Chapter VIII: Part 8

=453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus mexicanus_). L. 9.2; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust brown. _Ads._ Throat and breast gray, belly sulphur, both paler than No. 452; back grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 452. (Merrill.)

Range.--Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas.

=453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher= (_M. m. magister_). Similar to No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2, and averaging slightly paler.

Range.--"Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and southwest New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico."

=454. Ash-throated Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus cinerascens_). L. 8.; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of inner web. _Ads._ Throat and breast pale grayish white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest below of our _Myiarchi_. _Notes._ A rather resonant but wooden _chA"ck-pr-r-r-r_.

Range.--Western United States: breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern Mexico and Central America.

=454a. Nutting Flycatcher= (_M. c. nuttingi_). Similar to No. 454, but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web rusty, not dusky.

Range.--Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters in Central America.

=454b. Lower California Flycatcher= (_M. c. pertinax_). Similar to No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.)

Range.--Lower California.

=455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher= (Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens). L. 7. _Ads._ Inner webs of tail-feathers like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty; breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish, back grayish olive-green. _Notes._ A short mournful _peeur_.

Range.--Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona; winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado.

Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown

=587. Towhee; Chewink= (_Pipilo erythrophthalmus_). L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red. _Ad._ [Male]. Above and breast black; sides reddish chestnut; belly white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above and breast brown. Call, _chewink_ or _towheA(C)_; song, a loud, not over musical _sweet bird sin-n-ng_, and a tremulous refrain _I'll try_.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas.

=587a. White-eyed Towhee= (_P. e. alleni_). Similar to No. 587, but iris whitish; only two outer tail-feathers with white tips, or if on third, a mere spot. _Notes._ Call, _towhee_, much sharper than that of No. 587.

Range.--Florida, north along coast to South Carolina.

=588. Arctic Towhee= (_Pipilo maculatus arcticus_). L. 8.7. _Ad._ [Male]. White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3 long; scapulars and back marked with white; back black more or less tipped with brownish. _Ad._ [Female]. Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings than in [Male]. _Notes._ Call, a Catbird-like _mew_; song, suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden, less musical.

Range.--Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and western North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas.

=588a. Spurred Towhee= (_P. m. megalonyx_). Similar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings on front of back; white markings on back less numerous; white tip to outer tail-feather _less_ than 1.3 long.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of range.

=588b. Oregon Towhee= (_P. m. oregonus_). Similar to No. 588a, but darker; practically no brownish edgings on back of male; sides much deeper; white markings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1. long; sides much deeper.

Range.--Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; winters south to southern California.

=588c. San Clemente Towhee= (_P. m. clementA|_). Similar to No. 588a, but adult male with black duller or grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.)

Range.--"San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.)

=288d. San Diego Towhee= (_P. m. atratus_). Similar to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black.

Range.--The southern coast district of southern California, south into Lower California. (Ridgw.)

=588e. Mountain Towhee= (_P. m. magnirostris_). Similar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below paler, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.)

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=589. Guadalupe Towhee= (_Pipilo consobrinus_). Similar to No. 588b in restriction of white markings, but wings and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw much larger; _Ad._ [Male] sooty rather than black. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

=457. Say PhA"be= (_Sayornis saya_). L. 7.5. _Ads._ Breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly; above gray with a brown tinge; tail _black_. _Notes._ A plaintive _phee-eur_; a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.)

Range.--Western North America, east to about Long. 100A deg.: breeds from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon, Alaska; winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Massachusetts.

=591. Canon Towhee= (_Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus_). L. 9.; W. 3.7. _Ads._ Crown cinnamon-brown; back brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon. _Notes._ Calls, a loud, metallic _chip_ repeated four times; in flight a robin-like _screep-eep-eep_.

Range.--Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley, Colorado, and Arizona; resident.

=591a. St. Lucas Towhee= (_P. f. albigula_). W. 3.3. Similar to No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, without cinnamon.

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=591b. California Towhee= (_P. f. crissalis_) W. 3.9. Similar to No. 591, but much browner above; throat and under tail-coverts rusty brown; breast brownish gray; scarcely lighter on the belly.

Range.--California, west of the Sierra.

=591c. Anthony Towhee= (_P. f. senicula_). W. 3.7. Similar to No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen whiter.

Range.--Northern Lower California north to southern California.

=592. Abert Towhee= (_Pipilo aberti_). L. 9. _Ads._ No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish cinnamon; above grayish brown. _Notes._ Call, a loud, clear, sharp _chirp_. Song, resembling that of the Spurred Towhee group. (B. B. and R.)

Range.--Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah.

=506. Orchard Oriole= (_Icterus spurius_) L. 7.3. _Ad._ [Male]. Black: breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-coverts chestnut. _Ad._ [Female]. Above olive-green, below greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. _Yng. Male._ First fall like [Female]; first spring like [Male], but throat black. _Notes._ Song much richer and more finished than that of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is indescribable but easily recognizable.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and North Dakota; winters in Central America and northern South America.

=592.1. Green-tailed Townee= (_Oreospiza chlorura_). L. 7. _Ads._ Center and sides of breast grayish, middle of throat and abdomen white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; crown reddish chestnut. _Notes._ Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew; song, musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed Sparrow.

Range.--Mountains of western United States, from more eastern Rockies to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana, Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=643. Lucy Warbler= (_Helminthophila luciA|_). L. 4.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-coverts chocolate; below whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Chocolate areas smaller. _Yng._ No chocolate in crown; upper tail-coverts cinnamon.

Range.--Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and southwestern Utah.

=660. Bay-breasted Warbler= (_Dendroica castanea_). L. 5.6. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat, sides and crown rich chestnut; cheeks black; sides of neck buff; back black and gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. _Ad._ [Female]. Less chestnut; cheeks grayish. _Yng. and Ad. in Winter._ Above olive-green streaked with black; below _buffy_ white, the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut. _Notes._ Song, a very soft warble, _tse-chee_, repeated five times, too liquid to admit of exact spelling. (Langille.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central and northern South America.

=596. Black-headed Grosbeak= (_Zamelodia melanocephala_). L. 8.1. _Ad._ [Male]. Black; neck-ring, rump, back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon; center of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch in wing, wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers white. In winter tipped with brown above and on breast below with black spots. _Ad._ [Female]. Under wing-coverts yellow as in [Male]; above as in No. 595; below less streaked, breast buff. _Yng._ [Male]. Like [Female] but breast deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of crown blacker. _Notes._ Call and song like those of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent.

