Chapter V: Part 5

=337 Red-tailed Hawk= (_Buteo borealis_). L. [Male], 20; [Female], 23. _Four_ outer primaries notched. _Ads._ Tail rusty brown with a black band, sometimes broken, near its tip; below buffy white, a band of spots across the belly; legs usually without bars. _Yng._ Tail grayish brown with a rusty tinge and numerous blackish bars; upper tail-coverts barred black and white; below less buffy than in adult; legs more often barred. _Notes._ A shrill whistle, suggesting the sound of escaping steam.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Great Plains, north to about latitude 60A deg.; breeds throughout its range; winters from Massachusetts, Illinois and South Dakota southward.

=337a. Krider Hawk= (_B. b. kriderii_). Similar to No. 337, but nearly or wholly white below. _Ads._ Usually without black tail band.

Range.--"Great Plains of United States from Minnesota to Texas;, east irregularly or casually to Iowa and northern Illinois." (Bendire).

=337b. Western Red-tail= (_B. b. calurus_). Very variable in color. _Ads._ Sometimes sooty brown above and below with more or less rusty; in light phase resembles No. 337, but tail _averages_ paler and sometimes has more than one bar; the underparts are deeper and legs are usually _barred with rusty_. _Yng._ Similar to _Yng._ of No. 337, but markings below heavier; flanks more barred.

Range.--Western North America from Rocky Mountains to Pacific; north to British Columbia, south to central America; generally resident.

=337d. Harlan Hawk= (_B. b. harlani_). _Ads._ Above sooty brown; tail closely _mottled_ with blackish, rusty and whitish; below varying from white, more or less-spotted on belly to sooty brown. _Yng._ Similar, but tail barred with blackish, gray, rusty or whitish.

Range.--"Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley, north (casually) to Kansas, Iowa, Illinois and Pennsylvania; east to Georgia, and Florida." (Bendire).

Hawks

=339. Red-shouldered Hawk= (_Buteo lineatus_). L. [Male], 18.3; [Female], 20.3. _Four_ outer primaries notched. _Ads._ Lesser wing-coverts bright reddish brown. _Yng._ Below whitish _streaked_ with brownish; lesser wing-coverts less reddish; primaries with _rusty buff_. _Notes._ A loud screaming _keA(C)-yer_, _keA(C)-yer_.

Range.--Eastern United States to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, eastern Nebraska and Minnesota, north to Maine, south to northern Florida; generally resident.

=339a. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk= (_B. l. alleni_). Smaller than No. 339. (W. [Male], 11.) _Ad._ Much grayer above, no rusty on head, much paler below.

Range.--Florida north along coast to South Carolina; west along coast to eastern Texas.

=339b. Red-bellied Hawk= (_B. l. elegans_). Similar to No. 339, but rusty of breast usually unbroken. Young with lower parts deep brownish or dusky prevailing; less buff on primaries. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Pacific coast from Lower California north to British Columbia; east rarely to Colorado and western Texas.

=342. Swainson Hawk= (_Buteo swainsoni_). L. [Male], 20. _Three_ outer primaries notched. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast patch rusty brown. _Ad._ [Female]. Breast-patch grayish brown. Dark phase. Brownish black more or less varied with rusty; tail obscurely barred. _Yng._ Below _rich_ rusty buff with elongate black spots. _Notes._ _Pi-tick_, _pi-tick_, frequently repeated. (Bendire.)

Range.--"Western North America from Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas and Texas to the Pacific coast; north to Arctic regions and south to Argentine Republic, casual east to Maine and Massachusetts. Breeds nearly throughout its North American range." (A.O.U.)

=343. Broad-winged Hawk= (_Buteo platypterus_). L. [Male], 15.8; [Female], 16.7. _Three_ outer primaries notched. _Ads._ Tail with two whitish bands and a brownish tip; below _barred_ with rusty brown. _Yng._ _No_ buff in primaries; tail brownish with several black bars; below whitish, streaked with blackish. _Notes._ A high, sharp, keen, penetrating whistle.

Range.--Eastern North America, breeds west to Plains, north to New Brunswick and Saskatchewan; winters from southern New Jersey south to northern South America.

Hawks and Caracara

=340. Zone-tailed Hawk= (_Buteo abbreviatus_). L. [Male], 19; [Female], 21. _Ads._ Tail with little if any white tip; _inner_ webs of all but middle feathers with black and white bars. _Yng._ Browner; tail grayish brown; white on inner webs, with numerous blackish bars. _Notes._ Not unlike those of _Buteo borealis_. (Belding.)

Range.--Tropical America north to southern Texas, southern Arizona and southern California.

=344. Short-tailed Hawk= (_Buteo brachyurus_). L. 17; T. 7. _Ads._ Above slaty gray, tail barred with black and tipped with white; sides of breast rusty; rest of underparts _white_. Dark phase. Blackish, forehead whitish; tail lighter than back, barred with black. _Yng._ Above blackish brown, below cream buff, _without_ black markings. _Notes._ Somewhat resembling the scream of the Red-shouldered Hawk, but more prolonged. (Pennock.)

Range.--Tropical America, north to eastern Mexico; rare in Florida.

=345. Mexican Black Hawk= (_Urubitinga anthracina_). L. [Male], 19; [Female], 21. _Ads._ Tail with a white tip and broad white band across _all_ the feathers. _Yng._ Above brownish black, buff and rusty; below buffy striped with blackish; tail with several black and whitish bars. _Notes._ Piping cries like the spring whistle of _Numenius longirostris_. (Bendire.)

Range.--"Tropical America in general, north to central Arizona, and the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas." (Bendire).

=362. Audubon Caracara= (_Polyborus cheriway_). L. 22. Tail white with a black end and numerous black bars. _Ads._ Breast and hindneck barred; belly black. _Yng._ Crown, back, and belly dark brown; hindneck, breast and belly _streaked_ with buffy. _Notes._ Generally silent, but sometimes utters a prolonged cackling note. (B. F. Goss.)

Range.--Northern South America, north to southern Texas, southern Arizona and Lower California; interior of southern Florida; resident.

=363. Guadalupe Caracara= (_Polyborus lutosus_). Resembles No. 362, but has rump and upper tail-coverts dull brownish buff broadly barred with dull brown; tail brownish buff with broad bars of grayish brown bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky; terminal band less than 2.00 wide. (Ridgway.)

Range.--Guadalupe Island, west of Lower California.

Hawks

=341. Sennett White-tailed Hawk= (_Buteo albicaudatus sennetti_). L. [Male], 21; [Female], 23. Three outer primaries cut. _Ads._ Grayish slate above. _Yng._ Above brownish black; breast usually white, throat blackish, belly heavily marked with rusty and blackish; sometimes wholly black below; tail generally _silvery gray_., white on inner webs with numerous indistinct blackish bars. _Notes._ A cry much like the bleating of a goat (Merrill.)

Range.--"From southern Texas and Arizona south to Mexico." (Bailey.)

=347a. American Rough-legged Hawk= (_Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis_). B. .7 deep, _smaller_ than in No. 348. L. [Male], 21; [Female], 23. Legs feathered to the toes. _Ads._ Basal half of tail white, end half barred with black; belly with more or less black. _Yng._ No black bars on end half of tail; buffier below, more black on belly. Black phase. Black more or less varied with brown and rusty as it approaches light plumage of ad. or yng; but to be known by feathered legs.

