croaking, _craack-craack_, sometimes a deep, grunting _koeer-koeer_; a clucking, and a metallic _klunk_. (Bendire.)

Range.--Western North America, from Guatemala north to British Columbia; east to the Rockies, west to Pacific.

=486a. Northern Raven= (_C. c. principalis_). Similar to No. 486, but larger, L. 25; W. 17; B. 3.

Range.--Eastern North America, from mountains of northern Georgia and coast of Maine, north to Greenland; west to the Rocky Mountains.

=487. White-necked Raven= (_Corvus cryptoleucus_). L. 18.5. _Ads._ Blue-black; feathers of throat narrow and lengthened and with feathers of neck all around, _white at the base_. _Notes._ _Kwank-kwank_, less loud and penetrating than those of No. 486. (Bendire.)

Range.--Northern Mexico, north to western Kansas, eastern Colorado (rarely), and southern California; east to western Texas.

=488. American Crow= (_Corvus americanus_). L. 19.3; W. 12.1; B. 2.00. Black with steel-blue or deep, purplish reflections; below duller, neck feathers not lengthened. _Notes._ _Caw_, _caw_, with many variations; song, _car-r-r-uck_, _oo-oo-oo-oo-ah_.

Range.--North America, north to Arctic Circle; winters from northern United States southward; local in west.

=488a. Florida Crow= (_C. a. pascuus_). Similar to No. 488, but wings and tail somewhat shorter, bill and feet slightly larger, W. 12; T. 7.3; B. 2.1.

Range.--Florida.

=489. Northwest Crow= (_Corvus caurinus_). Similar to No. 488 in color but smaller; L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.7.

Range.--Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kadiak Island, Alaska.

=490. Fish Crow= (_Corvus ossifragus_). L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.5. _Ads._ Resemble No. 488, in color, but back feathers are uniform blue-black _without_ dull margins; underparts are nearly as bright as upperparts. _Notes._ A hoarse, nasal, reedy _car_ resembling the call of the young of No. 488.

Range.--Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (casually Massachusetts), west along Gulf coast to Louisiana; resident, except at northern limit of range.

SYSTEMATIC TABLE

Of the Birds of America north of Mexico, arranged according to the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds', Third Edition 1910, and Supplement[B], July, 1912.

(_The presence of brackets, [ ], indicates that the species is an accidental visitant_).

[B] The Auk, xxix, 1912, pp. 380-387.

[C] Note that trinomials are now employed for all the
races of a species including the first one described. Hence in
place of No. 13, Puffin, _Fratercula arctica_, we now have
No. 13, Puffin, _Fratercula arctica arctica_. (See pages 6 and
7 for an explanation of this method.)

[E] Note also that in accordance with a ruling of the
A.O.U., the apostrophe is used with the names of birds named
after individuals. Thus in place of No. 16, Cassin Auklet, we
have No. 16, Cassin's Auklet. These changes affect all similar
cases throughout the Color Key. After identifying a species,
therefore, the student should turn to its number in the
Systematic Table to learn whether any change has been made in
its name. All alterations other than those of mere nomenclature
are given beyond in Appendix I.

Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds

Family COLYMBIDA†. Grebes.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

1 Western Grebe A†chmophorus occidentalis 44
2 HolbA"ll's Grebe Colymbus holbA"lli 43
3 Horned Grebe " auritus 43
4 Eared Grebe " nigricollis californicus 43
5 Mexican Grebe " dominicus brachypterus 43
6 Pied-bill Grebe Podilymbus podiceps 43

Family GAVIIDA†. Loons.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

7 Loon Gavia immer 44
8 Yellow-billed Loon " adamsi 44
9 Black-throated Loon " arctica 44
10 Pacific Loon " pacifica 44
11 Red-throated Loon " stellata 44

Family ALCIDA†. Auks, Murres, and Puffins.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

12 Tufted Puffin Lunda cirrhata 45
13 Puffin Fratercula arctica arctica[C] 45
13_a_ Large-billed Puffin " " naumanni 45
14 Horned Puffin " corniculata 45
15 Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata 45
16 Cassin's Auklet[E] Ptychoramphus aleuticus 46
17 Paroquet Auklet Phaleris psittacula 47
18 Crested Auklet A†thia cristatella 47
19 Whiskered Auklet " pygmA|a 47
20 Least Auklet " pusilla 47
21 Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus 47
23 Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus 46
24 Kittlitz's Murrelet " brevirostris 46
25 Xantus's Murrelet " hypoleucus 46
26 Craveri's Murrelet " craverii 46
27 Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle 48
28 Mandt's Guillemot " mandti 48
29 Pigeon Guillemot " columba 48
30 Murre Uria troile troile 48
30_a_ California Murre " " californica 48
31 Brunnich's Murre " lomvia lomvia 48
31_a_ Pallas's Murre " " arra 48
32 Razor-billed Auk Alca torda 48
33 Great Auk Plautus impennis 48
34 Dovekie Alle alle 46

Order LONGIPENNES. Long Winged Swimmers

Family STERCORARIIDA†. Skuas and Jaegers

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

35 Skua Megalestris skua 51
36 Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus 51
37 Parasitic Jaeger " parasiticus 51
38 Long-tailed Jaeger " longicaudus 51

