Chapter LXXXIX: Appendix: Special Rules (4)

Huber and Röhl, _Ueber acute u. chron. Intoxdurch Nitrokorp d.
Benzolreihe_, 484.

Huddersfield, lyddite explosion at, 609, 612;
woollen cloth industry at, 634.

Hughes, his use of caissons at Rochester Bridge, 731.

Huguenots, linen industry revived in North of Ireland by, 691.

Hundt, Bergassessor, _Die Bekampfung der Wurmkrankheit im
Oberbergamtsbezirke Dortmund_, 537.

Hunter, Dr, 81.

Hunter, Dr James, Edinburgh, 731.

Huntington and M’Millan, _Metals_, 287.

Huntley, Mr, Engineer, Redheugh Bridge, Newcastle, 728, 733.

Huskisson, 190.

Hyatt, discoverer of celluloid, 792.

Hydatid cyst, in shepherds, 248.

Hydrochloric acid, 570, 571.

Hydro-extractor, for removing excess of spirit in benzine, 491;
adapted to laundry work, 665.

Hydrogen sulphide, 611.

Hydrogen, sulphuretted, 555, 582.

Hydrophobia, 242–44.

Hygiene, industrial, how to promote, 22, 23.

Hygiene Committee, France, 294.

Hygiene Congress at Turin, 288.

Hygiene Council of Paris, 311.

Hygrometer, in cotton spinning works, 709.

Hyperæsthesia, a feature in chronic poisoning by dinitrobenzine,
480.

Idiopathic tetany, or shoemakers’ spasm, 822.

Idria (Illyria), cinnabar mines at, 438, 538.

Imperial Health Office, Germany, 320, 325.

Incandescent electric lamps, manufacture of, 439.

India, 171, 175;
lathyrism in, 235;
its export of jute, 651;
jute mills in, 662.

Indiarubber works, 471;
vulcanisation process in, 471;
bisulphide of carbon, 768.

Industrial Code, 46, 50.

Industrial Councils existing on Continent--suggested formation in
England of, 23.

Industrial disease, various definitions of, 14, 15;
notification of, 22.

Industrial districts, 120.

Industrial hygiene, how to promote, 22, 23.

Industrial injury, scientific protection of works against, 28.

Industrial methods, more scientifically studied on Continent, 6.

Industrial Occupation, a process of evolution, 1, 21.

Industrial Revolution, an epoch in the world’s history, 2.

Industries, classification of, 123.

Infant mortality and factory labour, 73–89;
in Dundee, 662.

Inflammable or spirit paints, use of, 494–96.

Influenza, in tailors and drapers, 154;
ironstone miners, 161;
occupied and unoccupied men, 164;
horses, 244.

Injurious industries, historical sketch of legislation for, 24–43;
scientific protection of workers, 28;
their regulation in chief countries of Europe, 44–62;
principles of prospective legislation for, 63–72;
Special Rules for, 59, 827–64.

Innkeepers, mortality of, 801.

Insanity, in lead-workers, 308, 309.

Inspection, rules of factory, 47.

Inspectorate of factories, organised by Act of 1844, 31.

Inspectors, women appointed (1893) as, 41.

Insured children, higher death rate of, 80.

Intake roads (mines), 540.

International, competition, 6;
committees suggested for industrial hygiene, 23.

International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, 630.

Intestinal anthrax, 641.

Iodoform manufacture, its effect on eyes, 769.

Ireland, lucifer match works in, 419;
linen trade in, 691.

Irish Carragheen Moss, 695.

Iron and steel industries, 756–60.

Iron hollow ware, tinning and enamelling of, Special Rules, 848.

Iron plates, enamelling of, 317.

Iron pyrites, oxidation produces black-damp, 541–43.

Iron-workers, death rate, 140;
eye diseases of, 771–75;
eye accidents of, 776–83.

Ironers, in laundries, 670.

Ironstone miners, included (Act of 1860) under head of coal miners,
34, 524;
death rate, 160.

Iselle, the Italian side of Simplon Tunnel, 740–42.

Italian miners, diseases of, 16;
accidents to, 520.

Italy, pellagra (_malattia della miseria_) in, 235;
experiments in non-poisonous matches, 431.

Jacquemart, Dr, Paris, 794.

_Jahrbuch für das Berg- Hütten- und Salinen-wesen im Preussischen
Staate_ 518.

Jam-making, 678;
its risks, 679.

James of Hereford, Lord, 199, 201, 202, 363–65.

Jaundice, in military balloonists, 750.

Jenner, Sir William, 178.

Jews, as glass-makers in Rome, 804.

Jockeys, popliteal aneurism in, 245.

Joiners, 790.

Johnson, Henry J., 363, 365.

Jones, Chester, 363.

Jones, Dr Lewis, 258, 263, 315.

Jones, Dr Robert, Claybury Asylum, Essex, 308.

_Journal of Morphology_, 109.

_Journal of Pathology_, 544.

_Journal of Physiology_, 484, 550.

_Journal of the Sanitary Institute_, 396.

Jungfleish, _Dangers du sécretage des poils par le mercure_, 442.

Jussieu, Antoine de, 434.

Jute, dust caused by, 276;
preparation of the fibre, 651;
process of manufacture, 652;
health conditions in factories, 654;
analyses of air in factories, 657;
tetanus produced by, 659;
mill fever, 661.

Kaffre, Azzyat Bridge (Nile), 731.

_Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte, Arbeiten aus dem_, 320, 368, 436,
448, 625, 632.

Kaolin, Chinese for porcelain clay, 347, 385.

Kassowitz, Professor, 426.

Keaves, vats for bichromate manufacture, 449.

Kennall Vale, Redruth, gunpowder explosion at, 609.

Kerr, Dr, 91.

Keygi, Professor, 325.

Kidderminster, carpet making at, 635.

Kidney disease, and plumbism, 15;
in tanners, 801;
chimney sweeps, 808.

Kieselguhr dynamite, 612.

Kirving, undercutting coal, 527, 534.

Kitasato, Professor, bacilli of tetanus first isolated by, 241.

Knackers, glanders in, 238;
anthrax, 244.

_Knapp’s Archives of Ophthalmology_, 773.

_Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft für das Deutsche Reich,
Statistik der_, 512.

_Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft, Berichte über die Verwaltung
der_, 517.

Knecht, E., _Manual of Dyeing_, 447.

Knies, Professor, 770.

Knight, Robert, Secretary Boilermaker’s Society, 753.

Knowles “Improved Safety Hoist,” 219, 231.

Koch, Dr, and the anthrax bacillus, 623;
on the identity of human and bovine tuberculosis, 797.

Kocher, Dr, Berne, 425, 426.

Krupp ball system, in steel works, 390.

Kubler, Dr, 625.

Kuborn, Dr, Serang, 16.

Kuiper, Dr, Jena, 426.

Kummerbund, the, 174.

Kunkel, A. J., _Handbuch der Toxikologie_, 437.

Kussmaul, Adolf, _Untersuchungen über dem constitutionellen
Mercurialismus_, 435, 437, 438.

Kyphosis, or stooping gait, in field workers, 233.

Labellers, aerated water, 687;
eye accidents to, 786.

Label-lickers in thread mills, death rate, 803.

_Labour Gazette_, 362.

_Labour Leader_, 449.

Labour, Ministry of, needed in England, 23.

Labour, Royal Commission on, 41, 186.

Labourers, agricultural, 135, 232–37;
working classes divided into artisans and, 111;
accident death rate of general, 530;
railway, risk of tuberculosis, 797.

Labouring Population, Report (1838) on Sanitary Condition of the,
45.

Lady Assistant Commissioners, Report (1893) of, 74, 83.

La Hague, plumbism in electric accumulator works at, 320.

Lailler, _Hygiène des Professions et des Industries_, 422.

Lamb’s wool, 634.

Lampblack factories, 812.

Lancashire, infant mortality in, 75;
wages of male and female workers, 88;
child labour in, 92;
mines, 158, 160;
mortality of cotton operatives, 719, 720;
tobacco workers in, 795;
plate glass manufacture in, 804.

_Lancet_, 110, 448, 475, 478, 487, 635, 808.

Lapping, of cutlery, 412.

Lathyrism, caused by chick-pea, 235.

Laundresses, pulmonary consumption in, 669.

Laundries, 42, 663–72;
machinery in, 665, 666;
factory _v._ home industry, 667;
health of workers in, 669–72.

Laurie, A. P., 8, 354,

Lawrence, Dr, 623.

Layet, Professor, on minium, 288.

Lazarus, surgeon-dentist, 474.

Lead and its compounds, 282–372;
its use in potteries, 346–65.

_Lead in the Manufacture of Pottery, Report on the Use of_, 357.

Lead dust, 275.

Lead factories, blue and white beds in, 289.

Lead foil makers, plumbism in, 370.

Lead insanity, _see_ encephalopathy.

Lead mining, 25;
and the health and surroundings of the miners, 282–86;
plumbism almost unknown in, 538.

Lead oxide, 287.

Lead poisoning, _see_ plumbism.

Lead smelting works, 42;
and plumbism, 286;
Special Rules for, 848.