Range.--North America; breeds north of United States; winters south to Virginia, Missouri and central California.

=348. Ferruginous Rough-Leg= (_Archibuteo ferrugineus_). B. 1. deep, larger than in No. 347a; L. [Male], 22; [Female], 24. Legs feathered to toes. _Ads._ Above rich rusty streaked with black; legs rusty barred with black; tail grayish sometimes washed with rusty. _Yng._ Above blackish brown margined with rusty; below white; breast with a few streaks; legs _spotted_; tail with inner webs and base white; outer webs grayish. Dark phase. Sooty brown more or less varied with rusty; _tail as in ad_.

Range.--"Western North America from the Plains (east North Dakota to Texas), west to the Pacific and from the Saskatchewan region south into Mexico; casually east to Illinois. Breeds from Utah, Colorado and Kansas north to the Saskatchewan Plains." (A.O.U.)

=355. Prairie Falcon= (_Falco mexicanus_). L. [Male], 17; [Female], 20. A blackish patch on the sides. _Ad._ [Male]. Above including middle tail feathers, grayish brown; back with more or less concealed buffy bars. _Ad._ [Female]. No buffy bars on back. _Yng._ Above margined with rusty and whitish; head much as in ad. _Notes._ _Kee_, _kA(C)e_, _kee_ and a sort of cackle. (Bendire.)

Range.--"United States from the eastern border of the Plains to the Pacific and from the Dakotas south into Mexico; casual east to Illinois. Breeds throughout its United States range." (A.O.U.)

Eagles and Gyrfalcons

=349. Golden Eagle= (_Aquila chrysaA"tos_). L. [Male], 30-35; [Female], 35-40; Ex. [Male], 78-84; [Female], 84-90. (Ridgw.) Legs feathered to toes. _Ads._ Back of head and nape paler than body; basal two-thirds of tail white. _Yng._ Base of tail with broken grayish bars. _Notes._ A shrill, _kee-kee-kee_, and, when alarmed, _kiah-kiah_ repeated a number of times. (Bendire.)

Range--Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America south into Mexico; rare east of Mississippi, more common in Rocky Mountains and mountains of Pacific coast.

=352. Bald Eagle= (_HaliA|etus leucocephalus_). L. [Male], 33; [Female] 35; Ex. [Male], 84; [Female], 89. Legs _not_ feathered to toes. _Ads._ Head, neck and tail white. _Yng._ Head and body blackish, more or less varied with white; tail blackish mottled with white. _Notes._ Of the male, a loud, clear _cac cac-cac_; of the female harsh and broken. (Ralph.)

Range.--North America breeding locally throughout its range, more frequently near the Atlantic coast; resident in United States.

=352a. Alaska Bald Eagle= (_H. l. alascanus_). Similar to No. 352, but larger. W. [Male], 23.8; [Female], 24.6; T. [Male], 11.5; [Female], 12; Tar. [Male], 4.1; [Female], 3.7. (Townsend.)

Range.--Alaska.

=353. White Gyrfalcon= (_Falco islandus_). L. [Male], 22; [Female], 24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only outer primary notched. Under tail coverts _pure_ white. _Ads._ Below white with few or no black markings. _Yng._ Dark areas above larger, below with elongate blackish spots.

Range.--Arctic regions, in America south in winter casually to Maine.

=354. Gray Gyrfalcon= (_Falco rusticolus_). L. [Male], 22; [Female], 24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only outer primary notched. Under tail coverts _with_ dusky margins. _Ads._ Crown usually more white than dusky; above _barred_ with blackish and grayish; below white, breast streaked; sides and legs barred with dusky. _Yng._ Above dark brown with broken buffy bars and margins: tail with white and brown bars of nearly equal width, below white everywhere streaked with blackish.

Range.--Arctic regions; south in winter to the northern border of the United States; casually as far as Kansas and Maine.

=354a. Gyrfalcon= (_F. r. gyrfalco_). Similar to No. 354, but head usually with more dusky than white; back in ad. indistinctly barred with grayish. _Yng._ With dark stripes of lower parts usually about equal in width to white interspaces.

Range.--"Northern Europe and Arctic America, from northern Labrador and coasts of Hudson Bay to Alaska" (Ridgw.); south in winter casually, to northern border of United States as far as Long Island.

=354b. Black Gyrfalcon= (_F. r. obsoletus_). Similar to No. 354, but much darker; above plain dusky with few or no buffy markings; below dusky margined with buffy, the former prevailing. _Notes._ A chattering _ke-a_, _ke-a_, _ke-a_, blending into a rattling scream. (Turner.)

Range.--Labrador: south in winter to northern New England; casually to Long Island.

Hawks

=356. Duck Hawk= (_Falco peregrinus anatum_). L. [Male], 16; [Female], 19. Sides of throat black. _Ads._ Above bluish slate; below buffy. _Yng._ Above blackish margined with rusty; tail with broken rusty bars and whitish tip; below _deep_ rusty buff streaked with blackish; under surface of wing uniformly barred. _Notes._ Loud screams and noisy cacklings. (Bendire.)

Range.--Western Hemisphere; breeds locally from Southern States to Arctic regions; winters from Northern States southward; more common west of Rocky Mountains.

=356a. Peale Falcon= (_F. p. pealei_). _Ads._ Crown uniform with back; chest heavily spotted with blackish; bars of remaining underparts very broad. (Ridgw.)

Range.--"Pacific coast region of North America from Oregon to the Aleutian and Commander Islands, breeding throughout its range." (A. O. U.)

=357. Pigeon Hawk= (_Falco columbarius_). L. [Male], 10.5; [Female], 13. Two outer primaries notched. _Ad._ [Male]. Above slaty blue; middle tail feather with not more than _four_ black bands. _Ad._ [Female] and _Yng._ Above dark blackish brown; bars in middle tail feather five or less; below more heavily barred than in [Male].

Range.--North America; breeds chiefly north of United States from Rocky Mountains and westward; breeds from Colorado and California north to Alaska; winters from Gulf States, Colorado and California, south to northern South America.

=357a. Black Merlin= (_F. c. suckleyi_). Similar to No. 357, but much darker above and more heavily, marked below; bars on tail and under side of wing nearly obsolete.

Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka; east to eastern Oregon and Washington.

=358. Richardson Merlin= (_Falco richardsonii_). Resembles No. 357, but is paler and has the central tail feather crossed by six light bars, counting the terminal one.

Range.--Interior of North America from eastern border of Great Plains west; rare west of Rockies; north to, at least, latitude 53A deg.; south to Mexico.

=359. Aplomado Falcon= (_Falco fusco-cA|rulescens_). L. [Male], 16; [Female], 17.5. Middle of belly black. _Ads._ Above slaty gray; breast buff, lower belly rusty. _Yng._ Similar but grayish brown above, belly paler.

Range.--South and Central America north to southern border of the United States.

=360. Sparrow Hawk= (_Falco sparverius_). L. 10; [Female], 11. _Ad._ [Male]. Tail with one black bar; below _spotted_. _Ad._ [Female]. Whole back barred; tail with numerous black bars; below _streaked_. _Notes._ A rapidly repeated _killy-killy-killy_, usually uttered while on the wing.

