Chapter IX: Part 9

=583. Lincoln Sparrow= (_Melospiza lincolnii_). L. 5.7. _Ads._ _A broad buff band across the breast_; center of crown with a _gray_ stripe, its sides striped chestnut and black; back grayish brown streaked with black and chestnut, below streaked with black except on middle of white belly. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chirp_; song, suggests bubbling, guttural notes of House Wren combined with rippling music of the Purple Finch. (Dwight.) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P. 111.)

Range.--North America; breeds from northern New York, northern Illinois and higher parts of Rockies and Sierra north to Alaska; winters from southern Illinois and southern California into Mexico; rare east of Alleghanies.

=583a. Forbush Sparrow= (_M. l. striata_). Similar to No. 583, but browner above, crown-stripe and line over eye more brown than gray.

Range.--Pacific coast from British Columbia to California; breeding range unknown.

=554. White-crowned Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia leucophrys_). L. 6.9. No yellow before eye. _Ads._ White stripe over eye _not_ reaching to bill; lores black; breast gray, throat but little paler; back _gray_ streaked with brown, rump browner, _Yng._ Black crown-stripes replaced by chestnut, the white ones by buff; back much browner, no gray. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chip_; song, a plaintive, musical whistle usually of five or six notes, the first two longest.

Range.--North America; breeds from northern New England and (in the higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from southern United States into Mexico.

=554a. Intermediate Sparrow= (_Z. l. gambeli_). Similar to No. 544, but the lores wholly gray or whitish, the white line over the eye reaching the bill.

Range.--Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern Oregon northeast of Coast Mountains, to lower Mackenzie and northern Alaska: winters from southern United States into Mexico; casual in migrations east to Mississippi River States.

=554b. Nuttall Sparrow= (_Z. l. nuttalli_). Similar to No. 554a, but smaller, L. 6.5, margins to feathers of back browner, underparts browner, bend of wing yellow.

Range.--"Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, California, to Mt. Simpson, British Columbia, south in winter to San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California." (Ridgw.)

=557. Golden-crowned Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia coronata_). L. 7.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Center of crown yellow, its sides black; below grayish white, sides brownish; back brown streaked with black; two white wing-bars; bend of wing yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown like back; its front tinged with yellow; breast washed with brownish.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon south to northern Lower California.

=558. White-throated Sparrow= (_Zonotrichia albicollis_). L. 6.7. A yellow mark before the eye and on bend of wing. _Ads._ Crown black, a narrow white stripe through its center and bounded by white _behind_ the eye; throat white sharply defined from _gray_ breast; back _reddish brown_ streaked with black. _Yng._ Less yellow before eye, crown browner, its stripe gray; throat grayer, sometimes like breast. _Notes._ Call, a low _tseep_, and sharp _chink_; song, a musical, clearly whistled _sow-wheat peverly_, _peverly_, _peverly_; or _peabody_, _peabody_, _peabody_.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the Pacific; breeds from Massachusetts (locally); northern New York, northern Michigan, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and West Hudson Bay region; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois south to the Gulf.

=561. Clay-colored Sparrow= (_Spizella pallida_). L. 5.4. No reddish brown. _Ads._ Above grayish _brown_ streaked with black; sides of crown _largely-black_, a grayish line through its center; sides of head _brownish_; below white. _Notes._ Song, three notes, and a slight trill. (Coues.)

Range.--Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies; breeds from eastern Colorado, and northwestern Illinois north to Saskatchewan; winters from southern Texas into Mexico.

=562. Brewer Sparrow= (_Spizella breweri_). L. 5.4. _No_ reddish brown. _Ads._ Back and _crown_ brownish _gray_, uniformly and narrowly streaked with black; sides of head _grayish_; below white. Grayer than No. 561, the sides of the crown _not_ largely black. _Notes._ Call, _chip_; song, a reedy warble resembling in tone that of a Long-billed Marsh Wren.

Range.--Western United States, from the Rockies to central California; breeds from Mexican border States north to British Columbia; winters from southern California south into Mexico.

=574. Bell Sparrow= (_Amphispiza belli_). L. 6.1; W. 2.7. _Ads._ Sides of throat with black streaks; center of breast with black spots; above grayish _brown_, usually _without_ distinct streaks, no white in tail.

Range.--Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of Sierras, to Warren county, California; resident.

=574a. Sage Sparrow= (_A. b. nevadensis_). Similar to No. 574, but larger, W. 3.1; back brownish gray, usually finely but distinctly streaked with black; less black at sides of throat, usually a white stripe _over_ the eye. _Notes._ Call, a chipping twitter; song, feeble, but sweet and sad. (B. B. & R.)

Range.--Great Basin region; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; winters south to western Texas and southern California.

=574b. Gray Sage Sparrow= (_A. b. cinerea_). Similar to No. 574, but paler above, throat-stripes narrower, more interrupted, breast-spot smaller, both stripes and spot dull grayish instead of blackish. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Lower California.

=564. Worthen Sparrow= (_Spizella wortheni_). Resembles No. 563a, but sides of head plain gray, no brownish streak behind eye; tail shorter, 2.5.

Range.--Southern New Mexico (Silver City), southward over eastern border of Mexican plateau to southern Puebla; breeding from Tamaulipas northward. (Ridgw.)

EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP.

=581. Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea melodia_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ Above reddish brown and gray with black streaks; tail with a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below conspicuously margined with reddish brown, those of center of breast forming a patch. _Notes._ Call, a characteristic _chimp_ or _trink_; song, too variable in form to admit of brief description but unmistakable in tone throughout the whole group.

Range.--Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from Virginia and northern Illinois north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from southern Illinois and Massachusetts to Gulf States.

=581b. Mountain Song Sparrow= (_M. c. montana_). Similar to No. 581, but grayer; reddish brown not so bright; bill smaller.

Range.--Rocky Mountain district of United States west to, and including Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=581k. Merrill Song Sparrow= (_M. c. merrilli_). Similar to No. 581b, but slightly darker and more uniform above, with grayish edgings to interscapulars and scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker mesial streaks, the latter usually with more brown than black. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Breeds from northern California (Shasta County) in mountains and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade Mountains, to northwestern Idaho; winters south into Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=581j. Dakota Song Sparrow= (_M. c. juddi_). Similar to No. 581, but above paler, especially line over eye and sides of neck; white below clearer; interscapulars with black center broader, reddish brown portions narrower; dark markings on breast restricted and more sharply defined. (Bishop.)

Range.--"Turtle Mountains and vicinity, North Dakota." (A.O.U.)

DESERT SONG SPARROWS.

=581a. Desert Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea fallax_). W. 2.5. Above reddish brown and gray; below white with _reddish brown_ streaks; usually _no black_ in plumage.

Range.--Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Nevada, southeast California and northwest Lower California and Sonora. (Ridgw.)

=581g. Brown Song Sparrow= (_M. c. rivularis_). Similar to No. 581a, but larger, W. 2.7, with longer, more slender and more compressed bill; still less strongly contrasted markings, and duller, less rufescent colors. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.)

CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.