Family LARIDA†. Gulls and Terns

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

39 Ivory Gull Pagophila alba 52
40 Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla tridactyla 52
40_a_ Pacific Kittiwake " " pollicaris 52
41 Red-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris 52
42 Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus 53
43 Iceland Gull " leucopterus 53
44 Glaucous-winged Gull " glaucescens 53
45 Kumlien's Gull " kumlieni 53
46 Nelson's Gull " nelsoni 53
47 Great Black-backed Gull " marinus 54
48 Slaty-backed Gull " schistisagus 54
49 Western Gull " occidentalis 54
[50] Siberian Gull " affinis A.V.
51 Herring Gull " argentatus 55
[52] Vega Gull " vegA| A.V.
53 California Gull " californicus 55
54 Ring-billed Gull " delawarensis 52
55 Short-billed Gull " brachyrhynchus 52
[56] Mew Gull " canus A.V.
57 Heermann's Gull " heermanni 54
58 Laughing Gull " atricilla 56
59 Franklin's Gull " franklini 56
60 Bonaparte's Gull " philadelphia 56
[60.1] Little Gull " minutus A.V.
61 Ross's Gull Rhodostethia rosea 56
62 Sabine's Gull Xema sabini 56
63 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica 58
64 Caspian Tern Sterna caspia 57
65 Royal Tern " maxima 57
66 Elegant Tern " elegans 57
67 Cabot's Tern " sandvicensis acuflavida 57
[68] Trudeau's Tern " trudeaui A.V.
69 Forster's Tern " forsteri 59
70 Common Tern " hirundo 59
71 Arctic Tern " paradisA|a 59
72 Roseate Tern " dougalli 59
73 Aleutian Tern " aleutica 58
74 Least Tern " antillarum 58
75 Sooty Tern " fuscata 60
[76] Bridled Tern " anA|theta 58
77 Black Tern Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis 60
[78] White-winged Black Tern " leucoptera A.V.
79 Noddy Anous stolidus 60

Family RYNCHOPIDA†. Skimmers.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

80 Black Skimmer Rynchops nigra 60

Order TUBINARES. Tube-nosed Swimmers

Family DIOMEDEIDA†. Albatrosses.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

81 Black-footed Albatross Diomedea nigripes 62
82 Short-tailed Albatross " albatrus 62
82.1 Laysan Albatross " immutabilis 62
[83] Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassogeron culminatus 62
[84] Sooty Albatross PhA"betria palpebrata 62

Family PROCELLARIIDA†. Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[85] Giant Fulmar Macronectes giganteus A.V.
86 Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis glacialis 63
86_b_ Pacific Fulmar " " glupischa 63
86.1 Rodger's Fulmar " rodgersi 63
87 Slender-billed Fulmar Priocella glacialoides 63
[102] Pintado Petrel Daption capense A.V.
88 Cory's Shearwater Puffinus borealis 64
89 Greater Shearwater " gravis 64
[90] Manx Shearwater " puffinus A.V.
91 Pink-footed Shearwater " creatopus 64
92 Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri 64
[92.1] Allied Shearwater " assimilis A.V.
93 Black-vented Shearwater " opisthomelas 64
93.1 Townsend's Shearwater " auricularis 64
95 Sooty Shearwater " griseus 63
96 Slender-billed Shearwater " tenuirostris 64
96.1 Wedge-tailed Shearwater " cuneatus 63
[96.2] New Zealand Shearwater " bulleri A.V.
[97] Black-tailed Shearwater Priofinus cinereus A.V.
[98] Black-capped Petrel A†strelata hasitata 65
[99] Scaled Petrel " scalaris A.V.
100 Fisher's Petrel " fisheri A.V.
[101] Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulweri A.V.
103 Least Petrel Halocyptena microsoma 65
104 Stormy Petrel Thalassidroma pelagica 66
105 Forked-tailed Petrel Oceanodroma furcata 65
105.2 Kaeding's Petrel Oceanodroma kaedingi 65
106 Leach's Petrel " leucorhoa 66
106.1 Guadalupe Petrel " macrodactyla 66
[106.2] Hawaiian Petrel " castro A.V.
107 Black Petrel " melania 66
108 Ashy Petrel " homochroa 65
108.1 Socorro Petrel " socorroensis 66
109 Wilson's Petrel Oceanites oceanicus 66
[110] White-bellied Petrel Fregetta grallaria A.V.
[111] White-faced Petrel Pelagodroma marina A.V.

Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Swimmers

Family PHAA<THONTIDA†. Tropic Birds.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

112 Yellow-billed Tropic-bird PhaA"thon americanus 69
113 Red-billed Tropic-bird " A|thereus 69
[113.1] Red-tailed Tropic-bird " rubricaudus A.V.

Family SULIDA†. Gannets.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[114] Blue-faced Booby Sula cyanops 70
114.1 Blue-footed Booby " nebouxi 70
115 Booby " leucogastra 70
115.1 Brewster's Booby " brewsteri 70
[116] Red-footed Booby " piscator 70
117 Gannet " bassana 69

Family ANHINGIDA†. Darters.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

118 Water-Turkey Anhinga anhinga 73

Family PHALACROCORACIDA†. Cormorants.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

119 Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 70
120 Double-crested Cormorant " auritus auritus 71
120_a_ Florida Cormorant " " floridanus 71
120_b_ White-crested Cormorant " " cincinatus 71
120_c_ Farallon Cormorant " " albociliatus 71
121 Mexican Cormorant " vigua mexicanus 71
122 Brandt's Cormorant " penicillatus 72
123 Pelagic Cormorant " pelagicus pelagicus 72
123_a_ Violet-green Cormorant " " robustus 72
123_b_ Baird's Cormorant " " resplendens 72
124 Red-faced Cormorant " urile 72

Family PELECANIDA†. Pelicans.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

125 White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 73
126 Brown Pelican " occidentalis 73
127 California Brown Pelican " californicus 73

Family FREGATIDA†. Man-o'-War Birds.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