Lead workers, death rate, 135, 141, 594, 595;
high mortality of their children, 303;
encephalopathy in, 307;
their clothes, 369;
Special Rules for, 829, 846, 847.

Leadless glaze, for pottery, 360, 361, 363.

Leathart, Mr, of Newcastle, 313.

_Leather Trades Circular and Review_, 633.

Le Blanc process, for manufacture of hydrochloric and sulphuric
acids, carbonate of soda, caustic soda, and bleaching powder,
569–84.

Lee, Professor, 769.

Leeds, woollen cloth manufacture in, 634.

Lefebre, Dr, 270.

Lefevre, Dr, Brest, 335.

Legge, Dr T. Morison, Medical Inspector of Factories, 297, 300,
319, 320, 338, 352, 363, 372, 400, 590, 624, 627, 632, 659.

Legislation for dangerous trades, historical sketch of its
development, 24–43;
for mines, 33;
principles of prospective, 63–72;
_see also_ factory legislation.

Leicester, hosiery manufacture in, 635.

Leipzig, anthrax in, 625.

Leloir, Dr, 270.

Lémaistre, Dr, 386.

Lepine, Dr, 734.

Letterpress Printing Works (Germany), 61.

Levy, Dr, 109.

Lewis, Mr, Factory Inspector, Swansea district, 467.

Lewis, Professor Vivian, 504, 819.

Licensed victuallers, death rate, 800.

Liège, anchylostomiasis at, 537.

Lightermen, accident death rate, 530.

Lighting of factories, 51.

Lignite mines (Germany), accidents in, 513–15, 518.

Lime, burns caused by, 785.

Lime dressers, 578.

Limes, use of, 175.

Limestone quarries, 498, 558, 562.

Limoges, and plumbism from transfer making, 366, 367;
and its porcelain, 385;
phthisis in works at, 386, 387.

Linen and flax, 691–701;
process of manufacture, 693;
bleaching, 695.

Linen and Hempen Manufacture of Ireland (1711), 692.

Linen rags, 644.

Linotyping and plumbism, 331, 332.

Liquor traffic, death rate in, 801.

Litharge, 287.

Litho-transfer works, 365–67.

Little Bolton, 76.

Littlejohn, Dr Harvey, 343, 345.

Liver diseases, in cutlers, 138;
stone quarriers, 141;
musicians, 151;
hairdressers, tailors, 153, 154;
drapers, 154;
miners, 157, 161;
occupied and unoccupied males, 164, 720;
soldiers, 174;
sailors, 183;
publicans, 802.

Llewellyn, Mr, 363.

Lloyd, Dr J. H., _Occupation Diseases_, 442.

Lockerby & Wilson, 501.

Lockjaw, or tetanus, 240–42;
its micro-organism, 241.

Locksmiths, death rate, 135, 755.

Locomotor ataxia, 802.

Loewenthal, R., _Manual of Dyeing_, 447.

Logements Insalubres (Paris), Commission des, 293.

Loire River, 730.

Lombardy, anchylostomiasis endemic in, 743.

London, outbreak of anthrax in, 625.

London and North Western Railway Insurance Society for Drivers and
Firemen, 796.

London Society of Compositors, 328;
Mortality Tables of, 330.

Londonderry, Lord, 27.

Longmore’s guard, 228.

Longton potteries, 346.

Looms, 225.

Lorinser, of Vienna, 421.

Louis, Henry, translator of Schmeisser’s _Goldfields of
Australia_, 509.

Louis, Professor, _Coal Mining_, 11, 282.

Lucifer Match Factories, Commission on, 417.

Lucifer match works, 35, 36, 43;
fragility of bones of employés in, 425;
Special Rules for, 859.

Lucifer matches, containing lead, 371;
and phosphorus, 417–33;
_safety_ and _strike-anywhere_, 419, 421, 422.

Ludlow, Harvey, 623.

Lumbago, in field workers, 232;
jam-makers, 680.

Lunacy, in field workers, 234;
lead-workers, 308, 309.

Lung disease due to dust (pneumoconiosis), 271;
in cotton operatives, 721;
brewers, 801.

Lyddite (picric acid, trinitrophenol), 599, 600, 609–11, 619.

Macaulay, Lord, 27.

MacCormac, Bart., Sir William, 699.

McDowall, Dr, Northumberland County Asylum, 799.

M’Keown, Dr W. A., _Treatise on Unripe Cataract_, 502.

M’Kinlay, Dr, 770.

M’Laren, B., _Preventible Colliery Accidents_, 516.

MacMunn, Dr, Wolverhampton, 484, 766.

Machine-makers, death rate, 755.

Machine tools, 212.

Machinery, its effect on workers, 116;
safe-guarding of, 203–31;
prime movers, 205–208;
means of stopping, 212;
accidents in agricultural, 236.

Machines, planing, 229.

Madrid, cigar factories in, 794.

Magitot, Dr, Paris, 424.

Magnus, Professor, 776.

Maize, 235.

_Mal chimique_, phosphorus necrosis, 418.

_Mal de montagnes_, 749.

Malakoff, Professor, 775.

Malaria, an old theory about, 174;
and soldiers, 177, 180;
sailors, 183;
caused by mosquitoes, 180, 186.

Maljean, Dr, 750.

Malt liquor, the London dock labourers and, 114.

Manchester, indiarubber works in, 470.

Manchester warehousemen, death rate, 154.

Manganese mud, 574, 575.

Mann, Dixon, _Forensic Medicine_, 477, 482.

Manson, Professor, on beriberi, 187.

Manufacturers, their right of arbitration, 5;
Special Rules for, 35, 827–64.

Marble quarries, 559.

Marie, Dr, 481.

Marine Service, health in the, 182–89.

Marl quarries, 558.

Marsh’s apparatus, 381.

Masons, death rate, 135;
phthisis, etc., in, 273, 274;
eye accidents to, 784, 785.

Massachusetts, anthrax in, 625.

Massicot, 287.

Match industry, and phosphorus necrosis, 20, 418–28.

Match Manufacturers Arbitration, 422.

Matches, _safety_ and _strike-anywhere_, 419, 421, 422.

Maternity _v._ factory labour, 77, 82;
field work and, 81.

Mather & Platt (Salford), on work before breakfast, 8.

_Matin, le_, 257.

Mattress-makers, liable to anthrax, 244;
their diseases, 789, 790.

Maxwell, Sir John Stirling, 14.

May, S. W., Factory Inspector, 354.

Mayence, glazed ware at, 807.

Meachem, F. G., 543.

Meakin, G. E., 363.

_Medical Chronicle_, 479.

Medical Department of the Privy Council, inquiries between 1859
and 1872 conducted by, 76.

Medical Society of London, 378, 379.

_Melbourne Argus_, 257.

Melier, Dr, 793.

Mercantile Marine, 182;
cooks in, 189;
accident death rate, 530.

Merchant Shipping Act, 182, 189.

Mercurial compounds, preparation of, 442.

Mercurial poisoning, 19, 22, 26;
industries liable to, 435–41;
mode of causation, 436;
symptoms of, 437;
preventive measures, 444;
in mines, 538.

Mercury, and its salts, dangers in use of, 434–46.

Mercury, fulminate of, 559, 602, 603, 620.

Merganthaler linotype machine, 331.

Metadinitrobenzine, 475.

Metal hollow ware, Special Rules for tinning and enamelling of,
863.

Metallic dust, 273.

Metalliferous mines, regulation of, 38, 528;
accidents in German, 513–15, 518;
more unhealthy than coal, 534.

Metalliferous Mines (Isle of Man) Act (1891), 564.

Metalliferous Mines Regulation Acts (1872 and 1875), 564.

Metallochrome powder, 365.

Metallurgical industry, causes of its decline in England, 5.

Meters, electrical, 440.

Methæmoglobin, 484.

Methane, fire-damp in mines, 546.

Metropolitan Meat Market, 245.

Metropolitan District Railway, air of the, 744.

Metz, cases of anthrax at, 625.

Meyhöfer, Dr, 806.

Middlesborough, North Eastern Steel Works, 390–94.

Midland Medical Association, 466.

Migerka, Dr, _Staubarten in Wort und Bild_, 274.

Military balloonists, 750.

Military explosives, 619.

Milkers’ spasm, 821.

Mill fever, in jute workers, 661;
doffers, 699.

Mill-gearing and belts, 205, 208–11;
shaftings, pulleys, couplings, etc., 209.

Millers, death rate, 505.

Millstone building, buhrstone used for, 405, 407;
health of masons, 405, 406;
eye accidents to, 784.

Millwrights, death rate, 755.

Miners, accidents to, 11;
death rate, 156;
subject to phthisis, bronchitis, pneumonia, 273, 535;
nystagmus, 534;
eye accidents to, 776.

Miners, lead, their health and surroundings, 282–86.

Miners’ Permanent Benefit Relief Fund, 11, 531, 776 (Germany),
512–18.

Miners’ Central Association, 531, 532.

Mines, explosions and explosives in, 26, 615–18;
Acts, 28, 40;
premature death in, 30;
no protective legislation till 1842, 31;
inquests not held on accidental deaths, _ibid._;
legislation since 1860 for, 33, 37;
the air of, 540–56.