=581c. Heermann Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea heermanni_). L. 6.5; W. 2.5. _Ads._ Above _chestnut_ olive-gray with usually distinct black streaks; tail _without_ a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below not conspicuously bordered by rufous.

Range.--Central valleys of California including lower levels of Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.)

CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.

=581m. San Diego Sparrow= (_M. c. cooperi_). Similar to No. 581c, but slightly smaller, W. 2.4, much lighter and grayer.

Range.--Southern coast district of California north to Monterey Bay, east to Ft. Tejon, San Bernardino, etc., and north Pacific coast district of Lower California south to San Quentin Bay. (Ridgw.)

=581d. Samuels Song Sparrow= (_M. c. samuelis_). Similar to No. 581c, but smaller, W. 2.4, bill more slender.

Range.--Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of San Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County, north, at least in winter, to Humboldt Bay. (Ridgw.)

=581l. Alameda Song Sparrow= (_M. c. pusillula_). Similar to No. 581a, but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty, underparts more heavily streaked, usually more or less suffused with _yellowish_.

Range.--Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.)

=581i. San Clemente Song Sparrow= (_M. c. clementA|_). Similar to No. 581m, but larger and grayer.

Range.--San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands, Santa Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands, Lower California. (Ridgw.)

=581h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow= (_M. c. graminea_). Similar to No. 581i, but much smaller, W. 2.4.

Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter.

NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWS.

=581e. Rusty Song Sparrow= (_M. c. morphna_). W. 2.7. _Ads._ Above without clear gray and _not_ distinctly streaked; prevailing color dark reddish brown; below _heavily_ streaked with same.

Range.--Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Columbia; south in winter to southern California.

=581f. Sooty Song Sparrow= (_M. c. rufina_). Similar to No. 581e, but larger, W. 2.9, more sooty above and below, underparts more heavily streaked.

Range.--Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to southern Alaska.

=581n. Yukutat Song Sparrow= (_M. c. caurina_). Similar to No. 581f, bill longer and more slender, color grayer.

Range.--Coast of Mt. St. Elias district of Alaska, from Yakutat Bay to Lituya Bay.

=581o. Kenai Song Sparrow= (_M. c. kenaiensis_). Similar to No. 582, but smaller, W. 3, plumage darker, more sooty, less rufous.

Range.--Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook Inlet to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.)

=581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow= (_M. c. insignis_). Similar to No. 581o, but larger, W. 3.2, bill longer, color grayer.

Range.--Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.)

=582. Aleutian Song Sparrow= (_Melospiza cinerea_). Similar to No. 581.1, but larger and grayer; largest and grayest bird of group; L. 8; W. 3.4.

Range.--"Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay, opposite Shumagin Islands), Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands, from Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu." (Ridgw.)

=585. Fox Sparrow= (_Passerella iliaca_). L. 7.2. Back _streaked_, gray and reddish brown; tail and spots below bright reddish brown. _Notes._ Call, a weak _tseep_; song, loud, sweet, varied, ringing and joyous.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Magdalen Islands and Manitoba, northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf States.

=585a. Shumagin Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. unalaschensis_). Back _not_ distinctly streaked, much paler than No. 585; spots below grayish brown; palest of present group.

Range.--Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook Inlet.

=--Kadiak Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. insularis_). Similar to No. 585a, but browner above and below; tail nearly same as back; breast spots larger.

Range.--"Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer; in winter south along the coast slope to southern California." (Ridgw.)

=--Sooty Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. fuliginosa_). _Ads._ Above, including wings and tail, uniform brownish umber, _unstreaked_; below heavily spotted with same.

Range.--Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington; south in winter to San Francisco, California. (Ridgw.)

=--Townsend Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. townsendi_). Similar to _fuliginosa_ but more rufous.

Range.--Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south in winter to northern California. (Ridgw.)

=--Yakutat Fox Sparrow= (_P. i. annectens_). Similar to _townsendi_ but less rufous; very near _fuliginosa_, but not quite so deeply colored.

Range.--Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William Sound (to Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. (Ridgw.)

=585b. Thick-billed Sparrow= (_P. i. megarhyncha_). L. 7.3; W. 3.3; depth of B. at base, .4. _Ads._ Above and spots below _gray_; wings and tail light brown; bill large. _Notes._ Song, resembles that of No. 585, but is recognizably different.

Range.--Breeding in the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt. Shasta southward; in winter beyond Sierras as far as Los Angeles County, California. (Ridgw.)

=585c. Slate-colored Sparrow= (_P. i. schistacea_). Similar to No. 585b, but smaller, bill smaller; W. 3.2; depth of B. at base, .35.

Range.--Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Columbia; breeds from more eastern ranges of Colorado west to White Mountains in southeastern Colorado, mountains of northeastern California and eastern Oregon; north to interior of British Columbia; in migrations, New Mexico, Arizona, western slopes of Sierra Nevada, western Kansas. (Ridgw.)

=585d. Stephens Sparrow= (_P. i. stephensi_). Similar in coloration to No. 585b, but larger, the bill conspicuously so; W. 3.4; depth of B. at base .6. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; southern California. (Ridgw.)

=674. Oven-bird= (_Seiurus aurocapillus_). L. 6.1. _Ads._ No wing-bars; no white in tail; above brownish olive-green; crown orange-brown bordered by black; below white streaked with black. _Notes._ Call, a weak _cheep_; song, a crescendo _teacher_ repeated about five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song.

Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; winters from Florida south to West Indies and Central America. (Said to breed in Bahamas.)

=675. Water-Thrush= (_Seiurus noveboracensis_). L. 6; W. 3. A whitish line over eye; above olive; below pale _sulphur yellow_ heavily streaked with blackish; _throat spotted_; no wing-bars or tail-patches. _Notes._ Call, a sharp _chink_; song, a high-pitched, liquid whistle, _sweet_, _sweet_, _sweet_, _chu-chu-wee chu_. (Jones.) Also a flight song.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters from Florida to northern South America.

=675a. Grinnell Water-Thrush= (_S. n. notabilis_). Similar to No. 675, but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts darker, less olive; underparts less yellow.

Range.--Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western Nebraska, and probably more northern Rocky Mountain district of United States, north to Alaska; winters from southern United States southward; in migration east to Mississippi valley, rarely to Atlantic States from New Jersey southward.

=676. Louisiana Water-Thrush= (_Seiurus motacilla_). L. 6.2. _Ads._ A _white_ line over eye; above grayish olive; below _buffy_ white; breast and sides streaked; _no_ spots on throat; no wing-bars or tail-patches. _Notes._ Call, a sharp, metallic _chink_; song, a sudden outburst of loud wild, ringing notes; also a flight song.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States to Connecticut, lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters in tropics.

=697. American Pipit: Titlark= (_Anthus pensilvanicus_). L. 6.4. Hind toe-nail much the longest. _Ads._ Outer tail-feather largely white; next one only tipped with white; upperparts grayish brown indistinctly streaked; underparts rich buff, breast and _sides_ streaked with blackish. _Yng. and Ads. in Winter._ Less gray above, paler below. _Notes._ Call, a soft _dee-dee_ usually uttered in flight; a flight song.