128 Man-o'-war-bird Fregata aquila 73

Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers

Family ANATIDA†. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

129 American Merganser Mergus americanus 76
130 Red-breasted Merganser " serrator 76
131 Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus 76
[131.1] Smew Mergellus albellus A.V.
132 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 76
133 Black Duck " rubripes 77
134 Florida Duck " fulvigula fulvigula 77
134_a_ Mottled Duck " " maculosa 77
135 Gadwall Chaulelasmus streperus 77
136 European Widgeon Mareca penelope 77
137 Baldpate " americana 77
[138] European Teal Nettion crecca A.V.
139 Green-winged Teal " carolinense 78
140 Blue-winged Teal Querquedula discors 78
141 Cinnamon Teal " cyanoptera 78
[141.1] Ruddy Sheldrake Casarca ferruginea A.V.
142 Shoveller Spatula clypeata 78
143 Pintail Dafila acuta 76
144 Wood Duck Aix sponsa 78
[145] Rufous-crested Duck Netta rufina A.V.
146 Redhead Marila americana 79
147 Canvas-back " valisineria 79
148 American Scaup Duck " marila 79
149 Lesser Scaup Duck " affinis 79
150 Ring-necked Duck " collaris 79
151 American Golden-eye Clangula clangula americana 80
152 Barrow's Golden-eye " islandica 80
153 Buffle-head Charitonetta albeola 80
154 Old-squaw Harelda hyemalis 81
155 Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus 81
156 Labrador Duck Camptorhynchus labradorius 81
157 Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri 81
158 Spectacled Eider Arctonetta fischeri 82
159 Northern Eider Somateria mollissima borealis 82
160 American Eider " dresseri 82
161 Pacific Eider " v-nigra 82
162 King Eider " spectabilis 82
163 American Scoter Oidemia americana 83
[164] Velvet Scoter " fusca A.V.
165 White-winged Scoter " deglandi 83
166 Surf Scoter " perspicillata 83
167 Ruddy Duck Erismatura jamaicensis 80
[168] Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus 80
169 Lesser Snow Goose Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus 84
169_a_ Greater Snow Goose " " nivalis 84
169.1 Blue Goose " cA|rulescens 85
170 Ross's Goose " rossi 84
[171] European White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons albifrons A.V.
171_a_ White-fronted Goose " " gambeli 85
[171.1] Bean Goose " fabalis A.V.
[171.2] Pink-footed Goose " brachyrhynchus A.V.
172 Canada Goose Branta canadensis canadensis 86
172_a_ Hutchins's Goose " " hutchinsi 86
172_b_ White-cheeked Goose " " occidentalis 86
172_c_ Cackling Goose " " minima 86
173_a_ Brant " bernicla glaucogastra 86
174 Black Brant " nigricans 86
[175] Barnacle Goose " leucopsis A.V.
176 Emperor Goose Philacte canagica 85
177 Black-bellied Tree-duck Dendrocygna autumnalis 83
178 Fulvous Tree-duck " bicolor 83
[179] Whooper Swan Olor cygnus A.V.
180 Whistling Swan " columbianus 84
181 Trumpeter Swan " buccinator 84

Order ODONTOGLOSSA†. Lamellirostral Grallatores

Family PHOENICOPTERIDA†. Flamingoes.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

182 Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber 89

Order HERODIONES. Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc.

Family PLATALEIDA†. Spoonbills.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

183 Roseate Spoonbill Ajaia ajaja 89

Family IBIDIDA†. Ibises.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

184 White Ibis Guara alba 90
[185] Scarlet Ibis " rubra 89
186 Glossy Ibis Plegadis autumnalis 90
187 White-faced Glossy Ibis " guarauna 90

Family CICONDIIDA†. Storks and Wood Ibises.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

188 Wood Ibis Mycteria americana 90
[189] Jabiru Jabiru mycteria A.V.

Family ARDEIDA†. Herons, Bitterns, etc.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

190 American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus 91
191 Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis 91
191.1 Cory's Least Bittern " neoxenus 91
192 Great White Heron Ardea occidentalis 92
194 Great Blue Heron " herodias herodias 93
194_a_ Northwestern Coast Heron " " fannini 93
194_b_ Ward's Heron " " wardi 93
[195] European Heron " cinerea A.V.
196 American Egret Herodias egretta 92
197 Snowy Egret Egretta candidissima candidissima 92
197_a_ Brewster's Egret " " brewsteri 294
198 Reddish Egret Dichromanassa rufescens 94
199 Louisiana Heron Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis 94
200 Little Blue Heron Florida cA|rulea 94
201 Green Heron Butorides virescens virescens 94
201_a_ Frazar's Green Heron " " frazari 94
201_b_ Anthony's Green Heron " " anthonyi 94
202 Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax nA|vius 93
203 Yellow-crowned Night Heron Nyctanassa violacea 93

Order PALUDICOLA†. Cranes, Rails, etc.

Family GRUIDA†. Cranes.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

204 Whooping Crane Grus americana 96
205 Little Brown Crane " canadensis 96
206 Sandhill Crane " mexicana 96

Family ARAMIDA†. Courlans.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

207 Limpkin Aramus vociferus 96

Family RALLIDA†. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

208 King Rail Rallus elegans 97
209 Belding's Rail " beldingi 97
210 California Clapper Rail " obsoletus 97
210.1 Light-footed Rail " levipes 294
211 Clapper Rail " crepitans crepitans 98
211_a_ Louisiana Clapper Rail " " saturatus 98
211_b_ Florida Clapper Rail " " scotti 98
211_c_ Wayne's Clapper Rail " " waynei 98
211.2 Caribbean Clapper Rail " longirostris caribA|us 98
212 Virginia Rail " virginianus 97
[213] Spotted Crake Porzana porzana A.V.
214 Sora " carolina 98
215 Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis 97
216 Black Rail Creciscus jamaicensis 98
216.1 Farallon Rail " coturniculus 294
[217] Corn Crake Crex crex A.V.
218 Purple Gallinule Ionornis martinicus 99
219 Florida Gallinule Gallinula galeata 99
[220] European Coot Fulica atra A.V.
221 Coot " americana 99

Order LIMICOLA†. Shore Birds.