Range.--Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from Mexico north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of United States into Mexico.

_761. American Robin_ (_Merula migratoria_). L. 10; W. 4.9; T. 3.8. Outer tail-feathers with white tips. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast and belly rich rust-brown; above dark slaty, head and spots in back black. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but paler below, little or no black above. _Winter._ Underparts margined with whitish; black above more or less concealed by ashy. _Notes._ Calls, varied and characteristic; song, a loud, hearty, _cheer-up cheerily_, _cheerily_, _cheerily_, repeated and varied.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and, in the mountains, Georgia; winters from northern States southward.

=761a. Western Robin= (_M. m. propinqua_). Similar to No. 761, but no white tips to tail-feathers. _Ad._ [Male]. Without black spots in back.

Range.--Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon and southern Colorado southward.

=761b. Southern Robin= (_M. m. achrustera_). Similar to No. 761, but smaller and in general much lighter and duller; W. 4.7; T. 3.5. (Batchelder.)

Range.--Carolinas and Georgia, except mountainous districts, lowlands of Virginia.

=762. St. Lucas Robin= (_Merula confinis_). Resembling No. 761 in plan of coloration but everywhere much paler; breast and belly buff; no black in head.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=763. Varied Thrush= (_Ixoreus nA|vius_). L. 10; W. 4.7. _Ad._ [Male]. Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a broad black breast-band; above slaty, line behind eye and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers with white tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast band with rusty. _Ad._ [Female]. Paler below, breast-band faintly indicated; above washed with brownish. _Notes._ Song, a weird vibrant, long-drawn whistle repeated on different notes.

Range.--Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California north to Alaska; south in winter along the coast.

=763a. Pale Varied Thrush= (_I. n. meruloides_). Similar to No. 763, but wing longer, 5.1; [Female] paler and grayer. (Grinnell.)

Range.--- Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south in winter, through interior, to southern California.

Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored

=456. PhA"be= (_Sayornis phA"be_). L. 7. _Ads._ Above grayish olive, crown _blackish_; outer web of outer tail-feather _whitish_; below white tinged with yellow, sides of breast grayish; bill _black_. _Yng._ Greener above, yellower below. _Notes._ _Pewit-phA"be_, _pewit-phA"be_; call, _pee_, _pee_, rarely a flight song.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from South Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba and Mexico.

=459. Olive-sided Flycatcher= (_Nuttalornis borealis_). L. 7.4. _Ads._ Throat and middle of belly white with a yellow tinge; sides and most of breast grayish; above brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown darker, the feathers lengthened. _Notes._ _Hip-hip_ or _quilp-quilp_, less often a loud, emphatic _whip-pA(C)w-hip_. (Head.)

Range.--North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely), northern New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south through the Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central and South America.

=460. Coues Flycatcher= (_Contopus pertinax pallidiventris_). L. 7.7. _Ads._ Below nearly uniform gray, belly paler; above gray, crown slightly darker, the feathers lengthened. _Notes._ A plaintive musical four or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a singularly human-like quality.

Range.--Western Mexico, north to central Arizona; winters south of United States.

=461. Wood Pewee= (_Contopus virens_). L. 6.5; W. 3.3. _Ads._ Above dark olive, crown blacker; below dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly yellowish; lower mandible yellowish. _Yng._ Greener above, yellower below. _Notes._ _Pee-a-wee_, _peer_ and _pee_; all plaintive and musical.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100A deg.; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

=462. Western Wood Pewee= (_Contopus richardsonii_). Similar to No. 461, but above with usually no greenish tinge; below less yellow; under mandible brownish. _Notes._ A nasal, rather emphatic _pAe"Ae"-a_.

Range.--Western United States, east to about Long. 100A deg.; breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America.

=462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee= (_C. r. peninsulA|_). Similar to No. 462, but smaller, W. 3.3; the bill larger, length from nostril .42, width at nostril, .31; upperparts grayer. (Brewster.)

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=466. Traill Flycatcher= (_Empidonax traillii_). Similar to No. 466a, but upperparts browner with little if any real greenish tinge; bill averaging narrower.

Range.--Western United States; breeds from western Texas and southern California north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east to Kansas, Missouri and Illinois; winters in the tropics.

=466a. Alder Flycatcher= (_E. t. alnorum_). L. 6.1; W. 2.8. _Ads._ Lower mandible horn color; below white, breast grayish; breast and sides faintly washed with yellow; above _brownish_ olive-green; wing-bars usually buffy. Like No. 467, but larger. _Notes._ _PAe•p_ of alarm, and an explosive _Ae"Ae"-zAe"Ae"-e-A"p_ with stress on the rasping _zAe"Ae"_. (Dwight.)

Range.--Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from northern New Jersey (locally) north to New Brunswick; winters in the tropics.

=467. Least Flycatcher= (_Empidonax minimus_). 5.4; W. 2.5. _Ads._ Similar in color to No. 466a, but smaller, tail slightly forked. _Yng._ Wing-bars more buffy. _Notes._ a vigorous _chebec_, _chebec_; rarely a flight song, "_chebec_, _tooral-ooral_."

Range.--Eastern North America, west to western Texas and eastern Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, in the Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters in Central America.

=468. Hammond Flycatcher= (_Empidonax hammondi_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Bill smallest of our _Empidonaces, lower_ mandible _brown_; _throat_ and breast grayish, breast and belly slightly washed with sulphur; above grayish with a slight olive tint. Like No. 467, but bill smaller, lower mandible browner, throat grayer.

Range.--Western North America; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Colorado, winters in Mexico.

=469. Wright Flycatcher= (_Empidonax wrightii_). Similar to No. 468, but underparts whiter; bill much longer, longest and narrowest of our _Empidonaces_; lower mandible whitish at base, brownish at tip; outer web of outer tail-feather white.

Range.--Western United States, east to eastern slope of Rockies; breeds from mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north to Montana and southern Oregon; winters in Mexico.

=469.1. Gray Flycatcher= (_Empidonax griseus_). L. 6. _Ads._ Above gray with a _slight_ brownish tinge; below grayish white with little or no yellow. Grayest of our _Empidonaces_.

Range.--Western Mexico and Lower California north to southern California and Arizona, (Fort Verde.)