Range.--North America breeding in Arctic regions and in the higher parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (also on Mt. Shasta?); winters from southern California, Nevada and Gulf States south through Mexico to Central America.

=700. Sprague Pipit= (_Anthus spraguei_). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail much lengthened; two outer tail-feathers _largely_ white. _Ads._ Above streaked with buff and blackish brown; below white tinged with buff; breast streaked. In winter, similar, but less brown above, less buff below. _Notes._ Song, uttered on the wing when several hundred feet above the earth, sweet and far reaching, resembling at beginning song of Skylark.

Range.--"Interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of the Yellowstone northward to Saskatchewan district and from the Red River westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains); south in winter on the tablelands of Mexico to Puebla; accidental in South Carolina."

=702. Sage Thrasher= (_Oroscoptes montanus_). L. 8.7. _Ads._ Above brownish gray; below whitish heavily streaked with blackish; outer tail-feathers _tipped_ with white. _Notes._ Call, a low chuck; song, deficient in power but possessing sweetness, vivacity and variety; resembling song of Ruby-crowned Kinglet. (Ridgway.)

Range.--"Western United States from western South Dakota, western Nebraska and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower California." (A.O.U.)

=705. Brown Thrasher= (_Toxostoma rufum_). L. 11.5; W. 4.1; B. .95. _Ads._ Above, wings and tail rufous or rusty brown; below white heavily streaked with blackish; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Calls, a sharp kissing note and a clearly whistled _wheA(C)u_; song, loud, musical, varied, finished and rich in tone.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississippi Valley southward.

=706. Sennett Thrasher= (_Toxostoma longirostre sennetti_). L. 11.5; W. 4; B. 1.1. _Ads._ Similar to No. 705, but wing shorter, bill longer, upperparts less bright, streaks below blacker. _Notes._ Resemble those of No. 705, but song even finer.

Range.--Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christi south into northeastern Mexico.

=713? Texan Cactus Wren= (_Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi_). L. 8.5. Largest of our Wrens. _Ads._ Above brown, head darker, back streaked with white; below, _including chin_, heavily marked with black. _Notes._ A loud, harsh _cack-cack-cack-cack_.

Range.--"Rio Grande region of Texas and adjoining Mexican states, west to the eastern Desert Tract, south over the Mexican tableland." (Mearns.)

=713a. Bryant Cactus Wren= (_H. b. bryanti_). Differs from No. 713b, in heavier spotting below, and in perfectly barred tail and slight wash of rufous on belly and flanks. (Anthony.)

Range.--"Northern Lower California and southern California, west of the Coast Range." (Mearns.)

=713b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren= (_H. b. affinis_). Resembling No. 713c, but all the tail-feathers, except middle pair, barred with white for their whole length; flanks white or very pale buff, with large rounded or tear-shaped spots. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Southern Lower California.

=713c? Desert Cactus Wren= (_H. b. anthonyi_). Similar to No. 713, but paler above; chin _without_ spots.

Range.--Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south into Mexico and northeastern Lower California. (Mearns.)

=755. Wood Thrush= (_Hylocichla mustelina_). L. 8.2. _Ads._ Above bright cinnamon, _brightest on head_; below white with _large_, _rounded_ black spots. _Notes._ Calls, a sharp _pit-pit_, a liquid _quirt_, and a soft _tut-tut-tut_; song, both flute-like and bell-like; sung with frequent pauses and low notes.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas to Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters in Central America.

=715. Rock Wren= (_Salpinctes obsoletus_). L. 5.7. _Ads._ Rump rusty; tail tipped and _outer_ feathers barred with pale rusty; above grayish brown lightly speckled with blackish; below, including belly, whitish; breast obscurely streaked with brownish. _Notes._ Calls, Wren-like; song, sweet, varied and Mockingbird-like.

Range.--"Western United States, from the western border of the Plains to the Pacific, north to Dakota, Montana, and British Columbia; south on the tablelands of Mexico and Guatemala to Salvador; breeds throughout its range, and is resident from about the southern, border of the United States southward." (A.O.U.)

=716. Guadalupe Rock Wren= (_Salpinctes guadeloupensis_). Resembling No. 715, but darker and browner, with chest, etc., more distinctly speckled; wings and tail shorter; bill and tarsi longer; W. 2.6; T. 2.2. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

=717. White-throated Wren= (_Catherpes mexicanus albifrons_). L. 6; W. 2.7. _Ads._ _Belly_, rump, and _all_ tail-feathers rusty; tail barred with black; throat white; back rusty brown.

Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into northeastern Mexico.

=717a. Canon Wren= (_C. m. conspersus_). Similar to No. 717, but smaller, W. 2.3; tail-bars narrower. _Notes._ Call, a "ringing _dink_;" song, a series of about seven, loud, ringing whistles uttered in a regularly descending scale.

Range.--"Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Sierra Nevada and Cascades eastward to southern Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado and western Texas: south on the tableland of Mexico to Aguas Calientes; breeds nearly throughout its range; resident in southern parts of its United States distribution." (A.O.U.)

=717b. Dotted Canon Wren= (_C. m. punctulatus_). Similar to No. 717a, but darker; more nearly resembling No. 717 in colors, but smaller in size.

Range.--Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resident.

=718. Carolina Wren= (_Thryothorus ludovicianus_). L. 5.5; W. 2.3; B. .6. _Ads._ Above bright rust-brown; below washed with same, throat and line over eye white. _Notes._ Calls, Wren-like; song, a great variety of loud, musical whistles, _whee-udel_, _whee-udel_, _whee-udel_ or _tea-kettle_, _tea-kettle_, _tea-kettle_, etc.

Range--Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States north to the lower Hudson Valley (and casually Massachusetts), northern Illinois, and southern Iowa; resident.

=718a. Florida Wren= (_T. l. miamensis_). Similar to No. 718, but darker above, more deeply colored below; larger, W. 2.4; B. .7.

Range.--Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward.

=718b. Lomita Wren= (_T. l. lomitensis_). Similar to No. 718, but browner, less rufous above, rump with more white spots; below paler, the flanks usually barred.

Range.--Southeastern Texas.

=719. Bewick Wren= (_Thryomanes bewickii_). L. 5; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. _Ads._ Above rich, dark cinnamon-brown, tail grayer; below grayish white; all but middle pair of tail-feathers _black_, outer ones barred, others tipped with grayish. _Notes._ Call, "a soft, low, _plit_;" song, strongly suggesting that of Song Sparrow.

Range.--Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Lat. 40A deg., east to Alleghanies and locally to Atlantic States from southern New Jersey to Georgia.

=719a. Vigors Wren= (_T. b. spilurus_). Similar to No. 719, but smaller, W. 2; upperparts less cinnamon or reddish.

Range.--California, west of Sierra Nevada and south to Santa Cruz Island. (Bailey.)

=719b. Baird Wren= (_T. b. leucogaster_). Similar to No. 719c, but upperparts grayer.

Range.--"Western Texas to southeastern California, and from southern Nevada Utah, and Colorado south over tablelands of Mexico to Zacatecas." (Bailey.)