Mines and Manufactures, Report of Commission (1843) on, 35.

_Mines Legislation in Germany, France, and Belgium_, Mr
Tremenheere’s _Special Reports on_, 28.

Mining, 508–39.

Mining districts, 120.

Mining, Royal Commission (1841) on, 31.

_Ministére de l’Industrie et du Travail_, Brussels, 698.

Ministry of Labour needed in England, 23.

Minium, 287.

Miram, M., experiments in matches, 430.

Mirror-silvering, 435, 437, 440.

Mixers, in dinitrobenzol manufacture, 765.

Mixing and casting of brass and other alloys, Special Rules for,
464.

Mohair, 634.

Molten metal, and eye accidents, 781.

Monmouthshire, mines in, 158–60;
tinplate works in, 681.

Mononitrobenzine, 475, 483.

Mononitrotoluene, 476.

Mont Cenis Tunnel, 737.

Montfils, Dr, 623.

Morgan’s “Patent Safety Catch,” 221, 231.

Morse instrument (telegraphy), 819.

Mortality, of occupations, 118–33;
tables of, in dust-producing occupations, 135, 142, 274, 275;
in unhealthy occupations, 149;
occupied and unoccupied men, 162;
in sailing- and steam-ships, 184, 188;
in railwaymen, 200;
from plumbism, 298, 351;
from mining accidents, 513–32 _passim_;
in different and certain occupations, 594, 595;
from manufacture and use of explosives, 603, 605;
chief explosions in England, 608, 609;
explosions in coal mines, 617, 618;
in cotton operatives, 718–21;
in boilermakers and iron shipbuilders, 754.

Morveau, Guyton de, 293.

Mosquitoes, and malaria, 180, 186.

Mosso, Professor, Turin University, 105.

Motais, Dr, Paris, 327.

Motes in the eye, from steel-grinding, 777.

Mother-of-pearl grinding causes phthisis, 276.

Mothers in factories, employment of, 73 _et seq._

Motor cars, manufacture of, and plumbism, 322.

Moulton, Fletcher, 363.

Mountain climbers, and diminished atmospheric pressure, 749.

Moxon, Professor, 747.

Mules, self-acting, 223–25;
in cotton spinning, 703.

Mungo rags, 644.

Murray, Dr William, Birmingham, _Chronic Brass Poisoning_, 466.

Muscarin, poisonous constituent in mushroom-poisoning, 237.

Muscular system, effect of dinitrobenzine poison on, 479.

Muscular work, means for measuring, 105.

Mushroom-poisoning, and field-workers, 237.

Musicians, death rate, 151.

Myrbane (nitro- and dinitrobenzine), 591.

Nail and chain making, 758.

Nail diseases in furriers, 270.

Naphtha, in indiarubber works, 470;
in dry cleaning works, 491.

Naphthalene, 475.

Napias, M. le Docteur, 57.

Nasal septum ulceration, caused by bichromes, 451.

_Nature_, 252.

Navy, health of the, 184.

Naxos, Island of, emery stone quarries in, 813.

Necrosis, _see_ phosphorus necrosis.

Needle-grinding, dust from, 276.

Nervous diseases, in potters, etc., 136;
cutlers, file-cutters, 138, 595;
glass-makers, 139, 595;
iron-workers, 141;
lead-workers, 143, 595;
brass-workers, 145;
wool-workers, 148;
printers, musicians, 151;
tailors, drapers, 154;
miners, 158, 161, 162;
occupied and unoccupied men, 164, 595, 720;
due to dinitrobenzine, 480, 481;
copper-workers, carpenters, earthenware makers, 595;
agriculturists, cotton operatives, 720;
blacksmiths, 757.

Neuritis, peripheral, in indiarubber workers, 472.

Neurosis, occupation or fatigue, 764, 815.

New Almaden mines, California, 538.

New Australian Electric Light Co. (Richmond), 257.

New South Wales, eight hours’ day in, 8.

Newcastle-on-Tyne, cases of plumbism at, 297–300;
fireclay, 399, 400;
copper-smelting at, 466.

Newcastle Asylum at Cox Lodge, 799.

Newcastle City Asylum, 800.

Newcastle Royal Infirmary, 298, 312, 336, 360, 732, 793, 799, 806,
808, 823.

Newett, Dr, Ligoneill, 695.

Newlands, Archibald, Factory Inspector, 814.

Niagara Falls, 498.

Nieden, Dr, 482, 764.

Nitrate, of mercury, 446;
of silver, 441;
of soda, 581.

Nitrate mixtures, 446;
as explosives, 602.

Nitric acid, 442, 581.

Nitric peroxide, 555, 556.

Nitric oxide, 556.

Nitro-benzine, 591.

Nitro-cellulose, 600, 603, 614, 619.

Nitro-compounds, 483, 602.

Nitro-cotton, 600, 614.

Nitro-glycerine, 555, 600, 612;
explosives, 536, 603, 605;
physiological effects of, 613.

Nitro-powders, 599.

Nitrogen, and black-damp, 542, 543;
and after-damp, 549.

Nitrous fumes, 581.

Nobel, Alfred, discovers blasting gelatine, 600, 614.

Noble, 611.

Non-textile industries, accidents in, 12;
machinery in, 227–30.

North Eastern Steel Works, Middlesborough, 390.

Northamptonshire mines, 158–61.

Northumberland County Asylum, 799.

Northumberland and Durham Miners’ Permanent Relief Fund, 11, 532.

Northumberland Miners’ Mutual Confident Association, 9.

Northumberland mines, 158–61.

Norway, phosphorus necrosis in, 421.

Norwich, effect of electric shock on dogs at, 256.

Nottingham, annual meeting of British Medical Association at
(1892), 87.

Nottinghamshire mines, 158–60.

Novgorod, Russia, anthrax at, 625.

Nuisance Removal Act, 29.

Nuremberg, mirror-silvering at, 435.

Nurserymen, mortality of, 129.

Nystagmus, miners’, 534, 761–64.

Oakeshott, Miss Grace, 795.

Occupation disease, its causation, 15, 16;
difficulty of recognising, 17;
dust as a cause of, 267–77;
due to excessively repeated muscular actions, 815–25.

Occupations, mortality of, 118–33.

Occupied and unoccupied men, mortality of, 162, 594, 595, 719, 720.

Ocean Accident Insurance Co., 21.

Œdematous anthrax, 636.

Official Miners’ Permanent Relief Fund of the German Empire,
512–18.

Ogle, Dr, 120, 125, 128, 136, 137, 152, 535, 755, 800, 809.

Oil engines, 206;
safety starting-gear for, 208.

Oligocythemia, 484.

Oliver, a sledge hammer, 759.

Oliver, Prof. Thomas, on death from electric shock, 258;
_Lead Poisoning_ (Gulstonian Lectures), 304;
on Allbutt’s _System of Medicine_, 309, 477;
his Report on Lead Compounds in Pottery, 351;
_Acetylene, the New Illuminant, etc._, 502.

Olten, death from electric shock at, 253.

Omdurman, effect of lyddite shells at, 600.

Onimus, Dr (France), on telegraphists’ spasm--mal télégraphique,
819.

Openers, tinplate works, 681.

Ophthalmia, in flax workers, 698;
hop pickers, 783;
confectioners, 798.

_Ophthalmic Society of the United Kingdom, Transactions of_, 770.

Opiates, administered to infants, 78–80.

Opium, used in fen districts for ague, 234.

Oram, R. E. Sprague, Factory Inspector, 462.

Orange lead works, Special Rules for, 846.

Orthonitrobenzine, 475.

Osborn, Mr, Factory Inspector, 705, 716.

Osteo-arthritis, in field-workers, 232;
quarriers, 564.

Osteomyelitis, 276.

Ostlers, subject to glanders and farcy, 238.

Ottawa, fire at Dominion Carbide Works, 501.

Overwork, on railways, 193.

Oxidation of iron pyrites causes black-damp, 541–43.

Oxide, lead, 287;
of cobalt, 348.

Oxygen, and black-damp, 541–45;
and fire-damp, 547;
in explosives, 610.

Oxyhæmoglobin, 484.

Paardeberg, 178;
lyddite fumes at, 611.

Pagliani, Professor, 112, 739.

Paint, manufacture of white, 313, 447;
and colour factories, Special Rules for, 831.

Painters, and lead colic, 17;
lead insanity in, 308;
and plumbism, 333–38, 770;
washing of their clothes, 369;
eye troubles due to arsenic, 770.

Paints, use of inflammable or spirit, 494–96.

Palmar fascia, contraction of the (among gardeners), 233, 237.

Pantin-Aubervilliers, France, match works at, 421, 429–32;
plumbism at, 429.

Paperhangers, eye troubles due to arsenic, 770.

Paper makers, 644.

Paraffin, cancer among workers in, 812.

Paralysis, in file-cutters, 343;
electric treatment of, 374;
treatment of divers’, 746, 748.

Paranitrobenzine, 475.

Paris, lead poisoning in, 311, 333, 334;
tobacco factories in, 794.

Parkes and Kenwood, _Hygiene and Public Health_, 379.

Parsons, Dr, 647.