=463. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher= (_Empidonax flaviventris_). L. 5.6. _Ads._ Below distinctly greenish yellow, belly brighter; above _bright_ olive-green. _Yng._ Brighter, wing-bars buffy. _Notes._ _PsAe•-Ae•k'_ in one harsh explosive syllable; a plaintive _chA"-Ae"-A(C)-p_. (Dwight.)

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New England (south in Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Labrador and Northwest Territories; winters in Central America.

=464. Western Flycatcher= (_Empidonax difficilis_). Similar to No. 463, but brighter yellow below, breast washed with brownish instead of greenish; above yellower. _Notes._ A soft low note, and a wailing _pee-eu_. (C. A. Allen.)

Range.--Western North America; east to about Long. 100A deg.; breeds from Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters in Mexico and Central America.

=464.1. St. Lucas Flycatcher= (_Empidonax cineritius_). Most like No. 464, but much duller; scarcely a tinge of green above; no decided yellow below except on throat and abdomen. (Brewster.)

Range.--Lower California, from Cape Region north, rarely, to southern California.

=464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher= (_Empidonax insulicola_). Similar to No. 464, but above darker and browner; below paler. (Oberholser.)

Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California.

=465. Green-crested Flycatcher= (Empidonax virescens). L. 5.7. _Ads._ Throat and belly _white_, breast grayish; sides, breast and sometimes belly, washed with sulphur; back olive-green, a tint lighter than in No. 463; lower mandible _whitish_; wing-bars buffy. _Notes._ _Spee_ or _peet_ and _pee-e-yuk'_.

Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

=646. Orange-crowned Warbler= (_Helminthophila celata_). L. 5. No white in wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; a concealed, reddish orange crown-patch; below dusky yellowish green. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but grayer, crown-patch smaller or wanting. _Yng._ Like [Female], but no crown-patch. _Notes._ Song full and strong, not very high pitched and ending abruptly on a rising scale, _chee_, _chee_, _chee_, _chw'_, _chw'_. (Jones.)

Range.--Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; winters in Gulf States and southward; rare in Atlantic states north of South Carolina.

=646a. Lutescent Warbler= (_H. c. lutescens_). Similar to No. 646, but greener above, yellower below; underparts distinctly yellow with a dusky wash.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeding in mountains from southern California to Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; winters from California south into Mexico; east to Colorado in migrations.

=646b. Dusky Warbler= (_H. c. sordida_). Similar to No. 646a, but decidedly darker, bill and feet larger, wing shorter and tail longer. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Breeds in Santa Barbara Islands, California; later occurs on adjoining mainland.

=472. Beardless Flycatcher= (_Ornithion imberbe_). L. 4.5; W. 2.10. _Ads._ Bill small, narrow, upper mandible decidedly curved; above gray tinged with olive, below grayish white with a yellow tinge.

Range.--Central America; north in spring to Lower Rio Grande Texas.

=472a. Ridgway Flycatcher= (_O. i. ridgwayi_). Similar to No. 472, but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, little if any sulphur tinge on underparts. (Ridgw.) _Notes._ Call, a shrill _piA(C)r_ repeated; song, from the tree-tops, _yoop_, _yoop_, _yoopeA(C)deedledee_. (Stephens.)

Range.--Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to southern Arizona.

=616. Bank Swallow= (_Riparia riparia_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Below white, a broad grayish brown band across the breast; above grayish brown. _Yng._ Similar, but brown areas more or less tipped with rusty.

Range.--Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds from northern New Jersey, Kansas, and southern California, north to Labrador, and Alaska; winters south to Brazil.

=617. Rough-winged Swallow= (_Stelgidopteryx serripennis_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Above grayish brown; below grayish white, whiter on belly; barbs on outer vane of outer primary recurved. _Yng._ Plumage more or less tipped with rusty.

Range.--United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central America.

=623. Black-whiskered Vireo= (_Vireo calidris barbatulus_). L. 6. _Ads._ _A dusky streak on either side of the throat_, crown slate _without_ a black border; back olive-green; below white, lower belly, under tail-and under wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 624 but song more emphatic and hesitating.

Range.--Breeds in Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters in Central America.

=624. Red-eyed Vireo= (_Vireo olivaceus_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ Crown slate, on either side a narrow black border; a white line over eye; above olive-green; below white; under wing-coverts sulphur; no wing-bars; no dusky streaks on throat. _Notes._ Call, a petulant, complaining _whang_; song, a broken, rambling recitative "you see it--you know it--do you hear me?--do you believe it?"

Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Rockies and British Columbia, east of Cascades; breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central and South America.

=632. Hutton Vireo= (_Vireo huttoni_). L. 4.6. _Ads._ Underparts dusky grayish white with a faint yellow tinge; above dusky olive-green; lores and eye-ring grayish, not conspicuous; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ A piping whistle like the call of a young bird, _peA(C)-yer_, _peA(C)-yer_; and a hoarse whistle _oh-my'_, _oh-my'_, _oh-my'_.

Range.--California, west of Sierra; resident.

=632a. Stephen Vireo= (_V. h. stephensi_). Similar to No. 622, but grayer above, whiter below, wing-bars broader.

Range.--Mexican boundary from western Texas to southeastern California.

=632c. Anthony Vireo= (_V. h. obscurus_). Similar to No. 632, but darker, and averaging slightly smaller.

Range.--"Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia; south in winter to California." (A.O.U.)

=647. Tennessee Warbler= (_Helminthophila peregrina_). L. 5. No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Head bluish gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-green; below grayish white. _Ad._ [Female]. Gray of head with more or less olive-green; stripe over eye and underparts yellower. _Yng._ Similar to [Female], but entirely bright olive-green above; yellower below. _Notes._ Song scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chipping Sparrow, but first two syllables _twip_ instead of _chip_. (Jones.)

Range:--Eastern North America, west in migrations to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska; winters in Central and northern South America.

=747. Kennicott Willow Warbler= (_Phyllopseustes borealis_). L. 5. _Ads._ Above olive-green; below white tinged with yellowish, sides greenish; a whitish line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white in tail. _Notes._ Call, a monotonous _dzit_; song, resembles trill of Redpoll. (Seebohm.)

Range.--Asia, east to western Alaska.

=625. Yellow-green Vireo= (_Vireo flavoviridis_). L. 6.4. Resembling No. 624, but greener above, the sides heavily washed with greenish yellow.