=719c. Texas Bewick Wren= (_T. b. cryptus_). Similar to No. 719, but grayer, brown of upperparts not so rich; slightly larger, W. 2.3.

Range.--"Texas, except the extreme western corner, states of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, in Mexico, with probably Kansas, Indian Territory and Oklahoma; migratory north of Texas." (Oberholser.)

=719d. Southwest Bewick Wren= (_T. b. charienturus_). Similar to No. 719b but flanks and upper surface darker, eye-stripe rather broader, under tail-coverts more heavily barred, wing shorter, 2. (Oberholser.)

Range.--Coast region of southern California, north to about Pasadena, south to Lat. 28A deg., Lower California, Santa Catalina Island; resident. (Oberholser.)

=729e. Northwest Bewick Wren= (_T. b. calophonus_). Similar to No. 719a, but bill larger, upper surface usually rather deeper and richer brown, flanks somewhat more rufescent; W. 2.1; B. .6. (Oberholser.)

Range.--Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver Island, valley of the Fraser River, and slightly farther along the mainland coast; probably resident. (Oberholser.)

=719.1. San Clemente Wren= (_Thryomanes leucophrys_) Similar to No. 719d, but flanks and upperparts rather grayer and paler, bill longer, under tail-coverts less heavily barred. (Oberholser.)

Range.--San Clemente Island, California.

=720. Guadalupe Wren= (_Thryomanes brevicauda_). L. 4.5; W. 1.9. _Ads._ Resembling No. 719a, but rump with few or no concealed white spots; tail dull grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with dusky, two or three outer feathers with brownish gray tips. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

=721. House Wren= (_Troglodytes aA"don_). L. 4.7; T. 1.7. _Ads._ Above cinnamon brown, sometimes obscurely barred; tail the same, _all_ the feathers barred; below grayish with a brownish wash, lower belly and flanks usually more or less barred. _Notes._ Call, a scolding _krrring_; song, a bubbling, rippling, irrepressible little melody.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds north to Maine, Montreal, and Manitoba; winters from South Carolina and the Lower Mississippi Valley southward into Mexico.

=721a. Parkman Wren= (_T. a. parkmanii_). Similar to No. 721, but less cinnamon above; intermediate in color between No. 721 and No. 721b.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to British Columbia; winters from southern California southward.

=721b. Western House Wren= (_T. a. aztecus_). Similar to No. 721, but much grayer above and paler below; back more frequently barred.

Range.--Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the Mississippi Valley; winters south into Lower California and Mexico.

=722. Winter Wren= (_Olbiorchilus hiemalis_). L. 4; T. 1.2. _Ads._ Above cinnamon, much brighter than in No. 721; below pale cinnamon, sides and belly heavily barred with blackish. _Notes._ Call, _chimp-chimp_, resembling call of Song Sparrow; song, tinkling, rippling, full of trills, runs and grace notes. (Bailey.)

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern New York northward, and southward along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois to Florida.

=722a. Western Winter Wren= (_O. h. pacificus_). Similar to No. 722, but much deeper colored both above and below, and more heavily barred.

Range.--Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California north to Alaska; east to Idaho; winters south into Mexico.

=722b. Kadiak Winter Wren= (_O. h. helleri_). Slightly larger and paler than No. 722a. (Osgood.)

Range.--Kadiak Island, Alaska.

=723. Alaskan Wren= (_Olbiorchilus alascensis_). Resembling No. 722a, but paler and larger, W. 2.1, B. .6.

Range--Breeds on Kadiak Island, Alaska; winter range unknown.

=723.1. Aleutian Wren= (_Olbiorchilus meligerus_). Similar to No. 723, but darker, less reddish; rump and upper tail-coverts more evidently barred; bars on belly heavier. (Oberholser.)

Range.--"Westernmost part of the Aleutian group, Alaska." (Oberholser.)

=724. Short-billed Marsh Wren= (_Cistothorus stellaris_). L. 4; T. 1.4; B. .4. _Ads._ _Crown_ and back streaked with whitish; breast-band, sides and under tail-coverts rusty; wing-coverts tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Call, like sound produced by striking two pebbles together; song, _chap--chap--chap-chap_, _chap-chap-chap p-p-rrr_. (Seton.) (See next page.)

Range.--Eastern North America, ranging west to Utah; breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters from the Gulf States southward.

=725. Long-billed Marsh Wren= (_Telmatodytes palustris_). L. 5.2; T. 1.6; B. .5. _Ads._ Crown and foreback largely black, the latter with white streaks; a white stripe over eye; rump cinnamon; below white, sides washed with cinnamon; outer tail-feathers _black_, broadly barred with pale cinnamon. _Notes._ Call, scolding, a characteristic Wren-like _cacking_; song, a reedy, guttural, bubbling trill often sung in flight.

Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters locally from Massachusetts, south into Mexico.

=725a. Tule Wren= (_T. p. paludicola_). Similar to No. 725, but upper tail-coverts barred, middle tail-feathers more distinctly and broadly barred; underparts usually browner.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from southern California to British Columbia: winters from Washington to Guatemala.

=725b. Worthington Marsh Wren= (_T. p. griseus_). Similar to No. 725, but with less black above; upperparts, sides and flanks pale grayish; dark markings of under tail-coverts, flanks, sides and breast, faint, confused and inconspicuous, sometimes practically wanting. (Brewster.)

Range.--Coast of South Carolina and Georgia.

=725c. Interior Tule Wren= (_T. p. plesius_). Similar to No. 725a, but paler.

Range.--"Western United States, except the Pacific coast; north to British Columbia and Alberta, east to the Rocky Mountains and Texas, south into Mexico." (Oberholser.)

=725.1. Marian Marsh Wren= (_Telmatodytes marianA|_). Similar to No. 725, but upperparts darker; sides and flanks of about same color as rump; under tail-coverts and sometimes breast barred or spotted with black.

Range.--Gulf coast of Florida.

=726. Brown Creeper= (_Certhia familiaris americana_). L. 5.6; B. .63. Tail-feathers stiffened and pointed. _Ads._ Rump _rusty_; a _buffy white_ band in the wing; back and crown streaked with whitish, black and rusty; below white. _Notes._ Call, a faint, high, thin _tseep_; song, "an exquisitely pure, tender song of four notes." (Brewster.)

Range.--Eastern North America: breeds from Maine and Minnesota (casually Missouri) northward; winters from about the southern breeding limits to the Gulf States.

=726a. Mexican Creeper= (_C. f. albescens_). Similar to No. 726, but rump rich rusty brown, back black, crown _black_ streaked with white, band in wing white.

Range.--Mexican plateau region north to southern Arizona.

=726b. Rocky Mountain Creeper= (_C. f. montana_). Similar to No. 726, but bill longer, .7; band in wing averaging whiter.

Range.--Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona northward to Alaska.

=726c. Californian Creeper= (_C. f. occidentalis_). Similar to No. 726, but much rustier; prevailing color of upperparts yellowish rusty.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, northward to Alaska.