Range.--Eastern North America west to Rocky Mountains; breeds from Gulf States to Hudson Bay; winters from southern Illinois and New Jersey southward.

Hawks and Owls

=360a. Desert Sparrow Hawk= (_F. s. phalA|na_). Similar to No. 360, but slightly larger and appreciably paler; [Female] with black bars above narrower; streakings of underparts finer and more rusty. [Male], L. 10.6; W. 7.5; T. 5.3; [Female], L. 10.8; W. 7.7; T. 5.3. (Mearns.)

Range.--"Western United States, north to western British Columbia and western Montana south, to Mazatlan in northwestern Mexico." (A.O.U.)

=360b. St. Lucas Sparrow Hawk= (_F. s. peninsularis_). Similar to No. 360a, but paler; smaller than No. 360. [Male], W. 6.4; T. 4.5; [Female], W. 7; T. 4.7. (Mearns.)

Range--Lower California (Cape Region only?)

=365. Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl= (_Strix pratincola_). L. 18. No ear-tufts; eyes black. _Ads._ Above gray and yellowish buff; below white more or less washed with buff and spotted with black. _Yng._ More buffy below. _Notes._ A sudden, harsh scream and a screaming _cr-r-r-r-e-e_, repeated several times generally when flying.

Range.--United States north to Long Island, (rarely Massachusetts), southern Ontario, Minnesota and Oregon; migrates slightly south and winters south to Mexico.

=366. American Long-eared Owl= (_Asio wilsonianus_). L. 14.8. Ear-tufts long; eyes yellow. _Ads._ Above varied with _gray_; belly _barred_. _Notes._ Usually silent except during the breeding season when they utter a soft toned, slow _wu-hunk_, _wu-hunk_ and a low, twittering, whistling _dicky_, _dicky_, _dicky_. (Bendire.)

Range.--North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and British Columbia south into Mexico.

=367. Short-eared Owl= (_Asio accipitrinus_). L. 15.5. Ear tufts short; eyes yellow. _Ads._ No gray above; belly _streaked_. _Notes._ A shrill barking call like the _ki-yi_ of a small dog. (Lawrence.)

Range.--"Nearly cosmopolitan;" in America breeds locally from Virginia, northern Mississippi Valley, and Dakotas northward; winters from northern United States southward.

=378. Burrowing Owl= (_Speotyto cunicularia hypogA|a_). L. 10. Tarsi bare behind. _Ads._ Spotted above with buffy; belly barred; chin and breast-patch white. _Yng._ Less distinctly spotted above; belly without bars. _Notes._ A mellow, sonorous _coo-c-o-o_; a chattering note uttered when flying, and a short, shrill alarm-note, _tzip-tzip_. (Bendire.)

Range.--Western North America from humid coast region east to prairies of Mississippi Valley (western Nebraska, central Kansas, western Minnesota); north to about line of Canadian Pacific R. R.; south to Central America.

=378a. Florida Burrowing Owl= (_S. c. floridana_). Similar to No. 378, but slightly smaller and whiter throughout; spots above white with little if any buff; tarsi nearly bare.

Range.--Interior of southern Florida.

Owls

=368. Barred Owl= (_Syrnium varium_). L. 80. No ear-tufts; eyes black. _Ads._ Head, back and breast _barred_; _toes feathered nearly if not quite to the nails_. _Notes._ A loud, sonorous _whoo-whoo-whoo-too-whoo_, _to-whoo-ah_; a long-drawn, _whoo-ah_; rarely a wild scream; and when two individuals meet, a remarkable medley of hoots and _ha-has_.

Range.--Eastern North America except Gulf Coast; north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; west to Colorado; resident, except at northern limit of range.

=368a. Florida Barred Owl= (_S. v. alleni_). Similar to No. 368, but smaller, darker; black bars especially on breast, wider; _toes nearly if not quite bare_.

Range.--Florida; north along coast to South Carolina; west along coast to Texas.

=368b. Texas Barred Owl= (_S. v. helveolum_). Similar to No. 368 in color, but with the toes bare as in No. 368a.

Range.--Southern Texas.

=369. Spotted Owl= (_Syrnium occidentale_). Resembles No. 368, but has the head and neck _spotted_ with white; primaries with broad, whitish tips. _Notes._ Probably similar to those of No. 368. (Bendire.)

Range.--Western United States from southern Colorado and New Mexico, west to California, south to Lower California and Guanajuato, Mexico.

=369a. Northern Spotted Owl= (_S. o. caurinum_). Similar to No. 369, but darker; white markings smaller; white spots on head and neck reduced to minimum; white tips to primaries nearly obsolete. (Merriam.)

Range.--Western Washington and British Columbia.

=370. Great Gray Owl= (_Scotiaptex nebulosa_). L. 27. No ear-tufts; eyes yellow. _Ads._ Above black finely and _irregularly_ marked with white; breast _streaked_; feet feathered to toe-nails. _Notes._ Said to be a tremulous, vibrating sound. (Fisher.)

Range.--North America; breeds north of Lat. 55A deg.; winters south to northern border of United States casually as far as New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota, Idaho, and northern California.

=371. Richardson Owl= (_Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni_). L. 10. _Ads._ Above _grayish_ brown with numerous white _spots_, particularly on head; feet feathered to toes and usually with indistinct, dusky bars. _Notes._ A musical, soft whistle. (Wheelright.) A peculiar grating cry. (Nelson.) (See next page.)

Range.--Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence and Manitoba northward; winters south to northern border of United States, casually to Massachusetts, Iowa, and Colorado; no Pacific coast record (?).

=372. Saw-whet Owl; Acadian Owl= (_Nyctala acadica_). L. 8. _Ads._ Above _cinnamon_ brown; forehead with many, hindhead with few _streaks_; back with white spots; feet and legs less heavily feathered than in No. 371 and _without_ dusky bars. _Yng._ Breast and back cinnamon brown with few white markings; belly _rusty buff, unstreaked_. _Notes._ A frequently repeated whistle; sometimes high, sometimes low; generally begins slow and ends rapidly; resembles noise of saw-filing. (Ralph.)

Range.--North America; breeds from mountains of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts (rarely), northern New York, northern Illinois; and, in Rocky Mountains, from Mexico northward; winters south to Virginia, Kansas and central California.

=372a. Northwest Saw-whet Owl= (_N. a. scotA|a_). Similar to No. 372, but darker both above and below, dark markings everywhere heavier; flanks, legs and feet more rufescent. (Osgood.)

Range.--Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

=379. Pygmy Owl= (_Glaucidium gnoma_). L. 7. Top of head _spotted_. _Ads._ Above grayish brown; spots whitish. _Yng._ No spots on head. _Notes._ A soft cooing _coohuh_, _coohuh_, repeated a number of times. (Bendire.)

Range.--"Timbered regions of western North America, from southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona," west to California, Oregon, and Washington, except coast belt, south into Mexico.

=379a. California Pygmy Owl= (G. g. californicum). Similar to No. 379, but darker; spots above buff or rusty.

Range.--Humid coast region from Monterey, California, north to British Columbia.

=379.1. Hoskin Pygmy Owl= (_Glaucidium hoskinsii_). Similar to No. 379a, but smaller and grayer, the forehead and facial disc with more white, the upperparts less distinctly spotted. (Brewst.)