Range.--Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande.

_626. Philadelphia Vireo_ (_Vireo philadelphicus_). L. 4.8. _Ads._ No distinct crown-cap; above olive-green; below yellowish; a whitish line over eye; no wing-bars. _Notes._ Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo but generally higher pitched; also a very abrupt, double-syllabled utterance with a rising inflection which comes in with the song at irregular intervals. (Brewster.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, New Hampshire and Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics.

=627. Warbling Vireo= (_Vireo gilvus_). L. 5.4; W. 2.8. _Ads._ Above grayish olive-green, crown slightly grayer but without distinct cap as in No. 624; a whitish line over eye but no black line above it; below white, the sides washed with yellowish; no wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo; song; a rich, firm, unbroken warble with an alto undertone.

Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States north to Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico.

=627a. Western Warbling Vireo= (_V. g. swainsoni_). Similar to No. 627, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the bill more slender; upperparts, particularly crown, grayer.

Range.--Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; winters in Mexico.

=631. White-eyed Vireo= (_Vireo noveboracensis_). L. 5; W. 2.4.; B. .4. _Ads._ Eye-ring and lores yellow; iris white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; Below white, sides yellowish; two whitish wing-bars. _Notes._ Calls, varied, often harsh and scolding; song, an emphatic whistle _who are you, eh_? or _what's that you say?_, and a low medley often including imitations of the notes of other birds.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Central America.

=631a. Key West Vireo= (_V. n. maynardi_). Similar to No. 631, but bill heavier, sides averaging less yellow.

Range.--Southern Florida; resident.

=621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo= (_V. n. bermudianus_). Similar to No. 631, but wing shorter, 2.30; no yellow on sides. (Bangs and Bradlee.)

Range.--Resident in Bermudas.

=631c. Small White-eyed Vireo= (_V. n. micrus_). Smaller than No. 631, W. 2.2; averaging grayer above; sides with less yellow.

Range.--Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas.

=629. Blue-headed Vireo= (_Vireo solitarius_). L. 5.5; W. 2.9; B. .4. _Ads._ Lores and eye-ring white; crown and cheeks bluish slate-color; back olive-green; below white, sides washed with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-bars. _Notes._ Resembling in form those of Red-eyed or Yellow-throated Vireos but more varied, sometimes a continuous warble; a musical chatter, like that of the Yellow-throated and a trilled whistle. (Torrey.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and south along Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Florida to Central America.

=629a. Cassin Vireo= (_V. s. cassini_). Like No. 629, but back washed with the color of the head; white on breast and throat less pure.

Range.--"Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pacific coast region and Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Arizona, New Mexico; and northern Mexico." (Bailey.)

=629b. Plumbeous Vireo= (_V. s. plumbeus_). Above wholly plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive tinge, below white, the sides gray _faintly_ tinged with greenish yellow; size of No. 629c.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico north to southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to southern Mexico.

=629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo= (_V. s. alticola_). Larger than No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its color extending over most of the back.

Range.--Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia; winters in Florida.

=629d. St. Lucas Solitary Vireo= (_V. s. lucasanus_). Smaller than No. 629a, but bill longer and stouter, sides and flanks much yellower; young without brownish below, and resembling young of No. 629.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=633. Bell Vireo= (_Vireo bellii_). L. 5. Above olive-green, crown grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two inconspicuous whitish wing-bars; below white, sides tinged with yellowish. Most like No. 627, but back greener, no white line _back_ of eye. _Notes._ Resemble those of the White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song less emphatic. (Goss.)

Range.--Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico.

=633.1. Least Vireo= (_Vireo pusillus_). L. 4.8. _Ads._ Above gray, slightly tinged with greenish toward rump; below white, sides with little if any greenish tinge; one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar; lores and eye-ring inconspicuously grayish.

Range.--Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California; breeds north to Arizona and middle California.

=634. Gray Vireo= (_Vireo vicinior_). L. 5.5. Above slaty gray; below white tinged with grayish; one inconspicuous wing-bar; lores and eye-ring gray; bill short. _Notes._ Song may be compared with the finest efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm and mellowness of the song of the Yellow-throated Vireo. (Henshaw.)

Range.--Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastern California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico.

=749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet= (_Regulus calendula_). L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. _Ad._ [Male]. A more or less concealed crown-patch; back olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. _Ad._ [Female] and _Yng._ (Here figured.) Similar, but no crown-patch.

Range.--North America; breeds from the northern border of the United States northward, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and in the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from south Carolina and Oregon southward to Central America.

=749a. Sitkan Kinglet= (_R. c. grinnelli_). Similar to No. 749, but more olive-green above; more buffy below.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters southward to California.

=470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher= (_Empidonax fulvifrons pygmA|us_). L. 4.7. _Ads._ Below rusty buff; above grayish brown.

Range.--Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New Mexico and Arizona.

=586. Texas Sparrow= (_Arremonops rufivirgata_). L. 6.5. _Ads._ Above olive-green, sides of crown brownish, its center grayish; below whitish; bend of wing _yellow_. _Notes._ Song resembles that of the Chipping Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and modulation of that of the Yellow Warbler.

Range.--Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to Louisiana.

=638. Swainson Warbler= (_Helinaia swainsonii_). L. 5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail. _Ads._ Crown brown, back, wings and tail olive-brown; a whitish line over eye; below whitish tinged with yellow. _Notes._ Song, "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the first four uttered rather slowly and in the same key, the remaining five or six given more rapidly and in an evenly descending scale." (Brewster.)

Range.--Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana and southern Missouri.

=639. Worm-eating Warbler= (_Helmitheros vermivorus_). L. 5.5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail _Ads._ Crown black with three buff stripes; back, wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on breast. _Yng._ Buff everywhere richer. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; song, resembles that of Chipping Sparrow but is somewhat weaker.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of United States.

=742. Pallid Wren-tit= (_ChamA|a fasciata_). L. 6.7; T. 5.4. Outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Above brownish gray; below buffy obscurely streaked with gray. _Notes._ Song wooden and unmusical, beginning deliberately and ending in a roll, _chick_: _chick_; _chick_, _chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick_.

Range.--"Interior of California, including the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, from the head of the Sacramento Valley south to northern Lower California." (A.O.U.)

=742a. Coast Wren-tit= (_C. f. phA|a_). Similar to No. 742, but much browner above and deeper more pink below; sides as dark as back.