=726d. Sierra Creeper= (_C. f. zelotes_). Similar to No. 726c, but colors more dusky and less rufescent; similar to No. 726b, but much darker; light centers of feathers on head and back much reduced. (Osgood.)

Range.--"Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra Nevada of California." (Osgood.)

=756. Wilson Thrush; Veery= (_Hylocichla fuscescens_). L. 7.5. _Ads._ Above, wings and tail, _uniform_ cinnamon brown; below white, sides grayish, breast and throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular spots the color of the back. _Notes._ Call, a clearly whistled _wheA(C)-you_ and a softer _too-whee_; song, a weird, _spiral_ of blended alto and soprano tones largely on one note.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in Central America.

=756a. Willow Thrush= (_H. f. salicicola_). Similar to No. 756, but more olive above.

Range.--Rocky Mountains north to British Columbia, east to Dakota; in migration, casually to Illinois and South Carolina; winters as far south as southern Brazil.

=759. Alaskan Hermit Thrush= (_Hylocichla guttata_), L. 6.5. W. 3.5; tail _rufous_, _much_ brighter than back. _Ads._ Eye-ring whitish, not deep buff; back olive-brown; breast tinged with buff and heavily spotted with large, wedge-shaped marks.

Range.--Breeds in northwest coast region from British Columbia to Alaska; in winter south to Mexico.

=759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. auduboni_). Similar to No. 759, but larger, W. 4; back grayer, tail paler, flanks less heavily washed with gray.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region of United States south to Guatemala.

=759b. Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. pallasii_). Similar to No. 759, but back and sides browner. _Notes._ Call, a low _chuck_; song, highly musical and probably exceeding in spiritual quality that of any of our birds.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, Alleghanies in Pennsylvania, Catskills, higher mountains of Massachusetts (rarely at sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to Gulf States.

=759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush= (_H. g. nana_). Similar to No. 759, but smaller, W. 3.2, back slightly browner.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through Sierra Nevadas; east, in migrations, to Nevada and Arizona; south to Lower California and western Mexico. (A.O.U.)

=757. Gray-cheeked Thrush= (_Hylocichla aliciA|_). L. 7.5; W. 4. _Ads._ Tail and back the _same_ color, olive without brownish tinge; eye-ring and lores _whitish_, cheeks and breast only _slightly_ tinged with buff, breast with wedge-shaped spots. _Notes._ Doubtless like those of No. 757a.

Range.--Breeds in Labrador and west to Alaska: migrates through eastern North America and winters in Central America.

=757a. Bicknell Thrush= (_H. a. bicknelli_). Similar to No. 757, but smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. _Notes._ Calls, _pheu_ like that of Veery; a low _cluck_ like that of Hermit Thrush, and rarely, a pip or _peenk_ like that of Olive-backed Thrush; song, like that of Veery but more interrupted. (Brewster.)

Range.--Breeds in the high parts of the Catskills and north to White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in tropics.

=758. Russet-backed Thrush= (_Hylocichla ustulata_). L. 7.2; W. 4. Tail _not_ decidedly more rufous than back. _Ads._ Eye-ring, cheeks, sides of neck and breast _distinctly buffy_; breast with wedge-shaped spots; back and _flanks_ olive-brown; tail slightly browner. The most deeply colored bird of the _ustulata_ group.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon to Alaska; winters south to Guatemala.

=758a. Olive-backed Thrush= (_H. u. swainsonii_). Similar to No. 758, but back, tail, and flanks without brownish or rufescent tinge. _Notes._ Call, a liquid _puit_; song, suggesting both that of Hermit Thrush and the Veery.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds in Alleghanies from Pennsylvania and the Catskills, north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America.

=758b. California Olive-backed Thrush= (_H. u. A"dica_). Differs from 758 and 758a, in more rufescent coloration on the flanks; sides and upper surface usually paler than No. 758. (Oberholser.)

Range.--California, except north coast; north in interior to southern Oregon; south, in winter to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Oberholser.)

=758c. Alma Thrush= (_H. u. almA|_). Similar to No. 758a, but back and flanks grayer. The palest bird of the _ustulata_ group.

Range.--Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south in Rocky Mountain region, and west to Utah and eastern Nevada. (A.O.U.)

Perching Birds Chiefly Gray, Black, or Black and White

GRAY-HEADED JUNCOS.

=566. White-winged Junco= (_Junco aikeni_). L. 6.5; W. 3.30. _Ads._ Resembling No. 567, but larger, paler, wings generally with two white bars; _three_ outer tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; fourth partly white.

Range.--Breeds in Wyoming and western North Dakota; winters in Colorado, western Kansas, casually to Indiana and Wisconsin. (Ridgw.)

=567. Slate-colored Junco= (_Junco hyemalis_). L. 6.2. W. 3. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Head and back gray, the crown sometimes slightly darker, the feathers usually more or less tipped with brownish; breast and sides _gray_; belly white; third outer tail-feather with white. _Ad._ [Female], _summer_. Similar, but brown wash stronger. _Ads., winter._ Brown tips to feathers longer, sides sometimes brownish. _Notes._ Calls, a sharp, kissing note and a rapid _chew-chew-chew_, song, a simple, twittering trill.

Range.--Eastern North America, breeds from northern New England, northern New York, and northern Minnesota north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; and southward along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania; winters south to the Gulf States.

=567e. Carolina Junco= (_J. h. carolinensis_). Similar to No. 567, but slightly larger, W. 3.2, the upperparts and breast uniform slate-gray _without_ a brownish wash the bill horn color.

Range.--Alleghanies from Virginia to Georgia.

=568. Pink-sided Junco= (_Junco mearnsi_). L. 6.2. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Sides _broadly_ brownish pink, center of belly white; breast pale slate-gray, crown darker, back washed with brownish. _Ad._ [Female] in _summer_. Similar to the [Male], but with less pink on sides, the crown washed with gray. _Ads. winter._ Similar to summer Ads., but with more brownish.

Range.--Breeds in southern Idaho and south-central Montana; winters south through Wyoming and Colorado to northern Mexico.

=567.1 Montana Junco= (_Junco montanus_). Similar to No. 568, but with less pink on the sides, the throat and breast darker slate.

Range.--Breeding from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho north to northwest Territory and Alberta; in winter south to Mexico, east more or less irregularly to the Mississippi, Massachusetts, and Maryland. (Ridgw.)

=571. Baird Junco= (_Junco bairdi_). Back and sides rusty cinnamon, head gray, throat and breast grayish white, belly white.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=572. Guadalupe Junco= (_Junco insularis_). Similar to mearnsi but smaller, W. 2.7, bill longer, head and breast darker.

Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

=571.1. Townsend Junco= (_Junco townsendi_). Similar to No. 567.1, but with the back grayer, the brownish wash much reduced.

Range.--San Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Lower California.

GRAY-HEADED, BROWN-BACKED JUNCOS.

=569. Gray-headed Junco= (_Junco caniceps_). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. _Ads._ Head, breast and _sides_ gray; back reddish brown; _no_ reddish brown on wings; three outer tail-feathers with white; _upper_ and lower mandibles pinkish.