Pasteur, his treatment of hydrophobia, 243;
of anthrax, 623;
on disease-carrying germs, 797.

Pasteur-Chamberland bacterial filter, 175.

Paterson, Miss, Factory Inspector, 302.

Pathology and physiology of work and fatigue, 104–17.

Pattinson process for desilvering lead ore, 287.

Paul, M. Constantin, 302.

Peacock, Dr, 382.

Pearson _v._ Belgian Mills Company, 213.

Peel, Sir Robert, 191.

Pellagra (_malattia della miseria_), due to bad maize, 235.

Pembrey, Llanelly, dynamite explosion at, 608.

Pennsylvania, anthrax caused by tannery refuse in, 624.

Pens, and writers’ palsy, 815, 818, 819.

Percy, Dr, _Fuel_, 396.

Peripheral neuritis, caused by bisulphide of carbon in indiarubber
works, 472;
by dinitrobenzine, 486.

Perron, M., of Besançon, 468.

Perroncito, Professor, Turin, 743.

Persulphocyanic acid, 431.

Petroleum Acts (1871–1881), 499.

Phenylene-diamine, 483.

Philatelists, danger of stamp-licking, 804.

Philip, Dr, Edinburgh, 473.

_Philosophical Transactions_ (1665), 434.

Phosphorus, its use limited in Switzerland, Holland, and Belgium,
60;
and lucifer matches, 417–33, 592.

Phosphorus necrosis (“phossy jaw,” _mal chimique_), 14, 16, 18–20,
22, 418, 420, 421, 424;
its cause and prevention, 426–428;
its treatment, 433.

Phossy-jaw, see phosphorus necrosis.

Photography, use of bichromes in, 448.

Phthisis, potters’, 15, 135, 136;
its incidence, 131, 132;
in dusty occupations, 135;
earthenware makers, 135, 595;
cotton operatives, 135, 720, 721;
locksmiths, bakers, 135, 505;
blacksmiths, 135, 505, 757;
coopers, wood-turners, rope-makers, bricklayers, masons, carpet
manufacturers, tin-workers, 135;
cutlers, 135, 137, 595;
file-cutters, 135, 139, 342, 595;
glass-makers, 135, 595, 805;
copper-workers, 135, 140, 595;
gunsmiths, 135, 145;
zinc, iron, and steel workers, 135, 141;
stone quarriers, 135, 143, 562;
lead-workers, 135, 143, 595;
brass-workers, 135, 145;
chimney sweeps, 135, 146;
wool-workers, 135, 148;
agriculturists, 135, 234, 720;
textile workers, 147;
in certain unhealthy occupations, 149;
bookbinders, 150, 151;
printers, 150, 151, 275;
hatters, 152;
tailors, 154;
drapers, shoemakers, 155;
miners, 157, 159, 161, 162, 535;
in occupied and unoccupied men, 164, 595, 720;
soldiers, 168;
sailors, 183;
gardeners, 237;
can be caused by dust, 272;
in porcelain and cement makers, masons, 274;
typographers, 275, 329, 330;
mother-of-pearl grinders, 276;
Durham lead miners, 284;
at Limoges potteries, 386;
indiarubber makers, 473;
millers, 505;
brewers, 595, 801;
carpenters, chemical and flax workers, 595;
laundresses, 669;
boilermakers and shipbuilders, 754;
upholsterers, 789;
railwaymen, 796;
publicans, 801;
coal heavers and trimmers, 808.

Physiology and pathology of work and fatigue, 104–17.

Physique of working classes, 7.

Pianoforte-players’ cramp, 821.

Picklers, in tinplate works, 682;
women as assistant, 684.

Picric acid, _see_ lyddite.

Pidoux, Dr, 327.

Piecing, of flax, 693.

Piedmont, anchylostomiasis endemic in, 743.

Pig-keepers, 249.

Pigments, manufacture of, 566.

Placers in potteries, 383.

Plague, seamen subject to, 183.

Planing machines, 229.

Plasterers, anthrax in, 244;
eye accidents from lime to, 785.

Plate-glass factories in England, 804.

Platelayers, 195.

Plate wheels, 218.

Playfair, Lord, 80.

Pleurisy, in field-workers, 234;
steel grinders, 410.

Pliny, _Natural History_, 63;
“diseases of slaves,” 25.

“Plug and feather” method of using explosives in quarries, 559.

Plumbers, and white lead, 292;
lead insanity, 308;
plumbism, 333, 770.

Plumbism, 14, 16–19, 21, 22, 26;
colic and kidney disease due to, 15;
in potteries, 57, 58, 136, 351, 353, 360–62;
among cutlers, 137, 595;
file-cutters, 138, 341–43, 595, 770;
glaziers, 142;
lead-workers, 142, 595;
painters, 142, 770;
occupied and unoccupied males, 164, 595, 720;
operatives in electric works (including motor cars and tramways),
259, 320, 322, 323;
lead smelting works, 286;
white lead works, 295–300;
mortality tables, 297, 298, 371;
and pregnancy, 301;
its symptoms, 304;
and alcoholism, 305, 310;
encephalopathy (lead insanity), 307–309;
preventive and curative treatment of, 310–15;
in Paris, 311;
due to soldering, 323;
among typographers, 324–32;
plumbers, 333, 770;
house painters, 333–37;
coach painters, 337;
glass-workers, 339, 595;
earthenware makers, 360, 595;
in chromo-lithograph and transfer making, 366;
tile-making, 368;
produced by washing lead-workers’ and painters’ clothes, 369;
lead foil makers, shoe-finishers, 370;
electric treatment of, 373–77;
in mirror-silvering works, 441;
among chemical workers, 595;
its effect on the eyes, 770.

Pommata, Dr, Brigue, 741, 743.

Pneumatic chipper in steel works, 781, 783.

Pneumoconiosis, lung disease caused by dust, 268, 271;
in quarriers, 563.

Pneumonia, in field-workers, 234;
masons, porcelain and cement makers, 274;
typographers, 329, 330;
steel grinders, 410;
millers, bakers, 505;
miners, 535;
jute workers, 660;
agriculturists, cotton operatives, 720;
boiler makers and shipbuilders, 754;
engine drivers and firemen, 797;
glass-makers, 805.

Poikilocytosis, 484.

Poincaré, Dr, 794.

Poisoning by dinitrobenzine, 477–86;
acute, 477;
subacute, 478;
chronic, 479;
precautions against, 487;
treatment of, 489.

Poisonous substances, control of their use in manufacture, 42.

_Poisons Industriels_, Paris, 284, 302, 360, 794.

Poisson, Dr, 794.

Pol and Watelle, MM., on effects of compressed air at Douchy mine,
730.

Polishing of cutlery, 412.

Pollender, Professor, on the anthrax bacillus, 623.

Ponteau, M., experiments in matches, 430.

Pontypool, first tinplate works at, 681.

Poole, Dorset, fireclay working at, 400.

Poore, Vivian, 819.

Pope, Dr Walter, 26, 434.

Porcelain, diseases of workers, 274;
three kinds of, 349;
stoves, 367.

Porphyry quarries, 558.

Porter, Dr, 343.

Potassium and sodium bichromate, lesions resulting from manufacture
and uses of, 447–54.

Potassium chlorate, 419.

Potassium, cyanide of, in glazed ware, 807.

Pott, Percivall, 237.

“Potteries,” the, 346.

Potters, phthisis of, 15, 389;
death rate, 135.

Pottery manufacture, 4, 21, 25;
use of lead in, 346–65.

Pottery Arbitration at Stoke-on-Trent, 21.

Pouce, flax dust, 697.

Power presses, 229, 230.

Precipitation process in white lead works, 291.

Pregnancy, and lead poisoning, 301;
and tobacco, 794.

Prendergast, Dr Hanley, 384, 388.

Preservation of Health and Morals of Apprentices Act (1802), 827.

Prevost, Dr, Geneva University, 258.

Priest and Ashmore, opticians, Sheffield, 782.

Priestley, Dr, 280.

Prime movers, 205.

Printers, death rate, 150;
and lead dust, 275;
colic, 324;
their cats suffer from plumbism, 327;
subject to phthisis, 328–30;
and to plumbism, 324–32.

Pröbsting, Dr, oculist, Cologne, 806.

Prospector, mining, 509, 510.

Protection necessary in factories, 64;
Protection of Infant Life, Select Committee (1871) on, 79.

Protective legislation and Factory Acts, 32.

Proust, Dr, 322.

Pruritus (itchiness), 270.

Prussian Official Miners’ Relief Fund, 533.

Public Health Acts, 22, 29, 565.

_Public Health Journal_, 497.

_Public Health Engineer_, 504.

Publicans, death rate, 800.

Puddling furnacemen subject to heart disease, 756.

Pulleys, for mill-gearing, 209, 210;
loose, 217.

Pulling room, for transformation of rabbit skins, 724.

Pulmonary anthracosis, in stokers, 797.

Pulmonary anthrax, “wool-sorter’s disease,” 637.

Pulmonary diseases, in china and earthenware makers, 382–89;
blast furnacemen, 756;
blacksmiths, 757;
dressmakers, 805;
chimney sweeps, 808.