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=380. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl= (_Glaucidium phalA|noides_). L. 7. Top of head _streaked_. _Ads._ Above varying from grayish brown marked with whitish to plain reddish brown without marks; below white streaked with grayish brown or reddish brown. _Yng._ No streaks on head. _Notes._ A softly whistled _coo_ repeated many times at intervals of about one second.

Range.--Tropical America; from Brazil north to Mexican border of United States.

=381. Elf Owl= (_Micropallas whitneyi_). L. 6. Smallest of our Owls. _Ads._ Above grayish brown, head spotted; back barred with rusty; below mixed rusty, white and grayish. _Notes._ A tremulous _cha-cha_, _cha-cha_, in different keys, sometimes low, sometimes distinct. (Bendire.)

Range.--Tableland of Mexico from Puebla north to Mexican border of United States; Lower California, and (rarely) California.

=373. Screech Owl= (_Megascops asio_). L. 9.4; W. 6.4; T. 3. Two color phases; with ear-tufts; eyes yellow. _Ad._ Gray phase. Above buffy gray irregularly marked with black; below gray, white, rusty and black. _Ad._ Red phase. Above bright rusty brown with a few black streaks; below white streaked with black and barred with rusty brown. _Yng._ Above gray or rusty _barred_ with black and white; below white thickly barred with blackish. _Notes._ A frequently repeated tremulous, wailing whistle; often followed by a slower refrain-like call; a castanet-like snapping of the mandibles.

Range.--Eastern North America from Florida north to New Brunswick, Ontario and Minnesota, west to the Great Plains; resident.

=373a. Florida Screech Owl= (_M. a. floridanus_). Smaller than No. 373, W. 6.0; T. 2.8. Two color phases. Similar to those of No. 373, but averaging darker and more heavily marked below; especially in red phase.

Range.--Florida, north along coast to South Carolina; west along coast to Louisiana.

=373b. Texas Screech Owl= (_M. a. mccalli_). Similar to No. 373, but smaller, W. 6.1; underparts, especially sides of belly, with more black bars; toes barer. I have seen only a gray phase.

Range.--"From western and southern Texas across east border of tablelands of Mexico." (Bailey.)

=373c. California Screech Owl= (_M. a. bendirei_). W. 6.6. A gray color phase only. Resembling No. 373, but somewhat darker above; less buff about the nape; black streakings more regularly distributed; underparts much as in No. 373b.

Range.--California and southern Oregon.

=373d. Kennicott Screech Owl= (_M. a. kennicottii_). L. 10; W. 7.25. _Ads._ Sooty brown prevailing above; blackish markings below nearly if not fully as wide as white ones; darkest of our Screech Owls.

Range.--Pacific coast from Oregon to Sitka.

=373e. Rocky Mountain Screech Owl= (_M. a. maxwelliA|_). W. 7. Similar to No. 373f above but paler; pale grayish buff predominating; black markings throughout much narrower and less numerous than in No. 373g; palest of our Screech Owls.

Range.--"Foothills and adjacent plains of the east Rocky Mountains from Colorado north to Montana" (Bendire).

=373f. Mexican Screech Owl= (_M. a. cineraceus_). A gray color phase only. Similar to No. 373b. but much grayer above; buff markings of No. 373b almost wholly absent; below black bars more numerous and narrower than in No. 373b.

Range.--"New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and western Mexico." (A.O.U.)

=373g. Aiken Screech Owl= (_M. a. aikeni_). A gray color phase only. W. 6.5. Similar to 373f, but still grayer; almost no buff above; black markings wider on head, back, and underparts.

Range.--"Plains, El Paso County, Colorado, south probably to central New Mexico and northeastern Arizona." (A.O.U.)

=373h. MacFarlane Screech Owl= (_M. a. macfarlanei_). A gray color phase only. _Ads._ Of the size of _kennicottii_, but with color and markings of _bendirei_. W. 7.2; T. 3.8. (Brewst.)

Range.--"Eastern Washington and Oregon to western Montana and probably intermediate regions, and north to the interior of British Columbia." (Bailey.)

=373.1. Spotted Screech Owl= (_Megascops trichopsis_). L. 7.7. _Ads._ Above mixed black, grayish brown and buff; black prevailing on head; feathers of foreback with buffy white _spots_ on either side near the end; below much as in No. 373f.

Range.--Southern Arizona and southward into northern Mexico.

=373.2. Xantus Screech Owl= (_Megascops xantusi_). W. 5.3. _Ad._ [Male]. Above drab, back tinged with pinkish rusty and faintly vermiculated with reddish brown; breast paler ashy faintly suffused with pinkish or rusty; belly whitish; underparts finely barred with reddish brown and streaked with clove-brown. (Brewst.)

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=374. Flammulated Screech Owl= (_Megascops flammeola_). L. 7. _Ads._ Ear-tufts small; eye surrounded by rusty, then by gray; crown, nape and tips of scapulars largely rusty; neck band rusty.

Range.--Mountains of Guatemala north to Colorado (11 specimens, 7 from Boulder County, Cook), west rarely to California (2 specimens).

=374a. Dwarf Screech Owl= (_M. f. idahoensis_). Similar to No. 374, but slightly smaller and paler, especially on underparts where ground color is white and black markings are restricted.

Range.--Idaho, eastern Oregon and California (San Bernardino Mountains, 3 specimens, Grinnell).

=375. Great Horned Owl= (_Bubo virginianus_). [Male], L. 22; W. 15. _Ads._ Ears conspicuous; the feathers nearly throughout the body rusty basally; facial disc rich rusty. _Notes._ A loud, low, deep-toned _whoo_, _hoo-hoo-hoo_, whooo-whooo, variable, but usually on the same note; rarely a hair-raising scream.

Range.--Eastern North America; north to Labrador, south to Central America; resident.

=375a. Western Horned Owl= (_B. v. pallescens_). Smaller and paler than No. 375, W. 13.7; facial disc washed with rusty.

Range.--Western United States, except Pacific coast region, east to Great Plains; casually Wisconsin and Illinois north to Manitoba and British Columbia; south to Mexico.

=375b. Arctic Horned Owl= (_B. v. arcticus_). Black and white prevailing above; bases of feathers light yellowish buff; below black and white with little or no buffy; facial disc gray.

Range.--Interior of Arctic America, from Rocky Mountains east to Hudson Bay; breeds north of Lat. 51A deg.; in winter straggles southward to adjacent border of United States; rarely to Wyoming and Nebraska.

=375c. Dusky Horned Owl= (_B. v. saturatus_). Size of No. 375b, but much darker; black bars below equalling white ones in width; darkest bird of group.

Range.--"Pacific coast region from Monterey Bay, California, north to Alaska; east to Hudson Bay and Labrador." (A.O.U.)

=375d. Pacific Horned Owl= (_B. v. pacificus_). Somewhat smaller than No. 375b, W. 13.5; more like No. 375 in color but less rusty.

Range.--California, except humid coast region; east to Arizona.

=375e. Dwarf Horned Owl= (_B. v. elachistus_). Similar to No. 375c, but very much smaller. W. [Male], 12.8; [Female], 13.4. (Brewster.)

Range.--Lower California.

=376. Snowy Owl= (_Nyctea nyctea_). L. 25. _Ad._ [Male]. White more or less barred with blackish. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but more heavily barred.