Family PHALAROPODIDA†. Phalaropes.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

222 Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius 102
223 Northern Phalarope Lobipes lobatus 102
224 Wilson's Phalarope Steganopus tricolor 102

Family RECURVIROSTRIDA†. Avocets and Stilts.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

225 Avocet Recurvirostra americana 103
226 Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus 105

Family SCOLOPACIDA†. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[227] European Woodcock Scolopax rusticola A.V.
228 Woodcock Philohela minor 105
[229] European Snipe Gallinago gallinago A.V.
230 Wilson's Snipe " delicata 105
[230.1] Great Snipe " media A.V.
231 Dowitcher Macrorhamphus griseus griseus 106
232 Long-billed Dowitcher " " scolopaceus 106
233 Stilt Sandpiper Micropalama himantopus 106
234 Knot Tringa canutus 106
235 Purple Sandpiper Arquatella maritima maritima 107
235_a_ Aleutian Sandpiper " " couesi 107
235_b_ Pribilof Sandpiper " " ptilocnemis 108
238 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Pisobia aurita 109
239 Pectoral Sandpiper " maculata 109
240 White-rumped Sandpiper " fuscicollis 109
241 Baird's Sandpiper " bairdi 109
242 Least Sandpiper " minutilla 109
[242.1] Long-toed Stint " damacensis A.V.
[243] Dunlin Pelidna alpina alpina A.V.
243_a_ Red-backed Sandpiper " " sakhalina 108
244 Curlew Sandpiper Erolia ferruginea 106
[245] Spoonbill Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmA|us A.V.
246 Semipalmated Sandpiper Ereunetes pusillus 108
247 Western Sandpiper " mauri 108
248 Sanderling Calidris leucophA|a 108
249 Marbled Godwit Limosa fedoa 110
250 Pacific Godwit " lapponica baueri 110
251 Hudsonian Godwit " hA|mastica 110
[252] Black-tailed Godwit " limosa A.V.
[253] Green-shank Glottis nebularia A.V.
[253.1] Red-shank Totanus totanus A.V.
254 Greater Yellow-legs " melanoleucus 111
255 Yellow-legs " flavipes 111
256 Solitary Sandpiper Helodromas solitarius solitarius 107
256_a_ Western Solitary Sandpiper " " cinnamomeus 107
[257] Green Sandpiper " ocrophus A.V.
258 Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
semipalmatus 111
258_a_ Western Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
inornatus 111
259 Wandering Tatler Heteractitis incanus 111
[260] Ruff Machetes pugnax A.V.
261 Upland Plover Bartramia longicauda 105
262 Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis 105
263 Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia 107
264 Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus 103
265 Hudsonian Curlew Numenius hudsonicus 103
266 Eskimo Curlew " borealis 103
[267] Whimbrel " phA|opus A.V.
268 Bristle-thighed Curlew " tahitiensis 295

Family CHARADRIIDA†. Plovers.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[269] Lapwing Vanellus vanellus A.V.
[269.1] Dotterel Eudromias morinellus A.V.
270 Black-bellied Plover Squatarola squatarola 110
[271] European Golden Plover Charadrius apricarius A.V.
272 Golden Plover " dominicus dominicus 110
272_a_ Pacific Golden Plover " " fulvus 110
273 Killdeer Oxyechus vociferus 112
274 Semipalmated Plover A†gialitis semipalmata 112
275 Ringed Plover " hiaticula 112
[276] Little Ringed Plover " dubia A.V.
277 Piping Plover " meloda 112
278 Snowy Plover " nivosa 112
[279] Mongolian Plover " mongola A.V.
280 Wilson's Plover Ochthodromus wilsonius 112
281 Mountain Plover Podasocys montanus 105

Family APHRIZIDA†. Surf Birds and Turnstones.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

282 Surf-bird Aphriza virgata 111
283 Turnstone Arenaria interpres interpres 102
283_a_ Ruddy Turnstone " " morinella 102
284 Black Turnstone " melanocephala 107

Family HA†MATOPODIDA†. Oyster-Catchers.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[285] European Oyster-catcher HA|matopus ostralegus A.V.
286 Oyster-catcher " palliatus 104
286.1 Frazar's Oyster-catcher " frazari 104
287 Black Oyster-catcher " bachmani 104

Family JACANIDA†. Jacanas.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[288] Mexican Jacana Jacana spinosa 102

Order GALLINA†. Gallinaceous Birds

Family ODONTOPHORIDA†. Bob-whites, Quails, etc.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

289 Bob-white Colinus virginianus virginianus 115 289_a_ Florida Bob-white " " floridanus 115 289_b_ Texas Bob-white " " texanus 115 291 Masked Bob-white " ridgwayi 115 292 Mountain Quail Oreortyx picta picta 116 292_a_ Plumed Quail " " plumifera 116 292_b_ San Pedro Quail " " confinis 116 293 Scaled Quail Callipepla squamata squamata 116 293_a_ Chestnut-bellied Scaled Quail " " castanogastris 116 294 California Quail Lophortyx californica californica 116 294_a_ Valley Quail " " vallicola 116 295 Gambel's Quail " gambeli 116 296 Mearns's Quail Cyrtonyx montezumA| mearnsi 115

Family TETRAONIDA†. Grouse, Partridges, etc.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