Range.--Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, north to southern Oregon.

=707. Curve-billed Thrasher= (_Toxostoma curvirostre_). L. 11.2. _Ads._ Above brownish gray; below mottled with brownish gray; lower belly buffy; four outer pairs of tail-feathers _tipped with white_; two narrow white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, _whit-whit_; one of the most silent of song Thrushes. (Merrill.) Song, remarkably melodious and attractive. (Couch.)

Range.--Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south over the Mexico tableland to Oaxaca.

=707a. Palmer Thrasher= (_T. c. palmeri_). Similar to No. 707, but wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers _without_ white tips.

Range.--"Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A.O.U.)

=708. Bendire Thrasher= (_Toxostoma bendirei_). L. 10.2. _Ads._ Above brownish ashy; below soiled whitish washed with buffy and lightly spotted with dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Call, _tirup_, _tirup_, _tirup_. (Brown.)

Range.--Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora, Mexico; west rarely to southeastern California; resident except at extreme northern limit of its range.

=709. St. Lucas Thrasher= (_Toxostoma cinereum_). L. 10. _Ads._ Above grayish brown; below white with numerous wedge-shaped spots; outer tail-feathers tipped with white.

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=709a. Mearns Thrasher= (_T. c. mearnsi_). Differs from No. 709 in much darker upperparts, more rusty flanks and crissum, much larger and more intensely black spots on lower parts and less curved bill. (Anthony.)

Range.--Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30A deg. 30'.

=710. Californian Thrasher= (_Toxostoma redivivum_). L. 12. _Ads._ Above grayish brown; belly distinctly buff; breast grayish, throat whitish, washed with buff; no white in wings or tail. _Notes._ Song suggesting both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird.

Range.--California west of the Sierra Nevada, north of about Lat. 35A deg.; south into Lower California.

=710a. Pasadena Thrasher= (_T. r. pasadenense_). Similar to No. 710, but grayer above; belly paler, throat whiter.

Range.--Southern California.

=711. Leconte Thrasher= (_Toxostoma lecontei_). L. 10.5. _Ads._ Above brownish ashy, below creamy white, under tail-coverts buff. _Notes._ Call, a sharply reiterated _whit_ or _quit_; song, remarkable for its loud rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a mile. (Mearns.) Call, low and musical, _hueA(C)-e_, whistled through the teeth. (Stephens.)

Range.--"Desert region of southern California, Nevada, and extreme southwestern Utah, from Benton, Cal. (Lat. 38A deg.), southeastward through Arizona to Sonora (Lat. 30A deg.). Local in San Joaquin Valley." (A.O.U.)

=711a. Desert Thrasher= (_T. l. arenicola_). Differing from No. 711 in having upperparts darker and grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray. (Anthony.)

Range.--Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.)

=712. Crissal Thrasher= (_Toxostoma crissalis_). L. 12. _Ads._ Under tail-coverts reddish _chestnut_; upperparts brownish gray; underparts ashy, chin white. _Notes._ No loud call note; song of remarkable scope and sweetness. (Mearns.)

Range.--"Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the Colorado Desert, California, and northern Lower California; north to Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A.O.U.)

Perching Birds Chiefly Brown or Streaked

=538. Chestnut-collared Longspur= (_Calcarius ornatus_). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair of tail-feathers (and sometimes these) with white, _two_ outer pairs white _to the tip_. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and cheeks buff; breast and belly black; crown black, nape chestnut; lesser wing-coverts black tipped with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above grayish brown streaked with black; below pale buff. [Male] _in winter_. Like summer [Male] but black and chestnut areas more or less tipped with grayish brown. _Notes._ Song, short, shrill, but very sweet, often uttered on the wing. (Allen.)

Range.--Great Plains: breeds from central Kansas and eastern Colorado north to the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Nebraska south into Mexico.

=539. McCown Longspur= (_Rhynchophanes mccownii_). L. 6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair of tail-feathers with white, the outer _one_ white _to the tip_, the others tipped with black; lesser wing-coverts _chestnut_. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and belly white, breast and crown black; back grayish brown streaked with black. _Ad._ [Female]. Below white washed with brownish; above grayish brown streaked with black. [Male] _in winter_. Like [Female] but a partly concealed black breast patch; tail with more white. _Notes._ Call, a _chip_ at each stroke of the wing; song, of soft, twittering, pleasing notes. (Goss.) "A twittering, hurried chant, suggestive of the Horned Lark's performance, but terminating in decreasing power." (Silloway.)

Range.--Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Montana and the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Kansas south into Mexico.

=552. Lark Sparrow= (_Chondestes grammacus_). L. 6.2; _Ads._ Sides of the crown and ear-coverts chestnut; all but middle tail-feathers tipped with white; back broadly streaked with black; sides of throat and spot on breast black. _Notes._ Song, loud and musical suggesting both a Song Sparrow's and a Canary's.

Range.--Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois; casually east of the Alleghanies; breeds from Texas to Manitoba; winters south into Mexico.

=552a. Western Lark Sparrow= (_C. g. strigatus_). Similar to No. 552, but streaks on upperparts generally narrower.

Range.--Western United States from the Plains to Pacific; breeds from Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south to Central America.

=536. Lapland Longspur= (_Calcarius lapponicus_). L. 6.2 Hind toe-nail as long as or longer than toe; two outer tail-feathers with white _at the end_. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Nape chestnut; crown, cheeks, throat and upper-breast black; back black margined with _rusty brown_. _Ad._ [Female], summer. Crown and back black margined with rusty; nape brighter; below whitish; breast feathers dusky at base; sides streaked with blackish. _Winter_, [Male]. Black areas and nape veiled with whitish or buffy tips; [Female], like [Female] in summer.

Range.--Breeds in northern Europe and northeast North America south to northern Labrador; in America, winters south, irregularly, to South Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, Texas; west to Manitoba. (Ridgw.)

=536a. Alaskan Longspur= (_C. l. alascensis_). Similar to No. 536, but margins to back feathers much paler, brownish gray or buffy; nape in winter more buffy. _Notes._ Song, uttered on wing as bird with up-stretched wings floats downward, sweet, liquid, tinkling, of same general character as that of Bobolink, but shorter, less powerful. (Nelson.)

Range.--Breeds in Alaska, Aleutian and Pribilof Islands east to Fort Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, Colorado, and western Kansas. (Ridgw.)