Range.--Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America breeds from Lat. 50A deg. northward; winters south to northern United States; straggles as far as Texas and California.

=377a. American Hawk Owl= (_Surnia ulula caparoch_). L. 15; T. 7.2 long and _rounded_. _Ads._ Above brownish black, crown thickly spotted, scapulars conspicuously margined with white; chin blackish; belly barred. _Notes._ A shrill cry generally uttered while flying. (Fisher.)

Range.--Northern North America: breeds from Newfoundland and northern Montana northward; winters south to northern United States, rarely to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois; rare on Pacific coast.

Order XIII. PAROQUETS AND PARROTS.

PSITTACI.

Family 1. PARROTS and PAROQUETS. PsittacidA|. 2 species.

Parrots are found throughout the warmer parts of the earth. About one hundred and fifty of the some five hundred known species inhabit America. The Carolina Paroquet, practically the only member of this family found in the United States, since the Thick-billed Parrot barely reaches our border in Arizona, was once an abundant bird in the Southern States, but it is now restricted to a few localities in Florida and possibly Indian Territory.

Order XIV. CUCKOOS, TROGONS, KINGFISHERS, Etc.

COCCYGES.

Family 1. CUCKOOS, ANIS, etc. CuculidA|. 5 species 2 subspecies.

Family 2. TROGONS. TrogonidA|. 1 species.

Family 3. KINGFISHERS. AlcedinidA|. 2 species.

The Cuckoos are a group of world-wide distribution, but are more numerous in the eastern than in the western hemisphere where only thirty-five of the some one hundred and seventy-five species are found. The habit of the European Cuckoo in placing its eggs in the nest of other birds is well known. The American species, however, build nests of their own though it is true they are far from well made structures. With the Anis one nest serves for several females who may deposit as many as thirty eggs, incubation and the care of the young being subsequently shared by the members of this singular family.

Trogons are found in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds. They are quiet, sedentary birds inhabiting forests and feeding largely on fruit. So far as is known they nest in hollow trees.

Only eight of the one hundred and eighty or more known Kingfishers are found in America, the remaining species being confined to the Old World where they are most numerous in the Malay Archipelago.

Parrots and Paroquets

=382.1. Thick-billed Parrot= (_Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha_). L. 16.5. _Ads._ Forehead, loral region, stripe over eye, bend of wing and thighs red; greater under wing-coverts yellow; rest of plumage green.

Range--Central Mexico north rarely to southern Arizona.

=382. Carolina Paroquet= (_Conurus carolinensis_). L. 12.5 _Ads._ Forehead and cheeks deep orange, rest of head yellow. _Yng._ Forehead and loral region orange; rest of head green like back; no yellow on bend of wing. _Notes._ A sharp, rolling _kr-r-r-r-r-r_.

Range.--Formerly eastern United States, north to Maryland, Great Lakes, and Iowa; west to Colorado, Oklahoma and eastern Texas; now restricted to southern Florida and parts of Indian Territory.

Cuckoos

=383. Ani= (_Crotophaga ani_). Resembling No. 384 but upper mandible without grooves. _Notes._ A complaining whistled _oo-eeek_, _oo-eeek_.

Range eastern South America; north to West Indies and Bahamas, rarely to southern Florida; accidental in Louisiana and Pennsylvania.

=384. Groove-billed Ani= (_Crotophaga sulcirostris_). L. 12.5 B. .7 _high_; the upper mandible with ridges and furrows. _Ads._ Blue-black, many of the feathers with iridescent margins.

Range.--Northwestern South America, north through Mexico to Lower California and southeastern Texas; casually Arizona, Louisiana and Florida.

=385. Road-runner= (_Geococcyx californianus_). L. 23. Toes two in front, two behind. _Ads._ Above glossy olive-brown with whitish and rusty margins, tail much rounded, outer tail-feathers tipped with white. _Notes._ A soft cooing and a low _chittering_ note produced by striking the mandibles together. Bendire mentions a note like that of a hen calling her brood.

Range central Mexico north, rarely to southwestern Kansas, southern Colorado, and Sacramento Valley, California, rarely to southern Oregon.

=386. Mangrove Cuckoo= (_Coccyzus minor_). L. 13. _Ads._ Underparts _uniformly_ rich buff; above grayish brown, crown grayer; ear-coverts black; tail black, outer feathers broadly tipped with white.

Range.--Northern South America, north through Central America, Mexico and Greater Antilles (except Porto Rico?) to Florida and Louisiana, migrating south in fall.

=386a. Maynard Cuckoo= (_C. m. maynardi_). Similar to No. 386, but underparts paler, the throat and forebreast more or less ashy white.

Range.--Bahamas and (eastern?) Florida Keys.

=387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo= (_Coccyzus americanus_). L. 12.2. _Ads._ Below white; lower mandible largely yellow, tail black, outer feathers widely tipped with white. _Notes._ _Tut-tut_, _tut-tut_, _tut-tut_, _tut-tut_, _cl-uck_, _cl-uck_, _cl-uck_, _cl-uck_, _cl-uck_, _cl-uck_, _cow_, _cow_, _cow_, _cow_, _cow_, _cow_, usually given in part.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters in Central and South America.

=387a. California Cuckoo= (_C. a. occidentalis_). Similar to No. 387 but somewhat grayer and larger; the bill slightly longer, 1.05.

Range.--Western North America; north to southern British Columbia; east to Western Texas; winters south into Mexico.

=388. Black-billed Cuckoo= (_Coccyzus erythrophthalmus_). L. 11.8. _Ads._ White below; bill _black_; tail, seen from below, grayish _narrowly_ tipped with white; above, especially on crown, browner than No. 387. _Notes._ Similar to those of No. 387, but softer, the _cow_ notes connected.

Range.--Eastern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States to Brazil.

=389. Coppery-tailed Trogon= (_Trogon ambiguus_). L. 12. _Ad._ [Male]. Wing-coverts finely vermiculated; tail coppery tipped with black; outer web and end of outer feathers white, mottled with black. _Ad._ [Female]. Ear-coverts gray; back grayish brown; middle tail-feathers rusty brown tipped with black; breast brownish; upper belly grayish; ventral region pink. _Notes._ Resemble those of a hen Turkey. (Fisher.)

Range.--Southern Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande and Arizona.

=390. Belted Kingfisher= (_Ceryle alcyon_). L. 13. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast-band and sides like back. _Ad._ [Female]. Breast-band and sides rusty. _Notes._ A loud, harsh rattle.

Range.--North America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and California north to Arctic regions; winters from Virginia, Kansas, and southern California south to northern South America.

=391. Texas Kingfisher= (_Ceryle americana septentrionalis_). L. 8.7. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast rusty brown; back greenish; a white collar. _Ad._ [Female]. Throat and breast white, sometimes tinged with buffy; a breast and belly band of greenish spots. _Notes._ When flying, a sharp, rattling twitter; when perching, a rapid, excited ticking.

Range.--Tropical America, from Panama north to southern Texas.

Order XV. WOODPECKERS.

PICI.

Family 1. WOODPECKERS. PicidA|. 24 species, 22 subspecies.

The some three hundred and fifty known species of Woodpeckers are distributed throughout the wooded parts of the world, except in Australia and Madagascar, nearly one half of this number being found in the New World. Feeding largely upon the eggs and larvA| of insects, which they can obtain at all seasons, most of the North American species are not highly migratory but are represented in the more northern parts of their range at all times of the year.