297 Dusky Grouse Dendragapus obscurus obscurus 117 297_a_ Sooty Grouse " " fuliginosus 117 297_b_ Richardson's Grouse " " richardsoni 117 297_c_ Sierra Grouse " " sierrA| 295 298 Hudsonian Spruce Partridge Canachites canadensis canadensis 117 298_b_ Alaska Spruce Partridge " " osgoodi 117 298_c_ Canada Spruce Partridge " " canace 117 299 Franklin's Grouse " franklini 117 300 Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus umbellus 118 300_a_ Canada Ruffed Grouse " " togata 118 300_b_ Gray Ruffed Grouse " " umbelloides 118 300_c_ Oregon Ruffed Grouse " " sabini 118 301 Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus lagopus 119 301_a_ Allen's Ptarmigan " " alleni 119 301_b_ Alexander's Ptarmigan " " alexandrA| 295 301_c_ Ungava Ptarmigan " " ungavus 295 302 Rock Ptarmigan " rupestris rupestris 119 302_a_ Reinhardt's Ptarmigan " " reinhardi 119 302_b_ Nelson's Ptarmigan " " nelsoni 119 302_c_ Turner's Ptarmigan " " atkhensis 120 302_d_ Townsend's Ptarmigan " " townsendi 120 302_e_ Adak Ptarmigan " " chamberlaini 296 302_f_ Dixon's Ptarmigan " " dixoni 296 302.1 Evermann's Ptarmigan " evermanni 120 303 Welch's Ptarmigan " welchi 120 304 White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucurus leucurus 118 304_a_ Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan " " peninsularis 118 305 Prairie Chicken Tympanuchus americanus americanus 121 305_a_ Attwater's Prairie Chicken " " attwateri 121 306 Heath Hen " cupido 121 307 Lesser Prairie Chicken " pallidicinctus 121 308 Sharp-tailed Grouse PediA"cetes phasianellus phasianellus 121 308_a_ Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse PediA"cetes phasianellus columbianus 121 308_b_ Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse " " campestris 121 309 Sage Hen Centrocercus urophasianus 122

Family MELEAGRIDA†. Turkeys.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

310 Merriam's Turkey Meleagris gallopavo merriami 122
310_a_ Wild Turkey " " silvestris 122
310_b_ Florida Turkey " " osceola 122
310_c_ Rio Grande Turkey " " intermedia 122

Family CRACIDA†. Curassows and Guans.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

311 Chachalaca Ortalis vetula mccalli 122

Order COLUMBA†. Pigeons

Family COLUMBIDA†. Pigeons.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

312 Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata fasciata 124
312_a_ Viosca's Pigeon " " vioscA| 124
313 Red-billed Pigeon " flavirostris 124
314 White-crowned Pigeon " leucocephala 124
[314.1] Scaled Pigeon " squamosa A.V.
315 Passenger Pigeon Ectopistes migratorius 125
316 Mourning Dove Zenaidura macroura carolinensis 125
316_i_ Western Mourning Dove " " marginella 296
317 Zenaida Dove Zenaida zenaida 125
318 White-fronted Dove Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera 125
319 West Indian
White-winged Dove Melopelia asiatica asiatica 126
319_a_ White-winged Dove " " trudeaui 296
320 Ground Dove ChA|mepelia passerina terrestris 126
320_a_ Mexican Ground Dove " " pallescens 126
320_b_ Bermuda Ground Dove " " bermudiana 126
321 Inca Dove Scardafella inca 126
[322] Key West Quail-dove Geotrygon chrysia 126
[322.1] Ruddy Quail-dove " montana 126
[323] Blue-headed Quail-dove StarnA"nas cyanocephala 126

Order RAPTORES. Birds of Prey.

Family CATHARTIDA†. American Vultures.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

324 California Vulture Gymnogyps californianus 129
325 Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura septentrionalis 129
326 Black Vulture Catharista urubu 129

Family BUTEONIDA†. Hawks, Eagles, Kites, etc.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

327 Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus 130
328 White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus 130
329 Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis 130
330 Everglade Kite Rostrhamus sociabilis 130
331 Marsh Hawk Circus hudsonius 130
332 Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter velox 131
333 Cooper's Hawk " cooperi 131
334 Goshawk " atricapillus atricapillus 131
334_a_ Western Goshawk " " striatulus 131
335 Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi 132
337 Red-tailed Hawk Buteo borealis borealis 132
337_a_ Krider's Hawk " " krideri 132
337_b_ Western Red-tail " " calurus 132
337_d_ Harlan's Hawk " " harlani 132
337_e_ Alaska Red-tail " " alascensis 296
339 Red-shouldered Hawk " lineatus lineatus 133
339_a_ Florida
Red-shouldered Hawk " " alleni 133
339_b_ Red-bellied Hawk " " elegans 133
340 Zone-tailed Hawk " abbreviatus 134
341 Sennett's
White-tailed Hawk " albicaudatus sennetti 135
342 Swainson's Hawk " swainsoni 133
343 Broad-winged Hawk " platypterus 133
344 Short-tailed Hawk " brachyurus 135
345 Mexican Black Hawk Urubitinga anthracina 134
346 Mexican Goshawk Asturina plagiata 131
347_a_ Rough-legged Hawk Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis 135
348 Ferruginous Rough-leg " ferrugineus 135
349 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaA"tos 136
[351] Gray Sea Eagle HaliA|etus albicilla A.V.
352 Bald Eagle " leucocephalus leucocephalus 136
352_a_ Northern Bald Eagle " " alascanus 136

Family FALCONDIDA†. Falcons, Caracaras, etc.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