=553. Harris Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia querula_). L. 7.5. _Ads. summer._ Throat and crown black; nape chestnut, cheeks brownish; two white wing-bars. _Ads. winter._ Throat mottled with white, crown tipped with grayish. _Notes._ A queer, chuckling note; song of pleasing, plaintive whistling notes in musical tone like those of No. 558, but delivered in a different song. (Cooke.)

Range.--Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dakotas; in summer, the region west of Hudson Bay (exact breeding range unknown); south in winter to Texas (and Mexico?); accidental in British Columbia, Oregon and California.

=565. Black-chinned Sparrow= (_Spizella atrogularis_). L. 5.7. Below slaty gray. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and front of face _black_; rest of head and underparts slaty gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown narrowly streaked with black. _Ad._ [Female], Throat with little or no black; crown washed with brownish. _Yng._ Similar to Ad. [Female], but never with black on throat; crown more heavily washed with brownish. _Notes._ Song said to resemble that of No. 563. (Bailey.)

Range.--Mexico and southwestern United States; breeds from southern New Mexico and southern California southward; winters south into Mexico and southern Lower California.

=--English Sparrow= (_Passer domesticus_). L. 6.3. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat and upper breast black; crown _slate_; band behind eye and on nape chestnut. _Ad._ [Female]. Below dirty white; crown and rump dingy grayish brown; back streaked with black and rusty brown; a buffy stripe behind eye. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to Ad. but throat and head tipped with brownish gray. _Notes._ Harsh and discordant.

Range.--Introduced into America from Europe in 1851 and later dates; now distributed throughout the greater part of the United States.

=537. Smith Longspur= (_Calcarius pictus_). L. 6.6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; _two_ outer tail-feathers mostly white. _Ad._ [Male]. _Throat_, _breast_ and belly buff; nape buff; crown and cheeks black; ear-coverts and line over eye white; lesser wing-coverts black margined with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above brownish black margined with buff and rusty brown; below pale buff, sides of breast and flanks streaked with brown. [Male] _in winter_. Like [Female] but lesser wing-coverts black and white. _Notes._ Call constantly _chirrup_ as they fly. (Goss.)

Range.--Middle western United States; breeds in northern British. America; winters south over the plains and prairies to Texas; east to Illinois.

=579. Rufous-winged Sparrow= (_Aimophila carpalis_). L. 5.7. Outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Lesser wing-coverts bright reddish brown; crown reddish brown or chestnut margined with gray; back streaked with black and margined with _grayish brown_; below whitish; _two_ black streaks from either side of the base of the lower mandible. _Notes._ Call, _zib_, _zib_, _zib_. (Bendire.)

Range.--Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell and south through Sonora to northern Sinaloa. (Ridgw.)

=580. Rufous-crowned Sparrow= (_Aimophila ruficeps_). L. 4; T. 2.6. No yellow at bend of wing; outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads._ Above reddish brown margined with buffy gray (no black streaks); below, including middle of belly, brownish; sides of throat with black lines. _Notes._ Song, very sweet, resembling that of Lazuli Bunting, but distinguishable. (C. A. Allen.)

Range.--Northern Lower California north to Marin County and Sacramento Valley, California; local.

=580a. Scott Sparrow= (_A. r. scottii_). Similar to No. 580, but above brighter reddish brown, the margins to the feathers grayer, the underparts much paler, the breast grayish, the throat and middle of the belly whitish.

Range.--Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent portions of Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso Co.) (Ridgw.)

=580b. Rook Sparrow= (_A. r. eremA"ca_). L. 6. _Ads._ Crown reddish chestnut, back olive-brown margined with gray. Similar to No. 580a, but back of a different color from crown, the grayish margins wider.

Range.--Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and Maverick counties on the Rio Grande, northeastward to Cook County and westward at least to Tom Green County; south in winter to Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=580c. Laguna Sparrow= (_A. r. sororia_). Similar to No. 580a, but bill somewhat stouter, reddish brown above averaging brighter and wider.

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=540. Vesper Sparrow= (_PoA"cetes gramineus_). L. 6.1. Outer tail-feather mostly white; hind toe-nail not longer than toe; _lesser_ wing-coverts reddish brown. _Ads._ Above grayish brown streaked with black and chestnut; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black and chestnut. _Notes._ Call, _chip_. Song, loud and musical _Look-look_, _see-see_, _me-me-me-me-me-me-sing_, followed by a confusion of notes.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Illinois and Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico.

=540a. Western Vesper Sparrow= (_P. g. confinis_). Similar to No. 540, but paler, less black above; bill somewhat more slender.

Range.--Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra; breeds from Arizona and New Mexico north to the Saskatchewan and British Columbia; winters south into Mexico.

=540b. Oregon Vesper Sparrow= (_P. g. affinis_). Similar to No. 540a, but smaller, W. 3; bill still more slender; plumage browner, more buffy; browner even than No. 540, the underparts, including belly, suffused with buff.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in western Oregon (and north?); winters southwest of the Sierra to San Diego, California.

=575. Pine-woods Sparrow= (_PeucA|a A|stivalis_). L. 5.8; T. 2.5. Bend of the wing yellow; outer tail-feathers much shorter than the middle pair. _Ads._ Above reddish chestnut, _head_ and back streaked with black and margined with gray; below whitish, breast faintly tinged with buff. _Notes._ Song, exceedingly sweet and plaintive.

Range.--Florida and southern Georgia; winters in southern Florida.

=575a. Bachman Sparrow= (_T. A|. bachmanii_). Similar to No. 575, but above brighter reddish chestnut, black speaks fewer and usually confined to back; breast and sides deeper buff.

Range.--Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and southern Illinois, east to Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas; winters south in Atlantic States, to southern Florida.

=576. Botteri Sparrow= (_PeucA|a botteri_). L. 6; T. 2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest. _Ads_. Above bright rusty brown (about the color of a Field Sparrow), head and back streaked with black and margined with gray; below buffy, the center of the belly whitish. _Notes._ Song, begins with a faint trill followed by a succession of disjointed syllables, _cha_, _cheewee_, _wee_, _wee_, _wee_, _wir_. (Henshaw.)

Range.--Entire plateau of Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.)

=578. Cassin Sparrow= (_PeucA|a cassini_). L. 6; T. 2.8. Bend of wing yellow, outer tail-feathers shortest, their ends with distinct _grayish_ patches. _Ads._ Above _gray_ streaked with _dull_ reddish brown and _spotted_ or _barred_ with black; below grayish white. _Notes._ Song, lengthened and pleasing, usually sung on wing.