Range.--Breeds in mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and northern New Mexico. (Ridgw.)

=570. Arizona Junco= (_Junco phA|onotus palliatus_). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. _Ads._ Head gray; underparts _grayish white_; back, and to a greater or less extent, _wing-coverts_ and _tertials_, reddish brown; three outer tail-feathers with white; iris _yellow_; upper mandible blackish, lower _yellowish_. _Notes._ Calls, resemble those of No. 567; song suggests that of Song Sparrow.

Range.--Breeds in mountains of southern Arizona and southward.

=570a. Red-backed Junco= (_Junco dorsalis_) L. 6.7; W. 3.3; T. 3. _Ads._ Head gray; underparts _grayish white_; back reddish brown; _no_ reddish brown on wings; three outer tail-feathers with white; upper mandible blackish, lower _flesh-color_; iris "brown."

Range.--Breeds on high mountains of New Mexico and central Arizona; winters south to northern Mexico and western Texas.

BLACK-HEADED JUNCOS.

=567a. Oregon Junco= (_Junco oreganus_). L. 6.2; W. 3. _Ad._ [Male], _summer_. Head, neck, throat and breast black sharply defined from the mahogany brown back, third outer tail-feather with little or no white; sides washed with pinkish brown. _Ad._ [Female], _summer_. Head and breast grayer, back paler. _Ads. winter._ Back deeper, the head and neck more or less tipped with brown, the breast with gray, these areas less sharply defined from the back and belly.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from northern British Columbia to Alaska; winters south to California.

=--Shufeldt Junco= (_J. o. shufeldti_). Similar to No. 567a, but larger, W. 3.1, brown of back less intense.

Range.--Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon north to British Columbia (and eastward in humid regions to Montana?); winters south to northern Mexico.

=567b. Coues Junco= (_J. o. connectens_). Similar to _shufeldti_, but back paler, brownish gray, breast grayer, sides with less pinkish brown, head and breast still sharply defined from adjacent areas.

Range.--Breeds in the interior of British Columbia and probably in arid districts southward (breeding areas not definitely known); winters southward doubtless to Mexican boundary.

=567c. Thurber Junco= (_J. o. thurberi_). Similar to No. 567, but back much paler, a bright pinkish brown; head and breast black as in No. 567.

Range.--Breeds in mountains from southern Oregon south to southern California; east to western Nevada.

=567d. Point Pinos Junco= (_J. o. pinosus_). Similar to No. 567c, but throat and breast slate-color.

Range.--Santa Cruz district of California; breeds from King Mountain, south at least to Point Sur, County; wanders eastward in winter into Santa Clara and San Benito Valleys. (Grinnell.)

=733. Plain Titmouse= (_BA|olophus inornatus_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Head crested; above grayish _brown_; below grayish _white_, belly white, sides often buffy. _Notes._ Similar to those of the Tufted Titmouse, but weaker and less varied. (Ridgw.)

Range.--California, west of the Sierra; north to Oregon.

=733a. Gray Titmouse= (_B. i. griseus_). Similar to No. 733, but above _gray_, below whitish _gray_, no buff on sides.

Range.--Southwestern United States: from southeastern California and Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico.

=733b. Ashy Titmouse= (_B. i. cineraceus_). Similar to No. 733a, but underparts grayish _white_, not whitish _gray_.

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=743. Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus minimus_). L, 4.2; T. 2.1. _Ads._ Crown _sooty_ brown; back grayish brown; below brownish white, sides darker.

Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to Washington.

=743a. California Bush-Tit= (_P. m. californicus_). Similar to No. 743, but crown much lighter, brighter brown, quite different from the brownish gray back; underparts paler. _Notes._ When feeding, a faint _tsit_, _tsit_, _tsit_, _tsit_, when moving about, _tsit_, _tsit_, _tsit_, _sre-e-e-e_; _tsit_, sre-e-e-e; when a bird is separated from its companions, same as last but uttered more hurriedly; alarm note, a greatly intensified _tsit''_; _tsit'_; _tsit'_; _tsit'_: in presence of Hawk or Owl a shrill, quavering trill, _sre-e-e-e-e-e_. (Grinnell.)

Range.--California, except the north coast region.

=743b. Grinda Bush-Tit= (_P. m. grindA|_). Similar to No. 743, but back bluish ash-gray. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.

=744. Lead-colored Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus plumbeus_). L. 4.5. _Ads._ _Crown_ and back bluish gray, sides of head brownish; below dingy white with a buffy tint on belly.

Range.--Western United States from eastern Oregon and eastern California east to Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas.

=744.1. Santa Rita Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus santaritA|_). Similar to No. 744, but smaller, sides of head paler, male with a more or less distinct blackish line along sides of head as in female of No. 745. (Ridgw.) (Now considered the same as 745.)

Range.--Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona.

=745. Lloyd Bush-Tit= (_Psaltriparus lloydi_). L. 4.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Sides of head shining black, crown blue-gray, back browner; chin blackish, underparts whitish, the belly and sides buffy. _Ad._ [Female]. Sides of head brownish, ear-coverts bordered above by a narrow black line; no black on chin. _Yng._ Similar to [Female], but no black in head.

Range.--"Mountains of western Texas, between the Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers" (Sennett), south into Mexico.

=731. Tufted Titmouse= (_BA|olophus bicolor_). L. 6. _Ads._ Head crested; forehead _black_; above gray; below whitish, sides rusty. _Notes._ A clearly whistled _pA(C)to_, _pA(C)to_, and a hoarse _de-de-de_.

Range.--Eastern United States; resident from the Gulf States north to northern New Jersey and southern Iowa; straying somewhat further north in summer after breeding.

=731a. Texan Tufted Titmouse= (_B. b. texensis_). Similar to No. 731, but forehead rusty, upperparts paler.

Range.--Southeastern Texas.

=732. Black-crested Titmouse= (_BA|olophus atricristatus_). L. 6.1. _Ads._ Head with a _black_ crest; forehead white or tinged with rusty; back gray; below whitish, sides rusty. _Notes._ An abbreviation of the call of No. 731, _pete-pete-pete-pete_. (Bailey.)

Range.--"From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, south to eastern Mexico." (Bailey.)

=751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila cA|rulea_). L. 4.5; T. 2. Outer tail-feathers with white, white tip of next to outer one at least 1.00 long. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bluish gray, forehead narrowly black; below grayish white. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but lighter gray; no black on forehead. _Notes._ Call, a twanging _ting_; song, sweet and varied but of small volume.

Range.--Eastern United States, west to Colorado; breeds from the Gulf States north to southern New Jersey, and Ontario; wanders casually as far north as Maine and Minnesota; winters from the Gulf States southward.

=751a. Western Gnatcatcher= (_P. c. obscura_). Similar to No.. 751, but slightly grayer above; white tip to next to outer tail-feather _less_ than 1.00 long.

Range.--Western United States from western Texas west to California and Lower California.