353 White Gyrfalcon Falco islandus 136
354 Gray Gyrfalcon " rusticolus rusticolus 136
354_a_ Gyrfalcon " " gyrfalco 136
354_b_ Black Gyrfalcon " " obsoletus 137
355 Prairie Falcon " mexicanus 135
[356] Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinus A.V.
356_a_ Duck Hawk " " anatum 137
356_b_ Peale's Falcon " " pealei 137
357 Pigeon Hawk Falco columbarius columbarius 137
357_a_ Black Pigeon Hawk " " suckleyi 137
358 Richardson's Pigeon Hawk " " richardsoni 137
[358.1] Merlin " A|salon A.V.
359 Aplomado Falcon " fusco-cA|rulescens 137
[359.1] Kestrel " tinnunculus A.V.
360 Sparrow Hawk " sparverius sparverius 137
360_a_ Desert Sparrow Hawk " " phalA|na 138
360_b_ San Lucas Sparrow Hawk " " peninsularis 138
360_c_ Little Sparrow Hawk " " paulus 296
[361] Cuban Sparrow Hawk " sparveroides A.V.
362 Audubon's Caracara Polyborus cheriway 134
363 Guadalupe Caracara " lutosus 134

Family PANDIONIDA†. Ospreys.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

364 Osprey Pandion haliaA"tus carolinensis 129

Family ALUCONDIDA†. Barn Owls.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

365 Barn Owl Aluco pratincola 138

Family STRIGIDA†. Horned Owls, etc.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

366 Long-eared Owl Asio wilsonianus 138
367 Short-eared Owl " flammeus 138
368 Barred Owl Strix varia varia 139
368_a_ Florida Barred Owl " " alleni 139
368_b_ Texas Barred Owl " " albogilva 139
369 Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis occidentalis 139
369_a_ Northern Spotted Owl " " caurina 139
370 Great Gray Owl Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa 139
[370_a_] Lapp Owl " " lapponica A.V.
371 Richardson's Owl Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni 139
372 Saw-whet Owl " " acadica acadica 140
372_a_ Northwestern Saw-whet Owl " " scotA|a 140
373 Screech Owl Otus asio asio 141
373_a_ Florida Screech Owl " " floridanus 141
373_b_ Texas Screech Owl " " mccalli 141
373_c_ California Screech Owl " " bendirei 141
373_d_ Kennicott's Screech Owl " " kennicotti 141
373_e_ Rocky Mountain Screech Owl " " maxwelliA| 141
373_f_ Mexican Screech Owl " " cineraceus 142
373_g_ Aiken's Screech Owl " " aikeni 142
373_h_ MacFarlane's Screech Owl " " macfarlanei 142
373_i_ Sahuaro Screech Owl " " gilmani 297
373.1 Spotted Screech Owl " " trichopsis 142
373.2 Xantus's Screech Owl " xantusi 142
374 Flammulated Screech Owl " flammeolus flammeolus 142
374_a_ Dwarf Screech Owl " " idahoensis 142
375 Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus virginianus 143
375_a_ Western Horned Owl " " pallescens 143
375_b_ Arctic Horned Owl " " subarcticus 143
375_c_ Dusky Horned Owl " " saturatus 143
375_d_ Pacific Horned Owl " " pacificus 143
375_e_ Dwarf Horned Owl " " elachistus 143
375_f_ Labrador Horned Owl " " heterocnemis 297
375_g_ Saint Michael Horned Owl " " algistus 297
376 Snowy Owl Nyctea nyctea 143
[377] European Hawk Owl Surnia ulula ulula A.V.
377_a_ Hawk Owl " " caparoch 143
378 Burrowing Owl Speotyto cunicularia hypogA|a 138
378_a_ Florida Burrowing Owl " " floridana 138
379 Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl Glaucidium gnoma pinicola 140
379_a_ California Pygmy Owl " " californicum 140
379.1 Hoskins's Pygmy Owl " hoskinsi 140
380 Ferruginous Pygmy Owl " phalA|noides 140
381 Elf Owl Micropallas whitneyi 140

Order PSITTACI. Parrots, Macaws, Paroquets, etc.

Family PSITTACIDA†. Parrots and Paroquets.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

382 Carolina Paroquet Conuropsis carolinensis 145
382.1 Thick-billed Parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha 145

Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc.

Family CUCULIDA†. Cuckoos, Anis, etc.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[383] Ani Crotophaga ani 146
384 Groove-billed Ani " sulcirostris 146
385 Road-runner Geococcyx californianus 146
386 Mangrove Cuckoo Coccyzus minor minor 146
[386_a_] Maynard's Cuckoo " " maynardi 146
387 Yellow-billed Cuckoo " americanus americanus 146
387_a_ California Cuckoo " " occidentalis 146
388 Black-billed Cuckoo " erythrophthalmus 146
[388.1] Kamchatka Cuckoo Cuculus canorus telephonus A.V.

Family TROGONIDA†. Trogons.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

389 Coppery-tailed Trogon Trogon ambiguus 147

Family ALCEDINIDA†. Kingfishers.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

390 Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon alcyon 147
390_a_ Northwestern Belted
Kingfisher. " " caurina 297
[390.1] Ringed Kingfisher " torquata A.V.
391 Texas Kingfisher " americana septentrionalis 147

Order PICI. Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc.