Range.--Texas and southern Kansas west to southern Nevada and Arizona south into Mexico.

=559. Tree Sparrow= (_Spizella monticola_). L. 6.3. A black spot in the center of the breast. _Ads._ Cap reddish brown, no black on head; two white wing-bars, back streaked black, reddish brown and buff; below whitish; upper mandible black, lower yellowish. _Notes._ Call, a musical, tinkling, _too-lay-it_, song, "a loud, clear and powerful chant."

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds in Labrador and region west of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina, Tennessee and Indian Territory.

=559a. Western Tree Sparrow= (_S. m. ochracea_). Similar to No. 559, but back with much less reddish brown, largely brownish buff streaked with black.

Range.--Western North America east to the Plains; breeds in Alaska; winters south to Mexican border.

=560. Chipping Sparrow= (_Spizella socialis_). L. 5.3. _Ads._ Crown reddish chestnut, forehead _blackish_; a black line from eye to nape; back streaked with black, _reddish brown_ and grayish brown; wing-bars not conspicuous; below grayish white; bill largely black. _Yng._ Crown like back; cheeks brownish. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, an unmusical _chippy_, _chippy_, _chippy_, repeated.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters in the Gulf States and Mexico.

=560a. Western Chipping Sparrow= (_S. s. arizonA|_). Similar to No. 560, but much grayer above; back with little or no reddish brown.

Range.--Western North America; breeds from Mexican border states to Alaska; winters from California and Mexican border states to southern Mexico.

=563. Field Sparrow= (_Spizella pusilla_). L. 5.6; T. 2.5. Bill entirely pinkish brown. _Ads._ Crown _reddish_ brown, a gray line over the eye, a reddish brown stripe from behind it to nape; back _reddish_ brown streaked with black; below whitish, _no_ streaks, breast washed with buffy; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, a musical whistle, _cher-weA(C)_, _cher-weA(C)-cher-weA(C)_, _cheA(C)-o_, _dee-e-e-e-e_; with many variations but usually ending in a trill.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina, Alabama and central Texas north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and Illinois to Gulf States.

=563a. Western Field Sparrow= (_S. p. arenacea_). Similar to No. 563, but much paler above; crown largely grayish; back with but little reddish brown, breast with little or no buff; tail longer, 2.7.

Range.--Great Plains of interior; breeds from Nebraska and South Dakota to eastern Montana; winters south to northeastern Mexico; casually to Louisiana. (Ridgw.)

=584. Swamp Sparrow= (_Melospiza georgiana_). L. 5.8. _Ads._ Forehead black with a gray median line; crown bright chestnut; below grayish white; _sides brownish_, nape gray; back grayish, black, and buff. Yng. Crown streaked chestnut and black; gray line over the eye sometimes tinged with yellow; other parts deeper in color. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _cheep_; song, a simple _tweet-tweet-tweet_, etc., all on one note.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from Kansas, southern Illinois, and Massachusetts to Gulf States.

=542. Sandwich Sparrow= (_Passerculus sandwichensis_). L. 5.7; W. 2.9 A yellow line from the bill passing _over_ the eye; bend of wing usually tinged with yellow. _Ads._ Above streaked with black, chestnut and brownish gray; below white, (buffy in fall and winter), breast and sides streaked with black, the streaks narrowly margined with chestnut. _Notes._ Doubtless resemble those of No. 542a.

Range.--Northwest coast; breeds in western Alaska; winters south to northern California.

=542a. Savannah Sparrow= (_P. s. savanna_). Similar to No. 542, but smaller, W. 2.7; yellow line over eye shorter and less pronounced; bill smaller. _Notes._ Call a sharp _tsip_, frequently uttered; song, a weak, musical little trill following a grasshopperlike introduction, _tsip_, _tsip_, _tsip_, _sAe"-e-e-s'r-r-r_. (Dwight.)

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey (rarely), eastern Long Island, and Missouri north to Labrador and western Hudson Bay; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Cuba and Mexico.

=542b. Western Savannah Sparrow= (_P. s. alaudinus_). Similar to No. 542a, but bill more slender, color averaging paler, the yellow line not passing _over_ the eye, less evident before it and often wholly wanting.

Range.--Western North America from the Plains west to the Sierra; breeds from Mexico City north to Alaska; winters from southern California southward.

=542c. Bryant Marsh Sparrow= (_P. s. bryanti_). Similar to No. 542b, but smaller, W. 2.6; colors much darker, streaks below heavier; yellow over eye more pronounced. A darker bird even than No. 542a, but with the bill slender as in No. 542b.

Range.--Resident in salt marshes about San Francisco and Monterey Bay; winters south to San Pedro (Grinnell); casually to Mexico City. (Ridgw.)

=543. Belding Sparrow= (_Passerculus beldingi_). L. 5; W. 2.5. _Ads._ Similar to No. 542c, but somewhat smaller, above darker and with a slight olive caste; underparts more heavily streaked.

Range.--Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todos Santos Island, Lower California, north to Santa Barbara.

=544. Large-billed Sparrow= (_Passerculus rostratus_). L. 5.5; W. 2.6. Bill stout, upper mandible _curved_; no yellow before eye or on bend of wing. _Ads._ Above grayish brown marked with brown and blackish but _without_ well-defined streaks; below white, breast and sides streaked with grayish brown, the streaked feathers centrally blackish.

Range.--Coast of southern California north to Santa Barbara; winters south to Cape St. Lucas and northwestern Mexico.

=544a. St. Lucas Sparrow= (_P. r. guttatus_). Similar to No. 544, but smaller, W. 2.5; bill more slender; upperparts brownish gray with an _olive tint_ and streaked with darker; similar to No. 544c, but smaller, upperparts more olive and more widely, but less sharply streaked.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California in winter; breeding range unknown.

=544b. Lagoon Sparrow= (_P. r. halophilus_). Similar to No. 544a, but larger, W. 2.7, and darker; streaks on chest with little if any brown edging; differing from No. 543, in more uniform coloration of upperparts, in less narrow and decidedly blackish streaks on chest, etc.

Range.--Salt marshes, Abreojos Point, Lower California.