Purdon, Dr C. P., 270, 695, 697.

Putty powder, frequent cause of plumbism, 339.

Pyroxiline, 792.

Quarriers, diseases of, 135, 143, 561–64;
accidents, 560, 561;
eye accidents, 784.

Quarries, 557–67.

Quarries Act (1894), 42, 557, 564.

Quarry Fencing Act, 565.

Quicksilver, mining of, 25, 434;
extraction from cinnabar, 438.

Rabbit down and skins, 724–27.

“Racing the stone,” in wet-grinding, 412.

Rag-grinding, 645.

Rag-cleaning, dust from, 276.

Rag-sorters, liable to anthrax, 244;
health of, 645.

Rags and their products in relation to health, 644–47.

_Railway Times_, 198.

Railways, 190–202;
accidents on, 190 _et seq._, 530;
Royal Commission (1865) on, 192;
block system and automatic couplings, 193;
overwork on, _ibid._;
gases in underground, 744–45;
employés’ risks, 796.

Railways Regulation Act (1871), 193;
(1873), 192.

Rainhill, file-cutting at, 340.

Ramazini, Dr, _Diseases of Artificers_ (_De morbis artificium
diatriba_), 24, 267, 434, 789.

Ransome, Dr, 80, 707.

Rasch, Professor, 368.

Rats and sequoia sawdust, 792.

Ravenal, Dr, Pennsylvania, 624.

Rawson, C., _Manual of Dyeing_, 447.

Raymondaud, Professor, Limoges, 385.

Reachers (cotton-spinning), 703.

Read, Holliday, & Sons, 612.

Read-Holliday Acetylene Company, 497, 501.

Red lead, 287;
Special Rules for manufacture of, 846.

Red, or amorphous phosphorus, 417–19.

Red oxide, 443.

Redgrave, Alexander, Factory Inspector, 29, 36.

Redheugh Bridge, Newcastle, 729, 734.

Redwick Well, Gloucestershire, 545.

Reeling, measuring flax yarn into hanks, 695.

Regent’s Park, gunpowder explosion in, 607, 608.

Reitz, Dr J., _Ueber die giftigen Hutmacherbeizen und deren
nachtheiligen Einfluss auf die Gesundheit_, 435.

Renk, Professor von, 436.

Resin, 619.

Respiratory diseases, _see_ phthisis.

Retting, or steeping pond, for jute, 651.

Return road (mines), 540.

_Revue d’Hygiène et de Police Sanitaire_, 431, 739.

Rex, Wilton, 363.

Reynolds, Dr, 482.

Rheumatic fever, in cotton operatives, 147, 720;
wool-sorters, 148;
drapers, 154;
brewers, cutlers, carpenters, chemical workers, earthenware and
glass makers, 595;
occupied and unoccupied men, 595, 720;
agriculturists, 720.

Rheumatism, in seamen, 183, 186;
field-workers, 232;
quarriers, 564;
jute-workers, 660;
jam-makers, 680;
tinplate workers, 683;
aerated water workers, 689;
blast furnacemen, 756;
sawyers, 791;
drivers of public vehicles, 798.

Riders’ bone, bursæ, sprain, 245.

Ridley, Sir Matthew White, 69, 353.

Ring frame, in cotton-spinning, 703.

Ringworm, in cows, 247.

Ritchie, C. T., 72, 193, 197;
his Railway Bills, 198, 202.

Rivers, Dr, 773.

Riveters, deafness in, 752.

_Rivista de Servizio Minerario_, 521.

Roads, “intake” and “return” (mines), 540.

Roberts, Sir William, 707.

Robertshaw, Dr, Stockbridge, 400.

Robertson, Dr John, Medical Health Officer, Sheffield, 340.

Robinson, Dr William, Sunderland, 284, 819.

Roburite, 555, 559, 619.

Roburite Company, 615.

Rochester Bridge, 731.

Rodgers, Mr, Factory Inspector, 591.

Rome, Jews as glass makers in, 804.

Romiée, Dr, 764.

Root’s blower, 570.

Rope-makers, death rate, 135.

Roques, _Mouvement Médical_, 303.

Roscoe, Sir H., 707.

Rose, Dr Frederick, Consul at Stuttgart, _Rise, Progress, and
Present Condition of the Carbide and Acetylene Industries
in Germany_, 504.

Rosewood, 792.

Roslin, Edinburgh, gunpowder explosions at, 609.

Ross, Dr, 479.

Roughers, in flax works, 693;
addicted to alcoholism, 697.

Roussel, Professor, 422.

Rove, twisted jute yarn, 653.

Roving frames, cotton spinning, 703.

Roving machines, flax works, 694.

Royal College of Surgeons, 809.

Royal Commission on:--Labour, 74, 83, 186;
Mines (1841), 31;
Railways (1865 and 1899), 192, 198.

Royal Institution, 737, 740.

Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 457.

Royal Society, 118.

_Royal Society of England, Transactions of_, 26, 27.

_Royaume de Belgique--Statistique de Mines, Minières, Carrières,
etc._, 519.

Russell, Dr, 625.

Russell, Risien, 822.

Russell, Sir James, Edinburgh, 791.

Russia, factory inspectorate in, 49;
ergotism in, 234.

Rye, spurred, 234.

S. S. Powder, 619.

Saccardo system, for ventilating St Gothard Tunnel, 738.

Sack-sewers (jute works), 652.

Safe-guarding of machinery, 203–31.

Safety lamps, in coal mines, 528.

Saggers, vessels in which earthenware is fired, 347, 383.

Sailing vessels, mortality incident in, 184.

Sailors, health of, 182–89;
food and habits of, 183;
diseases due to employment, habits, and climate, 184, 185;
to insanitary conditions and environment, 186;
accident death rate, 530.

St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 237, 245, 809.

St Gothard Tunnel, 738.

St Helens, copper-smelting at, 466;
chemical works at, 571, 579, 582, 584, 596;
plate-glass works at, 804.

St Yriex, near Limoges, kaolin found at, 385.

Salt, electrolysis of, 583.

Salt cake, or sulphate of soda, 570, 573;
hours of work, etc., of makers of, 586.

Salt mines (Cheshire), 508;
accidents in German, 513–15.

Saltash, use of caissons at, 731.

Saltpetre, 600, 611.

Sand quarries, 558.

Sandstone, dust, 274;
quarries, 558.

Sanitary Act, 29, 36.

Sanitary Commissions, 29.

Sanitary Condition of Labouring Population, Report (1838) on, 45.

Sanitary Congress, Newcastle, 808.

Sanitary measures in Factory Act of 1864, 35.

Sanitary State of the People of England (1858), 76.

Saturnine poisoning, _see_ encephalopathy.

Saws, circular, 227.

Sawyers, subject to rheumatism, bronchitis, and asthma, 791.

Saxony, mines, 518;
cancer of lung in smaltite miners, 538;
secret of tinplate making brought from, 681.

Scale tang cutlery, 412, 413.

Scapula’s _Lexicon_, 232.

Scarlet fever caused by cows’ milk, 247.

Schaefer, Dr H., _Die Spiegelberger_, 441.

Scheele, Dr, Berlin, 805.

Scheele’s green, 379.

Schmeisser, _The Goldfields of Australia_, 509.

Schmidt, Dr, 340.

Schölberg, H. A., his chemical analysis of a ganister miner’s lung,
404.

Schonbein, Professor, 419.

Schröter of Vienna, discovers red or amorphous phosphorus, 418.

Schultze powder, 619.

Schutte, Landsberg, & Co., 492.

Schweinfurt or Vienna green, 379.

Schweinitz, Professor de, _Toxic Amblyopias_, 769, 770.

Sciatica in field-workers, 232.

Scissors-makers, death rate, 137.

Scotch Fishery Board, 674.

Scotland, match works in, 419;
bichrome factories in, 449;
fish-curing a staple industry in, 674.

Scott, Dr Alexander, Glasgow, 796.

Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society, 801.

Scottish Council for Women’s Trades, 98.

Scouring china, 384.

Screws, set (mill-gearing), 209, 214.

Scriveners’ palsy, or spasm, 815–17.

Scroll- or draw-bands, 225.

Scurvy, in sailors, 183, 187.

Scutch mills, flax, 692, 694, 698.

Seamstresses’ cramp, 821.

Self-acting mules, 223–25.

Septum, ulceration of the nasal, 450–52.

Sequoia wood, effect of its sawdust, 791.

Serpentine quarries, 558.

Servants, domestic, liable to stomach ulceration, 798.

Sesquisulphide of phosphorus, 421, 430–32.

Set-screws (mill-gearing), 209, 214.

Setters, in ganister works, 398.

Severn Tunnel, nitro-glycerine fumes in, 613.

Sewing-machine workers, their ailments, 802.

Seymour, Lord, his Railway Act, 191.

Shaft ends, 217.

Shaftesbury, Lord, 38.

Shafting, for mill-gearing, 209, 210.

Shafts, downcast and upcast (mines), 540.

Shale quarries, 558.

Shanghai hides, 629.

Shears, Professor, 769.

Sheep, and anthrax, 624.

“Sheep dip,” arsenic in, 378.

Sheep’s wool, 634.