=752. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila plumbea_). L. 4.4. Outer web of outer tail-feather _wholly_ white, inner web black except at tip. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown shining black, back blue-gray; underparts grayish white. _Ad._ [Female] _and Yng_. [Male]. Similar, but no black on head. Yng. [Female]. Back and sides with a brownish wash. _Notes._ Call, a faint mew; song, "a harsh ditty of five notes, something like a Wren's song with notes like those of a Swallow." (Cooper.)

Range.--Mexican boundary region, from western Texas to southeastern California and Lower California.

=753. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher= (_Polioptila californica_). L. 4.5; T. 2.1. Similar to No. 752, but outer vane of outer tail-feather _black_ margined with white; back darker, underparts much grayer, flanks brownish.

Range.--Pacific coast region of southern California and northern Lower California.

=734. Bridled Titmouse= (_BA|olophus wollweberi_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Head crested, black and gray; throat black; hind neck with a white band bounded by black; back olive-gray; below whitish. _Notes._ Chickadee-like but fainter. (Henshaw.)

Range.--Tableland of Mexico north to western Texas and southern Arizona.

=738. Mountain Chickadee= (_Parus gambeli_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ A white line over the eye and a black through it; back gray; belly whitish. _Notes._ A hoarse, _dee-dee-dee_, a two or three-noted _phe-be_ whistle exactly like that of the Chickadee and an exceedingly sweet three-noted whistle of regular intervals, _d_, _c_, _a_.

Range.--"Mountainous portions of the western United States from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, north to British Columbia, Idaho, etc., and south to northern Lower California." (A.O.U.)

=740. Hudsonian Chickadee= (_Parus hudsonicus_). L. 5.2; W. 2.6. _Ads._ Crown hair-brown, back a more yellow brown; sides of head and neck grayish white; throat black, belly white, sides rusty. _Notes._ _Tscha-dee-dee-dee-dee_; the _dee-dee_ notes repeated with almost incessant volubility. (Brewer.)

Range.--British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay northwestward to the Lower Yukon.

=740a. Kowak Chickadee= (_P. h. stoneyi_). Similar to No. 740, but larger, W. 2.7. above grayer, crown much paler.

Range.--Kowak River region, Alaska.

=740b. Columbian Chickadee= (_P. h. columbianus_). Similar to No. 740, but grayer above, crown slaty-drab.

Range.--Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.

=--Canadian Chickadee= (_P. h. littoralis_). Similar to No. 740, but smaller, W. 2.5, crown duller brown.

Range.--British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia.

=739. Alaskan Chickadee= (_Parus cinctus alascensis_). L. 5.2. _Ads._ Crown _brown_, back _brighter_; sides of head and neck _pure white_; throat blackish; belly whitish, sides buffy.

Range.--"Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia." (A.O.U.)

=741. Chestnut-backed Chickadee= (_Parus rufescens_). L. 4.6. _Ads._ Back and sides rusty chestnut, crown sooty brown, throat black. _Notes._ A lisping _the-the-the-te-te_. (Kobbe.)

Range.--Pacific coast from Oregon to southern Alaska.

=741a. California Chickadee= (_P. r. neglectus_). Similar to No. 741, but with only a tinge of rusty on flanks.

Range.--"Coast of California from Monterey County northward." (A.O.U.)

=741b. Barlow Chickadee= (_P. r. barlowi_). Similar to No. 741a, but with no rusty on flanks.

Range.--Vicinity of Monterey, California.

=735. Black-capped Chickadee= (_Parus atricapillus_). L. 5.2; T. 2.5. _Ads._ Cap and throat black; back gray with a brownish tinge; outer margins of wing-coverts _grayish white_; flanks, cream buff. _Notes._ _Chickadee-dee_, liquid gurgles and chuckling notes and a sweet, clearly whistled, _phe-be_ or _phe-be-e_.

Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from southern Illinois and Pennsylvania north to Labrador, and south along Alleghanies to North Carolina; migrates a short distance below its southern breeding limits.

=735a. Long-tailed Chickadee= (_P. a. septentrionalis_). Similar to No. 735, but tail longer, 2.7, flanks paler, white edgings broader.

Range.--Rocky Mountain region north to British Columbia; east to Manitoba and the Plains.

=735b. Oregon Chickadee= (_P. a. occidentalis_). Similar to No. 735, but much darker; flanks grayish.

Range.--Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka.

=736. Carolina Chickadee= (_Parus carolinensis_). Similar to No. 735, but smaller, L. 4.6; T. 2., the greater wing-coverts _not_ margined with whitish. _Notes._ Whistle "_tswee-dee_, _twsee-dee_."

Range.--Southeastern United States north to middle New Jersey, and southern Illinois; resident from southern New Jersey southward.

=736.a Plumbeous Chickadee= (_P. c. agilis_). Similar to No. 736, but paler above, whiter below.

Range.--"Eastern and central Texas (Bee, Victoria, Cook, and Concho Counties, etc.") (A.O.U.)

=737. Mexican Chickadee= (_Parus sclateri_). Similar to No. 735, but sides broadly gray like back, black more extended. _Notes._ A rapid, vigorous double-noted whistle repeated three times, wholly unlike that of the Chickadee.

Range.--Mountainous portions of the Mexican tableland north to southern Arizona.

=630. Black-capped Vireo= (_Vireo atricapillus_). L. 4.5. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and cheeks shining black; lores and eye-ring white; back olive-green; below white, sides tinged with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-bars. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but black of head duller. _Yng._ "Top and sides of head dull grayish brown; lores, orbital ring and lower parts dull buffy white or pale buffy." (Ridgw.) _Notes._ "Of the general character of the White-eye or _bellii_ type." (Bailey.)

Range.--Breeds in central and western Texas; north to southern Kansas; winters in southern Mexico.

=727. White-breasted Nuthatch= (_Sitta carolinensis_). L. 6. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown and foreback _bluish_ black; sides of head and neck grayish white; tertials with _distinct_ black marks rounded at end. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar but black of head and shoulders washed with gray. _Notes._ Call, a nasal _yank-yank_ and conversational notes; song, a tenor, _ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha_, all on the same note.

Range.--Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains, breeds from the Gulf States to Minnesota and New Brunswick; resident.

=727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch= (_S. c. aculeata_). Similar to No. 727, but head usually greenish black; black of tertials less deep and one next to inner one usually pointed at end.

Range.--Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from Lower California north to British Columbia; resident.

=727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch= (_S. c. atkinsi_). Similar to No. 727, but somewhat smaller, wing-coverts and tertials not tipped with grayish; [Female] with head black as in [Male].

Range.--Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina.

=727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch= (_S. c. nelsoni_). Similar to No. 727a, but larger, W. 3.7, with somewhat more white in tail and more rusty on flanks and lower belly.

Range.--Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and northward. (Mearns.)

=727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch= (_S. c. lagunA|_). Similar to No. 727a, but with the wings and tail shorter, the black tips of the outer tail-feathers more restricted; W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.)

Range.--Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California. (Brewster.)