Family PICIDA†. Woodpeckers.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

392 Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis 149
393 Hairy Woodpecker Dryobates villosus villosus 150
393_a_ Northern Hairy Woodpecker " " leucomelas 150
393_b_ Southern Hairy Woodpecker " " auduboni 150
393_c_ Harris's Woodpecker " " harrisi 150
393_d_ Cabanis's Woodpecker " " hyloscopus 150
393_e_ Rocky Mt. Hairy Woodpecker " " monticola 150
393_f_ Queen Charlotte Woodpecker " " picoideus 150
393_g_ Newfoundland Woodpecker " " terrA|novA| 297
393_h_ White-breasted Woodpecker Dryobates villosus leucothorectis 297
394 Southern Downy Woodpecker " pubescens pubescens 150
394_a_ Gairdner's Woodpecker " " gairdneri 150
394_b_ Batchelder's Woodpecker " " homorus 150
394_c_ Downy Woodpecker " " medianus 150
394_d_ Nelson's Downy Woodpecker " " nelsoni 150
394_e_ Willow Woodpecker " " turati 151
395 Red-cockaded Woodpecker " borealis 151
396 Cactus Woodpecker " scalaris cactophilus 151
396_a_ San Lucas Woodpecker " " lucasanus 151
396_b_ San Fernando Woodpecker " " eremicus 297
397 Nuttall's Woodpecker " nuttalli 151
398 Arizona Woodpecker " arizonA| 141
399 White-headed Woodpecker Xenopicus albolarvatus 151
400 Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus 149
401 Amer. Three-toed Woodpecker " americanus americanus 149
401_a_ Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker " " fasciatus 149
401_b_ Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker " " dorsalis 149
402 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius varius 152
402_a_ Red-naped Sapsucker " " nuchalis 152
403 Red-breasted Sapsucker " ruber ruber 152
403_a_ Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker " " notkensis 152
404 Williamson's Sapsucker " thyroideus 152
405 Pileated Woodpecker CeophlA"us pileatus pileatus 149
405_a_ Northern Pileated Woodpecker " " abieticola 149
406 Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus 153
407 Ant-eating Woodpecker " formicivorus formicivorus 153
407_a_ Californian Woodpecker " " bairdi 153
407_b_ Narrow-fronted Woodpecker " " angustifrons 153
408 Lewis's Woodpecker Asyndesmus lewisi 152
409 Red-bellied Woodpecker Centurus carolinus 153
410 Golden-fronted Woodpecker " aurifrons 153
411 Gila Woodpecker " uropygialis 153
412 Southern Flicker Colaptes auratus auratus 154
412_a_ Northern Flicker " " luteus 154
413 Red-shafted Flicker " cafer collaris 154
413_a_ Northwestern Flicker " " saturatior 154
414 Gilded Flicker " chrysoides chrysoides 154
414_a_ San Fernando Flicker " " brunnescens 154
414_b_ Mearns's Gilded Flicker " " mearnsi 298
415 Guadalupe Flicker " rufipileus 154

Order MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc.

Family CAPRIMULGIDA†. Goatsuckers, etc.

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No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

416 Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus carolinensis 156
417 Whip-poor-will " vociferus vociferus 156
417_a_ Stephen's Whip-poor-will " " macromystax 156
418 Poor-will PhalA|noptilus nuttalli nuttalli 156
418_a_ Frosted Poor-will " " nitidus 156
418_b_ Dusky Poor-will " " californicus 156
419 Merrill's Parauque Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli 157
420 Nighthawk Chordeiles virginianus virginianus 157
420_a_ Western Nighthawk " " henryi 157
420_b_ Florida Nighthawk " " chapmani 157
420_c_ Sennett's Nighthawk " " sennetti 157
421 Texas Nighthawk " acutipennis texensis 157

Family MICROPODIDA†. Swifts.

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No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

422 Black Swift Cypseloides niger borealis 158
423 Chimney Swift ChA|tura pelagica 158
424 Vaux's Swift " vauxi 158
425 White-throated Swift AA"ronautes melanoleucus 158

Family TROCHILIDA†. Hummingbirds.

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No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

426 Rivoli's Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens 159
427 Blue-throated Hummingbird CyanolA|mus clemenciA| 160
428 Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris 160
429 Black-chinned Hummingbird " alexandri 159
430 Costa's Hummingbird Calypte costA| 159
431 Anna's Hummingbird " anna 161
432 Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus 161
433 Rufous Hummingbird " rufus 161
434 Allen's Hummingbird Selasphorus alleni 161
435 Morcom's Hummingbird Atthis morcomi 161
436 Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope 161
437 Lucifer Hummingbird Calothorax lucifer 159
438 Rieffer's Hummingbird Amizilis tzacatl 169
439 Buff-bellied Hummingbird " cerviniventris chalconota 160
439. 1 Salvin's Hummingbird Uranomitra salvini 298
440 Xantus's Hummingbird Basilinna xantusi 159
440. 1 White-eared Hummingbird " leucotis 160
441 Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris 160

Order PASSERES. Perching Birds

Family COTINGIDA†. Cotingas.

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No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[441.1] Xantus's Becard Platypsaris aglaiA| albiventris A.V.

Family TYRANNIDA†. Tyrant Flycatchers.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[442] Fork-tailed Flycatcher Muscivora tyrannus A.V.
443 Scissor-tailed Flycatcher " forficata 177
444 Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus 247
445 Gray Kingbird " dominicensis 247
446 Couch's Kingbird " melancholicus couchi 202
447 Arkansas Kingbird " verticalis 202
448 Cassin's Kingbird " vociferans 202
449 Derby Flycatcher Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus 202
451 Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Myiodynastes luteiventris 203
452 Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus 203
453 Arizona Crested Flycatcher " magister magister 203
453_a_ Mexican Crested Flycatcher " " nelsoni 203
454 Ash-throated Flycatcher " cinerascens cinerascens 203
454_b_ Lower California Flycatcher " " pertinax 203
455_a_ Olivaceous Flycatcher " lawrencei olivascens 203
456 PhA"be Sayornis phA"be 208
457 Say's PhA"be " sayus 205
458 Black PhA"be " nigricans 251
459 Olive-sided Flycatcher Nuttallornis borealis 208
460 Coues's Flycatcher Myiochanes pertinax pallidiventris 208
461 Wood Pewee " virens 208
462 Western Wood Pewee " richardsoni richardsoni 208
462_a_ Large-billed Wood Pewee " richardsoni peninsulA| 208
463 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris 211
464 Western Flycatcher " difficilis difficilis 210
464.1 San Lucas Flycatcher " " cineritius 210
465 Acadian Flycatcher " virescens 210
466 Traill's Flycatcher " trailli trailli 209
466_a_ Alder Flycatcher " " alnorum 209
467 Least Flycatcher " minimus 209
468 Hammond's Flycatcher " hammondi 209
469 Wright's Flycatcher " wrighti 209
469.1 Gray Flycatcher " griseus 209
470_a_ Buff-breasted Flycatcher " fulvifrons pygmA|us 215
471 Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus 177
472 Beardless Flycatcher Camptostoma imberbe 211