Sheet-glass factories, 804.

Sheffield, mother-of-pearl grinding in, 276;
file-cutters, 340;
high mortality in, 344, 345;
snuff, 769.

Sheffield Royal Infirmary, 777, 779, 781.

Shennan, Dr, Edinburgh, 778.

Shepherds and sheep diseases, 244, 247, 248.

Sherwin, J., 363.

Ship painters, 494.

Shipwrights, death rate, 596, 754.

Shoddy, 646.

“Shoddy fever,” in rag-grinders, 645.

Shoe-finishing and staining by lead compounds, plumbism and, 370.

Shoemakers, death rate, 155, 824;
spasm (idiopathic tetany), 822;
instance of chest deformity in, 823.

Shoreditch, cases of anthrax in, 627.

Shunters, railway, a perilous trade, 195–97.

Sicily, effects of fatigue in, 112.

Sick Insurance Fund, Germany, 55, 58.

Sidemoor, nail-making at, 760.

Siderosis, lung disease due to metallic dust, 273.

Siemens-Martin furnace, 756.

Siemens metal, heat of, 772.

Sierra de Gador, lead mines of, 284.

Sieve mills, ganister works, 398.

Sighters of aerated water, 787;
eye accidents to, 786.

Silicate of cotton, 788.

Silicosis, or chalicosis, lung disease due to stone-dust, etc.,
273.

Silk-dust, its effect on workers, 26.

Silver and gold extraction, 440.

Silver finishers or burnishers, eye affection, of, 771.

Silvering of mirrors, 440.

Simon, Sir John, Medical Officer to the Privy Council, 24, 26, 29,
76, 77, 81, 84.

Simon, Dr R., 144.

Simplon Tunnel, 739.

Size in cotton, its effects on health, 705, 706;
constituents of, 715.

Skin and hides, Special Rules for dry-salting, 856.

Skin disease due to dust (pneumoconiosis), 268;
in flax workers, 260.

Slag, basic, 276, 390–95.

Slate quarries, 558.

Slaughterers liable to anthrax, 244;
and erysipelas, 245.

Sledge hammer, or Oliver, 759.

Sledging, in ganister crushing, 397.

Slip-makers (pottery), 383.

Slips, in mill-gearing, 225.

Slubbing frames (cotton spinning), 703.

Smallpox, allied to cowpox and horsepox, 247;
caused by rags in papermaking, 644;
upholsterers liable to, 789.

Smaltite, causes lung cancer, 538.

Smelting works (Germany), accidents in, 513–15.

Smith, Dr Andrew, New York, 731, 735.

Smith, Angus, _Air and Rain_, 543.

Smith, Sir Frederick, Inspector General, Board of Trade, 191.

Smith, Commander Hamilton, 277, 767.

Smith, Lorrain, 544, 550.

Smith, Sidney, Factory Inspector, 591.

Smoke in mines, carbonic acid, its poisonous constituent, 553, 554.

Smyrna, emery rock imported from, 813.

Snaefell colliery accident, 554.

Snell, Dr Simeon, 482, 488, 730.

Snuff, manufacture of, 767.

Social Science Congress (1865), 411.

Society of Arts, 501.

Society of File-Cutters by Hand in Sheffield, 345.

Soda, 581, 583.

Sodium, manufacture of, 447–54;
Special Rules for, 844.

Sodium nitrate, 581.

Soft rags, 644.

Soldering, and plumbism, 323.

Soldiers, diseases of, 166–81;
their barracks, 168;
tight-fitting uniforms abolished, 169;
“irritable heart” and tobacco, _ibid._;
night-guard, 170;
life in hot dry climates, 171;
in hot moist climates, 173;
specific diseases of campaigns, 177.

Sommerfeld, _Handbuch der Gewerbekrankheiten_, 439.

Soot merchants, death rate, 145.

Soot, its effects on the skin, 808;
and cancer, 810.

Soot warts, 810.

South London, fur-pullers in, 726.

South Wales, mines, 158–60;
tinplate works, 681.

Southwark, cases of anthrax in, 627.

Spain, employment of women after childbirth in, 54;
pellagra in, 235.

Spanish lead ore, 283.

Spanton, W. D., 354.

Spear, Mr, Local Government Board, 625, 626, 630–32.

Special Rules, in Germany and England, 55, 59;
France, 57;
and Arbitration, 65–71;
in potteries, 361, 365;
under Factory Acts, 829–64.

Spiegel iron, 758.

Spike nails, 759.

Spindle ends, 217.

Spinners (flax), phthisis among, 696–98.

Spirit or inflammable paints, use of, 494–96.

Splenic fever, _see_ anthrax.

Sporting explosives, 619.

Spragging, in coal mines, 527.

Spur wheels, 216.

Squire, Miss, 442, 671.

Stablemen, subject to glanders and farcy, 238.

Staffordshire, infant mortality in artisan towns of, 73;
wages of male and female workers, 88;
mines in, 158–61;
home of the pottery industry, 346;
earthenware and china makers in, 350, 351.

Stagnant and compressed air, diseases due to working in, 728–48.

“Stamp-lickers’ tongue,” 803.

Stannington clay, 397.

Starch, 619.

Starting-gear for gas and oil engines, 208.

_Statistik der Knappschafts-Berufsgenossenschaft für das Deutsche
Reich_, 512.

_Statistique de l’Industrie Minérale en France et en Algerie_, 520.

_Statisque de Mines, etc., Royaume de Belgique._

Steam engines, 206.

Steam laundries, machinery in, 665.

Steamers, mortality incident in, 184.

Steel and iron industries, 756–60.

Steel-melters’ composition, 400.

Steel-workers, death rate, 135, 140;
eye diseases, 771–75;
eye accidents, 776–83.

Steel works, use of converters in, 757.

Steel grinding, 408–16.

Steel pens, and writers’ palsy, 815, 818, 819.

Steeping or retting pond, for jute, 651;
for flax, 652.

Stephenson, George, 191.

Stephenson, Dr, Medical Health Officer, Blackburn, 706.

Stereotyping, 331.

Stevenson, Dr, 460, 461.

Stive room, in basic slag works, 391.

Stockman, Professor, Glasgow, 426.

Stoke-on-Trent, Pottery Arbitration at, 21, 363;
potteries at, 554.

Stokers, railway, pulmonary anthracosis in, 797.

Stokes, Mr, Report on Whitwick Colliery fire, 554.

Stomach ulceration, domestic servants liable to, 798.

Stone, racing the (wet-grinding), 412.

Stone, workers in (cutters, masons, quarriers, etc.), eye accidents
to, 784.

Stone-quarriers, death rate, 135, 143.

Stooping gait (kyphosis), in field-workers, 133.

Stourbridge fireclay, 399, 400.

Strap forks, 217.

Strasburg Bridge, Rhine, 731.

Strassmann and Strecker, 482, 486.

Strick of flax, 693.

Strong’s “Standard Guard” for engine fly-wheels, 207.

Stühler, Dr, Berlin, 325, 333.

Stumpf, Dr, 325.

Subchloride of mercury (calomel), 442, 443.

Suffit, Dr Courtois-, 431.

Sugar and alcohol, as muscular food, 114.

Suicide, in file-cutters, 138;
chimney sweeps, 146;
bookbinders, printers, musicians, 151;
hatters, 152;
drapers, 154, 155;
shoemakers, 155;
ironstone miners, 161;
occupied and unoccupied men, 164;
publicans, 802.

Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, 570, 573.

Sulphide of lead (galena), 348, 538.

Sulphide of mercury (vermilion), 438, 443.

Sulphur, 581, 582.

Sulphur dioxide, 580, 581.

Sulphuretted hydrogen, 555, 582.

Sulphuric acid, 570;
manufacture of, 580.

Sulser-Ziegler, Mr, Director of Brandt, Brandau et Cie., Zurich,
740.

Sunderland, 360.

Sunderland Infirmary, 808.

Sunstroke, 171, 175, 180.

Sutton, H., 363.

Swan, Joseph Wilson, 5.

Swansea, copper smelting at, 466, 467.

Sweating System, House of Lords’ Committee on the, 40.

Sweden, factory inspectorate in, 47;
ergotism in, 234;
lucifer match industry in, 422.

Swift, or drum for rag-grinding, 645.

Swine and anthrax, 624.

Switzerland, factory inspectorate in, 47;
employment of women after childbirth, 53, 88, 685;
use of white phosphorus limited, 60;
yellow phosphorus prohibited, 422;
phosphorus necrosis in, 428;
chimney sweeping in, 811.

Sydney, week’s work of forty-four hours in coal mines and
factories, 8;
death from electric shock in, 257.

Syphilis, sailors and, 184.

Tailors, death rate, 153.

Talamon, Dr, 320.

Tanners, death rate, 244, 245.

Tannery refuse, and anthrax, 624.

Tanquerel, Dr, 327.

Tar, cancer among workers in, 812.

Tardien, M., 303.

Tasmania, eight hours’ day in, 8.

Tatham, Dr John, _Decennial Supplements to Registrar-General’s
Reports_, 118, 345, 389, 593, 596, 717, 719, 801, 809.

Taylor, Dr Frederick, 746.