Woodpeckers nest in holes in trees generally excavated by themselves. The eggs, four to eight or nine in number, like those of most birds that lay in covered situations, are pure white. The young are born naked and are reared in the nest.

In few birds is the close relation between structure and habit more strikingly illustrated than in the Woodpeckers. Their lengthened toes placed two before and two behind (except in one genus) and armed with strong nails enable them readily to grasp the bark of trees up which they climb. Their stiffened, pointed tail-feathers are also of assistance to them in retaining their position on tree trunks, serving as a prop on which they may rest while chiseling out their homes or laying bare the tunnels of the grubs of wood boring beetles. For this purpose they use their bill, a marvellously effective tool with which some of the large Woodpeckers perform astonishing feats. I have seen an opening made by a Pileated Woodpecker in a white pine tree, twelve inches long, four inches wide, and eight inches deep, through perfectly sound wood to reach the larvA| at work in the heart of the tree. The bill is also used as a musical instrument, the 'song' of Woodpeckers being a rolling tattoo produced by rapid tappings on some resonant limb.

As might be supposed the Woodpeckers are great of economic value. Professor Beal states that at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the food of our common Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers consists chiefly of noxious insects.

Woodpeckers

=392. Ivory-billed Woodpecker= (_Campephilus principalis_). L. 20; B. 2.7, ivory white. _Ad._ [Male]. Crest scarlet. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to the [Male], but crest black. _Notes._ A sharp, penny trumpet-like _yap-yap_.

Range.--Florida west to eastern Texas; north to southern Missouri and Oklahoma; formerly north to North Carolina, Illinois, and Indiana.

=400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker= (_Picoides arcticus_). L. 9.5. Back shining black _without_ white; toes two in front, one behind _Ad._ [Male]. Crown yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown black. _Notes._ A sharp, shrill, _chirk_, _chirk_. (Hardy.)

Range.--"Northern North America, from the Arctic regions south to northern United States, (New England, New York, Michigan, Minnesota and Idaho), and in the Sierra Nevadas to Lake Tahoe." (A.O.U.)

=401. American Three-toed Woodpecker= (_Picoides americanus_). L. 8.7. Back _with_ white: toes two in front, one behind. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown yellow; white bars on back broken, detached _not_ confluent. _Notes._ A prolonged squealing, rarely uttered. (Turner.)

Range.--Northern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds from Maine, mountains of New Hampshire, northern New York, and northern Minnesota northward; south in winter, rarely to Massachusetts, central New York, and northern Illinois.

=401a. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker= (_P. a. fasciatus_). Similar to No. 401, but white bars on back confluent forming a more or less continuous white patch.

Range.--"Alaska Territory; casually? south through western British Columbia to northwestern Washington (vicinity of Mt. Baker); east irregularly to Great Bear Lake and the Mackenzie River Valley, Northwest Territory." (Bendire.)

=401 b. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker= (_P. a. dorsalis_). Similar to No. 401a, but larger. W. 5; bill narrower. _Notes._ A harsh, nasal cry; a sudden, sharp _whip_, _whip_, _whip_, (Mearns.)

Range.--"Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia and Idaho south into New Mexico." (A.O.U.)

=405. Pileated Woodpecker= (_CeophlA"us pileatus_). L. 17. W. 8.9. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown, crest, and streaks on sides of throat red; sides of neck and patch on wing white. _Ad._ [Female]. Forehead brownish, no red on sides of throat. _Notes._ A sonorous _cow-cow-cow_, repeated slowly many times and a _wichew_ call when two birds meet; both suggesting calls of the Flicker.

Range.--Southern United States, north to South Carolina.

=405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker= (_C. p. abieticola_). Similar to No. 405, but slightly larger, W. 9; T. 6.2.

Range.--Locally distributed throughout more heavily wooded regions of North America, except in southern United States, north to Lat. 63A deg..

=393. Hairy Woodpecker= (_Dryobates villosus_). L. 9; W. 4.7 Outer tail-feathers white _without_ terminal black marks. _Ad._ [Male]. Wing-coverts spotted, underparts white; nape with a red band. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but nape band white. _Notes._ A sharp _peek_ and a Kingfisher-like rattle.

Range.--Eastern United States from North Carolina to Canada.

=393a. Northern Hairy Woodpecker= (_D. v. leucomelas_). Similar to No. 393, but larger; L. 10; W. 5.2.

Range.--British America north to Alaska.

=393b. Southern Hairy Woodpecker= (_D. v. audubonii_). Similar to No. 393, but smaller; L. 8; W. 4.2.

Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to South Carolina.

=393c. Harris Woodpecker= (_D. v. harrisi_). Similar to No. 393, but wing-coverts usually _without_ white spots; underparts dirty, dusky, brownish.

Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia.

=393d. Cabanis Woodpecker= (_D. v. hyloscopus_). Similar to No. 393c, but whiter below.

Range.--California, east to Arizona.

=393e. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker= (_D. v. monticola_). Similar to No. 393c, but pure white below; larger, size of No. 393a.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region from northern New Mexico north to British Columbia.

=393f. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker= (_D. v. picoideus_) Similar to No. 393c, but middle of back barred and spotted with black; flanks streaked with black. (Osgood.)

Range.--Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.

=394. Southern Downy Woodpecker= (_Dryobates pubescens_). L. 6; W. 3.5. Outer tail-feathers white _with_ terminal black marks. _Ad._ [Male]. Nape-band red; smallest of group, underparts dingier than in No. 394c; white of less extent; wing-coverts spotted. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but nape-band white. _Notes._ A sharp _peek_ and a rattle similar to that of No. 393, but not so loud.

Range.--South Carolina, Georgia, and Gulf States to Texas.

=394a. Gairdner Woodpecker= (_D. p. gairdnerii_). Similar to No. 394b, but underparts sooty gray; the darkest below of any form in the group.

Range.--Pacific coast from northern California north to British Columbia.

=394b. Batchelder Woodpecker= (_D. p. homorus_). Similar to No. 394c, but wing-coverts with few or no white spots, under tail-coverts without dusky streaks.

Range.--"Rocky Mountain region of the United States." (A.O.U.)

=394c. Northern Downy Woodpecker= (_D. p. medianus_). L. 6.5; W. 3.7. Similar to No. 394, but larger; whiter below; white markings of greater extent.

Range.--Eastern North America south to South Carolina.

=394d. Alaskan Downy Woodpecker= (_D. p. nelsoni_). W. 4. Similar to No. 394c, but still larger and whiter; largest of the group.

Range.--Alaska.

=394e. Willow Woodpecker= (_D. p. turati_). Similar to No. 394a, but smaller, W. 3.8. superciliary patch and underparts whiter; tertials always more or less spotted with white. (W. K. Fisher.)

Range.--"California, _except_: desert ranges and eastern slope of Sierra Nevada, coast region north of Marin Co., and region north of upper end of Sacramento Valley." (W. K. Fisher.)

=395. Red-cockaded Woodpecker= (_Dryobates borealis_). L. 8.4. Sides of head and neck white bordered by black below. _Ad._ [Male]. A nearly concealed red tuft on either side of the hindhead. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but no red on head. _Notes._ A loud, hoarse, _yank_, _yank_.