Family ALAUDIDA†. Larks.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[473] Skylark Alauda arvensis A.V.
474 Horned Lark Octocoris alpestris alpestris 200
474_a_ Pallid Horned Lark " " articola 200
474_b_ Prairie Horned Lark " " praticola 200
474_c_ Desert Horned Lark " " leucolA|ma 201
474_d_ Texas Horned Lark " " giraudi 200
474_e_ California Horned Lark " " actia 201
474_f_ Ruddy Horned Lark " " rubea 201
474_g_ Streaked Horned Lark " " strigata 201
474_h_ Scorched Horned Lark " " adusta 201
474_i_ Dusky Horned Lark " " merrilli 201
474_j_ Sonora Horned Lark " " pallida 201
474_k_ Hoyt's Horned Lark " " hoyti 200
474_l_ Montezuma Horned Lark " " occidentalis 201
474_m_ Island Horned Lark " " insularis 201

Family CORVIDA†. Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc.

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No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

475 Magpie Pica pica hudsonia 253
476 Yellow-billed Magpie " nuttalli 253
477 Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata cristata 181
477_a_ Florida Blue Jay " " florincola 182
478 Steller's Jay " stelleri stelleri 185
478_a_ Blue-fronted Jay " " frontalis 182
478_b_ Long-crested Jay " " diademata 185
478_c_ Black-headed Jay " " annectens 185
478_d_ Queen Charlotte Jay " " carlottA| 185
478_e_ Coast Jay " " carbonacea 298
479 Florida Jay Aphelocoma cyanea 184
480 Woodhouse's Jay " woodhousei 184
480.1 Blue-eared Jay " cyanotis 184
480.2 Texas Jay " texana 184
481 California Jay " californica californica 184
481_a_ Xantus's Jay " " hypoleuca 184
481_b_ Belding's Jay " " obscura 184
481.1 Santa Cruz Jay " insularis 184
482 Arizona Jay " sieberi arizonA| 183
482_a_ Couch's Jay " " couchi 183
483 Green Jay Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens 185
484 Canada Jay Perisoreus canadensis canadensis 252
484_a_ Rocky Mountain Jay " " capitalis 252
484_b_ Alaska Jay " " fumifrons 252
484_c_ Labrador Jay " " nigricapillus 252
485 Oregon Jay " " obscurus obscurus 252
485_a_ Gray Jay " " griseus 252
486 American Raven Corvus corax sinuatus 255
486_a_ Northern Raven " " principalis 255
487 White-necked Raven " cryptoleucus 255
488 American Crow " brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos 255
488_a_ Florida Crow " brachyrhnchos pascuus 255
488_b_ Western Crow " " hesperis 304
489 Northwestern Crow " caurinus 255
490 Fish Crow " ossifragus 255
[490.1] Rook " frugilegus A.V.
[490.2] Hooded Crow " cornix A.V.
491 Clarke's Crow Nucifraga columbiana 252
492 PiA+-on Jay Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 183

Family STURNIDA†. Starlings.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

[493] Starling Sturnus vulgaris 253

Family ICTERIDA†. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page

494 Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus 251
495 Cowbird Molothrus ater ater 253
495_a_ Dwarf Cowbird " " obscurus 253
496 Red-eyed Cowbird Tangavius A|neus involucratus 253
496_a_ Bronzed Cowbird " " A|neus 304
497 Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 199
498 Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phA"niceus phA"niceus 178
498_a_ Sonora Red-wing " " sonoriensis 178
498_b_ Bahama Red-wing " " bryanti 178
498_c_ Florida Red-wing " " floridanus 178
498_d_ Thick-billed Red-wing " " fortis 178
498_e_ San Diego Red-wing " " neutralis 178
498_f_ Northwestern Red-wing " " caurinus 178
498_g_ Vera Cruz Red-wing " " richmondi 298
499 Bicolored Blackbird " gubernator californicus 179
500 Tricolored Blackbird " tricolor 179
501 Meadowlark Sturnella magna magna 199
501_a_ Rio Grande Meadowlark " " hoopesi 199
501_c_ Southern Meadowlark " " argutula 199
501.1 Western Meadowlark " neglecta 199
503 Audubon's Oriole Icterus melanocephalus auduboni 180
504 Scott's Oriole " parisorum 186
505 Sennett's Oriole " cucullatus sennetti 186
505_a_ Arizona Hooded Oriole " " nelsoni 186
506 Orchard Oriole " spurius 206
507 Baltimore Oriole " galbula 186
508 Bullock's Oriole " bullocki 186
509 Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus 254
510 Brewer's Blackbird " cyanocephalus 254
511 Purple Grackle Quiscalus quiscula quiscula 254
511_a_ Florida Grackle " " aglA|us 254
511_b_ Bronzed Grackle " " A|neus 254
513 Boat-tailed Grackle Megaquiscalus major major 254
513_a_ Great-tailed Grackle " " macrourus 254

Family FRINGILLIDA†. Finches, Sparrows, etc.

A.O.U.
No. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Page