Tea lead rollers, lead insanity among, 308.

Teagles, 221.

Telegraphists’ spasm or cramp, 819.

Telfer, Councillor, Edinburgh, 791.

Templeman, Dr, Medical Health Officer, Dundee, 82.

Tennant, H. J., M.P., 14.

Terra-cotta, 348.

Terrier, Professor, 775.

Tetanus, or lockjaw, 240–42;
its micro-organism, 241;
in quarrymen, 564;
jute-workers, 659;
idiopathic (shoemakers’ spasm), 822.

Textile factories, accidents in, 12;
limitation of hours in, 35;
death rate of workers in, 147;
machinery in, 225, 226.

Thackrah, Dr, _Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions on Health
and Longevity_, 458.

Thermometer-making, 439.

Thomas, Dr, Limehouse, 280.

Thomas Gilchrist process, in steel manufacture, 390.

Thomson, Captain, Inspector of Explosives, 502.

Thorpe, Professor T. E., 350–53, 355, 357–61, 363, 364, 368, 417,
419, 803.

Thread mills, 803.

Threshing, eye accidents in, 783.

Throstles (cotton spinning), 703.

Throwing (potteries), 383.

Tile making, and manufacture of porcelain stoves, 367.

Tillmanns, Professor, Leipzig, 812.

_Times_, 362.

Tin-houses, in tinplate works, 685.

Tin-miners, death rate, 162, 535.

Tinplate works, processes of manufacture in, 681;
women’s labour in, 681–86;
risks to health, 683.

Tinker and Holliday, Huddersfield, 501.

Tinley, Dr, 234.

Tinning and enamelling of hollow ware, 319;
Special Rules for, 848, 863.

Tizzoni, Professor, the tetanus bacilli, 241, 242;
on hydrophobia, 244.

Tobacco, soldiers use of, 169;
manufacture of, 768, 793;
toxic amblyopia in workers, 768;
pregnancy and, 794.

Todmorden, cotton sizing at, 705.

Tolindene, 591.

Toluene, 475.

Tonite (cotton powder), 555, 559, 611, 620.

Tools, machine, 212.

Toothed wheels, 216, 217.

Torticollis, or wry-neck, 762.

Tow, flax, 673;
sliver-yarn, 694.

Towing (pottery), 383.

Toxic hysteria, caused by bisulphide of carbon, 473.

Trade, Grand Committee (1902) on, 43.

Trade Accident Associations (Germany), 55.

Trade Unions, 2.

Trades Union Congress (1882), 705.

Tramways, electric, 323.

_Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers_, 508, 516,
517, 541, 543.

_Transactions of Ophth. Society of the United Kingdom_, 770.

_Transactions of the Royal Society of England_, 26, 27.

Transfer making and chromo-lithographic works, 365;
Special Rules for, 840.

Transformer stations, electric, 250.

Tremenheere, Mr, Inspector of Mines, 28.

Triamidobenzine, 483.

Trichinosis, 249.

Triger, M., French engineer, 730.

Trinitrobenzine, 476, 483.

Trinitrophenol, or picric acid, 619.

Trinitrotoluene, 476.

Tropical diseases, in sailors, 185.

Tuberculosis, common disease in cows, 247;
in typographers, 275, 329, 330.

Tunnels, dangers of making and working in, 737–43.

Tunstall potteries, 346.

Turbines, 208.

Turin, Congress of Hygiene at, 288.

Tuyere holes (steel works), 758.

_Twentieth Century Practice of Medicine_, 442, 819.

Tyler, Captain, Board of Trade Inspecting Officer, 193.

Tyneside, decay of chemical industry on, 6;
lead insanity in, 283;
plumbism, 312.

Typhoid fever, 174, 177, 179;
among field-workers, 234;
in Dundee, 662;
among boilermakers and shipbuilders, 754.

Type-setters’ spasm, 821.

Typographers (type founders and setters) and lead dust, 275;
and plumbism, 324–32.

Typographical Associations, 328;
Mortality Tables, 329, 330.

Tyrol, milkers’ spasm in cowherds of the, 821.

Ulceration of the nasal septum, due to bichromes, 451;
of the stomach in domestic servants, 798.

Underground railways, gases in, 744–45.

Unhealthy trades, Dr Guy’s classification of, 130.

United Alkali Co., 570, 579.

United Society of Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders, 754.

Unoccupied and occupied men, mortality of, 162, 594, 595, 719, 720.

Upcast shaft (mines), 540.

Upholsterers, and flocks, 466;
subject to respiratory troubles, smallpox, erysipelas, etc., 789.

Urinary diseases, in potters, 136;
cutlers, 137, 595;
file-cutters, 138, 595;
glass-makers, 139, 595;
copper-workers, 140, 595;
iron-workers, 141;
lead-workers, 143, 595;
brass-workers, 145;
chimney sweeps, 146;
wool-workers, 148;
bookbinders, 150;
printers, musicians, 151;
miners, 158, 161, 162;
occupied and unoccupied men, 164, 595;
caused by dinitrobenzine, 482–85;
among brewers, carpenters, chemical workers, earthenware makers,
595;
publicans, etc., 802.

Urobilin, 483.

Uttley, Stuart, 345.

Vaccinia, or cowpox, cowmen and dairymaids subject to, 246.

Van der Borght, Dr, his definition of industrial disease, 15.

Van Giesson, 401.

Van Leyden, 747.

Varicocele, in carpenters, 791;
engine drivers, 796.

Varicose veins, 19.

Vegetable dyes, 317.

Velten in Brandenburg, plumbism among glazed tile makers, 368.

Venereal diseases, in soldiers, 177;
sailors, 183, 185.

Ventilation of factories, 51.

Vermilion (sulphide of mercury), 443.

Verhægen, Arthur, 14, 16–18.

Vernati, Sir Philberto, 26.

Veterinary surgeons, 238, 244, 247, 248.

Victor guard, 228.

Victoria, eight hours’ day in, 8.

Vienna, epidemic of idiopathic tetany in, 822.

Violinists’ cramp, 821.

Viper bites, in field-workers, 236.

Vitriol makers, hours of work, etc., 586.

Vitriol, oil of, 570.

Volante, Dr, Medical Officer at Iselle (Simplon Tunnel), 741, 743.

Volts, 252, 253.

Vulcanisation of indiarubber, 768;
Special Rules for, 855.

Wadsworth’s “Self-landing and Delivering Hoist,” 222.

Wages, effect of home work on, 103.

Wall papers, arsenic in, 379.

Walmsley, J. H., Factory Inspector, Stoke-on-Trent, 352, 354.

Walsrode (sporting powder), 619.

Ward, Thomas, _The Subsidences in and around the Town of Northwich
in Cheshire_, 508.

Warpers, flax, 695;
cotton spinning, 703.

Washers, in tinplate works, 682;
of aerated water bottles, 688.

Washing of lead-workers’ and painters’ clothes, plumbism caused by,
369.

Water, importance of its source and purity, 177, 185, 188.

Water-born diseases, enteric and cholera, 178, 179, 185, 188.

Water-gauges on boilers, eye accidents due to bursting of, 787.

Water-gilding, 440.

Water-wheels, 208.

Watson, Mr, Secretary, Miners’ Permanent Benefit Fund, 776.

Weavers, flax, phthisis and bronchial troubles in, 696–98;
eye accidents to, 785.

Weavers’ Association, 707.

Weaving sheds (cotton spinning), 704.

Weber, Professor H. F., his electric experiments, 252.

Wedgewood, 347.

Wegner, Professor, experiments with phosphorus, 425.

Weldon process, in bleach powder making, 575, 576, 580.

Well-sinkers, eye accidents to, 542.

West coast of Africa, 173.

West Riding, Yorkshire, mines, 160;
wool industry in, 634.

Westphalia, mining laws in, 537;
anchylostomiasis in, 537.

Westphalite, for blasting, 619.

Wet-grinders, 411–16;
phthisis in, 412.

Weyl’s _Handbuch der Hygiene_, 441.

Wheat-cleaning, dust from, 276;
dirt in imported, 506.

Wheels (in mill-gearing), bevel, 212, 217;
toothed, 216, 217;
spur, 216, 226;
plate, 218;
carriages, 225;
balance, 226.

Whinstone, or basalt, quarries, 558.

White, Dr Sinclair, 343.

White, Walter, _Month in Yorkshire_, 644.

White lead, 288;
is there a substitute for? 293–295.

White Lead Commission (1893), 259, 286, 289, 293, 298, 313, 318,
369.

White lead poisoning, _see_ plumbism.

White lead works, 36, 39, 42;
blue and white beds in, 289;
different methods of manufacture in, 291, 292;
plumbism in, 295 _et seq._;
displacement of female by male labour, 297;
Special Rules for, 829.

White or yellow phosphorus, 417–19, 421;
a substitute for, 429, 432.

White-damp, 554.

Whitelegge, Dr A., Chief Inspector of Factories, 12, 419, 464, 626.

Whittaker, J. L., 363.

Whittingham Asylum, Preston, Lancashire, 800.

Whitwick Colliery fire, 554.

Whymper, Mr, on tinplate works, 682.