=728. Red-breasted Nuthatch= (_Sitta canadensis_). L. 4.6. _Ad._ [Male]. A stripe through the eye and crown, black; line _over_ eye white; underparts rusty. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but crown gray like back, line through the eye blackish, paler below. _Notes._ A fine, thin, nasal, penny-trumpet like, drawled _yna-yna_.

Range.--North America, breeding from the northern portions of the northern tier of States northward, and southward in the Alleghanies to Virginia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada in California; winters irregularly southward to the Gulf States and Arizona.

=729. Brown-headed Nuthatch= (_Sitta pusilla_). L. 4.3. _Ads._ Crown brown; a white patch on nape; back bluish gray; below grayish white, sometimes tinged with buff. _Yng._ Crown whitish. _Notes._ A conversational, twittering _tnee-tnee_.

Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf States north to Delaware, accidentally to New York and casually to Missouri.

=730. Pygmy Nuthatch= (_Sitta pygmA|a_). L. 4.3. _Ads._ Crown grayish olive; a whitish patch on nape; a dark brown line through eye; below white tinged with buff. _Yng._ Crown gray like back. _Notes._ A metallic, clinking clittick, clittick.,

Range.--Western North America, east to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia.

=730a. White-naped Nuthatch= (_S. p. leuconucha_). Similar to No. 730, but bill larger, crown grayer, back less bluish gray, nape patch more conspicuous, underparts white with scarcely more than a trace of buffy. (Ridgw.)

Range.--Lower California.

=444. Kingbird= (_Tyrannus tyrannus_). L. 8.5. Tail tipped with white. _Ads._ Above slaty, crown blacker with an orange patch. _Yng._ Similar, but no crown-patch. _Notes._ An unmusical, steely chatter. "A soft and very pleasing song," heard only in the early morning. (O. T. Miller.)

Range.--North America, breeds from Florida north to New Brunswick and Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah, Nevada, northeast California and western British Columbia; winters south of United States, to Central and South America.

=445. Gray Kingbird= (_Tyrannus dominicensis_). L. 9. _Ads._ No white tip on tail; an orange crown-patch; under wing-coverts sulphur; ear-coverts black; above gray; below white. _Notes._ A loud, chattering, _pitA-rri_, _pitA-rri_.

Range.--West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the coast to South Carolina; winters in Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Central America.

=701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel= (_Cinclus mexicanus_). L. 8. _Ads._ Slaty gray, head and neck browner. In winter more or less tipped with whitish. _Notes._ Song, remarkably sweet and lively, in modulation resembling somewhat that of Brown Thrasher, but less powerful though sweeter in effect. (Ridgway.) Call, a sharp, pebbly _cack-cack-cack_.

Range.--"The mountainous parts of central and western North America, from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east in the United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. Apparently resident throughout its range." (A.O.U.)

=704. Catbird= (_Galeoscoptes carolinensis_). L. 8.9. _Ads._ Slaty gray, cap and tail black, under tail-coverts reddish chestnut. _Notes._ Call, a whining, nasal _tchay_; song, rich, musical, and varied.

Range.--North America; west to British Columbia and rarely Pacific coast states; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan; winters from Gulf States southward.

=754. Townsend Solitaire= (_Myadestes townsendii_). L. 8.5. _Ads._ Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer tail-feathers, a narrow wing-bar white; wing with a buff band showing in flight. _Notes._ Song, a rich, flowing, Grosbeak-like warbling, sung with great vigor and freedom and often for comparatively long periods.

Range.--"Western United States, from the Plains westward to the Pacific coast, north to British Columbia and south in winter to the southern border of Arizona and northern Lower California; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central California northward."

=621. Northern Shrike= (_Lanius borealis_). L. 10.2. Lores grayish. _Ads._ Above bluish gray; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white; below white, usually with wavy bars. _Yng._ Above washed with brown; below more distinctly and more heavily barred _Notes._ Song, not unlike that of the Brown Thrasher but more disconnected, less loud.

Range.--North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters south, irregularly, to Virginia, Kansas, Arizona, and California.

=622. Loggerhead Shrike= (_Lanius ludovicianus_). 9. Lores black. _Ads._ Underparts white _without_ bars; above bluish gray; rump and upper tail-coverts little if any paler; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white. _Yng._ Underparts, head, and rump more or less narrowly barred. _Notes._ Call, harsh and discordant; song, a series of guttural gurgles, squeaky whistles.

Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Virginia; In Mississippi Valley, northeast to western Pennsylvania, central and northern New York, Massachusetts, western New Hampshire, Maine, and British Columbia; migrates down Atlantic States, as well as Mississippi Valley, and winters in southern States.

=622a. White-rumped Shrike= (_L. l. excubitorides_). Similar to No. 622, but paler above, rump and upper tail-coverts whiter; bill less deep.

Range.--"Western North America, from eastern border of the Plains to the Pacific, except coast of California, and from Manitoba and the Plains of the Saskatchewan south over tablelands of Mexico."

=622b. California Shrike= (_L. l. gambeli_). Similar to No. 622, but rump paler, breast usually with indistinct wavy bars and tinged with brownish.

Range.--Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia.

=622c. Island Shrike= (_L. l. anthonyi_). Similar to No. 622b, but darker and smaller, W. 3.7.

Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California.

=703. Mockingbird= (_Mimus polyglottos_). L. 10.5. _Ads._ Above ashy gray; below soiled whitish; outer tail-feathers with white; wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white; primaries white basally. _Notes._ Call, a harsh, kissing note; song indescribable.

Range.--Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to northeastern Texas; breeds north to southern New Jersey (rarely Massachusetts), and southern Illinois; winters from Virginia and lower Mississippi Valley southward.

=703a. Western Mockingbird= (_M. p. leucopterus_). Similar to No. 703, but with a very slight brownish tinge below and white areas in wing averaging larger.

Range.--Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from Indian Territory and eastern Texas west to California.

=765. Wheatear= (_Saxicola A"nanthe_). L. 6; W. 3.7. _Ad._ [Male]. Back gray, upper tail-coverts and base of tail white; below white more or less washed with buff. _Ad._ [Female]. Browner above and below, no black through eye. _Ads. in winter and Yng._ Similar to [Female], but cinnamon brown above, cinnamon below.

Range.--Asia; migrating in summer to Alaska.

=765a. Greenland Wheatear= (_S. A". leucorhoa_). Similar to No. 765, but larger, W. 4.

Range.--Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on adjoining mainland; rarely south to St. Lawrence; casually to Louisiana.

=573. Black-throated Sparrow= (_Amphispiza bilineata_). L. 5.3._ Ads._ Throat, upper breast, and front of face black; a white stripe over eye and another at the side of the throat; above grayish brown unstreaked; outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at tip; at least half an inch of tip of inner web white. _Notes._ Song, simple but sweet, three ascending and three descending notes.

Range.--Middle and eastern Texas (except along coast?), north to Oklahoma and western Kansas; winters from central Texas south into northeastern Mexico.

=573a. Desert Sparrow= (_A. b. deserticola_). Similar to No. 573, but above grayer, the white tip to outer tail-feather _less_ than half an inch long.

Range.--Western United States and northern Mexico, from western Texas to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado, and western Nevada; winters south into Mexico.