Range.--Southern United States; west to eastern Texas; north to Virginia and Arkansas.

=396. Texan Woodpecker= (_Dryobates scalaris bairdi_). L. 7.5. Outer tail-feathers barred to their base; nasal tufts brownish. _Ad._ [Male]. All crown feathers tipped with red; back barred: below _brownish white_, spotted and streaked with black. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but top of head wholly black.

Range.--Northern Mexico, north to Texas boundary, New Mexico, southern Colorado, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southeastern California.

=396a. Saint Lucas Woodpecker= (_D. s. lucasanus_). Similar to No. 396, but outer tail-feather barred with black only on terminal half or less, except sometimes on inner web. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Lower California, north, rarely to Colorado Desert, California.

=397. Nuttall Woodpecker= (_Dryobates nuttallii_). L. 7.5. Below white only _slightly_ soiled; outer tail-feather barred only on end half. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown _black_ streaked with white; nape red. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but top of head entirely black, usually, with a few white spots. _Yng._ Top of head dull red. _Notes._ A sharp _quee-quee-quee-queep_; a diminutive _chittah_. (Bailey.) Loud rattling notes. (Henshaw.)

Range.--Northern Lower California, north locally, to southern Oregon.

=398. Arizona Woodpecker= (_Dryobates arizonA|._). L. 8.2. Above _brown_, below _spotted_. _Ad._ [Male]. A red nape band. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but no red on nape, brown of crown continuous with that of back. _Yng._ Whole crown red.

Range.--Northwestern Mexico north to southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.

=399. White-headed Woodpecker= (_Xenopicus albolarvatus_). L. 9. Whole head and part of wings white. _Ad._ [Male]. Nape red. _Ad._ [Female]. Nape white. _Notes._ A sharp, clear _witt-witt_; a rather silent bird. (Bendire.)

Range.--Mountains of western United States from southern California north to southern British Columbia; east to western Idaho and western Nevada.

=402. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker= (_Sphyrapicus varius_). L. 8.5; W. 4.8. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and throat red; a _whitish_ band from eye to eye across nape; belly washed with yellow; breast patch black _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but throat white; crown rarely black. _Yng._ Breast grayish with internal dark rings or bars; crown dirty yellowish margined with dusky; red feathers soon appear on throat and crown. _Notes._ A clear ringing _cleur_ repeated; a low snarling cry resembling _mew_ of Catbird. (Brewster.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts and northern Illinois north to about Lat. 63A deg. 30'; south in Alleghanies to northwest Georgia; winters from southern Illinois and southern Virginia to Central America.

=402a. Red-naped Sapsucker= (_S. v. nuchalis_). Similar to No. 402, but slightly larger. W. 5; the nape band red; _red_ of throat encroaching on black bordering streaks; female the same but chin white.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region; breeds from Colorado and northeastern California (?), north to British Columbia; winters from southern California south to northwestern Mexico.

=403. Red-breasted Sapsucker= (_Sphyrapicus ruber_). L. 9. _Ads._ Crown, whole throat and _breast_ dull red; in other respects resembling No. 402. _Notes._ _Jay_ or _chaAe"_, _peeye_, _pinck_, and _peurr_: (Bendire.)

Range.--Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north to southern Oregon.

=403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker= (_S. r. notkensis_). Similar to No. 403, but colors deeper, red brighter; belly yellower.

Range.--Pacific coast region from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, north to southern Alaska.

=404. Williamson Sapsucker= (_Sphyrapicus thyroideus_). L. 9. Belly _bright_ yellow; rump white. _Ad._ [Male]. Above black;, a red stripe on throat; lesser wing-coverts white. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown and throat brownish; back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish. _Yng._ Similar to [Female], but breast barred like sides. _Notes._ A shrill _huit-huit_ uttered when flying. (Bendire.) The roll of this Woodpecker is not continuous, but is broken or interrupted.

Range.--Higher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds from northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California north to Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from southern California and western Texas into Mexico.

=408. Lewis Woodpecker= (_Asyndesmus torquatus_). L. 11. _Ads._ Breast and a collar around the neck gray; region about base of bill dark red; belly pinkish red; above shining green black. _Yng._ No gray collar; crown suffused with red. _Notes._ A weak, peeping twitter. (Lawrence). Generally a silent bird.

Range.--Western United States; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north to southern Alberta and British Columbia; winters from southern Oregon and Colorado south to western Texas and southern California.

=406. Red-headed Woodpecker= (_Melanerpes erythrocephalus_). L. 9.7. _Ads._ Whole head and breast red; end half of secondaries white. _Yng._ Whole head and breast grayish streaked with blackish; back black margined with grayish; end half of secondaries white with black bars. _Notes._ A tree-toad-like _ker-r-ruck, ker-r-ruck_.

Range.--Eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains: breeds from Florida and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and irregular in northern parts of range; winters from Virginia, and occasionally from New York, southward.

=407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker= (_Melanerpes formicivorus_). L. 9.5. Breast band _streaked with white_; rump white. _Ad._ [Male]. Forehead, white, _crown_, nape, and breast-spot red. _Ad._ [Female]. Center of crown with a black band of _same_ width as white band on forehead. _Notes._ A loud _tchurr, tchurr_.

Range.--Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona.

=407a. Californian Woodpecker= (_M. f. bairdi_). Similar to No. 407, but black breast-band with white only on its posterior margin.

Range.--Pacific coast region from northern California to southern Oregon.

=407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker= (_M. f. angustifrons_). _Ad._ [Male]. Similar to No. 407, but smaller, W. 5.2; the throat brighter yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. With black crown-band _wider_ than white forehead band.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=409. Red-bellied Woodpecker= (_Centurus carolinus_). L. 9.5. Center of belly reddish. _Ad._ [Male]. Top of head and nape entirely red. _Ad._ [Female]. Nape red, crown grayish, forehead tinged with red. _Notes._ A hoarse, _chA"h-chA"h_.

Range.--Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas to Maryland, Ontario, and South Dakota; winters from Virginia and southern Ohio southward; casually north as far as Massachusetts.

=410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker= (_Centurus aurifrons_). L. 10.5; center of belly yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Forehead yellow, crown-patch red, nape orange. _Ad._ [Female]. Forehead and nape yellow, crown entirely gray. _Notes._ Loud and penetrating. (Bailey.)

Range.--Mexico, north to central Texas.

=411. Gila Woodpecker= (_Centurus uropygialis_). L. 10. Center of belly yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Top of head and nape _sooty_ gray; a red-crown patch. _Ad._ [Female]. Top of head and nape entirely sooty gray. _Notes._ _DchA"rr, dchA"rr_; when flying, a shrill _huit_ like call-note of Phainopepla. (Bendire.)

Range.--Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico, and Lower California.

=412. Southern Flicker= (_Colaptes auratus_). Smaller than No. 412a, W. 5.6.

Range.--Southeastern United States north to South Carolina.

=412a. Northern Flicker= (_C. a. luteus_). L. 13; W. 6.4. Crown bluish gray; throat pinkish brown; a scarlet nape-band; lining of wings and tail yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. With black patches on the sides of the throat. _Ad._ [Female]. Without black throat patches. _Notes._ A loud, emphatic _keA(C)-yer_; a low chuckle when taking flight; a _weA(C)chew_ repeated and used only when two or more birds are together; and a mellow _cA"h-cA"h-cA"h-cA"h_, repeated, doubtless a song.

Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska; rare on the Pacific coast; apparently hybridizing with No. 413 at the western border of its range.

=413. Red-shafted Flicker= (_Colaptes cafer collaris_). L. 13. No red nape band; crown brownish; throat bluish gray; lining of wings and tail reddish. _Ad._ [Male]. Patches at side of throat red. _Ad._ [Female]. No red throat patches. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 412.

Range.--Western United States, except northwest coast region; east to the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing with No. 412 at the eastern border of its range.

=413a. Northwestern Flicker= (_C. c. saturatior_). Similar to No. 413, but much darker throughout, back vinous-brown.

Range.--Pacific coast region; breeds from Oregon north to southern Alaska; winters south to northwest California.

=414. Gilded Flicker= (_Colaptes chrysoides_). L. 12; W. 5.7. Crown cinnamon; under surface of wings and tail yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. No red band on nape; throat bluish gray, its sides with a red patch. _Ad._ [Female]. No red on sides of throat. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 412. (Bendire.)

Range.--"Central and southern Arizona from Lat. 34A deg. to southern Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 30A deg.." (A.O.U.)

=414a. Brown Flicker= (_C. c. brunnescens_). Similar to No. 414, but slightly smaller; upperparts darker. (Anthony).

Range.--Lower California north of Lat. 30A deg..

=415. Guadalupe Flicker= (_Colaptes rufipileus_). Similar to No. 413, but bill 1.6 or more; more slender, wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown; rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

Order XVI. GOATSUCKERS, SWIFTS, AND HUMMINGBIRDS.

MACROCHIRES.

Family 1. GOATSUCKERS. CaprimulgidA|. 6 species, 6 subspecies.

Family 2. SWIFTS. MicropodidA|. 4 species.

Family 3. HUMMINGBIRDS. TrochilidA|. 17 species.

The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning. They live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting. Our species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare ground or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can follow their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight. Goatsuckers are noted for their singular calls, most of the species uttering loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are especially effective.

Swifts are birds of world-wide distribution; about half the seventy-five known species being found in America. They are pre-eminently birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds can surpass them in power of flight, but with feet so weak and small that many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when resting, cling to a vertical surface and use their tail to aid their feet in supporting themselves. Their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in number, are white.

Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from Patagonia to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five hundred known species are found in the Andean region of Columbia and Ecuador. Only one species is found east of the Mississippi, and nine of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our Mexican border.

Hummingbirds nests are the most exquisite of birds' homes. Their eggs, so far as is known, number two, and are pure white. The young are born naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least, spend about three weeks in the nest.

The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and excited chipperings.

Goatsuckers

=416. Chuck-will's-widow= (_Antrostomus carolinensis_). L. 12. Mouth bristles with fine, hair-like branches near their base. _Ad._ [Male]. End half of outer tail-feathers white, _rusty, and black on outer webs_; chin chiefly _rusty_; throat-patch buffy. _Ad._ [Female]. No white in tail. _Notes._ A loudly whistled _chuck-will's-widow_, repeated many times.

Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to Virginia and Illinois; west to Kansas and central Texas; winters from southern Florida southward.

=417. Whip-poor-will= (Antrostomus vociferus). L. 9.7. Mouth bristles _without_ branches. _Ad._ [Male]. Three outer tail-feathers _broadly_ tipped with white; white on inner vane of outer feather 1.4 or more wide; throat patch white; chin chiefly black. _Ad._ [Female]. Three outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat patch rusty buff. _Notes._ A rapid, vigorous, whistled _whip-poor-will_, repeated many times.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward.

=417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will= (_A. v. macromystax_). Similar to No. 417, but slightly larger, W. 6.5; mouth bristles much longer; male with throat-patch rusty; white on inner web of outer feather _less_ than 1.3 wide.

Range.--"Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south over mountains bordering tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala." (Bailey.)

=418. Poor-will= (_PhalA|noptilus nuttallii_). L. 7.7. Primaries _rusty_ barred with black. _Ad._ [Male]. Three outer tail-feathers _evenly_ tipped with white; a _large_ white throat patch; plumage above suggesting in color the wings of certain moths. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but tail-tips buffy. _Notes._ Variously rendered _poor-will_, _cow-day_, _pearl-rob-it_, _puir-whee-er_.

Range.--Western United States; breeds from Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevadas: north to Montana and British Columbia; winters from Mexican border southward.

=418a. Frosted Poor-will= (_P. n. nitidus_). Similar to No. 418, but paler, the upperparts especially whiter, more _frosty_.

Range.--"Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas south to northern Mexico." (Bailey.) Lower California.

=418b. California Poor-will= (_P. n. californicus_). Similar to No. 418, but darker.

Range.--Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte County; winters from southern California southward.

=419. Merrill Parauque= (_Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli_). L. 12; T. 6.2. Outer tail-feather without white. Two color phases, one gray, one rusty. _Ad._ [Male]. Outer tail-feather black with sometimes a little rusty, next feather white on inner web, third feather white except at base. _Ad._ [Female]. Outer tail-feathers brownish with broken rusty bars; next two with white at tip. _Notes._ A vigorous _ker-whee-you_ repeated and sometimes running into a _whit-whit-whit_, _ker-whee-you_.

Range.--Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of Rio Grande.

=420. Nighthawk= (_Chordeiles virginianus_). L. 10; W. 7.8. Primaries blackish with a white bar and no rusty spots; darkest of our Nighthawks. _Ad._ [Male]. Above black with white and buff markings; throat and band near end of tail white. _Ad._ [Female]. Throat rusty, no white band in tail. _Notes._ A nasal _peent_; and in the breeding season, a booming sound produced by diving from a height earthward.

Range.--Eastern United States, chiefly, breeds from Florida to Labrador, west and northwest to northern California, British Columbia, and Alaska; winters south of United States.

=420a. Western Nighthawk= (_C. v. henryi_). Similar to No. 420, but markings above rusty and more numerous; belly washed with rusty.

Range.--Western United States, east to the Plains, wintering south of United States; exact distribution unknown.

=420b. Florida Nighthawk= (_C. v. chapmani_). Similar to No. 420, but smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and paler; white and buff markings above larger and more numerous.

Range.--Florida, west along Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south in winter to South America.

=420c. Sennett Nighthawk= (_C. v. sennetti_). Similar to No. 420b, but still paler, white and buff prevailing on back and scapulars; palest of our Nighthawks.

Range.--Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the United States.

=421. Texan Nighthawk= (_Chordeiles acutipennis texensis_). Wing quills _with_ rusty spots; outer primary shorter than one next to it; belly conspicuously washed with rusty buff. _Ad._ [Male]. Throat-patch and band near end of tail white. _Ad._ [Female]. No white band in tail. _Notes._ A mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a humming sound. (Merrill.)

Range.--Central America; breeding north to southern Texas, southern New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat. 38A deg. in California; winters south of United States.

Swifts

=422. Black Swift= (_Cypseloides niger borealis_). L. 7; W. 6.5. Tail without spines, slightly forked. _Ads._ Sooty black, paler below; a black spot before the eye; forehead whitish. _Notes._ Generally silent. (Bendire.)