=544c. San Benito Sparrow= (_P. r. sanctorum_). Similar to No. 544, but bill more slender; above grayer (brownish _gray_) distinctly streaked with blackish, the streaks margined with brown; below streaked with _black_, the streaks narrowly margined with brownish.

Range.--Breeds on San Benito Island, Lower California; in winter to Cape Region of Lower California.

=545. Baird Sparrow= (_Coturniculus bairdii_). L. 5.7. Tail-feathers pointed, middle ones shortest. _Ads._ Crown yellowish brown, streaked with black; back black margined with chestnut and grayish; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. In fall and winter, colors richer. _Notes._ Song, "_trick-e-trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit_, with a peculiar tinkling utterance."

Range.--Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North Dakota, eastern Montana, north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters south to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=546. Grasshopper Sparrow= (_Coturniculus savannarum passerinus_). L. 5.3. Line before eye orange; bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed. _Ads._ Crown black with a buffy central stripe; nape _chestnut and gray_; back black, chestnut buff and gray; below buffy, unstreaked, belly whiter. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; song, a weak, insect-like _pit-tuck_, _zee-e-e-e-e-e-e_.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States to Massachusetts, Vermont, and Minnesota; winters from North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico.

=546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow= (_C. s. bimaculatus_). Similar to No. 546, but paler below and with less black and more chestnut above.

Range.--Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Mexican border states north to Montana and British Columbia; winters south into Mexico.

=546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow= (_C. s. floridanus_). Similar to No. 546, but smaller, W. 3; darker above, paler below; sides of crown almost solid black; chestnut above largely replaced by black.

Range.--Kissimmee Prairies, Florida.

=547. Henslow Sparrow= (_Ammodramus henslowii_). L. 5. Bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones much the shortest. _Ads._ Crown and nape pale _olive-green_ streaked with blackish; back bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray; below white; breast and sides washed with buff and streaked with black. _Notes._ Call, _tee-wick_; song, _sis-r-r-rit-srit-srit_. (Jouy.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Minnesota; winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico.

=547a. Western Henslow Sparrow= (_A. h. occidentalis_). Similar to No. 547, but paler, in summer little or no buff below.

Range.--Central western states; breeding, so far as known, in South Dakota; in winter south to Texas.

=548. Leconte Sparrow= (_Ammodramus lecontei_), L. 5. No yellow on wing; tail-feathers pointed, outer ones much the shortest. _Ads._ Broad line over eye, throat, breast and sides rich buff; nape chestnut and gray; back black narrowly margined with chestnut and, at the sides, broadly with buff; sides streaked; breast rarely with a few streaks. _Notes._ Call, a thin, sharp, _tweet_, and a long-drawn _bizz_; song, a tiny, husky, _reese_, _reese_. (Seton.)

Range.--"Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from Dakota, Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating south and east, in winter, through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and Gulf States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.)

=533. Pine Finch= (_Spinus pinus_). L. 5. Bill sharply pointed; a tuft of bristly feathers over the nostril; tail slightly forked. _Ads._ Base of tail, of inner wing-feathers and outer edges of primaries yellow; above brownish; below whitish streaked with black. _Notes._ Call, a metallic note; song, tinkling and musical often sung on the wing as with No. 529, the song of which it resembles.

Range.--North America; breeds from northern boundary states to Alaska; in the Alleghanies south to North Carolina; and in the Rockies and Sierra south to Mexico; winters from the northern states to Gulf states and Lower California.

=541. Ipswich Sparrow= (_Passerculus princeps_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ Above _pale_ brownish gray streaked with brown; below white, breast and sides streaked with _brownish_; spot above eye and bend of wing often pale sulphur yellow. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 542a.

Range.--Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, winters south along coast, regularly to Virginia, rarely to Georgia.

=549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow= (_Ammodramus caudacutus_). L. 5.8. Tail-feathers sharply pointed, outer ones shortest. _Ads._ Below white, breast and sides washed with buff and distinctly _streaked with black_; nape olive-green; cheeks orange-buff; ear-coverts gray; crown olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line; back olive, buff, black and gray. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, an unmusical, short, "husky," "gasping" effort, uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above the reeds.

Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds from South Carolina to New Hampshire; winters from North Carolina to Florida.

=549.1. Nelson Sparrow= (_Ammodramus nelsoni_). L. 5.5. Tail-feathers pointed, outer ones shortest. _Ads._ Similar to No. 549, but breast and sides much deeper buff, the former with few or no streaks; upperparts more richly colored. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 549.

Range.--Breeds in interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and South Dakota; migrates east to New York and winters south to South Carolina and Texas; accidental in California.

=549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow= (_A. n. subvirgatus_). Similar to No. 549.1, but breast and sides paler, the former lightly but distinctly streaked with grayish; upperparts less richly colored.

Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine, southern New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters south to South Carolina.

=550. Seaside Sparrow= (_Ammodramus maritimus_). L. 6: W. 2.5. Tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones shortest; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow. _Ads._ Above olive-green and gray (no black); below white, breast and sides grayish and, in first plumage, streaked with buff. _Notes._ Similar in character to those of No. 549.

Range.--Atlantic coast; breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina to southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia.

=550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. peninsulA|_). Similar to No. 550, but smaller, W. 2.3; above black margined by olive-brown and olive-green; below whitish, breast and sides heavily streaked with blackish.

Range.--Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Carolina; Gulf Coast of Florida.

=550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. sennetti_). Similar to No. 550, but greener above; the feathers of head and back usually, those of nape always, with black centres.

Range.--Coast of Texas.

=550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. fisheri_). Similar to No. 550a, but darker above, the breast and sides heavily washed with rusty buff and streaked with black.

Range.--Coast of Louisiana, south in winter, at least as far as Corpus Christi, Texas; casual on Gulf coast of Florida.

=550d. Macgillivray Seaside Sparrow= (_A. m. macgillivraii_). Similar to No. 550c, but above grayer, less black, breast and flanks but faintly washed with buff and streaked with dusky grayish. Grayer above than No. 550a, and less heavily streaked below.

Range.--Local on coast of South Carolina.

=551. Dusky Seaside Sparrow= (_Ammodramus nigrescens_). L. 5.9. Above _black_ lightly margined with gray; below white heavily streaked with black; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow. _Notes._ Similar in character to those of No. 550.

Range.--Marshes at head of Indian River, Florida, from Banana River to Haulover Canal.