Wiesbaden, plumbism in electric accumulators works at, 320.

Wigan, railway accident at, 192.

Wildmark, Professor, 775.

Wilkin, Dr, Dresden, 363.

Wilks, Sir Samuel, 421.

Williams, G. J., Mines Inspector, 554.

Williams, W., Factory Inspector, 713, 714, 716.

Wilson, H. J., Factory Inspector, 277, 299, 659, 756.

Winches, cranes, etc., 221.

Winders, flax, 695;
cotton, 703.

Windmills, 208.

_Windsor Magazine_, 497, 498.

Winlaton, manufacture of nails, locks, and angle iron at, 759.

Wire-drawing, eye accidents in, 785.

Wirers, aerated water, 687.

Wollner, Dr, 441.

Wolverhampton, iron-plate enamelling industry at, 317;
hollow ware, 319.

Women, Factory Acts first extended to, 32;
appointed Factory Inspectors (1893), 41;
limitation of employment after childbirth, 53, 54;
as dust sorters, 278–81;
more susceptible to plumbism than men, 296, 318;
effects of mercurial poisoning on, 438;
in tinplate works, 681–86;
in aerated water works, 687–90;
in tobacco and cigar factories, 794, 795.

Women’s Industrial Council of London, 98, 795.

Wood turners, death rate, 135.

Woodhouse and Mitchell’s guard, 229.

Wool and worsted workers, death rate, 135, 148;
and anthrax, 244, 634–43;
Special Rules for, 851–54, 857.

“Wool-sorters’ disease,” pulmonary anthrax, 637.

Woollen rags, 644.

Woolwich Arsenal adopts eight hours’ day, 8.

Woolwich Testing Station, 616.

Worcester Porcelain Company, 360.

Work and fatigue, physiology and pathology of, 104–117.

Working classes, and factory legislation, 3;
physique of, 7;
physical, moral, and economical evils of, 25;
indifference to the health of, 27;
divided into artisans and labourers, 111;
and the use of alcohol, 113.

Workmen’s Compensation Act (1897), 9–13, 19, 20, 565.

Workshop Regulation Act of 1867, amended 1870, 36.

Workshops, survey of legislation for, 44–62.

Wrecks, 184.

Wright, G. F., Factory Inspector, 370.

“Wrist drop,” 306;
in file-cutters, 343.

Writers’ palsy, or cramp, 815–19.

Wry-neck, or torticollis, 762.

Wutzdorff, Dr, _Die in Chromatfabriken, etc._, 320, 448, 449, 453.

Yarn, jute, 652;
flax, 694.

Yellow fever in sailors, 183, 186.

Yellow lead works, Special Rules for, 847.

Yellow or white phosphorus, 417–19, 421;
a substitute for, 429, 432, 433.

Ygonin, Professor, 794.

Yolk, or grease, in wool of animals, 636.

Yorkshire, efforts of labour employers in, 82;
child-labour in, 92;
mines, 161.

Youatt, Mr, on influenza in horses, 244.

Young, Ralph, 9, 11.

_Zeitschrift Deutsche Milit._, 751.

_Zeitschrift für Chirurgie, Deutsche_, 812.

_Zeitschrift für das Berg-, Hütten- und Salinen-wesen im
Preussischen Staate_, 518, 537.

Ziegler, Sulser-, Mr, 740.

Zinc chloride, in sizing, 715.

Zinc poisoning in brass-works, 460.

Zinc white, a substitute for white lead? 293–295.

Zinc-workers, death rate, 135, 141.

Printed by
Oliver & Boyd
Edinburgh

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See also Prof. Louis’ paper, “Coal Mining,” where this subject is dealt with at greater length.

[2] As an outcome of suggestions made at the Pottery Arbitration at Stoke-on-Trent (November 1901), a scheme is being formulated by a committee of employers, representatives of the operatives, and the Ocean Accident Insurance Company, under which all workers in dangerous processes in potteries will be able to insure against lead poisoning, the premiums to be supplemented by contributions from the manufacturers.

[3] For example: “The accidents which happen to the workmen are: Immediate pain in the stomach, with exceeding contortions in the guts, and costiveness that yields not to cathartics; ... next a vertigo or dizziness in the head with continual great pain in the brows, blindness, stupidity, and paralytic affections; loss of appetite, sickness and frequent vomiting to the extremest weakness of the body.”--_Transactions of the Royal Society_, Abridged Edition, vol. ii., p. 576; paper by Sir Philberto Vernati).

[4] The same volume, papers by Dr Walter Pope and Dr Ed. Brown.

[5] Ramazzini: see passages I have quoted, with comparisons, in the Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for 1898, pp. 171–2.

[6] _Transactions of the Royal Society_, vol. ii.

[7] See especially, Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. Printed by W. Clowes & Sons for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1842, pp. 256–261, 409–444, etc.

[8] See more particularly, Special Reports on Mines Legislation in Germany, France, Belgium, by Her late Majesty’s Mines Inspector, Mr Tremenheere, in 1848 and 1849.

[9] “Defects of ventilation are in theory dealt with under the Nuisance Removal Act.... In practice these powers are hitherto almost unapplied; partly because the magnitude of the evil is but most imperfectly appreciated either by local authorities and justices, or by the slowly suffering artisans themselves; and perhaps still more ... for another reason. In any proceedings ... an official complainant should be ready to state in precise terms what remedy he asks the justices to apply. Now, to describe suitable ventilation for a workplace there must be a fair amount of intelligence and discrimination.... An average inspector of nuisances cannot dictate ventilation off-hand, as he would direct the clearance of a dust-bin. Justices acting without skilled advice cannot themselves order in detail particular means of ventilation.... Thus it seems, the evil is left unabated.... Against the other sources of disease to which the report has referred, no law yet pretends to make provision.”--_Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council_, 1861, p. 29.

[10] Except for prohibition of underground employment of women and girls, and limitation of employment of boys (1842), metalliferous mines were unregulated until 1872.

[11] Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, 1862, p. 31.

[12] When legislation followed the terrible revelations of the Royal Commission of 1841.

[13] Intervening Acts had extended the general principle of protection to young workers in cotton mills other than apprentices.

[14] The principles of organised inspection and reporting of fatal accidents had been already secured by a short Act of 1850. Both this and the Act of 1855 were to continue for five years only in force; later Acts were permanent in form.

[15] It should be noted that in 1862–3 skilled observations were being made and valuable reports presented by Dr Bristowe and others, under the Medical Officer to the Privy Council, on industries in which lead, phosphorus, arsenic and mercury were used, and the precautions necessary for health.

[16] In the Report of the Commissioners of 1875, this industry was especially named as needing closer regulation.

[17] Report by Alexander Redgrave, Esq., C.B., on white lead poisoning, November 1882, p. 12.

[18] I set aside entirely consideration of the otherwise important educational, wages, and employment sections of this code, as beyond the scope of this article.

[19] Hitherto touched only by the employment limitations of Lord Shaftesbury’s Act of thirty years before, and the first five sections of the Act of 1860 relating to age and certificates of boys, and prohibition of employment of youths under eighteen in charge of machinery for raising and lowering persons at the pit.

[20] “Such special rules for the guidance of the persons employed ... as may appear best calculated to enforce the use by them of the requirements provided under this Act, and generally to prevent injury to health in the course of their employment,” 46 and 47 Vict., ch. 53, sect. 7.

[21] Mention may be made of manufacture of lucifer matches, extraction of arsenic, manufacture of earthenware, enamelling of iron plates, quarries, chemical works, lead smelting, flax mills, and linen factories.

[22] For example, by control of structural conditions, ventilation and cleanliness of workrooms, and of modes of handling dangerous substances, and condition of appliances and machinery used; of provision for cleanliness of workers, and maintenance of their general health by periodical examination and suspension; and, not least important, by exclusion of young workers.

[23] For example, such publications as the _Bulletin de l’Inspection du Travail_ of France, and the _Annuaire de la Législation du Travail_ of Belgium.

[24] A matter first dealt with by section 12 of the Government Factory Bill, which passed its second reading June 1901.

[25] See Report prefacing the Royal Decree of 27th December 1886, for the beginning of this tendency.

[26] Similar, though much fewer in number, are the special regulations in Austria and in Hungary.

[27] The result of another year’s inquiry is given on p. 87 by Dr Reid.

[28] See Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths, and Marriages for 1899.

[29] See _infra_, p. 77.

[30] See Report of Lady Assistant Commissioners, 1893.

[31] See Report in the _British Medical Journal_ of 17th November 1894 of the Deputation organised by the Parliamentary Bills Committee of the British Medical Council, which waited upon Mr Asquith to urge greater legislative restriction of the employment of mothers in factories.

[32] _English Sanitary Institutions_, p. 298.

[33] Papers relating to the Sanitary State of the People of England, 1858.

[34] This is the period of abstention from work prescribed since 1891 under the Factory Act.

[35] Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council.

[36] For the first two influences see quotation on p. 76, from the Report made to the General Board of Health.

[37] The prohibition of employment within a month of childbirth, enacted in 1891.

[38] Royal Commission on Labour. Reports of Lady Assistant Commissioners, p. 102.

[39] Fourth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, 1861.